2012年厦门大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编17
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编17(总分：44.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：17，分数：44.00)1.In what way do we say English is an inflectional language?（厦门大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：The inflectional language is a term as opposed to the isolated language, in which the morpheme has no inflected form; such as in Chinese, there are only isolated characters, which can not be added to with an inflectional affix. English is regarded as an inflectional language in the sense that the inflectional affixer serves important grammatical function in the English vocabulary. In English, inflectional affixes indicating tense, numbers, case and so on usually manifestate the grammatical relationships between the elements of the sentences.)解析：2.Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects.（大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：New words or expressions are created through the following processes excepted compound and derivation, which are called lexical change proper. (1)Initialism Some new words are composed of the first letters of a series of words and pronounced by saying each letter in them. Words of this kind such as VIP, WTO are called initialisms. (2)Abbreviation Many English words have come into being through abbreviation. This phenomenon is also called clipping; a new can be created by: i. cutting the final part, for example, ad for advertisement. ii. cutting the initial part, for example, plane for aeroplane. iii. cutting both the initial and final parts accordingly, for instance, fridge for refrigerator. (3)Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining together the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by only joining the initial parts of the two words, for example, emotion + icon→emoticon; car + hijacking→carjac king. (4)Acronym is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has heavily modified headword; an example is EU for European Union. This process is also widely used in shortening extremely long words of word groups in science, technology and other special fields, for example, SARS is short for "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome". What"s more, people also use this process in internet chatting or e-mail communication, such as BTW for "by the way" , ASAP for "as soon as possible".) 解析：解析：(本题考查特有的词汇变化。
厦门大学2012年二外英语
厦门大学2012年二外英语考研真题Part I Reading Comprehension (每小题2分，共40分)Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as “regular” coffer, and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage). At one point, though, instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity, and many brands were introduced (stage of rapid growth). After a while people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sales went into a slight decline when freeze-dried coffees were introduced (stage of decline).The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so that sales and profits do not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marking managers look for new users and market sections. Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military?Market modification also means searching for increased usage among resent customers or going for a different market, such as senior citizens. A marketer may re-position the product to appeal to new market sections.Another product extension strategy is called product modification. It involves changing product quality, features, or style to attract new users or more usage from present users. American auto manufacturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture world markets. Note, also, how auto manufacturers once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling.1. According to the passage, when people grow fond of one particular brand of a product, its sales will ____.A) decrease gradually B) become unstableC) improve enormously D) remain at the same level2. The first paragraph tells us that a new product is _____.A) usually introduced to satisfy different tastesB) often more expensive than old onesC) often inferior to old ones at firstD) not easily accepted by the public3. Marketers need to know which of the four stages a product is in so as to ____.A) work out marketing policies B) increase its popularityC) promote its production D) speed up its life cycle4. The author mentions the example of “backpacks” (the last sentence, Paragraph 2) to show theimportance of ____.A) increasing usage among studentsB) exploring new market sectionsC) pleasing the young as well as the oldD) serving both military and civil needs5. In order to recover their share of the world market, US auto makers are _____.A) improving product qualityB) modernizing product styleC) re-positioning their product in the marketD) increasing product featuresPassage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Play is the principal business of childhood, and more and more in recent years research has shown the vital importance of play in the development of a human being. From earliest infancy, every child needs adequate opportunity and the right material for play, and the main tools of play are toys. Their main function is to suggest, encourage and assist play. To succeed in this they must be good toys, therefore it is important to choose suitable toys for different stages of a child’s development.In recent years research on infant development has shown the standard a child is likely to reach, within the range of his inherited abilities, is largely determined in the first three years of his life. The right play materials for a baby should be things to touch, things to listen to, and things to watch. At no time in his life will a child develop as fast as now; in the first two years each month brings a change in what he can do and what he needs. A baby who is encouraged and stimulated, talked to, and shown things and played with, has the best chance of growing up successfully. There is no doubt that he right play materials and opportunities are of the utmost importance.The next stage, from three to five years old, is the heyday for toys, and at this stage curiosity knows no bounds. Every type of suitable toy should be made available to the child; bricks and jigsaws and construction toys; are concerned and serious when they play, for to them play is a serious business, and through it they are learning about the world and growing up.By the third stage of play development—from five to seven or eight year—the child is at school. But for a few more years play is still the best way of learning, at home or at school. The right toy at this stage can sometimes lead to the choice of a career.Until the age of seven or eight, play and work mean much the same thing to a child. But once reading has been mastered, then books and school become the main source of learning. Toys are still interesting and valuable, but their significance has changed—to a child of nine or ten years, toys and games mean, as to adults, relaxation and fun.6. From the passage we understand that a child ____.A) tends to be interested in toysB) matures through playing over and overC) cannot mature without toysD) has to be taught how to play7. In the writer’s opinion the right kind of play materials for infants ____.A) stimulate the talentsB) encourage visual awarenessC) develop the touching senseD) assist the aural responses8. Children of three to five years old find play a serious business because they _____.A) are developing their musclesB) are exercising their imaginationC) are acquiring knowledge through playD) are learning how to grow up9. Once a child has learned to read, he usually ______.A) stops playing with toysB) learns less from his toysC) only gets information from booksD) only learns when at school10. It seems that older children and adults consider toys and games should _____.A) be played as a jokeB) be played for amusementC) teach the players learn somethingD) make the players feel funnyPassage ThreeQuestions 11-15 are based on the following passage.The more time scientists spend designing computers the more they marvel at the human brain, Tasks that baffle (难住) the most advanced supercomputer—recognizing a face, reading a handwritten note—are child’s play for the 3-pound organ. Most important, unlike any conventional computer, the brain can learn from its mistakes. Researchers have tried for years to program computers to imitate the brain’s abilities, but without success. Now a growing number of designers believe they have the answer: if a computer is to function more like a person and less like an over-grown calculator it must be built more like a brain, which distributes information across a vast interconnected web of nerve cells, or neurons.Conventional computers function by following a chainlike sequence of detailed instructions. Although very fast, their processors can perform only once task at a time. This approach works best in solving problems that can be broken down into simpler logical pieces. The processors in a neural-network computer, by contrast, form a network much like the nerve cells in the brain. Since these artificial neurons are interconnected, they can share information and perform tasks at the same time. This two-dimensional approach works best at recognizing patterns.Instead of programming a neural-network computer to make decisions, its maker trains it to recognize patterns in any solution to problem by repeatedly feeding examples to the machine.Neural networks come in all shapes and sizes. Until now most existed as software simulations(模拟品) because redesigning computer chips took a lot of time and money. By experimenting with different approaches through software rather than hardware, scientists have been able to avoid costly mistakes.11. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that the most advanced supercomputer _____.A) can recognize a face and read a handwritten noteB) can learn from its mistakesC) weights only 3 poundsD) cannot distribute information across an interconnected web nerve cells12. What is NOT true of a conventional computer?A) It must be programmed before it works.B) It can only solve one problem at a time.C) It is good at solving one problem at a time.D) It is trained to recognize patterns instead of making decisions.13. The main feature of a neural-network computer is that _____.A) its processors act as an interconnected web of neuronsB) it is programmed to make decisionsC) its networks are of all shapes and sizesD) its neurons are artificial14. The expression “this two-dimensio nal approach” in the second paragraph refers to _____.A) the conventional computer and the neural computerB) making decisions and recognizing patternsC) sharing information and performing tasksD) the computer and the human brain15. Scientists use software rather than hardware in their experiments because ______.A) it can avoid redesigning computer chipsB) it can save a lot of time and moneyC) it can avoid making mistakesD) it is more like the human brainPassage FourQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a grater or lesser extent, notions of make superiority are hard to maintain. The pattern of sharing in tasks and indecision makes for equality and this in turn to further sharing. In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept equality more easily than did their parents more fully for participation in a world characterized by cooperation rather than by the “battle of the sexes”.If the process goes too far and man’s role is regarded as less important-and that has happened in some cases-we are as badly off as before, only in reverse.It is time to reassess the role of the main in the American family. We are getting a little tired of “Momism”—but we don’t want to exchange it for a “neo-Popism”. What we need, rather, is the recognition that bringing up children involves a partnership of equals. There are signs that psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credit—nor the blame. We have almost given up saying that a women’s place is in the home. We are beginning, however, to analyze man’s place in the home and to insist that the does have a place in it. Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child.The family is a co-operative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.Excessive authoritarianism (命令主义) has unhappy consequences, whether it wears skirts or trousers, and the ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is pertinent (相关的，切题的) not only to a healthy democracy, but also to a healthy family.16. The ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is ____.A) fundamental to a sound democracyB) not pertinent to healthy family lifeC) responsible for MonismD) what we have almost given up17. The danger in the sharing of household tasks by the mother and the father is that _____.A) the role of the father may become an inferior oneB) the role of the mother may become an inferior oneC) the children will grow up believing that life is a battle of sexesD) sharing leads to constant arguing18. The author states that bringing up children ______.A) is mainly the mother’s jobB) belongs among the duties of the fatherC) is the job of schools and churchesD) involves a partnership of equals19. According to the author, the father’s role in the home is _____.A) minor because he is an ineffectual parentB) irrelevant to the healthy development of the childC) pertinent to the healthy development of the childD) identical to the role of the child’s mother20. With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?A) A healthy, co-operative family is a basic ingredient of a healthy society.B) Men are basically opposed to sharing household chores.C) Division of household responsibilities is workable only in theory.D) A woman’s place in the home- now as always.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (每小题0.5分，共20分)Directions: There are a number of incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A),B),C) and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence, Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.21. Does everyone on earth have an equal right_____ an equal share of its resources?A) by B) at C) to D) over22. Over a third of the population was estimated to have no _____ to the health service.A) assessment B) assignment C) exception D) access23. Our manager is so ______ in his thinking, he never listens to new ideas.A) stiff B) rigid C) tense D) tight24. Mary tried to ____ her friends to her new method of dieting.A) exchange B) convert C) alter D) transfer25. Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to _____ the color of his skin.A) with the exception B) in the light of C) by virtue of D) regardless of26. He’s watching TV? He’s _____ to be clea ning his room.A) known B) supposed C) regarded D) considered27. Excuse me. If your call’s not too urgent, do you mind_____ mine first?A) I make B) if I make C) me to make D) that I make28. The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.A) have told B) be told C) being told D) having told29. This box is too heavy, ______ give me a hand?A) would you mind B) would you please C) will you like D) will you please to30. The fire was finally brought under control, but not ______ extensive damage had been caused.A) before B) since C) after D) as31. This ticket _____ you to a free boat tour on the lake.A) entitles B) appoints C) grants D) credits32. The guests said that th ey wouldn’t mind ______.A) if they have a little wine B) having a little wineC) to have a little wine D) have a little wine33. At 7 o’clock tomorrow evening, I _____ a walk in the neighbourhood. So you won’t find me athome then.A) shall take B) will take C) shall be taking D) am taking34. The statistical figures in that report are not _____. You should not refer to them.A) accurate B) fixed C) delicate D) rigid35. She just had no faith in me. It was William ______ she still had her faith.A) that B) who C) whom D) in whom36. The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things ______to teach you theart of learning.A) than B) nor C) rather than D) as37. I intended ______ the matter with you, but I had some guests then.A) discuss B) having discussed C) to have discussed D) discussing38. After retirement my father _____ enormous pleasure from his coin collection.A) figured B) derived C) released D) attached39. Last Sa turday and ______ my great surprise I met him at Mrs. Jones’ party.A) for B) to C) with D) in40. I tried to ring the shop assistant, but it seemed the shop telephone was always_____.A) occupied B) utilized C) employed D) engaged41. “What did you hear last night?” “I seemed ______ someone slam the door.”A) to have heard B) to hear C) to having heard D) to be hearing42. “Quite a number of students gave excellent answers to my last question,” said the professor inhis ______ on our performance in the exam.A) mention B）statement C）comment D) reference43. _____ in the office had made a mistake, and the firm regretted causing the customerinconvenience.A) Someone B）Some C）Anyone D) One44. The word “family” is used here to denote the members of a household, _____.A) either they are related or not B) whether or not they are relatedC) neither or not they are related D) if they are related or not45. He______ to his customers and halved the price.A) leaked B) drew C) quoted D) yielded46. In no way ____ described as a liberal.A) President Bush could have been B) could President Bush have beenC) could have President Bush been D) could have been President Bush47. For her, happiness_____ watching television and reading magazines.A) lies in B) builds on C) refers to D) composes of48. The products of consumer electronics will pay for environmental sanitation services to collectand _____ used refrigerators, computers and televisions under the new rules.A) repair B) redistribute C) dispose of D) recycled49. The red lines on the map ______ railways.A) represent for B) present C) stand for D) stand50. The manager spoke highly of such ______ as loyalty, courage and truthfulness shown by hisemployees.A) virtues B) features C) properties D) characteristics51. Justice must not be ______ to anyone, however poor he or she may be.A) detached B) disposed C) denied D) excluded52. “You are very selfish. It’s high time you ______ that you are not the most important person inthe world.” Edgar said to his boss angrily.A) realized B) have realized C) realize D) should realize53. I found my home town completely_____.A) changed B) changing C) change D) to be changed54. The Chinese ____ about 22 percent of the world population.A) account up B) account for C) make in D) take for55. You’ll have to ____ the ladder to reach the top shelf.A) moor B) mount C) mound D)mould56. The poor old women can’t ______ her hot-water bottle.A) do without B) do with C) do up D) do away with57. The total amount of money we paid for the paint _____1,500 pounds.A) comes B) come to C) reaches D) reach58. The ________ of this container is 100 cubic metres.A) area B) content C) volume D) sphere59. His explanation of the problem made things _____.A) that it became even more complicatedB) be even more complicatedC) even more complicatedD) to be even more complicated60. Generous public funding of basic science would ______ considerable benefits for thecountry’s health, wealth and security.A) lead to B) result form C) lie in D) settle downPart III Cloze (每小题0.5分，共10分)Directions: Each Blank in the following passage is provided with for possible choices. Read the whole passage and choose the best answer for each blank. Then mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. The plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and 61 the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly 62 forward. At that moment, the air-hostess 63 . She looked vey pale, but was quite _ 64 . Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she 65 everyone that the pilot had 66 and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines – or at 67 how to drive a car. After a moment’s 68 , a man got up and followed the hostess into the pilot’s cabi n.Moving the pilot 69 , the man took his seat and listened carefully to the 70 instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport 71 . The plane was now dangerously close 72 the ground, but to everyone’s 73 , it soon began to climb. The man had to 74 the airport several times in order to become 75 with the controls of the plane. 76 the danger had not yet passed. The terrible 77 came when he had to land. Following 78 , the man guided the plane to ward the airfield, It shook violently 79 it touched the ground and then moved rapidly 80 the runway and after a long run it stopped safely.61. A) although B) while C) therefore D) then62. A) shifted B) thrown C) put D) moved63. A) showed B) presented C) exposed D) appeared64. A) well B) still C) calm D) quiet65. A) inquired B) insured C) informed D) instructed66. A) fallen B) failed C) faded D) fainted67. A) best B) least C) length D) first68. A) hesitation B) surprise C) doubt D) delay69. A) back B) aside C) about D) off70. A) patient B) anxious C) urgent D) nervous71. A) beneath B) under C) down D) below72. A) to B) by C) near D) on73. A) horror B) trust C) pleasure D) relief74. A) surround B) circle C) observe D) view75. A) intimate B) familiar C) understood D) close76. A) Then B) Therefore C) But D) Moreover77. A) moment B) movement C) idea D) affair78. A) impression B) information C) inspections D) instructions79. A) as B) unless C) while D) so80. A) around B) over C) along D) abovePart IV English–Chinese Translation (每小题2分，共10分)Directions: Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.A foreigner’s first impression of the U.S. is likely to be that everyone is in a rush-often under pressure. 81) City people appear always to be hurrying to get where they are going restlessly, seeking attention in a store. and elbowing others as they try to complete their errands(任务). Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace of life in this country. Working time is considered precious. Others in public eating places are waiting for you to finish so that they too can be served and get back to work within the time allowed. Each person hurries to make room for the next person. If you don’t, waiters will hurry you. You also find drivers will be abrupt and that people will push past. 82) You will miss smiles, brief conversations, and small courtesies with strangers. Don’t take it personally. This is because people value time highly, and they resent someone else “wasting” it beyond a certain courtesy point. The view of time affects the importance we attach to patience. In the American system to values, patience is not a high priority. Many of us have what might be called “a short fuse.” 83) We begin to move restlessly about if wefeel time is slipping away without some return, be this in terms of pleasure, work value, or rest. Those coming from lands where time is looked upon differently may find this matter of pace to be one of their most difficult adjustments in both business and daily life. Many newcomers to the States will miss the opening courtesy of a business call, for example, 84) they will miss the ritual interaction that goes with a welcoming cup of tea or coffee that may be a convention in their own country. They may miss leisurely business chats in a café or coffeehouse. Normally, Americans do not assess their visitors in such relaxed surroundings over prolonged small talks. We seek out evidence of past performance rather than evaluate a business colleague through social courtesies.85)Since we generally assess and probe professionally rather than socially, we start talking business very quickly.Part IV Writing (20分)Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Harmfulness of Fake Commodities. You should write at least 150 words, and base your writing on the outline given in Chinese below. Write your composition on the Answer Sheet.1. 目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品（fake commodities）。
2012厦门大学翻译硕士211真题
2012年厦门大学翻译硕士211真题翻译硕士（MTI）备考系列厦门大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生(专业学位)入学考试试题科目代码：211科目名称：翻译硕士英语招生类别：翻译硕士考生须知：答题必须使用黑(蓝)色墨水(圆珠)笔；不得直接在试卷(试题纸)或草稿纸上作答：凡未按上述规定作答均不予评阅、判分，责任考生自负。
Part Ⅰ．vocabulary & Grammar(共30题，每小题1分，共30分)A. Complete each of the following sentences with the best choice.1. Have you ever been in a situation _________ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?A. by which B that C. in where D. where2. He has many pen-friends. No week passes _________ he receives several letters.A. thatB. whichC. thanD. but3. That trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn’t bothered by his loudness _________by his lack of talentA. so much asB. rather thanC. asD. than4. The physicist has made a discovery, _________ of great importance to the progress of science and technology.A. I think which isB. that I think isC. which I think isD. which I think it is5. Things, _________ is often the case, will turn out to be contrary to one’s wishes.A. asB. whichC. thatD. it6. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than _________ in the public mind today.A. existB. existsC. existingD. to exist7. _________ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.A. Had it not beenB. Were it notC. Be it notD. Should it not be8. People thinking about the origin of language for the first time usually arrive at the conclusion that it developed gradually as a system of grants, hisses and cries and _________ a very simple affair in the beginning.A. must beB. must have been C, ought to be D, should be9. It was as a physician that he represented himself, and _________ he was warmly received.A. as thatB. such asC. as suchD. so that10. China has hundreds of islands, _________ is Taiwan Island.A, among them the largest B. and the largest of whichC. and the largest of themD. but among which the largest11. If the weather is fine, we will go. If _________ , _________ .A. not, noB. no, noC. not, notD. no, not12. To define love is very difficult, for the same reason that words cannot fully describe the flavor of an orange. You have to taste the fruit to know its flavor. So it is _________ love.A. toB. inC. tooD. with13. Susan doesn’t even know that angles of less than 90 degrees are called _________angles.A. convergingB. focalC. acuteD. obtuse14. Those battered old trousers of his are a _________ joke to all his friends.A. steadyB. standingC. stableD. persisting15. He tries to _________ his lessons by telling an interesting anecdote about the president.A. cheer upB. inspireC. stimulateD. liven up16. The soldiers in the platoon shined their bayonets in _________ of the inspection by the general.A. contemplationB. anticipation C, preconception D. meditation17. The early white settlers in America maltreated the Indians in two ways: first, they appropriated the Indians’ property and treated them with contempt; secondly, the writers of that period deprecated the character of the Indians and justified _________ .A. those who persecuted themB. those who supported themC. their claims to the landD. their rights as individuals18. American cities, with few exceptions, resemble each other greatly. It is true that some of them may be constructed chiefly of wood, while others are chiefly brick, but in every other respect they are markedly _________ .A. uniformB. advancedC. beautifulD. unique19. A hundred times a day we laugh at ourselves when we laugh at our neighbors, and we detest in others the faults that in ourselves are _________ .A. much more glaringB. totally absentC. seldom to be foundD. positive virtues20. Before making a decision, we should seek out both sides of a question and form the habit of having suspended judgment and an open mind receptive to _________ .A. changeB. good authorityC. radio reportsD. new evidencePart Ⅱ．Reading Comprehension(共20题，每小题2分，共40分)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 questions. Read the passages and then mark or write down the best answer to each question on your answer sheet.TEXT ACampaigning on the Indian frontier is an experience by itself. Neither the landscape nor the people find their counterparts in any other portion of the globe. Valley walls rise steeply five or six thousand feet on every side. The columns crawl through a maze of giant corridors down which fierce snow-fed torrents foam under skies of brass. Amid these scenes of savage brilliancy there dwells a race whose qualities seem to harmonize with their environment. Except at harvest time, whenself-preservation requires a temporary truce, the Pathan tribes are always engaged in private or public war. Every man is a warrior, a politician and a theologian. Every large house is a real feudal fortress made, it is true, only of sun-baked clay, but with battlements, turrets, loopholes, drawbridges, etc. complete. Every village has its defence. Every family cultivates its vendetta; every clan, its feud. The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one another. Nothing is ever forgotten, and very few debts are left unpaid. For the purposes of social life, in addition to the convention about harvest-time, a most elaborate code of honour has been established and is on the whole faithfully observed. A man who knew it and observed it faultlessly might pass unarmed from one end of the frontier to another. The slightest technical slip would, however, be fatal. The life of the Pathan is thus full of interest; and his valleys, nourished alike by endless sunshine and abundant water, are fertile enough to yield with little labour the modest material requirements of a sparse population.Into this happy world the nineteenth century brought two new facts: the rifle and the British Government. The first was an enormous luxury and blessing; the second, an unmitigated nuisance. The convenience of the rifle was nowhere more appreciated than in the Indian highlands. A weapon which would kill with accuracy at fifteen hundred yards opened a whole new vista of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it. One could actually remain in one’s own house and fire at one’s neighbour nearly a mile away. One could lie in wait on some high crag, and at hitherto unheard of ranges hit a horseman far below. Even villages could fire at each other without the trouble of going far from home. Fabulous prices were therefore offered for these glorious products of science.Rifle-thieves scoured all India to reinforce the efforts of the honest smuggler. A steady flow of the coveted weapons spread its genial influence throughout the frontier, and the respect which the Pathan tribesmen entertained for Christian civilization was vastly enhanced.The action of the British Government on the other hand was entirely unsatisfactory. The great organizing, advancing, absorbing power to the southward seemed to be little better than a monstrous spoil-sport. If the Pathan made forays into the plains, not only were they driven back (which after all was no more than fair), but a whole series of subsequent interferences took place, followed at intervals by expeditions which toiled laboriously through the valleys, scolding the tribesmen and exacting fines for any damage which they had done. No one would have minded these expeditions if they had simply come, had a fight and then gone away again. In many cases this was their practice under what was called the "butcher and bolt policy" to which the Government of India long adhered. But towards the end of the nineteenth century these intruders began to make roads through many of the valleys, and in particular the great road to Chitral. They sought to ensure the safety of these roads by threats, by forts and by subsidies. There was no objection to the last method so far as it went. But the whole of this tendency to road-making was regarded by the Pathans with profound distaste. All along the road people were expected to keep quiet, not to shoot one another, and above all not to shoot at travellers along the road. It was too much to ask, and a whole series of quarrels took their origin from this source.1. The word "debts" in "very few debts are left unpaid" in the first paragraph means _________ .[A] loans[B] accounts[C] killings[D] bargains2. Which of the following is NOT one of the geographical facts about the Indian frontier?[A] Melting snows.[B] Large population.[C] Steep hillsides.[D] Fertile valleys.3. According to the passage, the Pathans welcomed _________ .[A] the introduction of the rifle[B] the spread of British rule[C] the extension of luxuries[D] the spread of trade4. Building roads by the British _________ .[A] put an end to a whole series of quarrels[B] prevented the Pathans from carrying on feuds[C] lessened the subsidies paid to the Pathans[D] gave the Pathans a much quieter life5. What would be a suitable title for the passage?TEXT BA bus took him to the West End, where, among the crazy coloured fountains of illumination,shattering the blue dusk with green and crimson fire, he found the card of his choice, a tea-shop that had gone mad and turned Babylonian, a white palace with ten thousand lights. It towered above the other building like a citadel, which indeed it was, the outpost of a new age, perhaps a new civilization, perhaps a new barbarism; and behind the thin marble front were concrete and steel, just as behind the careless profusion of luxury were millions of pence, balanced to the last halfpenny, Somewhere in the background, hidden away, behind the ten thousand lights and acres of white napery and bewildering glittering rows of teapots, behind the thousand waitresses and cash-box girls and black-coated floor managers and temperamental long-haired violinists, behind the mounds of cauldrons of stewed steak, the vanloads of ices, were a few men who went to work juggling with fractions of a farming, who knew how many units of electricity it took to finish a steak-and-kidney pudding and how many minutes and seconds a waitress (five feet four in height and in average health) would need to carry a tray of given weight from the kitchen life to the table in the far comer. In short, there was a warm, sensuous, vulgar life flowering in the upper storeys, and a cold science working in the basement. Such was the gigantic tea-shop into which Turgis marched, in search not of mere refreshment but of all the enchantment of unfamiliar luxury. Perhaps he knew in his heart that men have conquered half the known world, looted whole kingdoms, and never arrived in such luxury. The place was built for him.It was built for a great many other people too, and, as usual, they were all there. It steamed with humanity. The marble entrance hall, piled dizzily with bonbons and cakes, was as crowded and bustling as a railway station. The gloom and grime of the streets, the raw air, all November, were at once left behind, forgotten: the atmosphere inside was golden, tropical, belonging to some highmid-summer of confectionery. Disdaining the lifts, Turgis, once more excited by the sight, sound, and smell of it all, climbed the wide staircase until he reached his favourite floor, where an orchestra, led by a young Jewish violinist with wandering lustrous eyes and a passion for tremolo effects, acted as a magnet to a thousand girls, scented air, the sensuous clamour of the strings; and, as he stood hesitating a moment, half dazed, there came, bowing, s sleek grave man, older than he was and far more distinguished than he could ever hope to be, who murmured deferentially: "For one, sir? This way, please, " Shyly, yet proudly, Turgis followed him.6. That "behind the thin marble front were concrete and steel" suggests that _________ .[A] modem realistic commercialism existed behind the luxurious appearance[B] there was a fundamental falseness in the style and the appeal of the card[C] the architect had made a sensible blend of old and new building materials[D] the caré was based on physical foundations and real economic strength7. The following words or phrases are somewhat critical of the tea-shop EXCEPT _________ .[A] ". . . turned Babylonian"[B] "perhaps a new barbarism"[C] "acres of white napery"[D] "balanced to the last halfpenny"8. In its context, the statement that "the place was built for him" means that the café was intended to _________ .[A] please simple people in a simple way[B] exploit gullible people like him[C] satisfy a demand that already existed[D] provide relaxation for tired young men9. Which of the following statements about the second paragraph is NOT true?[A] The café appealed to most senses simultaneously.[B] The café was both full of people and full of warmth.[C] The inside of the café was contrasted with the weather outside.[D] It stressed the commercial determination of the café owners.I0. What comparisons are made by the author in the second paragraph?TEXT CFor office innovators, the unrealized dream of the "paperless" office is a classic example ofhigh-tech hubris (傲慢). Today’s office drone is drowning in more paper than ever before.But after decades of hype, American offices may finally be losing their paper obsession. The demand for paper used to outstrip the growth of the US economy, but the past two or three years have seen a marked slowdown in sales — despite a healthy economic scene.Analysts attribute the decline to such factors as advances in digital databases and communication systems. Escaping our craving for paper, however, will be anything but an easy affair."Old habits are hard to break, " says Merilyn Dunn, a communications supplies director. "There are some functions that paper serves where a screen display doesn’t work. Those functions are both its strength and its weakness. "In the early to mid-1990s, a booming economy and improved desktop printers helped boost paper sales by 6 to 7 percent each year. The convenience of desktop printing allowed office workers to indulge in printing anything and everything at very little effort or cost.But now, the growth rate of paper sales in the United States is flattening by about half a percent each year. Between 2004 and 2005, Ms. Dunn says, plain white office paper will see less than a 4 percent growth rate, despite the strong overall economy. A primary reason for the change, says Dunn, is that for the first time ever, some 47percent of the workforce entered the job market after computers had already been introduced to offices."We’re finally seeing a reduction in the amount of paper being used per worker in the workplace, " says John Maine, vice president of a pulp and paper economic consulting firm. "More information is being transmitted electronically, and more and more people are comfortable with the information residing only in electronic form without printing multiple backups. "In addition, Mr. Maine points to the lackluster employment market for white-collar workers —the primary driver of office paper consumption for the shift in paper usage.The real paradigm shift may be in the way paper is used. Since the advent of advanced and reliable office-network systems, data storage has moved away from paper archives. The secretarial art of "filing" is disappearing from job descriptions. Much of today’s data may never leave its original digital format.The changing attitudes toward paper have finally caught the attention of paper companies, says Richard Harper, a researcher at Microsoft. "All of a sudden, the paper industry has started thinking, ’We need to learn more about the behavioural aspects of paper use, ’" he says. "They had never asked, they’d just assumed that 70million sheets would be bought per year as a literal functionof economic growth. "To reduce paper use, some companies are working to combine digital and paper capabilities. For example, Xerox Corp. is developing electronic paper: thin digital displays that respond to a stylus, like a pen on paper. Notations can be erased or saved digitally.Another idea, intelligent paper, comes from Anoto Group. It would allow notations made with a stylus on a page printed with a special magnetic ink to simultaneously appear on a computer screen.Even with such technological advances, the improved capabilities of digital storage continue to act against "paperlessness. " argues Paul Saffo, a technology forecaster. In his prophetic and metaphorical 1989 essay, "The Electronic Piñata (彩罐), " he suggests that the increasing amounts of electronic data necessarily require more paper.The information industry today "is like a huge electronic piñata, composed of a thin paper crust surrounding an electronic core, " Mr. Saffo wrote. The growing paper crust "is most noticeable, but the hidden electronic core that produces the crust is far larger — and growing more rapidly. The result is that we are becoming paperless, but we hardly notice at all. "In the same way that digital innovations have increased paper consumption, Saffo says, so has video conferencing — with its promise of fewer in-person meetings — boosted business travel."That’s one of the great ironies of the information age, " Saffo says. "It’s just common sense that the more you talk to someone by phone or computer, it inevitably leads to a face-to-face meeting. The best thing for the aviation industry was the Internet. "11. What function does the second sentence in the first paragraph serve?[A] It further explains high-tech hubris.[B] It confirms the effect of high-tech hubris.[C] It offers a cause for high-tech hubris.[D] It offers a contrast to high-tech hubris.12. Which of the following is NOT a reason for the slowdown in paper sales?[A] Workforce with better computer skills.[B] Slow growth of the US economy.[C] Changing patterns in paper use.[D] Changing employment trends.13. The two innovations by Xerox Corp. and Anoto Group feature _________ .[A] integrated use of paper and digital form[B] a shift from paper to digital form[C] the use of computer screen[D] a new style of writing14. What is the author’s attitude towards "paperlessness"?[A] He reviews the situation from different perspectives.[B] He agrees with some of the people quoted in the passage.[C] He has a preference for digital innovations.[D] He thinks airlines benefit most from the digital age.15. What does the author mean by "irony of the information age"?TEXT DStratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus -and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side - don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their play going. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1, 431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better. ) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a. m.16. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that _________ .[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism17. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that _________ .[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater18. By saying "Stratford cries poor traditionally" (Line 2-3, Paragraph 4), the author implies that_________ .[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties[C] the town is not really short of money[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid19. From the text we can conclude that the author _________ .[A] is supportive of both sides[B] favors the townsfolk’s view[C] takes a detached attitude[D] is sympathetic to the RSC20. According to the townsfolk, what is the reason that the RSC deserves no subsidy?Part Ⅲ．Writing(共1题，每题30分，共30分)The global economic crisis has made a significant impact on the lives of many around the world. Cuts in social services, rising unemployment, insurmountable debts have resulted in protests across Europe and in the Americas. Compose an essay of about 400 words describing your understanding about some of the primary causes of this crisis and discussing in what ways this crisis has affected you and/or your friends and family and what steps should be taken to avoid a similar situation in the future.。
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：13，分数：26.00)1.Sociolect(中山大学2000年；南开大学2003年研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Dialects which identify where a person is in terms of a social scale are called "social dialects"or "class dialects" or "sociolects" for short.)解析：2.Linguistic variable(北外2011研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Linguistic variables are those where the meaning remains constant but form varies like cat and pussy have the same social meaning but different from. So far as pronunciation is concerned house[h]and with[h]has same social meaning with different pronunciations. Here variables are just the tools to analyze the language to set social dimensional society.) 解析：3.prototype（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexicalcategory, e. g. for some English speakers "cabbage"(rather than say"carrot")might be the prototypical vegetable.)解析：4.conceptual metonymy（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Metonymy is a cognitive process in which one cognitive category, the source, provides mental access to another cognitive category, the target, within the same cognitive domain, or idealized cognitive model(ICM).) 解析：5.iconicity（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a feature of language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker.)解析：6.grammaticalization（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The process whereby an independent word is shifted to the status of a grammatical element is called grammaticalization. Grammaticalization brings about typical changes in meanings and the distribution of forms. Another characteristic of grammaticalized forms is that the constraints ontheir grammatical uses tend to reflect their lexical histories. Another typical outcome of grammaticalization is the development of different historical levels of nearly equivalent forms.)解析：7.Interlanguage（上海交大2005研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Interlanguage. refers to the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language. It"s a language system between the target language and the learner"s native language, and imperfect compared with the target language, but not mere translation from the learner"s native language. For example, when the Chinese student is learning English, he may make errors like "to touch the society".)解析：8.Universal Grammar(西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Universal grammar is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans(linguistic nativism). It attempts to explain language acquisition in general, not describe specific languages. Universal grammar proposes a set of rules intended to explain language acquisition in child development.)解析：9.contrastive analysis(浙江大学2004研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are taken into consideration. By such an analysis, it is supposed that some leaning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer.)解析：10.Error Analysis（中山大学2011研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught, in telling the researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt. They are worth further probing Error Analysis involves, first independently or objectively, describing the learners" interlanguage(that is, their version of the target language and the target language itself), then a comparison of the two is followed to locate mismatches. Different from contrastive analysis, Error Analysis, EA for short, gives less consideration to learners" native language. The procedure of Error Analysis consists of the following steps: (1)Recognition (2)Description (3)Explanation For example, explanation; the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance: e. g. She sleeping. Type of error; Omissions.)解析：11.applied linguistics (武汉大学2006研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example, there are studies on multilingualism, language acquisition, first and second language teaching and learning.)解析：12.the audiolingual method of language teaching（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is the teaching of a second language through imitation, repetition, and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in the classroom is not allowed.) 解析：13.the direct method of language teaching（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The learning of a second language by using the target language directly and associating speech form with action, gesture, objects and situations. Mother tongue is never or rarely used in the classroom, and the students supposedly acquire the second language in a way similar to the way they acquired their first language.)解析：二、简答题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)14.Linguistics is not the only field concerned with language. Other disciplines such as sociology, psychology, ethnography are also preoccupied with language.(中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Since language has both individual and social aspects, it is naturally of interest to psychologists and sociologists among others. Many psychologists are interested to investigate the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example, language development in the child, such as the theories of language acquisition; biological foundations of language , and a big topic—the relationship between language and cognition, so there are psycholin-guistics. Socialists who are interested in the relations between language and society do researches concerned both sociology and linguistics, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users. When anthropologists enlisted the help of linguists to study unwritten languages, anthropology and linguistics became closely associated in the early days of anthropological fieldwork. In contrast with other linguists, anthropological linguists are interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages. They are concerned with the emergence of language and also with the divergence of languages over thousands of years. Therefore, it is not surprising there are some branches of macrolinguistics that show an interdisciplinary nature.) 解析：15.There are two kinds of grammar based on differentlinguistic points of view. They are prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. A grammar may describe how language is actually spoken and/or written, and may not state or postulate how it ought to be spoken or written. But a grammar may also state the rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage. Which grammar is descriptive grammar, and which grammar is prescriptive grammar? Cite some examples to give your reasons.(北师大2003研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The first one is typical of descriptive grammar, while the second one is prescriptive grammar. The descriptive grammar aims to describe how people speak and detail the underlying knowledge. It is believed in descriptive grammar that whatever occurs in natural speech, such as hesitation, incomplete utterance, should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, or corrupt; modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. Whereas, the prescriptive approach aims to teach people how to speak, read, and write a particular language;in the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively. For example, the statement that "in standard English, a double negative is rarely used" is a description, showing how the language is used in standard English, regardless whether it is correct or not. "You should never use a double-negative" is a typical grammar rule that prescribes what should be grammatically correct in the Standard English. As for the spelling, prescription says "judgment" is correct, but description accurately points out that "judgement" is consideredby Edited English to be correct too, and a descriptive account for these two different spellings will show how the later one is used and who uses it.)解析：16.Saussure puts forward the concept of langue and parole, and Chomsky puts forward the concept of competence and performance. Please dwell upon the differences and similarities, if any, of the two pairs; langue and parole /doc/524189031.html,petence and performance.(北京交通大学2007研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to F. de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community; while parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. For Chomsky, a fundamental distinction between linguistic competence and performance should be made. A language user"s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. In light with this, competence enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker"s competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors, and thus would involve imperfections such as slips of tongue, false starts, unnecessary pauses, and so on. Thus, the point is that a speaker"s performance does not always match his competence. Saussure"s distinction is somewhat similar with Chomsky"s in the sense that they both refer to the constant factor which underlies theutterances that constitute parole/performance. However, their difference is quite obvious. Saussue"s language is a social product, a set of conventions for a speech community. Chomsky regards competence as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussrue looks at language more from a sociological point of view while Chomsky looks at it more from a psychological point of view.)解析：17.Examine the following two statements about language, and discuss the similarities and differences between them.Do you agree with the two statements? Explain your answer.Sapir(1921: Language):"Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. "Bloch and Trager(1942; Outline of Linguistic Analysis): "A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates. "（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Similarities;(1)Both definitions stick to the fact that language is primarily a matter of speech because the primary medium of language is sound. Sapir illustrates this idea by implying that the produced symbols are auditory and Bloch and Trager by explicitly using the word " vocal". (2)Both definitions allude to the fact that the association between the words and the things that they denoted is rarely inherent, Sapir by using the word * symbols" and Bloch and Trager by placing emphasis on " arbitrary"and "symbols". Differences: (1)Sapir"s definition emphasize that language relates to communication between human beings. It is very different from the communication systems of other creatures, such as birdsongs and bee dances. Bloch and Trager do not clearly indicate this property, only saying that it is possessed by a social group.(2)Sapir also considers that language is " non-instinctive" and " voluntarily produced". Thus for himlanguage does not include such instinctive forms of communication as smiling and cries of pain, etc. However, Bloch and Trager"s definition do not include this feature. (3)The element " system" in Bloch and Trager"s definition reflects the fact that language provides us with the framework for generating appropriate utterances rather than providing us with an infinite store of ready-made utterances. Still elements of lacunae are combined according to rules. (4)The function of language is indicated differently in two definitions. Sapir sees language as for communicating ideas, emotions and desires, while Bloch and Trager considers it for a social group"s co-operation. Sapir"s definition proposes " communication" as the principal function of language and specifies what is communicated; Bloch and Trager only vaguely points out that language can be used for co-operation. Each of the two definitions has its own special emphasis and it not totally free from limitations. We think the two definitions grasp some defining properties of language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, for example, " vocal" , " arbitrary" , " symbol" , " purely human" , " a system". But either has some limitation. As for Sapir"s definition, whether one considers language to be instinctive or not is an issue. Language is instinctive in so far as we are all born with a predisposition to speak, we all acquire a language without tuition and when we speak we do not consciously convert our thoughts into speech. Language is, however, non-instinctive in that we can choose what to say or whether to say anything at all. Both thedefinition"s description of language"s function is not precise. Sapir"s definition confines language only to communicating ideas, emotions and desires, and Bloch and Trager"s definition does not point it out at all.)解析：18.It is widely known that animals have their own ways of communicating with each other. For example , bees can dance very complicated dances and some birds can sing very complicated songs. It is also generally agreed that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating. i.What is your view on this point? ii. If you also think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, according to you, what are the differences? Please give short explanations. If you don"t think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, please also defend your position. Illustrate your points with examples if necessary.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：i. There"re fundamental differences between human language and other animal"s ways of communicating. All creatures, not only the "clever" ones like apes and dolphins but also such "lower" ones as bees and birds are able to communicate with each other. We have been careful in using the term "animal communication system" to indicate this ability. But language is human-specific which is not merely a tool used to transmit information but also a means of social communication. Linguists made a list of "design features" , which are found utterly absent in animalcommunication and thus distinguish human language from animal"s cry . ii. There are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, such as the "design feature" could distinguish human language from other systems of communication. For instance, 1)Duality, animals that use vocal signals have a stock of basic sounds which vary according to species. A cow has less than ten, a chicken has around twenty, but most animals can use each basic sound to stand for one thing only, so the communicative power of animal language is highly limited. However, human language has a number of sound units, or phonemes and each phoneme can become meaningful when it is combined with other phonemes, so we say human language operates on two levels of structures.2)Productivity or Creativity, it means that human beings can produce novel utterances whenever they want. The robin is creative in its ability to sing the same thing in many ways, but not creative in its ability to use the same units of the system to express manydifferent messages with different meanings. 3)Displacement, it is a property of language enabling people to talk about things being remote either in space or in time. Most animals can only communicate about things in the immediate situation.) 解析：解析：(本题主要考查语言的本质特征。
2012语言学考试试卷
2011-2012年第二学期《英语语言学》期末考试试卷适用班级：外B1031-32班级_____________姓名_______________学号___________考试说明：1.本考试方式为网络考试；2.本考试做题方式为笔试；3.本考试总分100分，共计六大题型；4.本考试有各种具体的做题要求，考生必须严格按照要求做题；5.做完试题后，先把你本人选作的题目发送一份电子试卷给老师，再打印一份做好试题答案的试卷交给科任老师。
6.没有按照具体要求做题的考生将不会得到分数。
第一部份、选择题（10 points）【做题要求】从下列试题中选出20个题目，打印时不要改变原有序号。
Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (0.5%X20=10%)1.Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s a re very similar, but they differ in that ____________.A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of viewB. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of viewC. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of viewD. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication.A. unnaturalB. artificialC. superficialD. arbitrary3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________.A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmitteB. therefore, we needn’t learn the detai ls of our mother tongueC. but the details of language have to be learnt.D. and the details are acquired by instinct4. A(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. allophoneC. phonemeD. sound5. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme.A. derivationalB. inflectionalC. freeD. word-forming6. WH-movement is __________ in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.A. obligatoryB. optionalC. selectionalD. arbitrary7. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _____________.A. GriceB. PlatoC. SaussureD. Ogden and Richards8. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes9. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called ____________, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.A. utteranceB. referenceC. predicationD. morpheme10. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act perfo rmed in saying something.A. a perlocutionary actB. a locutionary actC. a constative actD. an illocutionary act11.The word “language” is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language called _________.A. colloquial languageB. scientific languageC. standard languageD. idiolect12.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. bangB. photoC. typewriterD. rumble13.Which of the following sounds is a diphthong?A. [ai]B. [t] C[d] D. [a:]14.“hot dog” with the first element stressed means________.A. a dog which is hotB. a barking dogC. a kind of foodD. a dead dog15.There are _________morphemes in the word” frightening”.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four16. In English, “-ate” and “dis-“ are called _________.A. PrefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. affixes17.The phrase “boys and girls” belongs to the ______ construction.A. complexB. coordinateC. embeddedD. subordinate18. The illocutionary act of the utterance “ I promise to come.” is a _______.A. representativeB. expressiveC. declarationD. commissive19.Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity ?A. hot/coldB. doctor/patientC. single/marriedD. husband /wife20. Which part of the brain is generally considered to control language and speech.A. left hemisphereB. right hemisphereC. front hemisphereD. back hemisphere21.Modern linguistics give priority to speech because _____________.A. speech sounds are derived from writing systemsB. The spoken form is more basic than the written formC. Writing precedes speech in English languageD. All the languages today have both spoken and written forms.22.In the following sounds, _________ is a glottal sound.A: [h] B. [k] C. [g] D.[n]23.Of the words listed below, ________ is not an English word.A. [blik] B [bilk] C. [kilb] D. [skw]24.In English, the root “tele” means _________.A. seeing, sightB. a branch of learningC. distant, farD. small in size25.The situation in which two or more languages are used side by side is referred to as __________.A. blendingB. BilingualismC. clippingD. pidginization26.The function of the sentence “ A sunny day, isn’t it” is __________.A. informativeB. interrogativeC. expressiveD. phatic27. ___________ are language varieties related to the use in particular speech situation.A. Education varietiesB. Age varietiesC. Gendervarieties D. Register varieties28.There ar e _________ morphemes in the word “ disabled”.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four29.Which of the following two-term sets is relational opposite?A. old/youngB. alive/deadC. teacher/pupilD. hot/cold30.The words such as “smog”, and “motel” are __________.A. compound wordsB. abbreviated wordsC. formed by blendingD. coined by backformation.31.Which of the following statements is not the concern of sociolinguists?A.The language a person uses reveals his social background.B.There exist social norms that determine the type of language to be used ona certain occasion.C.How does the human mind work when they use languageD.To investigate the social aspects of language.32. Language is ___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.A. systematicB. culturally transmittedC. intuitiveD. productive33. ____________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by thephoneticians in their study of speech sounds.A. WideB. NarrowC. BroadD. Detailed34.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in ______________ .A. the pharyngeal cavityB. the oral cavityC. the nasalcavity D. all of the above35. ___________ studies the internal structure of words and the rules that govern theirformation.A. PhonologyB. SemanticsC. SyntaxD. Morphology36.The word “refreshment” contains ___________ morpheme(s).A. zeroB. oneC. twoD. three37.The central element in a simple sentence, or in each clause, is the_____________.A. subjectB. finite verbC. objectD. adverbial38.The syntactic rules of any language are ___________ in number.A. infiniteB. finiteC. largeD. definite39. Which pair of antonyms differs from other pairsA. above, belowB. sell, buyC. teacher, pupilD. hot, cold40. What is the sentential relation between “He likes swimming.” and “He likes sports.”?A. PresuppositionB. EntailmentC. ContradictionD. Anomaly第二部分填空题（20 points）【做题要求】从下列试题中选出20个题目，打印时不要改变原有序号。
语言学与作文2012年真题回忆版
626语言学与作文2012年真题回忆版Part one : linguistics没有判断，其他题型都没有变，其中名词解释再次出现“Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis”。
第一题：名词解释1. Allophones2. Syntax3. Duality4. Perfomatives5. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis第二题：填空（十个）1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.2. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) __________.3. "I bought some roses" __________"I bought some flowers".4. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of__________.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?5. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.6. In a speech community people have something in common __________a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.7. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called __________ rules.8. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a __________ morpheme.9. A __________ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".10. __________is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.第三题：分析题：1. Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other. Thefirst said“唉，几点了？”and the second said“不好意思，打搅一下，请问您带表了吗？”What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in these two ways and why would you make them?2. A sentence may be ambiguous.用所学理论画树状图分析句子含义，类似于下面含有歧义的句子“The mother of the boy and girl will arrive soon.”3. What are the possible contexts in which the given sentences can be used for other purposes than just stating facts?(1). The room is messy.(2). I can’t work under untidy circumstances.(3). It would be good if she had a green skirt on.4. 分析一下Grammar Translation Method与Communicative Language Teaching两种教学方法的区别。
厦门大学(已有10试题)
厦门大学中文系文学理论与文学评论写作2008--2009语言文学基础2008—-2009文学2007文学基础2003——2006中西文艺理论基础2000—-2002,2004--2005文艺评论写作2000——2002中国现当代文学2000-—2006文艺理论2000—-2003，2006——2007中国文学史2001—-2002中国古代文学理论2001——2005中国文学批评史2006语言理论2004中外文学2000—-2002欧美文学与比较文学2004——2006戏剧基础知识2003—-2006文艺基础知识2003——2005美学与文艺理论2000-—2002美学与艺术概论2005语言学2008——2009历史系世界近代史2002世界现代史2002中国近现代史2003——2004世界近现代史2003——2004专门史2002经济专门史2001经济史1999—-2000中国古代史2000中国通史1999—-2002通史1999中国考古学1999-—2005考古学通论1999考古学概论2000——2002中国古代史1999——2005哲学系哲学基础理论2008—-2009中西哲学史2008——2009新闻传播系新闻与传播实务2007——2010（注：2007、2010年试卷为回忆版)新闻学与传播学基础2006——2009(注：2006——2007年试卷为回忆版）新闻业务1999——2006广告学原理1996—-1997，2001-—2002公共关系原理与实务2002中国传播史1999——2005传播学理论2001——2004传播实务2004,2006广告与公关2003（回忆版）2003年传播学复试题目人类学与民族学系人类学理论方法2003人类学概论1999—-2001，2003人类学通论2008——2009文化人类学1999--2001人类学史1999--2001民族学通论2008——2009经济系宏、微观经济学2005-—2009（2005有答案）西方经济学2002,2005经济学2003—-2004,2006，2009—2010世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002计划统计系宏、微观经济学2006，2009-2010西方经济学2002,2005经济学2003-—2004，2006，2009-2010世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002财政系宏、微观经济学2006，2009-2010西方经济学2002，2005经济学2003—-2004，2006,2009-2010世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002财政学1996——1998财政学综合考试1996——1998金融系金融学基础(联考)2002-—2010（2002-—2010有答案) 货币银行学综合考试1998—-2000货币银行学1998——2000货币银行学(复试）2000国际经济与贸易系宏、微观经济学2006，2009-2010西方经济学2002，2005经济学2003--2004,2006，2009-2010世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002国际贸易1998——2002经济研究所宏、微观经济学2006，2009—2010西方经济学2002,2005经济学2003——2004,2006,2009—2010世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002王亚南经济研究院经济学2003——2004,2006，2009-2010西方经济学2002,2005世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002会计系会计学2000--2005会计学综合考试2000-—2002管理学与管理经济学2003——2009（注:2005—-2007年为回忆版）企业管理专业综合考试(含人力资源管理、市场营销学）1998——2002 企业管理（含管理学、财务管理）1998—-2002企业管理系管理学与管理经济学2003—-2007（注：2005--2007年为回忆版)企业管理专业综合考试（含人力资源管理、市场营销学）1998——2002 企业管理（含管理学、财务管理)1998——2002管理科学系运筹学（管理科学系）2002——2009旅游系（无此试卷）法学院法理学与民法学2000--2006法理学1995——2002，2005-—2006法理学与民事诉讼法学2003——2006法理学与宪法学2002，2005——2010（2010为回忆版)民法学1990，1998——2002民法学与商法学2003——2006民法学与宪法学2005-—2006民法学与刑法学2007,2009—-2010（2010为回忆版）综合国际法学2003-—2005国际公法与国际私法1997—-2002国际经济法1997—-2002(国际法学专业)综合考试1997——1999（民商法学、经济法学专业）综合考试2002民事诉讼法2000—-2002商法学2003经济法学1998-—2003民事诉讼法与刑事诉讼法2003宪法学与行政法学2003刑法学与刑事诉讼法学2003，2005——2006行政法与行政诉讼法学2005-—2006政治学系政治学与公共管理学2007—-2009政治学与行政学2003——2006政治学原理2002行政学2002现代政治思想（中、西）2008-—2009公共管理系政策科学与经济学2007--2009政治学与公共管理学2007——2009政治学与行政学2003—-2006（word版本）政治学原理2002行政学2002综合考试（行政管理）2002——2006(注:无管理学部分）（word版本) 社会保障专业试题2004社会学系社会学原理2005，2008—-2009社会调查研究方法2005，2008-—2009人口研究所宏、微观经济学2006，2009—2010西方经济学2002,2005经济学2003——2004，2006，2009-2010政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002思想政治教育系政治学与公共管理学2007——2009政治学与行政学2003——2006政治学原理2002行政学2002政治学2008——2009中共党史与思想政治教育学2008——2009英文系二外法语2001，2003—-2005（注:2001年的试卷共14页,缺第4页）二外日语2003二外德语2006——2009英语基础知识2003—-2005（2005有答案）英语语言文学基础知识2002阅读及英美文学、语言学基础2003-—2009（2006-—2009有答案）（注：2006—-2009年的答案只有语言学基础部分的答案）阅读理解与英美文学基础知识1998——2000阅读理解及语言学、英美文学基础知识2001阅读与写作2002翻译与写作2003——2004写作与英汉互译2003—-2006,2009英语写作2000英汉、汉英翻译1998——2002欧洲语言文学系二外英语2003——2006，2009（2009有答案）公共外语教学部二外法语2001，2003-—2005（注：2001年的试卷共14页，缺第4页)二外日语2003二外德语2006—-2009英语基础知识2003--2005（2005有答案）英语语言文学基础知识2002阅读及英美文学、语言学基础2003——2009(2006——2009有答案）(注：2006—-2009年的答案只有语言学基础部分的答案）阅读理解与英美文学基础知识1998--2000阅读理解及语言学、英美文学基础知识2001阅读与写作2002翻译与写作2003——2004写作与英汉互译2003--2006,2009英语写作2000英汉、汉英翻译1998-—2002日本语言文学系二外英语2003—-2006，2009（2009有答案）基础日语2005-—2006综合日语2003——2006日本文学2004日本文学史2003日语语言文化2004音乐系音乐学基础2008—-2009中外音乐史2008——2009美术系设计史2007——2009设计史论2004——2006艺术概论2007——2009中外美术史2008—-2009物理系高等数学（无线电物理专业)1998，2001-—2005电子线路2001——2002,2008——2009［其中2001年试题名称为：综合考试] 普通物理学2002——2004,2006——2009（2006-—2007有答案)电动力学2002量子力学2002量子力学与电动力学2003——2004机电工程系自动控制原理2000-—2002，2004——2006，2008——2009模拟电路与数字逻辑2000-—2002微机原理2003-—2005微机原理及应用2000——2002电子线路2001--2002，2008——2009［其中2001年试题名称为：综合考试］普通物理学2002——2004，2006——2009（2006——2007有答案）电动力学2002量子力学2002量子力学与电动力学2003——2004数学科学学院综合基础Ⅱ（数学各专业）（含高等代数、抽象代数）2007,2010基础综合Ⅰ（含数学分析、实变函数、常微分方程）2005—-2006数学分析2003——2004高等代数2003化学系物理化学1990—-1991,2000—-2002，2004，2007——2009(2008有答案）高分子化学1999高分子化学与物理2008-—2010分析化学2008——2010无机化学2008—-2009化学工程与生物工程系高分子化学1999高分子化学与物理2008——2010传递过程与单元操作2008-—2009材料科学与工程系高分子化学1999高分子化学与物理2008-—2010材料科学基础2008-—2009基础化学2008——2010生命科学学院生物化学1999-—2001，2003--2010细胞生物学1994——2009微生物学2002——2010生物学2005普通生物学1994—-2000，2002——2003，2005生物学概论1999，2001，2004生态学2007——2010普通生态学2001——2010植物生态学1996——2003，2005普通生物学基础2004——2005海洋生态学1987——2002，2004——2005动物生理与海洋生态学2003普通动物学1998-—2003植物生理学1998——2002植物生理生化2003植物生物学2005——2009动物生物学2003，2005,2007-—2010动物学1993——2005海洋系生物化学1999——2001,2003-—2010细胞生物学1994-—2009微生物学2002—-2010生物学2005普通生物学1994——2000,2002—-2003，2005，2008--2009 生物学概论1999，2001，2004生态学2007——2010普通生态学2001——2010植物生态学1996-—2003，2005普通生物学基础2004——2005海洋生态学1987—-2002，2004——2005动物生理与海洋生态学2003普通动物学1998—-2003植物生理学1998——2002植物生理生化2003植物生物学2005——2009动物生物学2003,2005,2007——2010动物学1993—-2005海洋地质学2008——2009海洋管理概论2005——2009海洋科学导论2008——2009声学基础与数字电路2003——2009数学物理基础2008--2009无机化学2008——2009物理化学2008——2009环境科学中心环境评价规划与管理2001—-2009（其中2001、2002年分为规划管理与评价学两份试题）环境学导论2002—-2009环境工程学2007-2010有机化学（环境科学、环境管理专业）2002—-2006分析化学（环境科学、环境管理专业）2002——2006，2008——2009生物化学1999-—2001,2003-—2010细胞生物学1994——2009微生物学2002--2010生物学2005普通生物学1994——2000，2002——2003，2005生物学概论1999，2001,2004生态学2007——2010普通生态学2001—-2010植物生态学1996——2003，2005普通生物学基础2004——2005海洋生态学1987——2002，2004-—2005动物生理与海洋生态学2003普通动物学1998——2003植物生理学1998——2002植物生理生化2003植物生物学2005—-2009动物生物学2003，2005，2007--2010动物学1993——2005普通物理学2008——2009计算机科学系数据结构与计算机组成原理2003——2007数据结构与高级程序设计1997—-2002（2001有答案,答案只有数据结构部分）数据结构与C语言2004操作系统与编译原理1997-—2001组成原理与汇编语言2002电子工程系高等数学(无线电物理专业）1998,2001—-2005模拟电路与数字逻辑2000——2002信号与系统2007——2008（2007有答案）电路、信号与线性系统2003—-2006,2009（2006有答案）（注：2006年试卷缺电路的题，只有信号与线性系统的题，共4页，缺第3、4页）自动控制原理2000-—2002,2004——2006,2008-—2009电子线路2001——2002，2008——2009［其中2001年试题名称为：综合考试］普通物理学2002—-2004，2006-—2009(2006——2007有答案）电动力学2002量子力学2002量子力学与电动力学2003—-2004光电子技术2008——2009自动化系模拟电路与数字逻辑2000——2002自动控制原理2000——2002,2004——2006，2008-—2009电子线路2001——2002，2008——2009[其中2001年试题名称为：综合考试] 普通物理学2002——2004，2006——2009(2006-—2007有答案)电动力学2002量子力学2002量子力学与电动力学2003--2004数据结构2008—-2009通信工程系信号与系统2007-—2008(2007有答案)电路、信号与线性系统2003——2006，2009(2006有答案)（注：2006年试卷缺电路的题，只有信号与线性系统的题,共4页，缺第3、4页）电子线路2001—-2002，2008--2009[其中2001年试题名称为：综合考试]医学院生物医学研究院药物化学2008-—2009有机化学（医）2008-—2009生物化学2007——2009物理化学(医学院）2010生理学2010建筑系建筑设计2001——2002中外建筑历史2001——2002，2008——2009概念性快速建筑设计2008——2009建筑技术概论2008—-2009土木系材料力学2008——2009结构力学2008-—2009南洋研究院国际政治2003-—2009国际关系史2003——2009宏、微观经济学2006，2009—2010经济学2003——2004,2006，2009-2010西方经济学2002，2005世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002台湾研究院宏、微观经济学2006，2009—2010经济学2003-—2004，2006,2009—2010西方经济学2002，2005世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002 政治学与行政学2004——2005（缺案例分析）中西文艺理论基础2000-—2002，2004—-2005 文艺评论写作2000-—2002中国现当代文学2000--2005文学基础2003——2004中外文学2000—-2002世界近代史2002世界现代史2002中国古代史2000通史1999中国近现代史2002——2004世界近现代史2003——2004现代政治思想（中、西）2008--2009教育研究院普通心理学1986-—1988,2000-—2005普通教育学2000——2005教育学1985,1987——1988高等教育学专业综合考试1985——1987心理学1985，1987发展心理学与教育心理学1987—-1988 中外教育史、比较教育学1999—-2001。
2012年秋季厦门大学2级英语口译资格证书考试
2012年秋季厦门大学英语口译资格证书考试1级试题第一部分：单句口译1. 汉译英要求：请先听一遍10个单句的录音，然后在第二遍每个句子停顿时开始口译。
1.北京和温哥华的时差是多少？2.参加今天的晚宴必须穿西服打领带吗?3.我在免税店买了一瓶红酒，是为朋友聚会买的。
4.我从中国的乌鲁木齐来，能告诉我这座城市有哪些好玩的地方吗?5.我想订桌，今天晚上6点，8个人，最好是能看海的位子。
6.你可以帮我申请网络银行服务吗，这样我就能上网交纳学费。
7.如果我们一次多买一些，在价格上给我们打个九折怎么样？8.您可以在这里搭乘机场快线，或者到中山路站转乘地铁去机场。
9.看起来我们可以扩大与贵方的贸易往来。
10.我们今天首先要游览一个佛教寺院。
然后参观一个茶园，在那里大家将了解到绿茶的生产过程。
2. English to ChineseDirections: Please listen to the recordings of the 10 English sentences first, then interpret each sentence at each pause.1.Where’s the tourist info rmation center?2.Can you tell me the rate for a single room with a bath, please?3.If you take quality into consideration, you won't think our price is too high.4.I have a rather tight schedule, so I prefer to take a one-day sightseeing touraround the city after the meeting.5.What happens if I want to cancel my credit card? Do I need to fill out a form?6.When does tomorrow’s conference start? Also are there any last minute changesto the program?7.I know this place is famous for its fresh seafood, but I think I will have a steak,because sea food doesn’t agree with me.8.I believe that you must have seen a lot of advertisements designed by ourcompany. If we cooperate, I'll certainly make your products better known and sold.9.I think we have all agreed during this afternoon’s discussion that theconstruction of the new office building must be finished by the end of this year.10.We are going to check out tomorrow and fly to Shanghai to attend a businessfair. We will be back in a week’s time. Can we leave our luggage at this hotel?Part Two Dialogue InterpretingDirections: Please listen to the description of the situation of the dialogue first, then interpret each segment at each pause.Situation: Mr. Lindsay wants to rent a shop in a newly-built shopping mall. He is talking to Mr. Wang, a Chinese sales manager working at the rental office of the shopping mall. You are interpreting for them.王经理：早上好, 请问两位有什么想要了解的吗？//Mr. Lindsay: We know this new shopping mall is ready for lease. We would like to know if any shops are still available. //王经理：是的，我们商场还有少量的商铺正在招租。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编15.doc
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编15(总分：52.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：26，分数：52.00)1.Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle.（南开大学2004研)A: When is the bus coming?B: There has been an accident further up the road.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grice"s Cooperative Principle.(北二外2005研)A: Oh I like this popular song so much How about you?B: I often hear classical music, especially, the symphonies composed by Beethoven His Symphony No. 9 is my favorite.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations?(人大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.What is sociolinguistics?（北航2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.The following is a statement by a Japanese businessman; "You buy in your own language, but you sell in your customer"s language. " How do you understand it?（人大2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.What is language variation?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.What distinction, if any, can you draw between bilingualism and diglossia?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.How do the speech of women and the speech of men differ from each other?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.The following statements are examples of excessive use of euphemism. How to improve them? Examples of excessive use of euphemism:(1)The employees who had been notified of an interruption in their employment were referred to their outplacement manager.(2)The official acknowledged that he had misspoken when he said the troops had not engaged in any protective-reaction missions.(3)The prisoner"s life will be terminated at dawn.(4)The non-essential personnel in this division will be vacationed by next week.(5)Reaching the top of the ladder of success must be a moving experience.(6)I was told that he did away with himself.It is a widespread but unproven hypothesis that the parameters of significant personal change for persons in mid-life are extremely narrow.I purchased a residential property that was in need of substantial upgrading.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.It is claimed in sociolinguistics that you are what you say. How would you comment on this theoretical claim?（武汉大学2011研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.What is the purpose of studying language and mind?（南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 13.What are the factors influencing sentence comprehension?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 14.What are the four stages of language production and how do you understand them?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.What is the purpose of studying language and mind?（南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________16.What are the four assumptions of the classical theory?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 17.Explain three levels of categorization.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 18.How do you understand interlanguage?（西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 19.What is meant by Move-a in Universal Grammar?（西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 20.What are the four obvious barriers to adult L2 acquisition?（浙江大学2003研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 21.Please state the factors that cause errors and mistakes in foreign language learning.（厦门大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 22.To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning? Can you list some proof from your own learning experiences?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 23.Identify personality factors that may contribute to the SUCCESS of learning a second/foreign language.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 24.What is communicative competence? How should we develop it in our foreign lauguage learning?(四川大学2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 25.What are the main features and theoretical base of the audiolingual method?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 26.Describe the three main types of language tests.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编18
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编18(总分：162.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：33，分数：66.00)1.Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and 1 of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Conventionality）解析：解析：语言学习过程中学习者必须识记一些固定搭配或约定俗成的习语谚语等，因此使得语言学习比较费力。
2.In Saussure's view, the relationship between signifier(sound image) and signified (concept) is 1(北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Arbitrary）解析：解析：索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。
3.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the 1it is associated with. (人大2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Meaning）解析：解析：索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编5
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编5英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编5(总分：44.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：16，分数：44.00)Please disambiguate the following 5 sentences, using the tree-diagram, or any other means that you think is appropriate.（北京交通大学2007研)（分数：10.00）(1).Jane showed her baby pictures.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：()解析：(2).The old man is drinking in the air.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a.(VP drinking in)(NP the air)b.(VP drinking(PP in the air)))解析：(3).We need more realistic officials to handle the economy.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：()解析：(4).We are sweeping the ground cigarettes on the street.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a.(VP sweeping(NP the ground cigarettes(PP on the street)))b.(vp sweeping(NP the ground cigarettes)(pp on the street)))(5).Tom exchanged the money and fell around the corner.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a.(Vp exchanged the money)and(Vp fell around the corner)b.(VP exchanged the money and fell)(PP around the corner))解析：1.What is Halliday"s idea on the relationship between the functions performed by language and its structures?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In Halliday"s point of view, there are three general functions of language: ideational(which is subdivided into experiential and logical), interpersonal and textual. And they are related to the three grammatical systems; transitivity, mood and theme. Specifically, the ideational function is realized as the transitivity system in the clause as a representation of experience, in which there are six processes; material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal and existential. Actor, the so-called logical subject, is an important participant in the material process. The interpersonal function is realized as the mood system in the clause as an exchange, which is divided into the two major parts of Mood and Reside. And Subject is one of the two parts of Mood, the other part being the finite verbal operator. The textual function is realized as the thematic structure of the clause as a message. The two main constituents here are theme and rheme, the former being the point of departure of the message, or the concern of the clause, while the latter is the part in which the theme is developed.)2.What are deep and surface structures?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Deep structure is a central theoretical term in generative grammar opposed to surface structure. It is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence—an underlying level of structural organization which specific all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted. Surface structure is a central theoretical term in generative grammar, opposed to deep structure. It is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.)解析：3.In the following three sentences, the particle "up" stays in different positions, i. e. immediately after the verb; in between the noun phrase and the relative clause; and at the end of the sentence. Can you formulate a syntactic rule to explain the position changes of the particle?(1)She stood up the man who offered her a diamond.(2)She stood the man up who offered her a diamond.(3)She stood the man who offered her a diamond up.（南开大学2010研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to chomsky"s Generative and Functional Grammar, there is an underlying representation for any sentence. Then the underlying form is transformed into the surface form through sometransformational rules. The same underlyilyng form may result in different surface representation by undertaking different operation. Sometimes, the same surface form is likely to be transformed from different deep structure because of various movement. "Stand sb. up" means that sb. fails to show up in a date though he has promised to appear, and let the other wait for him in vain. The underlying form of the above three sentences have the same underlying form, that is " She stood the man up who offered her a diamond". The reason why they finally have the different form is that they have undertaken different operation. Because "up" is an adjunct in the three sentences, it is more convenient to put it since it will not change the property of the sentence. Therefore, finally we get the three kinds of surface forms. Sentence one, "up" is moved upward to the front of the man for the purpose of banlancing the sentence. Sentence two, "up" is moved upwards to the front of the attrubutive clause to the front of the attributive clause in order to achieve coherence. And the last sentence is the underlying form. Consequently, we can say that it is very flexible to position the adjunct in a sentence for various purposes.)解析：4.What is conceptual meaning? Try to distinguish it from any other types of meaning classified by Leech?（北二外2008研) （分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to Leech, conceptual meaning refers to the logical, cognitive or denotive content of the meaning of a word. It is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to. Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notionof reference. But the term "connotative" is used in daily conversation, refers to some additional, especially emotive, meaning. This type of meaning and the following four types, namely, social meaning, affective meaning , reflected meaning and collocative meaning, are collectively known as associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use. The last type, thematic meaning, is more peripheral since it is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.)5.Explain the notion of hyponym.（北二外2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：A term which is subordinate to another in that its extension is contained in the extension of another, e. g. "lion" or "tiger" is a hyponym of "animal".)解析：6.How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features?（浙江大学2004研)(a)The television drank my water.(b)His dog writes poetry.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：(a)The verb drink represents a behavior of the animate beings, therefore, it is required that the subject of this verb should have a semantic feature as(+ ANIMATE), however, the word television, which is in position of subject, has an opposite feature:(- ANIMATE). That"s why such a collocation results in oddness. (b)The action of writing poetry is normally one which only human beings could do,therefore, the subject is required to have a semantic feature as(+ HUMAN); however, the word dog in the subject position is featured as(-HUMAN). Therefore, the sentence is odd.) 解析：What is one obvious presupposition of the speaker who says:（分数：4.00）(1).Where did he buy the beer?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：One obvious presupposition of the sentence "Where did he buy the beer" should be " He has some beer".)解析：(2).Your watch is broken.（上海交大2006研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：One obvious presupposition of the sentence "Your watch is broken" should be "You have a watch".)解析：Tell the sense relation between a and b in each pair:（北二外2007研)（分数：4.00）(1).a. He no longer likes coffee. b. He liked coffee.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a entails b) 解析：(2).a. Mary is working in China. b. Mary is working in Beijing.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：b presupposes a) 解析：7.In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number of distinctive meaning features; the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features, and it is these different features that distinguish word meaning similarly. A phoneme is considered a collection of distinctive sound features;a phoneme can be broken down into these distinctive sound features and it is these sound features that distinguish different sounds.)8.Are utterances, sentences, and propositions the same?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：No. These three terms are used to describe different levels of language. The most concrete is utterance which is created by speaking(or writing)a piece of language. Sentences, on the other hand, are abstract grammatical elements obtained from utterances. For example, an utterance has a tone, or perhaps some accent due to regional or social variation, and phonetic details which identify individual speakers, etc. But at the level of sentence, these kinds of information are ignored. Propositions are the result of a further abstraction of sentences, which are descriptions of states of affairs and which some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning. For example , the two sentences " Caesar invaded Gaul" and " Gaul was invaded by Caesar" hold the same preposition.)解析：9.Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why?（厦门大学2010研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. It is used to mean sameness or close similarity of meaning. Total synonymy is rare. The so-called synonyms are all context dependent. They all differ in one way or another. When you consider the meaning of a word, you need to consider both its denotation and its connotation. The denotation is the primary, literal meaning of a word. The connotation is the suggested or implied meaning of a word. Connotations usually come from experience or associations. Seeing a word used repeatedly in certain contexts gives the word a different color than it gets in the dictionary. There are no real synonyms, because two or more words named synonyms are expected without exception to differ from one another in one of the following aspects: (1)in shade of meaning(finish, complete, close, conclude); (2)in stylistic meaning(father, dad); (3)in emotive(or affective)meaning(smart, crafty); (4)in range of use or collocative meaning(accuse, charge);(5)in British and American English usages(autumn, fall). For example, they may differ in style. In the context "Little T om______a toy bear" , here buy is more appropriate than purchase. Because purchase is more formal than buy.)解析：10.What are the major concerns of pragmatics?（人大2006研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Pragmatics is the study of the language in use. It is mainly about how speakers use language appropriately and effectively in accordance with a given context. It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker(or writer)and interpreted by a listener(or reader). It has more to do with participants of communication and context in which communication takes place. Hence the study of speaker meaning, that of contextual meaning, of what is unsaid but communicated.)解析：11.How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the ardors performed by the speakers?(浙江大学2005研)Motorist: My car needs new exhaust system. Mechanic: I"ll be busy with this other car all day.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：In the motorist"s utterance, there are two types of speech acts performed, namely representative and directive, and as to the latter one, it is recognized as an indirect speech act, which is performed through the performance of the former one. Thus, by stating that his car needs new exhaust system, the motorist has in fact asked the mechanic to equip a new exhaust system for him. Similarly, in the mechanic"s utterance, there are two types of speech acts performed; one is representative, the other commissive. The commissive speech act in fact is an indirect one since it is recognized through theperformance of representative action. That is to say, by stating that he will be busy with another car all day, the mechanic has in fact told the motorist that he could not repair his car right away.) 解析：12.Conversational implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or " 言外之意" in Chinese.（中山大学2005研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：We may summarize conversational implicature as a type of implied meaning. It could be inferred only by the dependence on the context of the utterance and shared knowledge between the speaker and listener. Illocutionary force, on other hand, refers to speaker"s meaning, contextual meaning , or extra meaning, that is, the meaning the speaker wants to convey in a specific context. By an illocutionary force, we can say "What does he mean by saying that?" In this sense, implica-ture is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or "言外之意" in Chinese.)解析：13.Decide which maxim of the cooperative principle has been flouted in the following utterances and what implicature can be drawn.（厦门大学2006研)(1)A: Can you tell me the secret? B: But John is there.(2)A: Let"s go to the movies. B: I"ll bring the Kleenex.(3)A: Would you drive a Mercedes? B: I wouldn"t drive ANY expensive car.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In the exchanges, the maxim of relation has been flouted. As to instance(1), A will assume that if B is cooperative, his reply must be relevant in a different sense: I will not talk about my secret now because I do not want to let John know. In(2), the answer of B seems irrelevant to A"s utterance. By doing so, A will likely derive the implicature that B has accepted his suggestion , and is going to get prepared. In(3), by violating the maxim of relation, B intends to implicate that Mercedes is an expensive car and he would not drive a Mercedes.)解析：。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编25
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25(总分：72.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.There has been a maxim in 1which claims that "You are what you say". (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：quantity）解析：解析：格莱斯的数量准则指1．使你的话语如(交谈的当前目的)所要求的那样信息充分；2．不要使你的话语比要求的信息更充分。
即说你该说的。
2.The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by 1. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Grice）解析：解析：格赖斯认为一定存在一些管理话语产生和理解的机制。
他把这种机制称为合作原则，在这个大原则下有四条准则，它们分别为数量、质量、关系和方式准则。
3. 1were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. （分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Performatives）解析：解析：施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。
4.In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the 1principle proposed by J. Grice.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Cooperative）解析：解析：通常在对话中，所有的参与者都被希望能够遵守由格莱斯提出的合作原则，这样就不会有会话含义的产生。
2010年厦门大学英语专业语言学真题试卷_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
2010年厦门大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分6, 做题时间90分钟)1. 简答题1.What are the criteria used in phonetic description of vowels?(10 points)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案：In the production of vowels, there is no obstruction of air as is the case with consonants. Therefore, the description of the vowels cannot be done along the lines of the description of the consonants. To get out of this problem, vowels are normally described with reference to four basic criteria:(2 points) (1)the height of tongue raising(high,mid,low);(2points) (2)the position of the highest part of the tongue(front,central,back);(2 points) (3)the tenseness or length of the vowel(tense vs. lax or long vs. short);(2points)(4)lip-rounding(rounded vs. unrounded).(2 points) The external factors that influence the acquisition of the second language mainly include the native language, input, social and situational factors.(1 point) The native language plays a primary role in SLA. Transfer, which is also termed cross-linguistic influence, is defined as "the influence resulting from similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired". Transfer exists in the areas of syntax, morphology, phonology, semantics, pragmatics and the lexicon.(3 points) Language input is the language addressed to the language leiarner by native speakers of the target language. Like transfer, language input is also a linguistic factor that influences the SLA process.(2 points) Social and situational factors may include a change in register or the familiarity of interlocutors. They are unique to each language learner.(1 point) The process of language learning can be very stressful, and the impact of positive or negative attitudes from the surrounding society can be critical. One aspect that has received particular attention is the relationship of gender roles to language achievement. Studies across numerous cultures have shown that women, on the whole, enjoy an advantage over men. Some have proposed that this is linked to gender roles.(1 point)解析：考查元音描写的标准。
2012语言学考试试卷
2012语⾔学考试试卷2011-2012年第⼆学期《英语语⾔学》期末考试试卷适⽤班级：外B1031-32班级_____________姓名_______________学号___________考试说明：1.本考试⽅式为⽹络考试；2.本考试做题⽅式为笔试；3.本考试总分100分，共计六⼤题型；4.本考试有各种具体的做题要求，考⽣必须严格按照要求做题；5.做完试题后，先把你本⼈选作的题⽬发送⼀份电⼦试卷给⽼师，再打印⼀份做好试题答案的试卷交给科任⽼师。
6.没有按照具体要求做题的考⽣将不会得到分数。
第⼀部份、选择题（10 points）【做题要求】从下列试题中选出20个题⽬，打印时不要改变原有序号。
Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (0.5%X20=10%)1.Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s a re very similar, but they differ in that ____________.A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of viewB. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of viewC. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of viewD. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication.A. unnaturalB. artificialC. superficialD. arbitrary3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________.A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmitteB. therefore, we needn’t learn the detai ls of our mother tongueC. but the details of language have to be learnt.D. and the details are acquired by instinct4. A(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. allophoneC. phonemeD. sound5. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme.A. derivationalB. inflectionalC. freeD. word-forming6. WH-movement is __________ in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.A. obligatoryB. optionalC. selectionalD. arbitrary7. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _____________.A. GriceB. PlatoC. SaussureD. Ogden and Richards8. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes9. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called ____________, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.A. utteranceB. referenceC. predicationD. morpheme10. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act perfo rmed in saying something.A. a perlocutionary actB. a locutionary actC. a constative actD. an illocutionary act11.The word “language” is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language called _________.A. colloquial languageB. scientific languageC. standard languageD. idiolect12.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. bangB. photoC. typewriterD. rumble13.Which of the following sounds is a diphthong?A. [ai]B. [t] C[d] D. [a:]14.“hot dog” with the first element stressed means________.A. a dog which is hotB. a barking dogC. a kind of foodD. a dead dog15.There are _________morphemes in the word” frightening”.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four16. In English, “-ate” and “dis-“ are called _________.A. PrefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. affixes17.The phrase “boys and girls” belongs to the ______ construction.A. complexB. coordinateC. embeddedD. subordinate18. The illocutionary act of the utterance “ I promise to come.” is a _______.C. declarationD. commissive19.Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity ?A. hot/coldB. doctor/patientC. single/marriedD. husband /wife20. Which part of the brain is generally considered to control language and speech.A. left hemisphereB. right hemisphereC. front hemisphereD. back hemisphere21.Modern linguistics give priority to speech because _____________.A. speech sounds are derived from writing systemsB. The spoken form is more basic than the written formC. Writing precedes speech in English languageD. All the languages today have both spoken and written forms.22.In the following sounds, _________ is a glottal sound.A: [h] B. [k] C. [g] D.[n]23.Of the words listed below, ________ is not an English word.A. [blik] B [bilk] C. [kilb] D. [skw]24.In English, the root “tele” means _________.A. seeing, sightB. a branch of learningC. distant, farD. small in size25.The situation in which two or more languages are used side by side is referred to as __________.A. blendingB. BilingualismC. clippingD. pidginization26.The function of the sentence “ A sunny day, isn’t it” is __________.A. informativeD. phatic27. ___________ are language varieties related to the use in particular speech situation.A. Education varietiesB. Age varietiesC. Gendervarieties D. Register varieties28.There ar e _________ morphemes in the word “ disabled”.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four29.Which of the following two-term sets is relational opposite?A. old/youngB. alive/deadC. teacher/pupilD. hot/cold30.The words such as “smog”, and “motel” are __________.A. compound wordsB. abbreviated wordsC. formed by blendingD. coined by backformation.31.Which of the following statements is not the concern of sociolinguists?A.The language a person uses reveals his social background.B.There exist social norms that determine the type of language to be used ona certain occasion.C.How does the human mind work when they use languageD.To investigate the social aspects of language.32. Language is ___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.A. systematicB. culturally transmittedC. intuitiveD. productive33. ____________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by thephoneticians in their study of speech sounds.A. WideB. NarrowC. BroadD. Detailed34.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in ______________ .A. the pharyngeal cavityB. the oral cavityC. the nasalcavity D. all of the above35. ___________ studies the internal structure of words and the rules that govern theirformation.A. PhonologyB. SemanticsC. SyntaxD. Morphology36.The word “refreshment” contains ___________ morpheme(s).A. zeroB. oneC. twoD. three37.The central element in a simple sentence, or in each clause, is the_____________.A. subjectB. finite verbC. objectD. adverbial38.The syntactic rules of any language are ___________ in number.A. infiniteB. finiteC. largeD. definite39. Which pair of antonyms differs from other pairsA. above, belowB. sell, buyC. teacher, pupilD. hot, cold40. What is the sentential relation between “He likes swimming.” and “He likes sports.”?A. PresuppositionB. EntailmentC. ContradictionD. Anomaly第⼆部分填空题（20 points）【做题要求】从下列试题中选出20个题⽬，打印时不要改变原有序号。
[考研类试卷]2012年厦门大学英语专业(英美文学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2012年厦门大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷一、匹配题0 Match the authors or poets in Column I with the literary trends in Column II.(8 points)1)Modernism2)Imagism3)Romanticism4)Transcendentalism5)Pre-romanticism6)Realism7)Post-modernism8)Neo-classicism1 Henry David Thoreau2 George Gordon Byron3 Joseph Conrad4 Thomas Pynchon5 Amy Lowell6 Henry Fielding7 Henry James8 Thomas Gray二、名词解释9 Allegory10 avant-garde11 ballad12 Black Mountain poets13 Bloomsbury Group14 Eco-criticism三、评论题15 Pecola Breedlove(from: The Bluest Eye)16 Frederic Henry(from: A Farewell to Arms)17 Emma Woodhouse(from; Emma)18 Pip(from: Great Expectations)19 Yossarian(from; Catch-22)20 Quentin Compson(from; The Sound and the Fury)四、问答题21 The first half of the 18th century is called the Age of Pope. Why?22 Sinclair Lewis is the first American writer who got the Nobel Prize for Literature. Why do you think he deserve the prize?五、分析题23 Read the following poem and write a short essay based on the following questions in about 100 words.(8 points)I'm nobody by Emily Dickinson(1830 - 1886)I'm nobody, Who are you?Are you nobody too?Then there's a pair of us.Don't tell—they'd banish us, you know.How dreary to be somebody!How public—like a frog—To tell your name the livelong JuneTo an admiring bog.What, in your opinion is the theme of this poem?What is the meaning of each stanza? What is your attitude towards fame?。
2012年厦门大学考研真题 写作与英汉互译
机密★厦门大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：708科目名称：写作与英汉互译招生专业：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言考生须知：答题必须使用黑（蓝）色墨水（圆珠）笔；不得直接在试卷（试题纸）或草稿纸上作答；凡未按上述规定作答均不予评阅、判分，责任考生自负。
题型：I 汉译英II 英译汉III英语写作总分值：150 每小题分值：I.40 II.35 III.75I. Translate the following two passages into English. (40 points) A. Translate the following passage into English. (20 points)我深深爱着的祖国—历经磨难而又自强不息。
千百年来，中华民族一次次战胜了天灾人祸，渡过了急流险滩，昂首挺胸地走到今天。
深重的灾难，铸就了她百折不挠、自强不息的品格。
中华民族的历史证明了一个真理：一个民族在灾难中失去的，必将从民族的进步中得到补偿。
经过半个多世纪的艰苦奋斗，中国有了比较大的发展，经济总量跃居世界前列，但我们仍然是一个发展中国家，同发达国家相比还有很大的差距。
人口多，底子薄，发展不平衡，这种基本国情还没有从根本上得到改变。
中国的人均GDP 水平，排在世界100位之后，仅为英国的1/16左右。
到过中国旅游的朋友，你们所看到的城市是现代的，而我们的农村还比较落后。
到本世纪中叶，中国要基本实现现代化，面临三大历史任务：既要努力实现欧洲早已完成的工业化，又要追赶新科技革命的浪潮；既要不断提高经济发展水平，又要实现社会公平正义；既要实现国内的可持续发展，又要承担相应的国际责任。
中国要赶上发达国家水平，还有很长很长的路要走，还会遇到许多艰难险阻。
但是，任何困难都阻挡不住中国人民前进的步伐，只要我们坚持不懈地努力奋斗，中国现代化的目标就一定能够实现。
B. Translate the following passage into English. (20 points)你们现在要离开母校了，我没有什么礼物送给你们，只好送你们一句话罢。
厦门大学英语专业考研真题.doc
厦门大学2004年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题招生专业英语语言文学考试课程阅读及英美文学、语言学417研究方向____________________注意：答案必须标明题号，按序写在专用答题纸上，写在本试卷上或草稿纸上者一律不给分。
Write down your answers to all the questions in this test in separate blank answer sheets provided at your test center.Part One Reading Comprehension 70 pointsDirections: Each passage is followed by questions based on its content. After reading the passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following the passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.Passage 1The tap dancer, like the flamenco performer, is basically an improviser. Thus looking at tap one wants to savor the personality and inventiveness of the individual. When Bill Robinson danced in the movies, his technical skill and sophisticated rhythms could be heard as well as seen. The Nicholas Brothers ran up walls or the proscenium arch of the theater or jumped off platforms and landed in splits on the floor. Peg Leg Bates, who had lost a leg, made a specialty out of dancing with his wooden leg. Sandman Sims scattered sand on the floor (as Fred Astaire did in one of his films) and tapped ever so softly, slid and turned in dances as soothing as lullabies.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The styles of various tap dancers(B)The structure of the modern dance theater(C)The difference between flamenco and tap dancing(D)The use of dance in certain movie productions2.According to the passage, in what way is a flamenco dancer similar to a tap dancer?(A)Both perform the same kinds of steps (B) Both rely on individual inventiveness(C) Both are trained in classical techniques (D) Both make very little noise3.An acrobatic style of dancing was most closely associated with which of the followingperformers?(A)Peg Leg Bates (B) Bill Robinson(C) The Nicholas Brothers (D) Sims and Astaire4.Which two dancers used sand in their routines?(A) Robinson and Sims (B) The Nicholas Brothers (C) Bates and Robinson (D) Simsand Astaire5.The author implies which of the following about tap dancing?(A)It is more complex than flamenco dancing(B)It is meant to be heard as well as seen(C)It became popular primarily because of the movies(D)Tt should be performed by at least two people.Passage 2The science of meteorology is concerned with the study of the structure, state, andbehavior of the atmosphere・ The subject may be approached from several directions, but the scene cannot be fully appreciated from any advantage point- Different views must be integrated to give perspective to the whole picture. One may consider the condition of the atmosphere at a given moment and attempt to predict changes from that condition over a period of a few hours to a few days ahead. This approach is covered by the branch of the science called synoptic (天气的)meteorology. Synoptic meteorology is the scientific basis of the technique of weather forecasting by means of the preparation and analysis of weather mapsand aerological diagram. The practical importance of the numerous applications of weather forecasting cannot be overestimated. In serving the needs of shipping, aviation, agriculture, industry, and many other interests and fields of human activity with accurate weather warnings and professional forecast advice, great benefits are reaped in the form of the saving of human life and property and in economic advantages of various kinds. One important purpose of the science of meteorology is constantly to strive, through advanced study and research, to increase our knowledge of the atmosphere with the aim of improving the accuracy of weather forecasts. The tools needed to advance our knowledge in this way are the disciplines of mathematics and physics applied to solve meteorological problems. The use of these tools forms that branch of the science called dynamic meteorology. 6. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A) The Limitations of Meteorological Forecasting B) New Advances in Synoptic Meteorology C) Approaches to the Science of Meteorology D) The Basics of Dynamic Meteorology7.The prediction of synoptic meteorologists are directly based on the ___(A) application of the physical sciences (B) preparation and study of weather maps(C) anticipated needs of industry (D) observations of commercial airline pilots8.Which of the following is NOT referred to by the author as a field whose needs are served by weather forecasting? A) Transportation. B) Manufacturing. C) Farming. D) Sports.9.The author implies that increased accuracy in weather forecasting will lead to ・A)more funds allocated to meteorological research B) greater protection of human life C) a higher number of professional forecasters D) less-specialized forms of synoptic meteorology10.Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the thirdparagraph of the passage? A) A procedure is explained and its importance isemphasized. B) Two contrasting views of a problem are presented. C) Recent scientific advancements are outlined in order of importance. D) A problem is examined and possible solutions are given.11.In the last sentence of the passage, the phrase "these tools9' refers to ________ • A)weather forecasts B) meteorological problems C) mathematics and physics D) economic advantagePassage 3There are three basic ways in which individual economic units interact with one another. They are the market system, the administered system, and the traditional system. In a market system, individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the market place. Transactions may take place through barter or money exchange. In a bartereconomy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes, and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade an old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. An alternative to the market system is administered control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue laws or commands as to how much each goods and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan drawn up by the government shows the amount of each commodity produced by the various firms and distributed to different households for consumption. In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition. Each peris)nplacc with the economic system is fixed by parentage, religion, and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group or caste may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health,and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone progress may be difficult to achieve.12.What is the main purpose of the passage? A) To explain the science of economics.B) To outline types of economic systems. C) To argue for the superiority of one economic system. D) To compare barter and money exchange markets. 13. In the second paragraph, by which of the following could the word n real n best be replaced? A) High quality. B) Concrete. C) Utter. D) Essential.14.According to the passage, a barter economy can lead to A) rapid speed of transactionsB) misunderstandings C) inflation D) difficulties for the traders15.According to the passage who has the greatest degree of control on an administered system? A) Individual households. B) Small businesses. C) Major companies. D) The government.Passage 4What is the future for cities? Why does one inner-city neighborhood become a slum and another a high-class district? Why does one city attract new shopper and visitors while another languishes?Camden, New Jersey, displays the strong contrast that characterize American urban areas. The central city of Camden houses an isolated underclass., while suburban Camden County prospers. The population of the city of Camden has declined from 117,000 in 1960 to less than 80,000 today. Nearly 85 percent of the city's residents are black and Hispanic, while the white population has declined from 90,000 in 1960 to 10,000 today. Only 1 percent of the households remaining have annual incomes of more than $50,000, compared with 20 percent in the rest of the country and 10 percent among all black households.More than 40 percent of Camden^s residents are under eighteen, closer to the level found in developing countries than to eh rest of the United States. Job prospects are not promising for these young people, because more than half have left school without obtaining a high-school diploma. In the past, Camden^s youths could find jobs in factories that produced CampbelTs soups, Esterbrook pens, and RCA Victor records, radios, and televisions, but the city has lost 90 percent of its industrial jobs. TheEsterbrook and Campbell factories in Camden are closed, though CampbelPs corporate offices remain: General Electric now operates the former RCA factory but with a labor force at only 15 percent of the level during the 1960s. CamderTs unemployment rate is more than twice the national average.As Camden^s population and industries decline, few shops have enough customers to remain open・ The city once had thirteen movie theaters, but none are left. The murder rate soared after gangs carved up the city into districts during the mid-1980s to control cocaine trafficking.Meanwhile, Camden County - excluding the city - has grown from 275,000 in 1960 to more than 400,000 today. Cherry Hill has more than 75,000 residents today, compared to less than 10,000 in 1960, and will surpass Camden as the largest city in the county before the end of the decade. About 85 percent of Cherry Hill's high-school graduates go on to college. Cherry Hill has attracted so many new jobs that the major obstacles to further economic growth is a shortage of qualified workers.Camden9s mismatch between the locations of people, jobs, resources, and services exemplifies the urban crisis throughout the United States, as well as in other countries. Geographers help us to understand why these patterns arise, and what be done about them.16.Which of the following is NOT TRUE?A)Camden County is larger than the city of Camden.B)Cherry HilTs economy is sluggish C) The white people have moved to the suburbs. D) General Electric now employs less workers than it used to.17.What is the author most likely to do in the following section?A)Elaborating on geographical patterns of other areas.B)Quoting government policies in favor of her view.C)Highlighting statistics in support of her argument.D)Proposing possible solutions to the problem.Passage 5For a long time we have worked hard at isolating the individual family. This has increased the mobility of individuals; and by encouraging young families to break away from older generations and the home community, we have burdened every small family with tremendous responsibilities once shared within three generations and among a large number of people 一the nurturing of small children, the initiation of adolescents into adulthood, and care of the sick and disabled and the protection of the aged・What we have failed to realize to realize is that even as we have separated the single family from the larger society, we have expected each couple to take on a range of obligations that traditionally have been shared within a family and a wilder community.So all over the world there are millions of families left alone, as it were, each in its own box 一parents faced with the specter of what may happen if either one gets sick, children fearful that their parents may end their quarrels with divorce, and empty-handed old people without any role in the life of the next generation.Then, having reduced little by little to almost nothing the relationship between families the community, when families get into trouble because they cannot accomplish the impossible, we turn their problems over to impersonal social agencies, which can act only in a fragmented way because they are limited to patchwork programs that often are too late to accomplish what is most needed.Individuals and families do get some kind of help, but what they learn and what those who work hard within the framework of social agencies convey, even as they try to help, is that families should be able to care for themselves.18.According to the author, when young families are isolated, _____A)old people can easily accept the change B) people can move from place to placeC)individuals can hardly become innovative D) economy develops at high speed19.What is said to be the major problem facing young couples?A)They need to be fulfill more dutiesB)They are incapable of balancing the budgetC)They have their children spoiled and overindulgedD)They get empty-handed after divorce.20.The author implies that _______ .A)social agencies in America can be very helpfulB)the help of American families from social agencies is limited・C)the government should do more to improve patchwork programs.D)the fragmentary nature of the American family is unique.Passage 6Throughout human history there have been many stringent taboos concerning watching other people eat or eating in the presence of others. There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need, or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging・Undoubtedly such elements exist in the taboos, but there is an additional element with a much more fundamental importance. In prehistoric times, when food was so precious and the on-lookers so hungry, not to offer half of the little food one had was unthinkable, since every glance was a plea for life. Further, during those times, people existed in nuclear or extended family groups, and the sharing of food was quite literally supporting one's family or, by extension, preserving one's self.21.If the argument in the passage is valid, taboos against eating in the presence of otherswho are not also eating would be LEAST likely in a society that(A)always had a plentiful supply of food(B)emphasized the need to share worldly goods(C)emphasized the value of privacy(D)discouraged overindulgence22.According to the passage, the author believes that past attempts to explain some taboos concerning eating are(A)implausible (B) incomplete (D) ill-founded (D) inelegant Passage 7Air, like words, is a form of communication. Words, spoken and written, render accessible to humans of the latest generations all the knowledge discovered by the experience and reflection, both of preceding generations and of the best and foremost minds of their own times. Art renders accessible to people of the latest generations all the feelings experienced by their predecessors, and those already felt by their best andforemost contemporaries. Just as the proceeds through art. Feelings less kind and less necessary for the well-being of humankind are replaced by other kinder and more essential to that end. This is the purpose of art, and the more art fulfills that purpose that better the art; the less it fulfills it, the worse the art.23.The author develops the passage primarily by ____(A)theory and refutation (B) example and generalization(C) question and answer (D) inference and deduction24.According to the author, knowledge is ___(A)evolutionary and emotional (B) cumulative and progressive(C) static and unmoving (D) dynamic and cyclical25.The style of the passage can best be described as ____(A)speculative (B) argumentative (D) expository (D) sarcastic Passage 8Our current system of unemployment compensation has increased nearly all sources of adult unemployment seasonal and cyclical variations in the demand for labor, weak labor force attachment, and unnecessarily long durations of unemployment. First, for those who are already unemployed, the system greatly reduces the cost of extending the period of unemployment. Second, for all types of unsteady work 一seasonal, cyclical and casual 一it raises the net wage to the employee, relative to the cost of the employer.As for the first, consider a worker who earns $500 per month or $6000 per year if she experiences no employment. If she is unemployed for one month, she loses $500 in gross earnings but only $116 in net income. How does this occur? A reduction of $500 in annual earning reduces her federal, payroll and state tax liability by $134. Unemployment compensation consists of 50 percent of her wage or $25(). Her net income therefore falls from $366 if is employed, to $250 paid as unemployment compensation. Moreover, part of the higher income from employment is offset by the cost of transportation to work and other expenses associated with employment; and in some industries, the cost of unemployment is reduced further or even made negative by the supplementary unemployment benefits paid by employers under collective bargaining agreements. The overall effect is to increase the duration of a typical spell of unemployment and to increase the frequency with which individuals lose jobs and become unemployed.The more general effect of unemployment compensation is to increase the seasonal and cyclical fluctuations in the demand for labor and the relative number of short-lived casual jobs. A worker who accepts such work knows she will be laid off when the season ends. If there were no unemployment compensation, workers could be induced to accept such unstable jobs only if the wage rate were sufficiently higher in those jobs than in the more stable alternative. The higher cost of labor, then would induce employers to reduce the instability of employment by smoothing production lags, by additional development of off-season work and by the introduction of new production techniques, e.g. new methods of outdoor work in bad weather.Employers contribute to the state unemployment compensation fund on the basis of their own previous employers. Within limits, the more benefits that those former employees draw, the higher is the employer^ tax rate. The theory of experience rating is clear. If an employer paid the full cost of the unemployment benefits that his former employees received, unemployment compensation would provide no incentive to an excess use of unstable unemployment. In practice, however, experience rating is limitedby a maximum rate of employer contribution. For any firm which pays the maximum rate, there is no cost for additional unemployment and no gain from a small reduction in unemployment.The challenge at this time is to restructure the unemployment system in a way that strengthens its good features while reducing the harmful distinctive effects. Some gains can be achieved by removing the ceiling on the employer's rate of contribution and by lowering the minimum rate to zero. Employers would then pay the full price of unemployment insurance benefits were taxed in the same way as other earnings. This would eliminate the anomalous situations in which a worker^ net income is actually reduced when he returns to work.26.The authors primary concern is to _______(A)defend the system of unemployment compensation against criticism(B)advocate expanding the benefits and scope of coverage of unemployment compensation(C)point to weakness inherent in government programs which subsidize individuals(D)suggest reform to eliminate inefficiencies in unemployment compensation27.The author cites the example of a worker earning $500 per month in order to _____(A)show the disincentive created by unemployment compensation for that worker to return to work(B)demonstrate that the employers do not bear the full cost of worker compensation(C)condemn workers who prefer to live on unemployment compensation to taking a job(D)explain why employers prefer to hire seasonal workers instead of permanent workers for short-term jobs28.The author mentions all of the following as ways by which employers might reduce seasonal and cyclical unemployment EXCEPT _____(A)developing new techniques of production not affected by weather(B)slowing delivery schedules to provide work during slow seasons(C)adopting a system of supplementary benefits for workers laid of in slow periods(D)finding new jobs to be done by workers during the off-season.29.With which of the following statements about experience rating would the author most likely agree?(A)Experience rating is theoretically sound, but its effectiveness in practice in undermined by maximum contribution ceilings(B)Experience rating is an inefficient method of computing employer contributionbecause an employer has no control over the length of an employee's unemployment (C)Experience rating is theoretically invalid and should be replaced by a system in whichthe employee contributes the full amount of benefits he will later receive.(D)Experience rating is basically fair, but its performance could be improved by requiring large firms to pay more than small firms.30.It can be inferred that the author regards the unemployment compensation system is(A)socially necessary (B) economically efficient(C) inherently wasteful (D) seriously outdatedPassage 9In the past, evolutionary biologists contemplating the absence of wheels in natureagreed that the explanation was not undesirability; wheels would be good for animals, just as they are for us. Animals were prevented from evolving wheels, the biologists reasoned, by the following dilemma: Living cells in an animal's body are connected to the heart by blood vessels, and to the brain by nerves. Because a rotating joint is essential to a wheel, a wheel made of living cells would twist its artery, vein, and nerve connections at the first revolution, making living wheels impracticable.However, there is a flaw in the argument that the evolution of wheeled animals was thwarted by the insoluble joint problem. The theory fails to explain why animals have not evolved wheels of dead tissue with no need for arteries and nerves. Countless animals, including us, bear external structures without blood supply or nerves 一for example, our hair and fingernails, or the scales, claws, and horns of other animals. Why have rats not evolved bony wheels, similar to roller skates? Paws might be more useful than wheels in some situations, but cat's claws are retractable; why not retractable wheels? We thus arrive at the serious biological paradox flippantly termed the RRR dilemma: nature^ failure to produce rats with retractable roller skates.31 ・ Which of the following is the best title for the passage?(A)Evolutionary Biology: New Research Methods(B)How Do Living Joints Function?(C)Wheels for Animals: A Biological Possibility?(D)The Evolutionary History of The Wheel32.The passage discusses the evolution of animals in terms of their _____(A)genetic structures (B) reproductive cycles (C) anatomy (D) behavior33.The structural material of the wheels discussed in the passage in would be similar to that of ______(A)nerves (B) joints (C) arteries and veins (D) scales and horns34.The concept of retractable roller skates, mentioned in the last sentence, would be best explained as _____(A)an evolutionary variation of claws(B)a complex structure of living tissue(C)an example of human intervention in natural development(D)a new discovery by evolutionists Passage 10When the persuading and the planning for the western railroads had finally been completed, the really challenging task remained: the dangerous, sweaty, backbreaking, brawling business of actually building the lines. The men who took it on comprised the most cosmopolitan work crew in American history. They included Civil War veterans and freed slaves, Irish and German immigrants, Mormons and atheists, Shoshonis, Paiutes, Washos, and Chinese.At the peak of their labors, the work crews laid two to five miles of track a day. The men filled ravines, ran spidery trestles across rivers and valleys, and punched holes through mountains. And they did all these jobs largely by their own muscle power.Flatcars carried rails to within half a mile of the railhead; there the iron was loaded onto carts. An eyewitness described the procedure: “A light car, drawn by a single horse, gallops up to the front with its load rails. Two men seize the end of a rail and start forward, the rest of the gang taking holding by twos until it is clear of the car. They comeforward at a run. At the word of command, the rail is dropped in its place, right side up. Less than thirty seconds to a rail for each gang, and so four rails to down to the minute：35.Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage?(A)An Eyewitness Report (B) A Difficult Task(C) The Hiring Of a Construction Crew (D) The Railroad And The Civil War36.According to the passage, in addition to laying railroad track, the work crew did which of the following?(A)Climbed over mountain peaks. (B) Planned railroads.(C) Caught horses (D) Made tunnels.37.In second paragraph, the word "they" refers to _____(A) men (B) valleys (C) mountains (D) jobs38.Which of the following phrases could be substituted for the phrased "clear of (in thethird paragraph) without changing the meaning of the sentence?(A) put through (B) visible to (C) away from (D) open toPassage 11With the show Rodeo, Agnes de Mille had been an innovator in the world of ballet. But with the show Oklahoma!, she revolutionized the Broadway stage 一brought to an end the dance line routine of high kicks and mechanized movement, and gave in its place dance and plot smoothly integrated, choreography reinforcing the action. Twenty-five years later, in March, 196& a New York Times article by the theater critic Walter Kerr, headed "In the Beginning Was Oklahoma!： stated, "Oklahoma! had a plot. It had to do with whether a boy would succeed in taking emotional implications had to be danced out at great length in what remains the most exhilarating dancing ... ever devised for the United States musical comedy stage.^The impact of Oklahoma! was instantaneous. The song ''Beautiful Morning^ sounded out via radios, in restaurants, from cars passing on the highways, in shoeshine parlors. Full skirts of gingham patterns, street shoes made to look like ballet slippers, the ponytail hairdo, were the rage・ The play ran for five years and nine weeks in New York City. A traveling road company played it for nine and a half years. It also toured abroad for several years. In 1955 it became a movie. A newly assembled all-star company was sent abroad by the State Department as representative of a part of United States culture.As for Agnes de Mille, her days of giving recitals and losing $300 to $1,000 each time were over. She became the most sought-after choreographer on Broadway.39.What is the authors main purpose in the passage?(A)To explain the background of the song "Beautiful Morning^(B)To compare Rodeo and Oklahoma!(C)To describe Agnes de Mille's success with Oklahoma!(D)To discuss the fashions made popular by Oklahoma!40.The author cites Walter Kerr because he was _____(A)the composer of the music for Oklahoma!(B)a dancer who performed with Agnes de Mille(C)a critic who praised Agnes de Millet choreography(D)the owner of The New York Times41.In the second paragraph, the expression "were the rage^ could best be replaced by。