语言学教程(第五版)英文版 读书笔记
关于语言学的书籍的读书笔记
关于语言学的书籍的读书笔记语言学的读书笔记书名：《语言学教程》作者：胡壮麟读书笔记：《语言学教程》是一本全面介绍语言学的经典教材，涵盖了语言学的各个主要领域，包括语音、语法、语义、语用、社会语言学和心理语言学等。
通过阅读这本书，我对语言学有了更深入的了解，也更加认识到了语言学的多样性和复杂性。
在语音方面，我了解到了语音的物理属性和生理属性，以及语音的感知和产生过程。
这让我意识到了语音在语言中的重要性，它是语言的物质载体，也是人们交流的基本手段。
在语法方面，我深入了解了词法、句法和语法的演变。
通过学习，我认识到了语法规则的复杂性和多样性，以及语法在语言中的核心地位。
同时，我也理解了语言的演变是不断变化的，语法规则也在不断地演变和变化。
语义方面，我深入了解了词汇意义、句子意义和语境意义。
这让我意识到了语言的意义不仅仅在于词汇本身，还在于语境和文化背景。
语义的复杂性也让我认识到了语言在表达意义方面的多样性。
语用方面，我了解到了语言的交际功能和语境的重要性。
通过学习，我认识到了人们在交流中如何通过语言来表达自己的意图和情感，以及如何通过语境来理解语言的含义。
这也让我意识到了语言在交际中的重要性。
在社会语言学方面，我深入了解了语言与社会的关系。
通过学习，我认识到了语言不仅仅是个人之间的交流工具，还是社会文化的载体和符号。
语言的演变和社会文化的发展是相互影响的，语言的多样性也反映了社会的多样性和复杂性。
在心理语言学方面，我了解到了语言和认知的关系。
通过学习，我认识到了语言在人类认知中的重要性和作用。
同时，我也理解了语言的习得和发展是认知发展的一个重要方面。
总之，《语言学教程》是一本非常有价值的教材，它让我对语言学有了更深入的了解和认识。
通过阅读这本书，我对语言的多样性和复杂性有了更深入的理解和认识。
同时，它也激发了我对语言学的兴趣和热情，让我更加深入地探索语言的奥秘和魅力。
语言学教程第五版语言的论述。
语言学教程第五版语言的论述。
语言学是研究语言的学科，广泛涉及语音、语法、词汇和语义等方面的内容。
语言学教程第五版是一本权威且全面的教材，通过对语言的论述，可以帮助我们更好地理解和应用语言。
首先，语言学教程第五版详细介绍了语音学，即对语音和语音单位的研究。
语音学的重要性在于它帮助我们了解不同语音在不同语言中的表达以及语音之间的差异。
它通过对语音的产生、传播和接收机制的研究，帮助我们更好地掌握发音，并理解发音背后的规律。
其次，在语法学章节中，语言学教程第五版对语法的基本概念和结构进行了系统的阐述。
语法是语言的基本规则和组织方式，它掌握了语言的骨架和逻辑。
学习语法不仅可以提高语言表达的准确性，还可以帮助我们理解和分析语言的句子结构和语法规则，从而更好地运用语言进行沟通。
此外，在词汇学和语义学的篇章中，语言学教程第五版介绍了词汇的构成和词义的研究。
词汇是语言的基本单位，通过学习词汇的构成规则和词义的变化，我们可以更好地理解单词的使用和含义，提高词汇量，丰富语言表达。
语义学则关注词语和句子的意义和语用，研究语言的符号系统如何传达意义，并探索言外之意和文化背景对语言理解的影响。
此外，语言学教程第五版还涵盖了其他领域的内容，如语音识别、自然语言处理等。
这些内容将帮助我们理解语言学的应用领域，如机器翻译、语音识别和智能对话系统的开发。
总的来说，语言学教程第五版是一本内容生动、全面、有指导意义的教材。
通过深入研究语音、语法、词汇和语义等方面的知识，我们可以更好地理解和应用语言，提高语言表达和沟通能力。
无论是学生、教师还是语言爱好者，都可以从中受益并将所学知识运用于实践中，提升个人的语言能力。
语言学教程第五版语言的论述。
语言学教程第五版语言的论述。
摘要：
1.语言学教程第五版的概述
2.语言的定义和分类
3.语言的功能和作用
4.语言学的研究方法和分支
5.语言学教程第五版的价值和意义
正文：
【语言学教程第五版的概述】
《语言学教程第五版》是一本关于语言学的经典教材，全面系统地介绍了语言学的基本概念、理论和方法。
该教程自问世以来，已经历经多次修订，如今已成为国内外语言学研究的重要参考书籍。
【语言的定义和分类】
语言是人类进行交际和表达思想、感情的工具，具有声音、文字和意义三个要素。
根据不同的标准，语言可以分为自然语言和人工语言，以及口头语言和书面语言等。
【语言的功能和作用】
语言是人类社会的重要组成部分，具有传递信息、沟通思想、表达感情、塑造文化等多种功能和作用。
语言的多样性为人类文明的繁荣发展提供了丰富的资源。
【语言学的研究方法和分支】
语言学是一门研究语言的科学，采用多种方法对语言进行描写、分析和解
释。
语言学的研究方法包括实证法、比较法、结构法、功能法等。
语言学分为众多分支，如语音学、语法学、词汇学、语用学、语言地理学等。
【语言学教程第五版的价值和意义】
《语言学教程第五版》对语言学的研究具有很高的价值和意义。
首先，该教程全面系统地介绍了语言学的基本概念和理论，有利于读者更好地理解和掌握语言学。
其次，该教程注重实际应用，通过丰富的实例分析，使读者能够将语言学知识运用到实际工作和研究中。
最后，该教程的修订和完善，为国内外语言学研究提供了新的视角和思路，促进了语言学的繁荣发展。
语言学教程胡壮麟第5版考研笔记和题库答案
语言学教程胡壮麟第5版考研笔记和题库答案在考研的征程中，语言学这一学科对于许多考生来说既充满魅力又颇具挑战。
胡壮麟的《语言学教程》第 5 版作为经典教材，更是备受关注。
为了在考试中取得优异成绩，精心整理的考研笔记和准确的题库答案无疑是通向成功的重要法宝。
首先，让我们来谈谈考研笔记的重要性。
一份好的考研笔记能够帮助我们梳理教材中的知识点，将复杂的内容变得清晰易懂。
对于胡壮麟第5 版的《语言学教程》，笔记应该涵盖语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学等各个核心板块。
在语音学部分，笔记可以记录不同语音的发音特征、分类以及语音的产生机制。
比如元音和辅音的区别，国际音标系统的运用等。
音系学方面，重点关注音位的概念、音位变体以及音系规则。
对于形态学，要总结词汇的构成方式，如词缀法、复合法和转化法等。
句法学的笔记则应着重于各种句子结构的分析，包括简单句、复合句和复杂句，以及不同的句法理论和分析方法。
语义学中，关于词汇意义、句子意义以及语义关系的理解和归纳必不可少。
而在语用学部分，要记下言语行为理论、会话含义、预设等重要内容。
接下来，说说题库答案的价值。
题库答案为我们提供了检验知识掌握程度的标准，同时也让我们熟悉考试的题型和答题思路。
在面对选择题时，答案不仅要给出正确选项，还应该对每个选项进行详细的分析，解释为什么对为什么错。
对于简答题，答案要条理清晰，分点作答，将关键要点阐述清楚。
例如，当被问到“语言的功能有哪些”时，答案可以这样组织：语言具有交际功能，使人们能够交流思想和信息；具有表达功能，帮助个人表达情感、意愿和想法；具有认知功能，有助于人类认识世界和思考问题；还有社会功能，如确立社会身份、维系社会关系等。
对于论述题，答案需要更加深入和全面。
比如“论述语言与文化的关系”，不仅要说明语言是文化的载体，反映文化的各个方面，还要举例论证，从词汇、语法、语用等多个角度进行分析，并探讨文化对语言发展和使用的影响。
胡壮麟《语言学教程》(第5版)笔记和考研真题详解
胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）笔记和考研真题详解目录第1章语言学导论1.1复习笔记1.2考研真题与典型题详解第2章语音2.1复习笔记2.2考研真题与典型题详解第3章词和形态学3.1复习笔记3.2考研真题与典型题详解第4章句法：从语词到篇章4.1复习笔记4.2考研真题与典型题详解第5章意义5.1复习笔记5.2考研真题与典型题详解第6章语言与认知6.1复习笔记6.2考研真题与典型题详解第7章语言文化社会7.1复习笔记7.2考研真题与典型题详解第8章语言的使用8.1复习笔记8.2考研真题与典型题详解第9章语言与文学9.1复习笔记9.2考研真题与典型题详解第10章语言和计算机10.1复习笔记10.2考研真题与典型题详解第11章第二语言和外语教学11.1复习笔记11.2考研真题与典型题详解第12章现代语言学理论与流派12.1复习笔记12.2考研真题与典型题详解内容简介作为《语言学教程》（第5版）（胡壮麟主编，北京大学出版社）的学习辅导书，全书完全遵循该教材的章目编排，共分12章，每章由两部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。
本书具有以下几个方面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，浓缩内容精华。
每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。
2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。
本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。
3．精选考研真题，补充难点习题。
本书精选名校考研真题及相关习题，并提供答案和详解。
所选真题和习题基本体现了各个章节的考点和难点，但又不完全局限于教材内容，是对教材内容极好的补充。
另外，在笔记部分，对于在《语言学教程》第三版或第四版提到而第五版删减的知识点我们也予以保留，并用“＊”标明，部分院校考研真题依旧会涉及这些知识点的考查。
语言学(第五版) 笔记 重点
第一章1.What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication2.Design features of language①Arbitrariness(任意性)refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. (sounds and meanings)②Duality（二层性）:The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.③Productivity/creativity(创造性）:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.④Displacement(移位性):Human Languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at moment of communication. (p7)3.Functions of language①Informative(信息功能): to give information about facts. (ideational)②Interpersonal(人际功能): to establish and maintain social status in a society.(age, sex, language, background, accent, status)③Performative(施为功能) : language is used to do things, to perform certain actions. (name, promise, apologize, sorry, declare)④. Emotive/Expressive(情感功能): to express feelings and attitudes of the speaker.⑤Phatic communion(寒暄交流) : to use small and meaningless expressions to establish a comfortable relationship or maintain social contact between people without any factual content. (health, weather)⑥Recreational function(娱乐): the use of language for sheer joy. (lyrics, poetry)⑦Metalingual function(元语言功能): to talk about language itself.4. What is linguistics?Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.5. Important distinctions in linguisticsDescriptive & prescriptiveSynchronic & diachronicLangue & paroleCompetence & performance6.Descriptive(描写/述性)—describe and analyze linguistic facts or the language people actually use (modern linguistic)Prescriptive(规定性)—lay down rules for“correct and standard”linguistic behavior in using language (traditional grammar:“never use a double negative”)7.Synchronic study(共时)—description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics) Diachronic study (历时)—description of a language as it changes through time (historical development of language over a period of time)第四章1．What is Syntax（句法）?Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to formsentences.句法就是研究语言的不同成分组成句子的规则2．Four Approaches :The traditional approach传统语言观(Parts of speech、Syntactic Function 不考、Category范畴、Concord and government一致关系和支配关系)、The structural approach 结构语言观、The generative approach、The functional approach功能语言观3．The traditional grammar regards sentences as a sequence of words , so it pays great attention to the study of words, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of function of words in terms of subject, predicate , etc.4. Parts of speechTraditional grammar defines 8 parts of speech: nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.5．The term Category范畴in some approaches refers to word classes and functions in its narrow sense,范畴这一术语狭义上是指词类和功能eg. Noun, Verb, Subject, Predicate. More specifically, it refers to the defining properties of these general units:the categories of the noun名词的范畴, include number, gender, case and countability（case）; the categories of the verb动词的范畴: tense, aspect, voice, etc.6．Number is mostly a category of the noun and pronoun名词和不可数名词.Two terms of number in nouns: singular and plural单数和复数Number is also reflected in the inflections of pronouns and verbs7. Gender is also mostly a category of the noun and pronoun.In English, the gender distinctions are on the whole natural, determined by the biological gender of the creature.8. Case is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship between words in a sentence.在词类分析中，格范畴用来辨别句子中词之间的句法关系In English, pronouns have three cases of nominative主格, accusative受格, and genitive与格. Nouns have two of general and genitive所有格In English, the case of noun is realised in three channels:(a) inflection(b) following a preposition(c) word order9. Tense时态: the absolute location of an event or action on time. It is marked by an inflection of the verb. As a result, there are only two tenses recognized now: past and present.Since the fut ure time does not involve any inflection of the verb, we do not refer to a “future tense”, even though in many different ways we can talk about the future.10. Aspect体: It has nothing with time, and it tells us whether an action is ongoing or completed. Perfective（完成体）and Imperfective（进行体）Perfective and Progressive (in English)11. Voice语态: describe the relationship between verb and subjectPassive被动语态and active主动语态12. Concord and government①Concord (一致关系)refers to agreement between words, especially between a verband the subject of a sentence.②Government (支配关系)is a type of grammatical relationship between two or more elements ina sentence.In traditional grammar, the term government has typically been used to refer to the relationship between verbs and nouns or between prepositions and nouns.13.The Structural Approach，由Ferdinand de Saussure提出14.Syntactic Relations：Positional relations位置关系、Relations of substitutability替代关系、Relations of co-occurrence同现关系15.Immediate constituent(直接成分)is any meaningful constituent at the first step in an analysis.16.An endocentric construction(向心结构)is a construction that contains:1) a head, which is the single obligatory element in the construction;2) one or more optional elements subordinate to the head.17.them e(主位) refers to the known information which is not new to the reader or listener Rheme(述位)refers to the information that is new. The new information is what is to be transmitted to the reader or listenerThe linguists of the Prague school believed that sentence may be analyzed from the functional side as well as the grammatical side.subject, predicate (grammatical side)theme, rheme (functional side)第五章1.What is Semantics?Semantics is the study of the meaning ofwords,phrases andsentences.语义学是研究单词、短语和句子的意义的学科2．Geoffrey Leech利奇Seven types of meaning7种意义类型:①Conceptual meaning概念意义②Connotative meaning内涵意义③Social meaning社会意义④Affective meaning感情意义Associative Meaning联想意义（②——⑥）⑤Reflected meaning反射意义⑥Collocative meaning搭配意义⑦Thematic meaning主位意义3.Conceptual meaning(概念意义)is also called “denotative”（外延义）and it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to.概念意义也叫外延义，它关注词语跟它所指称事物之间的联系Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary.4.Associative meaning (联想意义)is the total of all the meanings a person thinks of when they hear the wordAssociative meaning is the meaning which a word suggests or implies.5.Thematic meaning (主位意义)is“what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of orde r and emphasis.”它是由词序和词语重音所决定的6.The Referential Theory（指称理论）：①The Referential Theory②The Semantic Triangle③Sense and Reference7.The referential theory指称理论is the theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to.指称论是把词语意义跟它所指称的事物联系起来的理论8. The semantic triangle语意三角is the indirectrelation between a word and a thing it refers to and it is mediated by concept.语意三角指词和所指事物之间没有直接关系，它们是以概念为中介的9.Sense (涵义) is a set of properties possessed by a name.10.Reference (指称) is the symbolic relationship that a linguistic expression has with the concrete object.11. The sense of an expression is the thought it expresses, while its reference is the object it representsEvery word has a sense, but not every word has a reference.12.Sense Relations涵义关系①Synonymy（同义关系）②Antonymy（反义关系）（Gradable、Complementary、Converse）③Hyponymy（上下义关系）13.But total synonymy is rare. They may differ in style, connotations and dialect.14.Gradable antonymy (等级反义关系)、Complementary antonymy (互补反义关系)、Converse antonymy (反向反义关系)15. Componential analysis is an approach to the study of meaning which analyses a word into a set of meaning components.16. Sentence Meaning17.Sense relations between sentences①Synonymity (同义)a. He was a bachelor all his life.b. He never married all his boy.Sentences a and b are in a synonymous relationship: the truth of one sentence necessarily implies the truth of another sentence②Inconsistency(矛盾)a. Elizabeth II is Queen of England.b. Elizabeth II is a man.Sentences a and b are in a relationship of contradiction: the truth of one sentence necessarily implies the falseness of another sentence.③Entailment (蕴涵)a. He married a blonde heiress.b. He married a blonde.Entailment refers to a kind of meaning inclusion. If x entails y, the meaning of x is included in y.④Presupposition(前提预设)It is what a speaker or writer assumes that the receiver of the message already knows.⑤Contradiction(矛盾)⑥Semantic anomaly(语义反常)18. An integrated theory﹡Compositionality(组合性原则)：the meaning of a sentence depends on the meaning of the constituent words and the way they are combined.﹡This semantic theory is the integration of syntax and semantics﹡Their basic idea is that a semantic theory consists of two parts: a dictionary and a set of projection rules﹡The dictionary provides the grammatical classification and semantic information of words﹡The projection rules are responsible for combining the meanings of words together.19.Logical semantics（逻辑语义学）﹡A proposition(命题) is what is to be expressed by a declarative sentence when that sentence is uttered to make a statement.﹡It is the basic meaning which a sentence express.﹡A very important property of the proposition is that it has a truth value.第七章nguage and Culture：①Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis②Evidence Given by Whorf ③Implication of SWH ④Relation between Language and Culture2．SHW can be broken down into two basic principles:Linguistic determinism (语言决定论):the language we use determines the way we view about the world around us.Language may determine our thinking patterns. (语言决定思维) P1623. Relation between Language and CultureLanguage influences thought and culture，Language varies in categories and concepts, thus reflecting the different world views of different language users, that is, culture and thought are conditioned by languageCulture influences language，Every language is a part of a culture. As such, it can not but serve and reflect cultural needs. When a culture experience radical changes, the vocabulary also undergoes corresponding alterationsnguage and SocietyRelation between Language and SocietyVarieties of language（Dialects、Registers）Bilingualism and DiglossiaPidgin and Creole5.Varieties related to the user are normally known as dialects and varieties related to use as registers.6.Dialectal Varieties：Regional dialect、Social dialect（Sociolect、Language and gender、Language and age、Idiolect、Ethnic dialect）7.Social dialect refers to a variety of language associated with a particular social group, such as a particular social class, or ethnic group, or those based on age, gender and occupation.8.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language that cuts across regional differences; it is mainly spoken by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation such as racial discrimination or segregation.9.Idiolect refers to the speech variety of an individual. Every speaker has his own way of expressing his or her idea.10.Register refers to the functional variety of language that is defined according to its use in a context of situation.11.Halliday’s Register TheoryLanguage varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.Halliday distinguishes 3 variables that determine the register:field of discourse (语场)、tenor of discourse (语旨)、mode of discourse (语式)12.Bilingualism (双语制): the use of two languages, esp with equal or nearly equal fluency.13.Diglossia (双语体现象): when two varieties of a language exist side by side; and each is used for different purposes, this is called diglossia.14．A pidgin: it is a special language variety that mixes and blends languages used for communicative purposes by groups of people who do not know each other’s language.15.A creole :when a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language, it is said to have become a creole.第八章1.What is PragmaticsPragmatics is the study of language in context / use / communication.2 Semantics and PragmaticsSimilarity：Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic study of meaningDifference：Semantic meaning: the more constant, inherent side of meaning；Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context；Pragmatic = meaning - semantics 3.Three Contents :Speech Act Theory、The Theory of Conversational Implicature、Post-Gricean Developments4.Speech Act Theory(言语行为理论)：①Performatives and Constatives②A theory of the illocutionary act5.The utterance which performs an act is calleda performative(行事话语)。
语言学教程英文版
语言学教程英文版1. IntroductionLanguage is an intricate and complex system of communication between individuals. It is the means by which information can be shared, ideas can be expressed, and relationships can be formed. Studying language is fundamental to understanding all forms of communication, including writing, reading, and nonverbal expression. Linguistics, the scientific study of language, offers us a systematic approach to understanding language and its role in human communication.2. The Branches of LinguisticsLinguistics is a multidisciplinary field that involves various approaches to language study. There are several branches of linguistics, including:2.1 PhoneticsPhonetics is the study of speech sounds, their physical properties, and their production and perception by humans. Phonetics is concerned with the actual sounds used in language, regardless of their meaning. It encompasses the production and reception of speech sounds, including the anatomy and physiology of speech production.2.2 PhonologyPhonology is the study of the sound system of language, including the rules and patterns that govern the use and organization of speech sounds in a particular language. Phonology investigates the systematic relationships between sounds and how they are interpreted to convey meaning.2.3 MorphologyMorphology is the study of the structure of words and how they are formed from smaller units (morphemes) that carry meaning. Morphology is concerned with the internal structure of words, including morpheme identification, inflection, and derivation.2.4 SyntaxSyntax is the study of how words are combined to form meaningful phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is concerned with the rules governing word order, grammatical agreement, and the use of function words (such as conjunctions and prepositions) to establish relationships between words.2.5 SemanticsSemantics is the study of meaning in language, including the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences. Semanticsanalyzes how meaning is conveyed through language and how different words and phrases can have multiple meanings.2.6 PragmaticsPragmatics is the study of language use in context and the ways in which speakers convey meaning beyond the literal meaning of words. Pragmatics investigates the social and situational factors that influence language use, including the speaker's intentions, the listener's expectations, and the shared cultural background of both.3. Key Concepts in LinguisticsLinguistics is concerned with understanding how language works and how it is used in everyday communication. There are several key concepts that are central to linguistic analysis: 3.1 Language UniversalsLanguage universals are patterns or tendencies that are found across all languages. These are features of language that are common to all human languages, such as the presence of consonants and vowels or the use of subject-verb word order.3.2 Language RelativityLanguage relativity is the idea that language and culture have a reciprocal relationship, with each influencing andshaping the other. This concept suggests that the structure and vocabulary of a language can shape the way its speakers perceive and understand the world around them.3.3 Language AcquisitionLanguage acquisition is the process by which humans learn a language. The study of language acquisition investigates how children learn to speak and understand their native language and how adults learn a second language.3.4 Language ChangeLanguage change is the process by which language evolves over time. This concept includes changes in the sound, structure, and meaning of language and can be influenced by social, cultural, and historical factors.4. ConclusionLinguistics is a fascinating field that helps us understand the intricate and complex nature of human communication. The study of linguistics provides us with a systematic approach to understanding language and its role in human society. With its focus on language universals, language relativity, language acquisition, and language change, linguistics offers us insights into how wecommunicate, how we learn, and how language shapes our understanding of the world.。
胡壮麟语言学教程第五版chap5
Derogatory ruthless obstinate sly, crafty childish wiseguy freak fleshy, fat, tubby lean, skinny, lanky, weedy,
scraggy
A multitude of additional, non-criterial properties, including not only physical characteristics but also psychological and social properties, as well as typical features.
Will you belt up.
21
‘Colorful’ meaning
Commendatory tough-minded resolute, firm shrewd childlike wiseman
man of usual talent portly, stout, solid, plum
What is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes the message, in terms of ordering, focus, and emphasis.
Mrs Bessie Smith donated the first prize. The first prize was donated by Mrs Bessie
Any characteristic of the referent, identified subjectively or objectively, may contribute to the connotative meaning of the expression which denotes it.
语言学教程(英文版)胡壮麟版
The course: Introduction to LinguisticsThe textbook: Linguistics: A Course Book (3rd ed.)The instructor: 王振亚 82388258 wangzhenya1969@ Chapter 1. Invitation to linguisticsNatural vs artificial languagesI. The definition of LanguageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. System：rule-governed *loves Mary John *bkooArbitrary: no logical relationship between language elements and their meaning: A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.A sound must seem to be an echo to its sense.Vocal: speech is primarySymbol: related to arbitrariness, language elements are only the symbols for the meaning they expressHuman: uniquely human or human specific or species specificCommunication: the primary function of languageII. Design features of languageThe defining properties of languageArbitrariness: not entirely arbitrary:onomatopoeic wordscompoundingsderivativessome surnamesDuality: the two subsystems of sound and meaningCreativity: language users can understand and produce new sentences to express new meanings.Displacement: language can be used to talk about things that are not present (structure-dependent operations)III. Functions of languageFunctions: broad categories of language usesInformative: when language is used to express human experience and knowledge about the world.Interpersonal: when language is used to establish and maintain social relations Performative: when language is used to perform certain actsEmotive: when language is used to change the emotional states of an audience or used to express the speakers’ emotions or attitudes towards something or someperson.Phatic communion: occurs when language is used for pure interpersonal purposes,e.g. greetings, farewells, etc.Recreational: when language is used for the pure joy of using itMetalinguistic: when language is used to discuss itselfIV. The definition of linguistics: The scientific study of languageV. Main branches of linguisticsPhonetics: the description, classification and transcription of speech sounds Phonology: the study of speech sounds as a system: the relations between speech sounds, the way in which speech sounds are related to meaning, the rulesgoverning the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds Morphology: the internal structures of wordsSyntax: the internal structures of sentencesSemantics: the study of meaning as encoded in languagePragmatics: the study of language use, meaning in contextMacrolinguistics: interdisciplinaryPsycholinguistics: psychology and linguistics combined, the psychological process in language production, comprehension and acquisition Sociolinguistics: sociology and linguistics combined, social functions of language and the social characteristics of language users, language varietiesand functionsAnthropological linguistics: anthropology and linguistics combined: therelationship between language and cultureComputational linguistics: the use of computers to process or produce human language:machine-translationVI. Important distinctions in linguisticsDescriptive vs prescriptive studiesDescribing language as it is used by its native speakers is descriptive.Trying to lay down language rules for correct uses of language is prescriptive Modern linguistics is descriptive.Synchronic vs diachronic studiesStudying language as it is used at a particular point in time is a synchronic study. Studying language as it changes over time is a diachronic studyLangue vs paroleLangue (language) is the language system: social, essential, stableParole is the actual use of the language system: individual, accidental, unstable Competence vs performanceCompetence is the underlying knowledge about one’s language.Performance is the actual use of that knowledge in language use situations.Etic vs emicEtic studies aim at producing an exhaustive list of a linguistic phenomenon. Emic studies aim at knowing the relationships between the entities in that list. Syntagmatic vs paradiamatic relationsSyntagmatic relations are relations between units present in the same sequence or construction. Syntagmatically related elements form structures.Paradigmatic relations are relations between a unit and other units that can replace it in a given sequence. Paradigmatically related units form systems.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI. The three branches of phoneticsArticulatory phonetics: the study of sound productionAcoustic phonetics: the study of sound transmission between interlocutors Auditory phonetics: the study of sound perceptionII. Speech organsLungs 肺trachea (wind pipe) 气管vocal folds (cords) 声带: glottis声门: apart (voiceless: /p/), close together(voiced: /b/), totally closed (glottal stop: /?/ tongue tip舌尖tongue blade舌叶tongue front舌前tongue back舌后tongue root舌跟epiglottis会厌：a thin cartilaginous flap that covers the entrance to the larynx during swallowing, preventing food from entering the trachea. hard palate硬颚soft palate (velum) 软颚uvula小舌teeth 牙teeth ridge (alveolar ridge) 齿龈lips (labium) 唇nose鼻larynx喉pharynx咽vocal tract声道III. Segments, divergence, and phonetic transcriptionsSegments: smallest components of speech: bit -- /b/, /i/, /t/Divergence: no one-to-one correspondent between pronunciation and spelling: ou –enough, house, through, though, etc.Phonetic transcriptions: international phonetic alphabet. Its main principles include:1)there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound,2)the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it occurs,3)it was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new lettersand diacritics only when absolutely necessary.Broad and narrow transcriptions 宽式和紧式音标Diacritics: showing the minute differences between variations of the same sound,e.g. h for aspirated sounds, ~ for nasalized sounds, 0 for devoiced sounds. Broadtranscriptions do not make use of these diacritics, while narrow transcriptions do.IV. ConsonantsConsonants: when there is an obstruction of the air stream in the production of a sound1) Manners of articulation:Stop 爆破音: complete closure of the articulators: oral stop: /g/, nasal stop: /m/ Fricative摩擦音: close approximation of two articulators: /s/, /z/(median or central) approximant央通音: an articulator is close to another without producing a turbulent air stream /r/, /j/Lateral approximant边通音: /l/Affricate破擦音: /t∫/2) Places of articulationBilabial唇音: two lips: /m/Labiodental唇齿音: the lower lip and the upper front teeth: /f/Dental齿音: the tongue tip or blade and the upper front teeth: /θ/Alveolar齿龈音: the tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge: /t/Post-alveolar后齿龈音: the tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge: /∫/ Palatal硬颚音: the tongue front and the hard palate: /j/Velar软颚音: the tongue back and the soft palate: /k/Glottal声门音: /h/3) Voicing4) Nasal vs oral5) Lateral vs centralV. VowelsCardinal vowels: the reference points for the description and classification of vowels.i ue oЄɔa ɑ1) The part of the tongue that is raised: front /i:/, central /ə/, back /α/2) The height of the tongue: high, mid, low; closed /i:/, half closed /e/, half open /ε/, open /a/3) The degree of lip rounding: rounded /u:/, unrounded /i:/4) Monophthong vs diphthong or pure vowels vs glidings: /a/, /au/5) Long vs short vowels or tense vs lax vowels: /i:/, /I/Vowels in EnglishFront central backHigh i: (beet) u: (boot)I (bit) ʊ (put)e (bait) o (boat)Mid Є (bet) əə: (worker) ɔ: (bought)ɒ (hot, Br.)æ (bat) ⋀ (but) ɒ (hot, Am.)low a (buy) ɑ: (farm)diohthongs: eI aI au ɔIou Iə uə eəVI. Coarticulation and phonetic transcriptionCoarticulation协同发音: in speech a sound may become more like its neighbouring sound.Anticipatory coarticulation逆化协同发音: when a sound is influenced by the following sound, e.g. impossiblePerseverative coarticulation接续性协同发音: when a sound is influenced by the preceding sound, e.g. playVII. Phonological analysisPhonemes音位: distinctive speech soundsminimal pairs最小对立体: pairs of words that differ in only one sound, e.g. pit-bit, bet-bat, cat-capcontrastive distribution对立分布: the two different sounds in a minimal pair are in contrastive distribution. Normally sounds in contrastive distribution are different phonemes.Allophones音位变体: variants of the same phoneme, e.g. light-wheel-play: clear-dark-devoiced, pipe: aspirated-unaspiratedcomplementary distribution互补分布: those sounds that never occur in the same environment are in complementary distribution, e.g. clear [l] before a vowel-dark [l] after a vowel-devoiced [l] after a voiceless consonant, aspirated [p] initially-unaspirated finallyphonetic similarity语音相似性: allophones of the same phoneme must be phonetically similar, e.g. /h/-/ŋ/pattern congruity模式一致性: when assigning a sound to one phoneme rather than another, we must take the sound pattern of the language into consideration, e.g. top [t]: alveolar, stop, voiceless, aspiatedstop [t]: alveolar, stop, voiceless, unaspiateddot [d]: alveolar, stop, voiced, unaspiratedst-sdPhonological processesAssimilation同化: when a sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring soundregressive assimilation逆同化: when a sound is influenced by the following sound, e.g. supportprogressive assimilation顺同化: when a sound is influenced by the preceding sound, e.g. stopPhonological processes: processes in which a sound undergoes a change in certain environments or contexts and we can write phonological rules to represent these changes: e.g.Voiced sound → voiceless / voiceless _________A voiced sound is transformed into a corresponding voiceless sound when it occurs after a voiceless sound: e.g. play→ is transformed into; / specifies the environment in which the change occurs; _________ indicates the position of the target sound.An alveolar sound → velar / _________ velarAn alveolar sound is transformed into a corresponding velar sound when it occurs before a velar sound: e.g. sinkVIII. Distinctive featuresDistinctive features: according to Prague School linguists, a phoneme can be further analyzed into a set of features and the distinctive features are phonological; binary; articulatorily and acoustically based features.Phonological: voicing-aspirationBinary: present or absentarticulatorily and acoustically based features: articulatory or acoustic features. IX. Suprasegmental phonology超切分音系学concerned with those aspects of sound features that involve more than single sound segmentsSuprasegmental phonemes超切分音位: stress, pitch, intonationSyllables and syllabic structures: typically, a syllable consists of onset (consonant preceding the rhyme) and rhyme which consists of nucleus or peak (vowel or syllabic consonant) and coda (consonant following peak).σ (syllable)onset rhymepeak codac a p (CVC)The onset position may be empty (e.g. eat) or filled by a consonant (e.g. cap) or a consonant cluster of two or three consonants (e.g. play, street). The nuclear position may be filled by a vowel (e.g. cap) or a syllabic consonant (e.g. pencil,pardon). And the coda position may be empty (e.g. tea) or filled by a consonant (e.g. cap) or a consonant cluster of two, three or four consonants (e.g. caps, sixth, sixths). So the syllabic structure in English can be represented as:(((C) C) C) V ((((C) C) C) C)Open syllable: a syllable without a coda (e.g. tea)Closed syllable: a syllable with a coda (e.g. cap)Stress: degree of force used in the production of a syllableword stress: distinctive, e.g. PERfect, perFECT; REcord, reCORDsentence stress: normally, content words are stressed in sentences, while grammatical words are unstressed, but in principle, sentence stress can fall on any word or syllable, e.g. He `went away-`John went a`way. She’s `fifteen years old-She’s `only fif`teen.Pitch: different rates of the vibration of the vocal cords produce what is known in acoustics terms as different frequencies and in articulatory terms as different pithes. Pitch variations are called tones: tone languages and non-tone languages Intonation: when pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentences rather than to the word, they are collectively known as intonation.1) intonation can indicate different sentence types: yes-no interrogatives vs other types of sentences.2) intonation can impose different sentence structures on sentences, e.g.Tom didn’t come because of MaryTell me when the plane arrives in London.下雨天留客天留我不留。
语言学教程第五版重点笔记
语言学教程第五版重点笔记语言学是研究语言的科学，它涉及到语言的结构、发展、使用和功能等方面。
本篇笔记将重点总结语言学教程第五版的内容，包括语言学的基本概念、语音学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学等。
1.语言学的基本概念-语言：人类沟通的主要方式，具有符号性、规则性和交际性。
-语言的属性：可描述为音、形、意的体系，通过语音、文字等媒介来传递信息。
-语言与方言：方言是指在某个地区或群体中使用的语言变体，而语言是方言的高级别组织。
-语言的历史演变：语言随着时间推移会发生变化，并分化成不同的语言家族和亚族。
2.语音学-语音：语言中最小的语言单位，由音素构成。
-音位和音素：音位是在特定语言中具有区别词义的最小音段，而音素是语音学上对音位的理论概念。
-发音：语音的实际发声过程，包括发音器官的运动和声带的振动。
-音系：特定语言中的音位组合，反映了该语言中的音素系统。
3.形态学-形态：语言中用来构成词的基本单位。
-词的形态结构：词根、词缀和词尾等构成词的部分。
-词的形态类型：自由词和词素词。
-词类：词根或词素所属的语法类别，如名词、动词、形容词等。
4.句法学-句子：语言中最小的完整意义单位。
-短语：句子的组成部分，由词汇构成。
-句法关系：短语之间的语法关系，如主谓关系、动宾关系等。
-句法结构：句子的组织方式，包括短语结构和依存结构。
5.语义学-语义：语言中词、短语和句子所表达的意义。
-词义学：研究词汇的意义，包括词义分类、词义变化等。
-句义学：研究句子的意义，包括句子的真值条件、逻辑关系等。
6.语用学-语用：语言使用的实际情境。
-言外之意：在语言表面之下所包含的意义。
-会话分析：研究对话和交际行为的学科。
以上是《语言学教程》第五版的重点内容。
通过学习这些知识，我们可以更深入地了解语言的结构和使用规律，从而更好地理解和运用语言。
胡壮麟《语言学教程》(第5版)-章节题库-第3章 词和形态学【圣才出品】
第3章词和形态学Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.1. As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones serve to link its different parts together, the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones _____.【答案】function words【解析】词可分为词汇词和语法词。
具有词汇意义的词称为词汇词，例如名词、动词、形容词和副词。
表达语法意义的词是语法词，例如连词、介词和代词。
2. In traditional grammar, _____ is the only word class which can function as a substitute for another item.【答案】pronoun【解析】在传统语法中，代词是唯一一种可用来代替其他语言项目的词性。
3. In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into _____ words and _____ words.【答案】lexical, grammatical【解析】从词所表达的意义划分，词可分为词汇词和语法词。
4. The _____ is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical orgrammatical.【答案】morpheme【解析】语素是最小的语义单位，是语法中的最小单位。
语言学教程胡壮麟第五版期末总结
第一章Language: language is a means of verbal communication.Design Features:The features that define our human languages can be called Design Features.1.Arbitrariness: the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.2.Duality: the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.3.Creativity: language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.4.Displacement: that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. Functions of Languagermative functionLanguage is the instrument of thought and people often feel need to speak their thoughts aloud. The use of language to record the facts is a prerequisite of social development. The informative function is indeed a crucial function of language.It is also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar.2.Interpersonal functionBy far the most important sociological use of language is the interpersonal function, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.3.Performative functionthe performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship ata launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies.4.Emotive functionThe emotive function of language is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.5.Phatic communionrefers to the social interaction of language, originating from Malinowski's study of the functions of language performed by Trobriand Islanders.6.Recreational functionThe recreational function refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of it, such as a baby‘s babbling or a chanter‘s chanting7.Metalingual functionOur language can be used to talk about itself.Main Branches of LinguisticsPhoneticsstudies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech,etc.PhonologyPhonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.MorphologyMorphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes.SyntaxSyntax is about principles of forming and understanding English sentence.SemanticsSemantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language.PragmaticsPragmatics is the study of meaning in context.Macrolinguistics宏观语言学分为：Psycholinguistics心理语言学Sociolinguistics 社会语言学Anthropological Linguistics 人类语言学Computational Linguistics 计算语言学Applied Linguistics 应用语言学Synchronic vs. Diachronic共时和历时由Saussure提出Langue和Parole （Saussure）Langue :the abstract linguistics system shared by all members of the speech community.Parole :the realization of langue in actual use.Differences between langue and parolengue is abstract, it is not the language people actually use. Parole is concrete, it refers to the naturally occurring language events.ngue is relatively stable and systematic, it does not change frequently, while parole varies from person to person, and from situationto situation. Parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.Competence和Performance(Chomsky)Differences between...Competence: the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Chomsky beleves that linguists ought to study competence rather than performance. In other words, they should discover what an ideal speaker knows of his native language.How is Saussure's distinction between parole and langue different from or similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance?ngue is a social product and a set of conventions for a community, while competence is deemed as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure looks at language more from a sociological or sociolinguistic point of view than N. Chomsky since the latter deals with his issues psychologically psycholinguistically.2.Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study.第二章Phonetics: studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.decided into three branches:Articulatory Phonetics,Acoustic Phonetics, Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics.Phonology: is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages,aiming to"discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages,and to explain the variations that occur."相同点:Both are concerned with the same aspect of language—the speech sounds.不同点:But they differ in their approach and focus:1)Phonetics is of general nature; It is the study of all possible speech sounds used in all human languages; it aims to answer questions like: how they're produced,how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified,etc. ;Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. It is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning.2)Phoneticians are concerned with how sounds differ in the way they are pronounced.Eg. How these two[t]s differ in the way they are pronounced in the word "tea" and "too";while phonologists are interested in the patterning of such sounds ang the rules that underline such variations.元辅音区别(没写完)[i:]high front tense unfounded vowel[ʊ]high back lax rounded vowel[ə]mid central lax unrounded vowel[ɒ]low back lax rounded vowelPhonemes: is an abstract unit that is of distinctive value. is a basic unit in phonological analysis. It is not only particular sound, but rather it's represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic.Broad transcription : the phonemic type of transcriptionNarrow transcription : when phonetic detail is givenAllophones: the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment. Suprasegmentals : principle : syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.第三章lexical (content) words and Grammatic al (functional) words (词汇词和语法词)①Those which mainly work for referrig to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, are lexical words.具有词汇意义(指代物质、动作和性质)的词称为词汇词，例如名词、动词、形容词和副词。
【考研专业课笔记】胡壮麟《语言学教程》(第5版)复习攻略(第6章)
每本教材每个章节都包含：学霸笔记，强化练习，过关检测，思维导图，复习要点，学习目标，时间安排，重难点分析，易错点分析，考点分析，音频笔记等......如果参考教材有多个版本，那么每个版本都有全套资料；如果目标院校没有指定参考书，那么所有推荐的参考书都有全套的资料可供学习。
以下是胡壮麟《语言学教程》第6章《语言与认知》的复习攻略：1.复习要点本章主要内容包括以下方面：(1)语言的认知过程：感知、注意、记忆等。
(2)语言的信息加工：语音、语义、语用等。
(3)语言与思维：内在语言（自我对话）、概念与类别等。
2.学习目标通过本章的学习，你应该能够：(1)理解语言的认知过程，掌握感知、注意、记忆等认知过程的基本原理。
(2)掌握语言信息加工的原理和方法，了解语音、语义、语用的基本概念和分析方法。
(3)了解语言与思维的关系，掌握内在语言（自我对话）的特点和作用，以及概念与类别的基本概念和分类方法。
3.时间安排上午：阅读第6章，理解语言的认知过程和信息加工的原理和方法。
下午：学习语音、语义、语用的基本概念和分析方法，以及内在语言（自我对话）的特点和作用。
晚上：了解概念与类别的基本概念和分类方法，进行练习和实验操作，加深对概念和方法的理解和记忆。
4.总结通过以上复习要点和学习目标，你可以在1天内全面了解胡壮麟《语言学教程》第6章《语言与认知》的内容，并掌握语言的认知过程和信息加工的原理和方法。
同时，还应该了解语言与思维的关系，掌握内在语言（自我对话）的特点和作用，以及概念与类别的基本概念和分类方法。
建议在学习过程中注重实践和思考，多进行练习和实验操作，加深对概念和方法的理解和记忆。
同时，还应该注意扩大知识面，关注语言学的前沿研究和应用领域，为未来的学术研究和职业发展打下坚实的基础。
《语言学教程》重点笔记（2020年）
《语言学教程》重点笔记（2020年）语言学教程笔记第一章语言学导论语言的定义特征：从本质上将人类语言与动物语言区分开的人类语言的区别性特点。
1.任意性：任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有天然的联系，任意性是语言的核心特征。
例如，我们无法解释为什么一本书读作a /buk/，一支钢笔读作a /pen/。
任意性具有不同层次：（1）语素音义关系的任意性。
（2）句法层面上的任意性。
（3）任意性和规约性。
2.二层性：二层性是指拥有两层结构的这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成，每层都有自身的组合规则。
话语的组成元素是本身不传达意义的语音，语音的唯一作用就是相互组合构成有意义的单位，比如词。
因为底层单位是无意的，而上层单位有明确的意义，所以我们把语音叫做底层单位，与词等上层单位相对。
二层性使语言拥有了一种强大的能产性。
3.创造性：创造性指语言的能产性，指语言有制造无穷长句的潜力，这来源于语言的二层性和递归性。
利用二重性说话者可以通过组合基本语言单位，无止境地生成句子，大多数都是以前没有过的或没有听过的。
4.移位性：是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体、时间或观点。
因此我们可以提及孔子或北极，虽然前者已经去世两千五百五十多年而后者位置距我们非常之远。
语言使我们能够谈及已不存在或还未出现的事物。
移位性赋予人们的概括与抽象能力使人类受益无穷。
词在指称具体物体时，并不总是出现在即时、形象化的语境中。
他们通常为了体现指称含义而被使用。
5.文化传递性：语言不是靠遗传，而是通过文化传递的。
6.互换性：指人可以是信息的发出者，也可以是信息的接受者，即人作为说话者和听话者的角色是可以随意更换的。
元语言功能：我们的语言可以用来讨论语言本身。
比如说，我可以用“书”指代一本书，也可以用“书这个词”来指代“书”这个词本身。
这使语言具有无限的自我反身性：人类可以谈论“说话”，也可以思考“思考”。
胡壮麟语言学教程第5版笔记和考研真题详解
胡壮麟语⾔学教程第5版笔记和考研真题详解胡壮麟《语⾔学教程》（第5版）笔记和考研真题详解第1章 语⾔学导论1.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. The definition and the design features of language语⾔的定义与特征2. The origin and the function of language语⾔的起源和功能3. Main branches of linguistics study语⾔学研究的范围和内容4. Important distinctions in Linguistics语⾔学的⼀些重要区分本章考点：1. 有关语⾔的常考考点语⾔的定义；语⾔的基本特征(任意性、⼆重性、多产性、移位性、⽂化传递和互换性)；语⾔的功能(提供信息、⼈际交往、施为、表达情感、寒暄、娱乐、元语⾔)；语⾔的起源(神授说，⼈造说(“汪汪”，“噗噗”，“哟-嘿-吼”理论)，进化说)等。
2. 有关语⾔学的常考考点(1) 语⾔学的定义，现代语⾔学与传统语法学研究的三个显著区别。
(2) 语⾔学研究的四个原则及其简要说明。
语⾔学中⼏组重要区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义。
(3) 普通语⾔学的主要分⽀学科及各⾃的研究范畴。
(4) 宏观语⾔学及应⽤语⾔学的主要分⽀及各⾃的研究范畴。
本章内容索引：I. Definition of languageII. Design features of language1. Arbitrariness2. Duality3. Creativity4. Displacement5. Cultural Transmission6. InterchangeabilityIII. Origin of language1. The Biblical account2. The bow-wow theory3. The pooh-pooh theory4. The yo-he-ho theory5. The evolution theoryIV. Functions of language1. Informative function2. Interpersonal function3. Performative function4. Emotive function5. Phatic function6. Recreational function7. Metalingual functionV. Definition of linguisticsVI. Branches of linguistics1. Microlinguistics2. MacrolinguisticsVII. Important concepts and their distinctions1. Descriptive vs. Prescriptive2. Synchronic vs. Diachronic3. Langue vs. Parole3. Langue vs. Parole4. Competence vs. Performance5. Traditional Grammar vs. Modern Grammar6. Linguistic Potential vs. Actual Linguistic BehaviorI. The definition of language (语⾔的定义)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has revealed five essential factors of language: systematic, arbitrary, vocal, symbolic and most importantly human-specific.语⾔是⼈类以⼝头交流的任意的符号系统。
胡壮麟《语言学教程》(第5版)笔记和考研真题详解
胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）笔记和考研真题详解精研学习网-提供下载注册账号-免费试用-满意购买全国547所院校视频及题库全收集考研全套>视频资料>课后详解>历年真题>全部收录作为《语言学教程》（第5版）（胡壮麟主编，北京大学出版社）的学习辅导书，全书完全遵循该教材的章目编排，共分12章，每章由两部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。
本书具有以下几个方面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，浓缩内容精华。
每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。
2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。
本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。
3．精选考研真题，补充难点习题。
本书精选名校考研真题及相关习题，并提供答案和详解。
所选真题和习题基本体现了各个章节的考点和难点，但又不完全局限于教材内容，是对教材内容极好的补充。
另外，在笔记部分，对于在《语言学教程》第三版或第四版提到而第五版删减的知识点我们也予以保留，并用“＊”标明，部分院校考研真题依旧会涉及这些知识点的考查。
相对于第三版或第四版，对于在第五版新增加的知识点用“▼”标明，以便于使用不同版本教材的读者使用。
第1章语言学导论1.1复习笔记1.2考研真题与典型题详解第2章语音2.1复习笔记2.2考研真题与典型题详解第3章词和形态学3.1复习笔记3.2考研真题与典型题详解第4章句法：从语词到篇章4.1复习笔记4.2考研真题与典型题详解第5章意义5.1复习笔记5.2考研真题与典型题详解第6章语言与认知6.1复习笔记6.2考研真题与典型题详解第7章语言文化社会7.1复习笔记7.2考研真题与典型题详解第8章语言的使用8.1复习笔记8.2考研真题与典型题详解第9章语言与文学9.1复习笔记9.2考研真题与典型题详解第10章语言和计算机10.1复习笔记10.2考研真题与典型题详解第11章第二语言和外语教学11.1复习笔记11.2考研真题与典型题详解第12章现代语言学理论与流派12.1复习笔记12.2考研真题与典型题详解。
胡壮麟语言学教程第五版文档
胡壮麟语言学教程第五版文档1. 引言本文档是关于胡壮麟语言学教程第五版的详细说明和使用指南。
胡壮麟语言学教程是经典的语言学教材之一，该教程旨在为读者提供一种系统的方法来学习和理解语言学的基本概念和原理。
2. 教程概述2.1 目标读者本教程适用于对语言学感兴趣的学生、职业人士和任何希望深入了解语言学的人群。
无论你是刚刚接触语言学还是已经有一定基础的学者，本教程都能够提供有价值的知识和资源。
2.2 教程特点•综合性：本教程涵盖了语言学的各个方面，包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学等。
•系统性：教程内容按照逻辑顺序组织，从基础概念开始逐步深入，确保读者能够循序渐进地建立自己的知识体系。
•实用性：教程提供了丰富的例子和练习，帮助读者将理论知识应用于实际问题解决中。
3. 教程结构胡壮麟语言学教程第五版共分为六个部分：3.1 第一部分：语言学导论本部分介绍了语言学的基本概念和研究方法，帮助读者建立起对语言学的整体认识。
3.2 第二部分：语音学从语音的产生、传播到接收，本部分详细介绍了语音学的基本理论和方法。
3.3 第三部分：语言的结构与组织本部分探讨了语言的结构和语法现象。
涵盖了词汇、句法和语法规则等内容。
3.4 第四部分：语义学语义学研究的是语言的意义。
本部分介绍了语义学的基本概念、理论模型以及意义的表示与推理过程。
3.5 第五部分：语用学本部分重点研究的是语言的使用情境。
包括了对话分析、语言行为和言语交际等内容。
3.6 第六部分：应用语言学最后一部分介绍了语言学在实际应用中的相关领域，如计算机语言处理、二语习得和语言教学等。
4. 使用指南4.1 阅读顺序建议读者按照教程的顺序学习，因为各个部分的内容在逻辑上有一定的衔接关系。
如果你只对某一方面感兴趣，也可以仅阅读该部分的内容。
4.2 学习方法在阅读教程的同时，建议读者主动思考、讨论并进行相关的练习。
通过实践和巩固，能够更好地理解和应用所学的语言学知识。
4.3 辅助资料在教程附录中提供了一些辅助资料，包括习题答案、进一步阅读推荐等，可供读者参考。
简明英语语言学教程笔记
英语语言学一、绪论语言学的定义语言学的研究范畴几对基本概念语言的定义语言的甄别特征What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。
语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有语言的特性。
The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性Descriptive：a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. Prescriptive: it aims lay down rules for “correct” behavior.Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken data. Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on “high” written languageSynchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历史性The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic studyThe description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic studyIn modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.Speech and writing 口头语与书面语Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons:(1) speech precedes writing in terms of evolution(2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing(3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native languageLanguage and parole 语言与言语Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community Parole refers to the realization of language in actual useCompetence and performance 能力与运用Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users’ knowledge of the rules of his language Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communicationWhat is language? 什么是语言？Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communicationCharacteristics of language: 语言的特性Language is a rule-governed systemLanguage is basically vocalLanguage is arbitrary (the fact different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This conventional nature of language is well illustrated by a famous quotatio n from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”)Language is used for human communicationDesign features of language 语言的甄别特征American linguist Charles Hockett specified 12 design features:1) arbitrariness 武断性2) productivity 创造性3) duality 二重性4) displacement移位性5) cultural transmission 文化传递性二、音系学语言的声音媒介什么是语音学发音器官音标……宽式和严式标音法英语语音的分类音系学和语音学语音、音位、音位变体音位对立、互补分部、最小对立几条音系规则超切分特征Two major media of communication: speech and writingThe limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language. 用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音，这些数目有限的一组语音构成了语言的声音媒介。
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《语言学教程》（第五版）英文版读书笔记
《语言学教程》是一本全面介绍语言学基本概念、理论和方法的英文教材，涵盖了语音、音系、形态、句法、语义、语用、社会语言学和语言变化等领域的内容。
本书采用了丰富的实例和分析方法，让读者能够深入了解语言学的细节和精髓。
本次读书笔记将从整体结构、核心概念、具体章节和思考题四个方面进行总结。
一、整体结构
本书共分为18章，按照语言学的各个分支领域进行组织。
每章都以一个具体的主题为核心，通过讲解、举例、分析等方式，向读者呈现该领域的基本概念、理论和研究方法。
每章末尾还提供了关键词和思考题，便于读者巩固所学内容和进行深入思考。
全书结构清晰，内容丰富，具有很强的系统性。
二、核心概念
本书涉及的核心概念包括语言的性质、语言的分类、语言的演变、语言的交际功能、语言的内部结构、语言的习得和第二语言习得等。
这些概念是语言学研究的基础，对于理解语言学的各个分支领域具有重要的意义。
本书在介绍这些概念时，采用了通俗易懂的语言和生动
的实例，使读者能够轻松地理解和掌握这些概念。
三、具体章节
第一章：语言的性质
本章介绍了语言的定义、语言与文化的关系以及语言的多样性。
重点讲解了语言的符号性质和非任意性，强调了语言与文化之间的密切联系以及语言在不同文化中的差异。
此外，本章还介绍了语言在人类生活中的重要性以及语言习得的必要性。
第二章：语言的分类
本章介绍了语言的分类方法，包括形态分类法和功能分类法。
形态分类法主要依据语言的词汇和语法特征进行分类，而功能分类法则更注重语言在实际交际中的作用。
本章还详细介绍了世界上各种语言的分布情况以及汉语和英语的分类地位。
第三章：语言的演变
本章介绍了语言演变的定义和原因，分析了语言演变的规律和趋势。
重点讲解了语音、语法和词汇方面的演变，并通过实例展示了不同语言在不同历史时期的演变过程。
此外，本章还介绍了语言演变的研究方法和意义。
第四章：语言的交际功能
本章介绍了语言的交际功能，包括信息传递、情感表达、社交联系和权力关系等。
重点讲解了语言在实现这些功能时所遵循的规律和原则，并通过实例展示了不同语境下语言的交际效果。
此外，本章还介绍了跨文化交际中语言差异对交际的影响以及跨文化交际能力的培养方法。
第五章：语言的内部结构
本章介绍了语言的内部结构，包括音系、形态和句法等方面的内容。
音系部分主要讲解了音素和音系特征的分类及运用；形态部分介绍了词的不同形式及构成方式；句法部分则讲解了句子结构的规律和原则以及不同句型之间的转换关系。
此外，本章还通过实例展示了不同语言在内部结构上的差异及特点。
四、思考题
本书每章末尾都提供了丰富的思考题，涉及的内容包括核心概念的掌握、研究问题的分析和解决以及相关理论的应用等方面。
这些问题能够帮助读者深入理解和掌握所学内容，培养独立思考和解决问题的能力。
在阅读过程中，建议读者认真思考这些问题并尝试回答，以提高自己的学习效果。
总之，《语言学教程》（第五版）英文版是一本优秀的语言学教材，具有很高的参考价值。
通过阅读本书，读者能够全面了解语言学的基本概念、理论和研究方法，提高自己的语言素养和跨文化交际能力。
同时，本书也能够帮助读者深入思考语言在实际生活中的应用及作用，为未来的学术研究和实际工作打下坚实的基础。