英语中的省略和替代

简单句中的省略
1. 省略主语: 祈使句中的主语通常被省略; 其他省略的主语的情况多限于少数现成的说法。
(1) (You) Come in, please. (2) ( I ) See you tomorrow. (3) ( I ) Thank you for your help.
(4) ( I ) Beg your pardon.
但如果是不定式 to be, 则不能省略。
She found him to be dishonest.
4. 连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略, 但要将 后面的should, were, had提到主语的前面。
I they had time time , they would certainly come (1) If Had and help us. (2) Were I you , I would do the work better. (If I were you) (3) Should there be a flood, what should we do? (If there should be a flood)
(3) 介词but前若有动词do, 后面的不定式不带
to. The boy did nothing but play.
4) 某些使役动词(let, make, have) 及感官动词
(see, watch, hear, notice, observe, feel, look at,
listen to等）后面作宾语补足语的不定式一定
4. 省略一个从句或从句的一部分, 可用so 或
not代替。常用于此类的动词有believe, think,
expect, guess, hope, imagine, suppose, say, tell 等以及appear, seem, afraid etc. (1) –Is he coming back tonight? --I think so. (2) –She must be busy now? --If so, she can’t go with us. (3) –Is she feeling better today? --I’m afraid not. (4) –Do you think he will attend the meeting? --I guess not.
Notes
1. 省略句可同时省掉句子几个成份 What exciting news! (= What exciting news it is!) 多么令人激动的消息啊！ Pity he’s failed. (= It is a pity that he’s failed.) 很遗憾, 他失败了。 I like him more than her. (= I like him more than I like her.) 我喜欢他更甚于喜欢她。
2. 句子成分的省略
省略前提: 主谓宾, 定状表, 如有重复可删掉。 省略原则: 词语省略后, 不致令人费解。 省略类型：
1. 心照不宣型(用于祈使句和某些现成的简单句中)； 2. 承前省后型(用于对话、并列Fra Baidu bibliotek和动词不定式中)； 3. 可有可无型(用于宾从中的that、定从中作宾语 的whom, which, that和某些状从中) 4. 虚拟倒装型(只用于需要倒装的虚拟条件句中)。
2. 在某些状语从句中, 从句的主语与主句的
主语一致时, 可省去“主语+be”部分。 (1)When (he was) still a boy of 10, he had to work day and night. (2)She tried her best though (she was) rather poor in health. (3)While (you are) cycling, (you) don’t forget the traffic lights. 骑车时, 不要忘记看红绿灯。
简单句中的省略
2. 省略主语或谓语的一部分
(1) (There is) No smoking. (2) (Will you) Have a smoke? (3) Why (do you) not say hello to him? (4) How (do you think) about a cup of tea?
(5) (You come) this way, please.
3. 省略宾语:可省略宾语的全部; 可省略作宾语
的动词不定式, 只保留to, 但如果该宾语是动词
be或完成时态, 则须在to后加上be或have。
(1) ---Do you know Miss Hu? ---I don’t know (her). (2) Don’t touch anything unless the teacher tells you to (touch). (3) ---Are you a teacher? ---No, but I want to be (a teacher). (4) ---He hasn’t finished the task. ---Well, he ought to have (finish it).
5) 主语从句中有动词do, 后面作表语的不定式
的to可带可不带。
What we can do now is (to) wait.
6) find 当“发现”讲时，后面作宾语补足语的
不定式符号to可带可不带。
We found him (to) work very hard at the
experiment.
(1) My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.
(2) I study at college and my sister (studies)
at high school
(3) Lin’s father was not at home, but his
5. 英语中有一些固定的省略结构： 在以if, when, though, as if (好象)等连词引导 的从句中, 如从句中的主要动词是be, 常将主语 it 和动词be 省略。 If it is necessary, we shall send a telegram home. 如有必要, 我们就往家里打电报。 Whenever it is possible, he will come to my help. 他一有可能就来帮助我。
其他省略
1. 连词that的省略
(1)宾语从句中常省略连词that.
I know (that) he is a student.
(2) 在定语从句中, that在从句中作宾语时可省略。另外,
凡是进行时态和被动语态的定语从句都可省略关系代词
和be 动词。
He likes the songs (that) Andy Lau sings. He likes the songs (that are) sung by Andy Lau.
Ellipsis
读下列句子, 说你的感觉。
1. This radio works well , but that one doesn’t work well . 2. When water is pure, water is a colorless liquid. 3. Are you ready? Yes, I am ready .
要省去 to, 但在被动语态中须将to 复原。
I saw the boy fall from the tree. The boy was seen to fall from the tree. The boss made us work 12 hours a day. We were made to work 12 hours a day.
Exercise
1. She can swim under water longer than I can swim under water. 2. They discussed whether they should stay in the house or they should try the open air. 3. They had a meal, they went out for a walk and then they came back to sleep. 4. Don’t bathe if you don’t to bathe. 5. I don’t visit my parents as much as I ought to visit my parents.
Exercise
1. I Haven’t seen you for ages. 2. It Sounds like a good idea. 3. I am Sorry to hear that. 4. Walk this way, please! 5. Would you like Joining us for a walk? 6. Would you like Some more tea? 7. It Doesn’t matter. 8. It is a Pity you couldn’t come. 9. What/Such Terrible weather! 10. Are you Going to the supermarket?
3. 被省略的部分一般可以在句子中补上, 但 有时省略结构已经定型, 如果把省略部分补上, 反而不合乎习惯。 He is taller than I am. 他比我高。 (am之后省略tall, 补上不合习惯） No parking. 禁止停车。 (告示用语 = No parking is allowed here.) 有一些习惯表达很难补上所省略的部分： Not at all. 不用谢。 No matter. 不要紧。 Thanks. 谢谢。
3. 不定式符号to的省略
1) 并列的不定式可省去后面的 to. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.
2) help 当“帮助”讲时, 后面的宾语或宾补的
不定式符号to可带可不带。
I will help (to) do it for you.
I will help you (to) do it.
--- (I’m feeling) better (now).
(2) (I wish) Good luck (to you)!
(3) Let’s meet at the school gate as the
same as (we met) yesterday.
并列句中的省略
两个并列分句中, 后一分句常省略与前一分句 中相同的部分。
4. 省略表语
(1) ---Are you thirsty? ---Yes, I am (thirsty). (2) His brother is lazy. Nor is his sister (lazy).
5. 同时省略几个句子成分
(1) ---Are you fell better now?
mother was (at home).
主从复合句中的省略
1. 主句中有一些主谓被省略 (1) (I’m) Sorry to heat that you are ill. (2) (It’s) a pity that you missed such a good chance. 2. 省略从句中与主句相同的部分 They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to (visit their parents). 3. 主句与从句各有一些成分被省略 The sooner (you do it) , the better (it will be).
4. He was a lover of sports as he had been a lover of sports in his youth. 5. The river was deep and the ice was thin.
t ake care! 6. You T
1. 省略句的定义
省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使 上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。 省略在语言中, 尤其在对话中, 是一种 十分普遍的现象。