2015年高考试题及答案(上海卷)
2015年高考全国统一考试(上海卷)理综(化学部分)答案解析(正式版)
2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）理科综合能力测试化学试题（含答案）相对原子质量：H-1 C-12 N-14 O-16 Na-23 Cl-35.5 Ca-40一、选择题（本题共10分，每小题2分，每题只有一个正确选项）1.中国科学技术名词审定委员会已确定第116号元素Lv的名称为鉝。
关于的叙述错误的是A. 原子序数116B. 中子数177C. 核外电子数116D. 相对原子质量2932.下列物质见光不会分解的是A. HClOB. NH4ClC. HNO3D. AgNO33.某晶体中含有极性键，关于该晶体的说法错误的是A. 不可能有很高的熔沸点B. 不可能是单质C. 可能是有机物D. 可能是离子晶体4.不能作为判断硫、氯两种元素非金属性强弱的依据是A. 单质氧化性的强弱B. 单质沸点的高低C. 单质与氢气化合的难易D. 最高价氧化物对应的水化物酸性的强弱5.二氧化硫能使溴水褪色，说明二氧化硫具有A. 还原性B. 氧化性C. 漂白性D. 酸性二、选择题（本题共36分，每小题3分，每题只有一个正确选项）6.将Na、Na2O、NaOH、Na2S、Na2SO4分别加热熔化，需要克服相同类型作用力的物质有A. 2种B. 3种C. 4种D. 5种7.检验用硫酸亚铁制得的硫酸铁中是否含有硫酸亚铁，可选用的试剂是A. NaOHB. KMnO4C. KSCND. 苯酚8.已知H2O2在催化剂作用下分解速率加快，其能量随反应进程的变化如下图所示。
下列说法正确的是A. 加入催化剂，减小了反应的热效应B. 加入催化剂，可提高H2O2的平衡转化率C. H2O2分解的热化学方程式：H2O2 → H2O + O2 + QD. 反应物的总能量高于生成物的总能量9.已知咖啡酸的结构如右图所示。
关于咖啡酸的描述正确的是 A. 分子式为C9H5O4B. 1mol咖啡酸最多可与5mol氢气发生加成反应 C. 与溴水既能发生取代反应，又能发生加成反应 D. 能与Na2CO3溶液反应，但不能与NaHCO3溶液反应10.卤代烃的制备有多种方法，下列卤代烃不适合由相应的烃经卤代反应制得的是A. B. C. D.11.下列有关物质性质的比较，错误的是A. 溶解度：小苏打< 苏打B. 密度：溴乙烷> 水C. 硬度：晶体硅< 金刚石D. 碳碳键键长：乙烯> 苯12.与氢硫酸反应有沉淀生成的电解质是A. 硫酸铜B. 氢氧化钠C. 硫酸亚铁D. 二氧化硫13.实验室回收废水中苯酚的过程如右图所示。
2015年高考真题——英语(上海卷)_Word版含解析
2015 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语考生注意：1. 考试时间120 分钟，试卷满分150 分。
2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（第1-12 页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13 页），全卷共13 页。
所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（填空题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第Ⅰ卷（共103 分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections : In section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end ofeach conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and the questionwill be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the fourpossible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you haveheard.1.A. impatient B. confused C. pleased D. regretful2. A. at a bus stopB. at a laundryC. at the dentist ’s D. at the chemist ’s3. A. An actor B. A salesman C. A translator D. A writer4. A. He lost his classmate ’ s homework.B. He can ’ t help the woman with her math.C. He broke the woman ’ s calculator.D. He doesn ’ t know where the “ on” button is.5. A. The woman should go to another counter.B. The woman gives the man so many choices.C. The man dislike the sandwiches offered there.D. The man is having trouble deciding what to eat.6. A. She has no idea where to find the man ’ s exam result.B. She isn ’ t allowedtetlol students their grades.C. Dr. White hasn ’ t finish grading the papers.D. Dr. White doesn ’ t want to be contacted while he ’ s away.7. A. Move to a neat dormitory?C. Clean the room with the roommate ?? B. Find a person to share their apartmentD. Write an article about their roommate8. A. Bob won ’ t take her adviceB. Bob doesn ’ t want to go abroadC. She doesn ’ t think Bob should study overseasD. She hasn ’ t talked to Bob since he went aboard9. A. The snack bar isn ’ t usually so empty. B. Dessert is served in the snack bar.C. The snack bar is near the library.D. Snacks aren ’ t allowed in the library.10. A. Take her bicycle to the repair shop. B. Leave her bicycle outside.C. Clean the garage after the rain stops.D. Check if the garage is dry.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions oneach of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one wouldbe the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. It helps care for customers ’dogs.B. You have to buy food for dogs.C. None of the dogs are caged.D. There is a dog named Princess.12. A. She likes the food there.B. She enjoys the fun with a pet.C. She can have free coffee.D. She doesn ’ t like to be alone.13. A. A new kind of cafe.B. A new brand of cafe.C. A new home for pets.D. A new way to raise pets.Question 14 through 16 are based on the following passages.14. A. A trend that high achievers are given a lower salary.B. A view that life quality is more important than pay.C. A dream of the young for fast-paced jobs.D. A new term created by high achievers.15. A. 10% B. 12% C. 6% D. 7%16. A. People are less satisfied with their lives.B. The financial investment may increase.C. Well-paid jobs are not easy to find.D. Unexpected problems may arise.Section CDirections: In section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer.SRTService NotesAccount No.: 17Service Request: Check the 18Solutions: Send another 19 (2 pm on 20 )Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.In what way are these climbers special? They are all 21 .22 .Why did they choose to conquerMount Kilimanjaro?What did they do in time of difficulty????????? They persevered, 23 each other.How did they record their adventure? By keeping 24 .II. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent andgrammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form. of thegiven word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)Gift from a strangerMy local supermarket is always busy. The first parking space I found was convenient, but I'dnoticed a woman in a blue car circling for a while. (25) I was in a good mood, I let her have it. Onthe edge of the car park I backed into the next available spot —it was a tight fit.Pretty soon I'd made my way through the supermarket and was back in the fresh air. Feeling good, I(26) (empty) my purse change into the hands of a homeless man and helped a struggling womanreverse park（倒车）.Just as I approached my car, 1 saw the woman I'd let have my car space earlier. She was giving me(27) odd look —half puzzled, half intent ( 热切的). I smiled and wished her a pleasant day. As Isqueezed back into my car, I spotted the same lady (28) (look) in at me. "Hello," she said,hesitantly. "This (29) sound crazy but I was on my way to drop some of my mother's things off atthe chari ty bins. ” You are just so much (30) her. ” You helped those people, I noticed, and you seemed so happy. ” She looked at me meaningfully and passed a box in through the window. “ I thin would like you to have it. ”(31) (shock), I tookheitrfraoumtomatically. She smiled and walkedaway.After a pause, I opened the box. Inside was a beautiful gold necklace with a large grey pearl. It was(32) (nice) gift I'd ever received, and it was from a complete stranger. The necklace was aroundmy neck, a warm reminder of human kindness.(B)Ask helpful HannahDear helpful Hannah,I ’ ve got a problem with my husband, Sam. He bought a smart phone a couple of months ago and hetook it on our recent ski vacation to Colorado, it was a great trip except for one problem. He has aconstant urge (33) for next messages; he checks his phone every five minutes! He’ssoaddicted to it that he just can ’ t stand the idea (34th)ere may be an important text. He can ’thelp checking even at inappropriate times like when we are eating in a restaurant and I am talking tohim! He behaves (35) any small amount of boredom can make him feel the need to check hisphone even when he know he shouldn ’ t. The temptation to see (36) is connecting him is justtoo great. When I ask him to put down the phone and stop (37) (ignore) me, he say, “ In a minute. ” but still checks to see if (38) has posted something new on the Internet. Our life (39)(interrupted). If we go somewhere and I ask him to have the phone at home, he suffers from withdrawalsymptom. May this dependency on his smart phone has become more than an everyday problem.I recently read an article about “nomophobia, (4”0)is a real illness people can ’stufferfrom the fear of being without your phone! I am worried that Sam maybe suffering from this illnessbecause he feels anxious if he doesn ’ t have his phone with him, even for a short time.Who would have thought that little devices like these could have brought so much trouble!Sick and Tired SadieSection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be usedonce. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. accessB. alternativesC. designedD. confirmedE. conflictingF. elementsG. function H. innovative I. prospective J. separate K. supportingConsidering how much time people spend in effects, it is important that with A be well designed.Well- designed office spaces help create a corporation ’ s image. They motivate workers and they makean impression on people who visit and might be potential, or 41 , customers. They makebusiness work better, and they are a part of the corporate culture to live in.As we move away from an industrial-based economy to a knowledge-based one, office designerscome up with 42 to the traditional work environments of the past. The design industry hasmoved away from a fixed office setup and created more flexible “ strategic management environments. These 43 solutions are meant to support better organizational performance.As employee hierarchies （等级制度）have flattened or decreased, office designers ’ response to this change has been to move open-plan areas to more desirable locations within the office and createfewer formal private offices. The need for increased flexibility has also been 44 by changes inworkstation design. Office and work spaces often are not 45 to a given person on a permanentbasis. Because of changes to methods of working, new design allow for expansion or movement ofdesks, storage, and equipment within the workplace. Another important design goal is communication,which designers have improved by breaking the walls that 46 workstations. Designers have47 to h e’a v i l y trafficked areasalso created informal gathering places and upgradedemployeessuch as copy and coffee rooms.Corporate and institutional office designers often struggle to resolve a number of competing andoften 48 demands, including budgetary limits, employees hierarchies and technologicalinnovation (especially in relation to computerization). These demands must also be balanced with theneed to create interiors ( 内饰) that in some way enhance, establish or possess a company ’ s image and will enable employees to 49 and their best.All these 50 of office design are related. The most successful office designs are like goodmarriage —the well-designed office and the employees that occupy it are seemingly made for eachother.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C andD. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.If you studied pictures that ancient people left on rock walls and you tried to determine theirmeaning, you would not detect interest in romance among the artists. 51 , you would see plenty ofanimals with people running after them. Life for ancient people ’esarned to center on hunting andgathering wild foods for meals.In modern times, when food is available in grocery stores, finding love is more 52 inpeople ’ s lives. The 53 is all around us. It is easy to prepare a list of modern stories having to dowith love. An endless number of books and movies qualify as love stories in popular culture.Researchers are studying whether love, a highly valued emotional state, can be 54 . They ask,what is love? Toothpaste companies want us to think attraction is all about clean teeth, but clean teethgo only so far. Scientists wonder how much the brain gets involved. You have probably heard thatopposites attract but that 55 attract, too. One thing is certain: The truth about love is not yet set instone.First ImpressionTo help determine the 56 of attraction, researchers paired 164 college classmates and hadthem talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes so they could get a sense of each other ’ s individuality. Then students were asked to 57 what kind of relationship they were likely to build with their partners. Afternine weeks, they reported what happened.As it turned out, their 58 judgments often held true. Students seemed to 59 at an earlystage who would best fit into their lives.The 60 KnowsScientists have also turned to nonhumans to increase understanding of attraction. Many animalsgive off pheromones —natural chemicals that can be detected by, and then can produce a response in,other animals of the same species. Pheromones can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or isfeeling 61 to partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem to be as 62 as other animals atdetecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction. Although wemay not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously, we give and receive loads of informationthrough smell in every interaction with other people.Face ValueBeing fond of someone seems to have a number of factors, including seeing something we findattractive. Researchers had people judge faces for 63 . The participants had 0.013 seconds to vieweach face, yet somehow they generally considered the images the same as people who had more time tostudy the same faces. The way we 64 attractiveness seem to be somewhat automatic.When shown an attractive face and then words with good or bad associations, people responded to65 words faster after viewing an attractive face. Seeing something attractive seems to cause happythinking.51. A. Instead B. Therefore C. Moreover D. Otherwise52. A. romantic B. stressful C. central D. artificial53. A. priority B. proof C. possibility D. principle54. A. tested B. impressed C. changed D. created55. A. appearances B. virtues C. similarities D. passions56. A. illustrations B. implications C. ingredients D. intentions57. A. predict B. investigate C. diagnose D. recall58. A. critical B. initial C. random D. mature59. A. memorize B. distinguish C. negotiate D. question60. A. Nose B. Eye C. Heart D. Hand61. A. open B. alert C. resistant D. superior62. A. disappointed B. amazed C. confused D. gifted63. A. emotion B. attractiveness C. individuality D. signals64. A. enhance B. possess C. maintain D. assess65. A. familiar B. plain C. positive D. irritating第二部分：阅读理解（第一节共20 小题，第二节 5 小题；每小题 2 分，满分50 分）阅读下列材料，从每题所给的四个选项（ A 、B 、C 和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑。
(完整word版)2015上海高考英语试题及答案,推荐文档
2015年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷第I卷（共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSectionADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the questions you have heard.1. A. impatient B. confused C. pleased D. regretful2. A. at a bus stop B. at a laundry C. at the dentist’s D. at the chemist’s3. A. An actor B. A salesman C. A translator D. A writer4. A. He lost his cla ssmate’s homework. B. He can’t help the woman with her math.C. He broke the woman’s calculator.D. He doesn’t know where the “on” button is.5. A. The woman should go to another counter. B. The woman gives the man so many choices.C. The man dislike the sandwiches offered there.D. The man is having trouble deciding what to eat.6. A. She has no idea where to find the man’s exam result.B. She isn’t allowed to tell students their grades.C. Dr. White hasn’t finish grading the papers.D. Dr. White doesn’t want to be contacted while he’s away.7. A. Move to a neat dormitory B. Find a person to share their apartmentC. Clean the room with the roommateD. Write an article about their roommate8. A. Bob won’t take her advice B. Bob doesn’t want to go abroadC. She doesn’t think Bob should study overseasD. She hasn’t talked to Bob since he went aboard9. A. The snack bar isn’t usually so empty. B. Dessert is served in the snack bar.C. The snack bar is near the library.D. Snacks aren’t allowed in the library.10. A. Take her bicycle to the repair shop. B. Leave her bicycle outside.C. Clean the garage after the rain stops .D. Check if the garage is dry.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be askedthree questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. It helps care for customers’ dogs. B. You have to buy food for dogs.C. None of the dogs are caged.D. There is a dog named Princess.12. A. She likes the food there. B. She enjoys the fun with a pet.C. She can have free coffee.D. She doesn’t like to be alone.13. A. A new kind of cafe. B. A new brand of cafe.C. A new home for pets.D. A new way to raise pets.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. A trend that high achievers are given a lower salary.C. A dream of the young for fast-paced jobs.D. A new term created by high achievers.15. A. 10% B. 12% C. 6% D. 7%16. A. People are less satisfied with their lives. B. The financial investment may increase.C. Well-paid jobs are not easy to find.D. Unexpected problems may arise.Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)Gift from a strangerMy local supermarket is always busy. The first parking space I found was convenient, but I'd noticed a woman in a blue car circling for a while. (25) _____ I was in a good mood, I let her have it. On the edge of the car park I backed into the next available spot—it was a tight fit.Pretty soon I'd made my way through the supermarket and was back in the fresh air. Feeling good, I (26) _____(empty) my purse change into the hands of a homeless man and helped a struggling woman reverse park.Just as I approached my car, 1 saw the woman I'd let have my car space earlier. She was giving me (27) _____ odd look—half puzzled, half intent (热切的). I smiled and wished her a pleasant day. As I squeezed back into my car, I spotted the same lady (28) _____ (look) in at me. "Hello," she said, hesitantly. "This (29) _____ sound crazy but I was on my way to drop some of my mother's things off at the charity bins.” You are just so much (30) _____ her.” You helped those people, I noticed, and you seemed so happy.” She looked at me meaningfully and passed a box in through the window. “I think she would like you to have it.” (31) _____ (shock), I took it from her automatically. She smiled and walked away.After a pause, I opened the box. Inside was a beautiful gold necklace with a large grey pearl. It was (32) _____ (nice)kindness.(B)Ask helpful HannahDear Helpful Hannah,I’ve got a problem with my husband, Sam. He bought a smart phone a couple of months ago and he took it on our recent ski vacation to Colorado, it was a great trip except for one problem. He has a constant urge (33) _____ (check) for next messages; he checks his phone every five minutes! He’s so addicted to it that he just can’t stand the idea (34) _____ there may be an important text. H e can’t help checking even at inappropriate times like when we are eating in a restaurant and I am talking to him! He behaves (35) _____ _____ any small amount of boredom can make him feel the need to check his phone even when he knows he shouldn’t. The te mptation to see (36)_____is connecting him is just too great. When I ask him to put down the phone and stop (37) _____ (ignore) me, he say, “In a minute.” but still checks to see if (38)_____ has posted something new on the Internet. Our life (39) _____(interrupt). If we go somewhere and I ask him to have the phone at home, he suffers from withdrawal symptom. Maybe this dependency on his smart phone has become more than an everyday problem.I recently read an article about “nomo phobia,” (40)_____ is a real illness people can’t suffer from the fear of being without your phone! I am worried that Sam maybe suffering from this illness because he feels anxious if he doesn’t have his phone with him, even for a short time.Who would have thought that little devices like these could have brought so much trouble!Sick and Tired SadieSection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note thatConsidering how much time people spend in offices, it is important that work be well designed. Well-designed office spaces help create a cooperation‘s image. They motivate workers and they make an impression on people who visit and might be potential or, __41__, customer. They make businesses work better, and they are a part of the corporate culture we live in.As we move away from an industrial-based economy to a knowledge-based one, office designers have come up with__42__ to the traditional work environments of the past. The design industry has moved away from a fixed office setup and created more flexible “strategic management environments.” These __43__ solutions are to meant to support better organizational performances.As employee hierarchies (等级制度) have flattened or decreased, office designers’ response to this change has been to move open-plain areas to more desirable locations within the office, and create fewer formal private offices. The need for increased flexibility has also been __44__ by changes in work station design. Offices and work spaces often are not __45__ to a given person on a permanent basis because of changes to method of working, new designs allow for expansion or movement of desks, storage, and equipment within the workstation. Another important design goal is communication, which designers have improved by lowering the walls that __46__ workstations. Designers have also created informal gathering places,and upgraded employees’ __47__ to heavily trafficked areas such as copy and coffee rooms. Corporate and institutional office designers often struggle to resolve a number of competing and often __48__ demands,including budgetary limits, employee hierarchies, and technological innovation(especially in relation to computerization). These demands must also be balanced with the need to create interiors(内饰) that in some way enhance,establish,or promote a company’s image and will enable employees to __49__ at their best.All these __50__ of office design are related. The most successful office designs are like a good marriage --thewell-designed office and the employees that occupy it are seemingly made for each other.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.If you studied pictures that ancient people left on rock walls and you tried to determine their meaning, you would not detect interest in romance among the artists. __51__, you would see plenty of animals with people running after them. Life for ancient people’s earned to center on hunting and gathering wild foods for meals.In modern times, when food is available in grocery stores, finding love is more __52__ in people’s lives. The __53__ is all around us. It is easy to prepare a list of modern stories having to do with love. An endless number of books and movies qualify as love stories in popular culture.Researchers are studying whether love, a highly valued emotional state, can be __54__. They ask, what is love? Toothpaste companies want us to think attraction is all about clean teeth, but clean teeth go only so far. Scientists wonder how much the brain gets involved. You have probably heard that opposites attract but that __55__ attract, too. One thing is certain: The truth about love is not yet set in stone.First ImpressionTo help determine the __56__ of attraction, researchers paired 164 college classmates and had them talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes so they could get a sense of e ach other’s individuality. Then students were asked to __57__ what kind of relationship they were likely to build with their partners. After nine weeks, they reported what happened.As it turned out, their __58__ judgments often held true. Students seemed to __59__ at an early stage who would best fit into their lives.The __60__ KnowsScientists have also turned to nonhumans to increase understanding of attraction. Many animals give off pheromones —natural chemicals that can be detected by, and then can produce a response in, other animals of the same species. Pheromones can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or is feeling __61__ to partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem to be as __62__ as other animals at detecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction. Although we may not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously, we give and receive loads of information through smell in every interaction with other people.Face ValueBeing fond of someone seems to have a number of factors, including seeing something we find attractive. Researchers had people judge faces for __63__ . The participants had 0.013 seconds to view each face, yet somehow they generally considered the images the same as people who had more time to study the same faces. The way we __64__ attractiveness seem to be somewhat automatic.When shown an attractive face and then words with good or bad associations, people responded to __65__ words faster after viewing an attractive face. Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking.51. A. instead B. Therefore C. Moreover D. Otherwise52. A. romantic B. stressful C. central D. artificial53. A. priority B. proof C. possibility D. principle54. A. seated B. impressed C. changed D. created55. A. appearances B. virtues C. similarity D. passions56. A. illustrations B. imaginations C. ingredients D. instructions57. A. predict B. investigate C. diagnose D. recall58. A. critical B. initial C. random D. transfer59. A. memorize B. distinguish C. negotiate D. question60. A. Nose B. Eye C. Heart D. Hand61. A. open B. alert C. resistant D. superior62. A. disappointed B. amazed C. confused D. gifted63. A. emotion B. attractiveness C. individuality D. signals64. A. enhance B. possess C. maintain D. assess65. A. familiar B. plain C. positive D. irritatingSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Look to many of history’s cultural symbols, and there you’ll find an ancestor of Frosty, the snowman in the movie Frozen. It appeared on some of the first postcards, starred in some of the earliest silent movies, and was the subject of a couple of the earliest photos, dating all the way back to the 1800s. I discovered even more about one of humanity’s earliest forms of life art during several years of research around the world.For example, snowmen were a phenomenon in the Middle Ages, built with great skill and thought. At a time of limited means of expression, snow was like free art supplies dropped from the sky. It was a popular activity for couples to leisurely walk through town to view the temporary works of chilly art. Some were created by famous artists, including a 19-year-old Michelangelo, who in 1494 was appointed by the ruler of Florence, Italy, to bui ld a snowman in his mansion’s courtyard.The Miracle of 1511 took place during six freezing works called the Winter of Death. The city of Brussels was covered in snowmen—an impressive scene that told stories on every street corner. Some were political in nature, criticizing the church and government. Some were a reflection of people’s imagination. For the people of Brussels, this was a defining moment of defining freedom. At least until spring arrived, by which time they were dealing with damaging floods.If you fear the heyday of the snowman has passed, don’t worry: I’ve learned that some explosive snowman history is still being made today. Every year since 1818, the people of Zurich, Switzerland, celebrate the beginning of spring by blowing up a snowman. On the third Monday of April, the holiday Sechselauten is kicked off when a cotton snowman called the Boogg is stuffed with explosive and paraded through town by bakers and other tradesmen who throw bread to the crowds. The parade ends with the Boogg being placed on a 40-foot pile of firewood. After the bells of the Church of St. Peter have rung six times, representing the passing of winter, the pile is lit. When the snowman explodes, winter is considered officially over—the quicker it is burnt down, the longer summer is said to be.(392)66. According to the passage, why did snowmen become a phenomenon in the Middle Ages?A. People thought of snow as holy art supplies.B. People longed to see masterpieces of snow.C. Building snowmen was a way for people to express themselves.D. Building snowmen helped people develop their skill and thought.67. “The heyday of the snowman” (paragraph 4) means the time when______.A. snowmen were made mainly by artistsB. snowmen enjoyed great popularityC. snowmen were politically criticizedD. snowmen caused damaging floods68. In Zurich, the blowing up of the Boogg symbolizes_______.A. the start of the paradeB. the coming of a longer summerC. the passing of the winterD. the success of tradesmen69. What can be concluded about snowmen from the passage?A. They were appreciated in historyB. They have lost their valueC. They were related to moviesD. They vary in shape and size(B)Scary BunnyThe Curse of the Were-Rabbit(2005) is the first full length feature film made bydirectors Nick Park and Steve Box with their amazing plasticine (粘土) charactersWallace and Gromit. It won an Oscar in 2006, and if you watch it, you’ll understandwhy. It’s an absolutely brilliant cartoon comedy.Cheese-loving inventor Wallace and his brainy dog Gromit have started a company toprotect the town’s veg etables from hungry rabbits. However, just before the annualGiant Vegetable Competition, an enormous rabbit begins terrorizing the town. It isattacking all the vegetables and destroying everything in its path. The competitionorganizer, Lady Tottington, hires Wallace and Gromit to catch the monster alive. Butthey will have to find the were-rabbit before gun-crazy hunter Victor Quartermainewho is desperate to kill it.The screenplay is witty and full of amusing visual jokes. As usual, the voice of PeterSallis is absolutely perfect for the role of Wallace, and Gromit is so beautifully broughtto life, he can express a huge range of emotions without saying a word. And bothHelena Bonham-Carter, who plays the part of Lady Tottington, and Ralph Fiennes asVictor are really funny.To sum up, The Curse of the Were-Rabbit is an amazing film which is suitable for bothchildren and adults. If you liked Wallace and Gromit’s previous adventures and youappreciate the British sense of humour, you’ll love this film. Don’t miss it!70.In the film review, what is paragraph A mainly about?A. The introduction to the leading rolesB. The writer’s opinion of actingC. The writer’s comments on the storyD. The background information71. According to the film review, “monster” (paragraph B) refers to ______.A. a gun-crazy hunterB. a brainy dogC. a scary rabbitD. a giant vegetable72. Which of the following is a reason why the writer recommends the film?A. It’s full of wit and humour.B. Its characters show feelings without words.C. It is an adventure film directed by Peter Sallis.D. It is about the harmony between man and animals.(C)One of the executives gathered at the Aspen Institute for a day-long leadership workshop using the works of Shakespeare was discussing the role of Brutus in the death of Julius Caesar. “Brutus was not an honorable man,” he said.“H e was a traitor（叛徒）. And he murdered someone in cold blood.” The agreement was that Brutus had acted with cruelty when other options were available to him. He made a bad decision, they said—at least as it was presented by Shakespeare—to take the lead in murdering Julius Caesar. And though one of the executives acknowledged that Brutus had the good of the republic in mind, Caesar was nevertheless his superior. “You have to endeavor,” the executives said, “our policy is to obey the chain of command.”During the last few years, business executives and book writers looking for a new way to advise corporate America have been exploiting Shakespeare’s wisdom for profitable ends. None more so than husband and wife team Kenneth and Carol Adelman, well-known advis ers to the White House, who started up a training company called “Movers and Shakespeares”. They are amateur Shakespeare scholars and Shakespeare lovers, and they have combined their passion and their high level contacts into a management training business. They conduct between 30 and 40 workshops annually, focusing on half a dozen different plays, mostly for corporations, but also for government agencies.The workshops all take the same form, focusing on a single play as a kind of case study, and using individual scenes as specific lessons. In Julius Caesar , sly provocation（狡诈的挑唆）of Brutus to take up arms against the what was a basis for a discussion of methods of team building and grass roots organism.Although neither of the Adelmans is academically trained in literature, the programmes, contain plenty of Shakespeare tradition and background. Their workshop on Henry V, for example, includes a helpful explanation of Henry’s winning strategy at the Battle of Agincourt. But they do come to the text with a few biases (偏向): their reading of Henry V minimizes his misuse of power. Instead, they emphasize the story of the youth who seizes opportunity and becomes a masterful leader. And at the workshop on Caesar, Mr. Adelmans had little good to say about Brutus, saying “the noblest Roman of them all” couldn’t make his mind up about things.Many of the participants pointed to very specific elements in the play that they felt related Caesar’s pride, which led to his murder, and Brutus’s mistakes in leading the after the murder, they said, raise vital questions for anyone serving as a business when and how do you resist the boss? (481)73. According to paragraph 1, what did all the executives think of Brutus?A. Cruel.B. Superior.C. Honorable.D. Bade74. According to the passage, the Adelmans set up “Movers and Shakespeares” to ________.A. help executives to understand Shakespeare’s plays betterB. give advice on leadership by analyzing Shakespeare’s playsC. provide case studies of Shakespeare’s plays in literature workshopsD. guide government agencies to follow the characters in Shakespeare’s plays.75. Why do the Adelmans conduct a workshop on Henry V?A. To highlight the importance of catching opportunities.B. To encourage masterful leaders to plan strategies to win.C. To illustrate the harm of prejudices in management.D. To warn executives against power misuse.76. It can be inferred from the passage that ____.A. the Adelmans’ programm e proves biased as the roles of characters are maximized.B. executives feel bored with too many specific elements of Shakespeare’s plays.C. the Adelmans will make more profits if they are professional scholars.D. Shakespeare has played an important role in the management field.77. The best title for the passage is _____.A. Shakespeare’s plays: Executives reconsider corporate cultureB. Shakespeare’s plays: An essential key to business successC. Shakespeare’s plays: a lesson for busin ess motivationSection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Youth sport has the potential to accomplish three important objectives in children’s development. First, sport programs can provide youth with opportunities to be physically active, which can lead to improved physical health. Second, youth sport programs have long been considered important to y outh’s psycho-social development, providing opportunities to learn important life skills such as cooperation, discipline, leadership, and self-control. Third, youth sport programs are critical for the learning of motor skills; these motor skills serve as a foundation for future national sport stars and recreational adult sport participants. When coachers develop activities for youth practices and when sport organizations design youth-sport programs, they must consider the implication of deliberate play and deliberate practice.Research from Telama (2006) states that regular participation in deliberate play or deliberate practice activities during childhood and youth (ages nine to eighteen) increases the likelihood of participation in sports during adulthood by six times for both males and females. Côté (2002) defines deliberate play activities in sport as those designed to maximize enjoyment. These activities are regulated by flexible rules adapted from standardized sport rules and are set up by the children or by an involved adult. Children typically change rules to find a point where their game is similar to the actual sport but still allows for play at their level. For example, children may change soccer and basketball rules to suit their needs and environment (e.g. in the street. on a playing field or in someone’s backyard). When involved in deliberate play activities, children are less concerned with the outcome of their outcome of their behavior. (whether they win or lose) than with the behavior. (having fun).On the other hand, Ericsson (1993) suggests that the most effective learning occurs through involvement in highly structured activities defined as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice activities require effort, produce no immediate rewards, and are motivated by the goal of improving performance rather than the goal of enjoyment. When individuals are involved in deliberate play, they experiment with different combinations of behaviors, but not necessarily in the most effective way to improve performance. In contrast, when individuals are involved in deliberate practice, they exhibit behavior. focused on improving performance by the most effective means available. For example, the backhand skills in tennis could be learned and improved over time by playing matches or by creating fun practice situations. However, players could more effectively improve their backhand performance by practicing drills that might be considered less enjoyable. Although drills are used in most effective means available practice might not be the most enjoyable, they might be the most relevant to improving performance. (439)(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)78. Besides the learning of motor skills, what are the other two important objectives of youth sport?79. If children participate in deliberate play or deliberate practice activities, they are more likely to________________.80. In deliberate play activities, what do children do to maximize enjoyment?81. In contrast to deliberate play, deliberate practice is aimed at____________.第II卷（共47分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 美食是人们造访上海的乐趣之一。
2015年高考理科数学上海卷(含答案解析)
数学试卷 第1页（共18页） 数学试卷 第2页（共18页） 数学试卷 第3页（共18页）绝密★启用前2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）理科数学注意事项:1.本试卷共6页,23道试题,满分150分.考试时间120分钟.2.本考试分设试卷和答题纸.试卷包括试题与答题要求.作答必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上,在试卷上作答一律不得分.3.答卷前,务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上.一、填空题：本大题共有14题,满分56分.直接填写结果，每个空格填对得4分，否则一律得零分.1．设全集=U R .若集合={1,2,3,4}A ，{23}B x x ≤≤=，则U AB =ð .2．若复数z 满足31i z z +=+，其中i 为虚数单位，则z = .3．若线性方程组的增广矩阵为122301c c ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭、解为35x y ，，=⎧⎨=⎩则12c c -= . 4．若正三棱柱的所有棱长均为a，且其体积为，则a = .5．抛物线22(0)y px p =>上的动点Q 到焦点的距离的最小值为1，则p = . 6．若圆锥的侧面积与过轴的截面面积之比为2π，则其母线与轴的夹角的大小为 . 7．方程1122log (95)log (32)2x x ---=-+的解为 .8．在报名的3名男教师和6名女教师中，选取5人参加义务献血，要求男、女教师都有，则不同的选取方式的种数为 （结果用数值表示）.9．已知点P 和Q 的横坐标相同，P 的纵坐标是Q 的纵坐标的2倍，P 和Q 的轨迹分别为双曲线1C 和2C .若1C的渐近线方程为y =，则2C 的渐近线方程为 . 10．设1()f x -为2()22x xf x -=+，[0,2]x ∈的反函数，则1()()y f x f x -=+的最大值为 . 11．在1020151(1)x x++的展开式中，2x 项的系数为 （结果用数值表示）. 12．赌博有陷阱.某种赌博每局的规则是：赌客先在标记有1，2，3，4，5的卡片中随机摸取一张，将卡片上的数字作为其赌金（单位：元）；随后放回该卡片，再随机摸取两张，将这两张卡片上数字之差的绝对值的1.4倍作为其奖金（单位：元）.若随机变量1ξ和2ξ分别表示赌客在一局赌博中的赌金和奖金，则12E E ξξ-= 元.13．已知函数()sin f x x =.若存在12,,m x x x 满足1206πm x x x ≤＜＜＜≤，且1|f x （）223-1|||++||=122,m m f x f x f x f x f x m m *N （）（）（）（）（）（≥）-+--∈，则m 的最小值为 .14．在锐角三角形ABC 中，1tan 2A =，D 为边BC 上的点，ABD △与ACD △的面积分别为2和4.过D 作DE AB ⊥于E ，DF AC ⊥于F ，则 DE DF = . 二、选择题：本大题共有4题,满分20分.每题有且只有一个正确答案,将正确答案填在题后括号内,选对得5分,否则一律得零分.15．设12,z z C ∈，则“12z z ,中至少有一个数是虚数”是“12z z -是虚数”的( )A .充分非必要条件B .必要非充分条件C .充要条件D .既非充分又非必要条件16．已知点A的坐标为（），将OA 绕坐标原点O 逆时针旋转π3至OB ，则点B 的纵坐标为( )ABC .112D .13217．记方程①：2110x a x ++=，方程②：2220x a x ++=，方程③：2340x a x ++=，其中1a ，2a ，3a 是正实数.当1a ，2a ，3a 成等比数列时，下列选项中，能推出方程③无实数根的是( )A .方程①有实根，且②有实根B .方程①有实根，且②无实根C .方程①无实根，且②有实根D .方程①无实根，且②无实根18．设(),n n n P x y 是直线2()1nx y n n *N -=∈+与圆222x y +=在第一象限的交点，则极限 1lim 1n n ny x →∞-=-( ) A .1- B .12- C .1D .2三、解答题：本大题共有5题,满分74分.解答应写出必要的文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.19.（本小题满分12分）如图，在长方体1111ABCD A B C D -中，11AA =，2AB AD ==，E ，F 分别是棱AB ，BC 的中点.证明：11A C F E ，，，四点共面，并求直线1CD 与平面11A C FE 所成的角的大小.20.（本小题满分14分）本题共有2个小题,第1小题满分6分,第2小题满分8分.如图，A ，B ，C 三地有直道相通，5AB =千米，3AC =千米，4BC =千米.现甲、乙两警员同时从A 地出发匀速前往B 地，经过t 小时，他们之间的距离为f t ()(单位：千米).甲的路线是AB ，速度为5千米/小时，乙的路线是ACB ，速度为8千米/小时.乙到达B 地后在原地等待.设1=t t 时，乙到达C 地. （Ⅰ）求1t 与1f t ()的值；（Ⅱ）已知警员的对讲机的有效通话距离是3千米.当11t t ≤≤时，求f t ()的表达式，并判断f t ()在1[,1]t 上的最大值是否超过3？说明理由.21.（本小题满分14分）本题共有2个小题,第1小题满分6分,第2小题满分8分.姓名________________ 准考证号_____________--------在--------------------此--------------------卷--------------------上--------------------答--------------------题--------------------无--------------------效----------------数学试卷 第4页（共18页） 数学试卷 第5页（共18页） 数学试卷 第6页（共18页）已知椭圆1222=+y x ，过原点的两条直线1l 和2l 分别与椭圆交于点A ，B 和C ，D .记得到的平行四边形ACBD 的面积为S .（Ⅰ）设11(,)A x y ，22(,)C x y .用A ，C 的坐标表示点C 到直线1l 的距离，并证明12212||S x y x y =-；（Ⅱ）设1l 与2l 的斜率之积为21-，求面积S 的值.22.（本小题满分16分）本题共有3个小题,第1小题满分4分,第2小题满分6分,第3小题满分6分.已知数列{}n a 与{}n b 满足112()n n n n a a b b ++-=-，n *N ∈. （Ⅰ）若35n b n =+，且11a =，求{}n a 的通项公式；（Ⅱ）设{}n a 的第0n 项是最大项，即0()n n a a n *N ≥∈.求证：{}n b 的第0n 项是最大项； （Ⅲ）设10a ＜λ=，()n n b n *N λ=∈.求λ的取值范围，使得{}n a 有最大值M 和最小值m ，且使得(2,2)Mm∈-.23.（本小题满分18分）本题共有3个小题,第1小题满分4分,第2小题满分6分,第3小题满分8分.对于定义域为R 的函数()g x ，若存在正常数T ，使得cos ()g x 是以T 为周期的函数，则称()g x 为余弦周期函数，且称T 为其余弦周期.已知()f x 是以T 为余弦周期的余弦周期函数，其值域为R ，设()f x 单调递增，(0)0f =，()4πf T =. （Ⅰ）验证()sin3xh x x =+是以6π为余弦周期的余弦周期函数； （Ⅱ）设a b <.证明对任意[(),()]c f a f b ∈，存在0[,]x a b ∈，使得0()f x c =； （Ⅲ）证明：“0u 为方程cos ()1f x =在[0,]T 上的解”的充要条件是“0+u T 为方程cos ()1f x =在[,2]T T 上的解”，并证明对任意[0,]x T ∈都有()()()f x T f x f T +=+.数学试卷 第7页（共18页） 数学试卷 第8页（共18页） 数学试卷 第9页（共18页）1sin602a a ︒，1sin 601632a a a ⎫︒=⎪⎭1sin 601632a a a ⎫︒=⎪⎭【考点】棱锥的结构特征123270x+=011019102015201511(1)C x x x ⎛⎫⎛⎫+++ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭，项的系数．数学试卷 第10页（共18页） 数学试卷 第11页（共18页） 数学试卷 第12页（共18页）【解析】对任意的i x ，j x ，max min |()()|()()2i j f x f x f x f x -≤-=， 欲使m 取最小值，尽可能多的让(1,2,,)i x i m =取最值点，考虑到1206πm x x x ≤<<<≤，*12231|()()||()()||()()|12(2,)m m f x f x f x f x f x f x m m N --+-++-=≥∈，按照下图所示取值可以满足条件，所以m的最小值为8．【提示】对任意的i x ，j x ，|()()|2i j f x f x -=，让i x 取最值点，考虑到1206πm x x x ≤<<<≤，12231|()()||()()||()()|12m m f x f x f x f x f x f x --+-++-=，【解析】解：如图，ABD △与ACD △的面积分别为2和4||||22AB DE =，||||4AC DF =，可得4||||DE AB =，8||||DF AC =，32||||||||DE DF AB AC =．1tan 2A =，∴sin 1cos 2A A =，联立||||sin 2AB AC A ||||12AB AC =85||||15DE DF =8||||||||cos ,DE DF DE DF DE DF ==故答案为：1615-．85||||15DE DF =数学试卷 第13页（共18页） 数学试卷 第14页（共18页） 数学试卷 第15页（共18页）为坐标原点，、DC 、DD 分别为xyz 轴，建立空间直角坐标系，易求得(0,2,D C =，11(2,2,0)A C =-，(0,1,A E =设平面11AC EF 的法向量为(,y,)n x z =11100n A C n A E ⎧=⎪⎨=⎪⎩，所以,,)(2,2,0)0,)(0,1,1)x y z y z -=-=2-⎧所以(1,1,1)n =，111|||(1,1,1)(0,2,1)||cos ,|||||35n D C n D C n D C -===1CD 与平面11A C FE 所成的角的大小arcsincos AC AP A =上的Q 点，设甲在cos QB PB B22(78)(5t --cos AC AP A ，代值计算可得；由已知数据和余弦定理可得3数学试卷 第16页（共18页） 数学试卷 第17页（共18页） 数学试卷 第18页（共18页）2(a a +-+2112()b b a +++-112)b a +-2(a a +-+1(22n a b +)n x <<；则1()f x T +，2()f x T +，…，()n f x T +为方程c o s ()f x c =在[,2]T T 上的解；又()(4π8π)f x T +∈,；而1()4πf x +，2()4πf x +，…，()4π(4π,8π)n f x +∈为方程cos ()f x c =在[,2]T T 上的解； ∴()()4π()()i i i f x T f x f x f T +=+=+；∴综上对任意,[]0x T ∈，都有()()()f x T f x f T +=+．【提示】（Ⅰ）根据余弦周期函数的定义，判断(6π)cosg x +是否等于cos ()g x 即可； （Ⅱ）根据()f x 的值域为R ，便可得到存在0x ，使得0()f x c =，而根据()f x 在R 上单调递增即可说明0,[]x a b ∈，从而完成证明；（Ⅲ）只需证明0u T +为方程cos ()1f x =在区间[2]T T ,上的解得出0u 为方程cos ()1f x =在[0]T ,上的解，是否为方程的解，带入方程，使方程成立便是方程的解．证明对任意,[]0x T ∈，都有()()()f x T f x f T +=+，可讨论0x =，x T =，(0)x T ∈,三种情况：0x =时是显然成立的；x T =时，可得出cos (2)1f T =，从而得到1(2)2πf T k =，1k ∈Z ，根据()f x 单调递增便能得到12k >，然后根据()f x 的单调性及方程cos ()1f x =在[],2T T 和它在[0]T ,上解的个数的情况说明13k =，和15k ≥是不存在的，而14k =时结论成立，这便说明x T =时结论成立；而对于(0)x T ∈,时，通过考查c o s ()f x c =的解得到()()()f x T f x f T +=+，综合以上的三种情况，最后得出结论即可．【考点】函数与方程的综合运用。
2015上海高考数学试题(含答案)
2015上海高考数学(文)答案二.选择题15. A 16. B 17. D 18. A 三.解答题19. 11.33P AOC AOC V S PO -==取PB 的中点F ， 连接OF 、EF 因OF||PB 所以 FOE ∠就是异面直线PA,OE 所成的角在三角形OEF 中:2OF =, 1OE = , FE ==所以 cos FOE ∠=故异面直线PA,OE 所成的角为arc 本题也可以以O 为坐标原点,OC,OB,OP 分别为x 轴,y 轴z 轴建立空间直角坐标系利用空间向量知识来解决20.解: 0x R x ∈≠且(1)0a =时 1()f x x = 此时1()()f x f x x-=-=- 此时()f x 为奇函数0a ≠时 21()f x ax x=+此时, (1)1f a -=- (1)1f a =+ (1)(1)(1)(1)f f f f -≠--≠且 此时()f x 是非奇非偶函数(2) 对于任意的 1212x x ≤<≤12221212()()11()()f x f x a x x x x -=-+-所以当(1,3)a ∈时所以12()()0f x f x -<,故()f x 在区间[1,2]为增函数 21.解(1)由已知得: 1237,88t t ==13()()8f t f ===(2).设 t 时刻37[,]88t ∈乙到达E,甲到达F,348()788QE t t =--=-,55QF t =-()f t ==37[,]88t ∈因()f t 在321[,]825单调递减,在217[,]258单调递增121212120,0()(2,16)x x x x x x x x -<>+∈12121212()1[()].a x x x x x x x x a-=+-12121()0x x x x a+->所以max ()f t =3()388f =< 22.解(1) 11||||sin ||||1cos 22S OA OC AOC OA OC =⋅∠=⋅-)]||||OA OC =⋅2|||)(OA OC =⋅-=12211||2x y x y ===-(2)由(1) 1111||23S x == 所以 2213(1)4k x -= -----(1) 又 221(12)1k x += -----(2)(1)/(2)得 25610k k ++= 解得115k ork =-=- （3）设1122(,),(,)mA x kxB x x k由2221y kx x y =⎧⎨+=⎩得212112x k =+ 同理222222k x k m =+ 212211211||||||22m k S x y x y x x k-=-== ∴2142(2)m m +=- 故12m =- 23.解(1) 112()6n n n n a a b b ++-=-= 故数列{}n a 是公差为6等差数列 ∴ 65n a n =-(2)根据题意000011n n n n a a a a +-≥⎧⎪⎨≥⎪⎩ ∴00011n n nn b b b b +-≥⎧⎪⎨≥⎪⎩所以0n b 是{}n b 的最大项(3)由 112()2(1)nn n n n a a b b λλ++-=-=-所以: 121321()()()n n n a a a a a a a a -=+-+-++- 2132(1)2(1)2(1)n λλλλλλλ-=+-+-++- 2132(1)2(1)2(1)n λλλλλλλ-=+-+-++-2n λλ=+则12662m nλλλλ+<<+ 111216621m n λλ--+<<+ ∵。
2015年高考理科数学上海卷(含详细答案)
数学试卷 第1页（共42页） 数学试卷 第2页（共42页） 数学试卷 第3页（共42页）绝密★启用前2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）理科数学注意事项:1.本试卷共6页,23道试题,满分150分.考试时间120分钟.2.本考试分设试卷和答题纸.试卷包括试题与答题要求.作答必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上,在试卷上作答一律不得分.3.答卷前,务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上.一、填空题：本大题共有14题,满分56分.直接填写结果，每个空格填对得4分，否则一律得零分.1．设全集=U R .若集合={1,2,3,4}A ，{23}B x x ≤≤=，则U A B =ð . 2．若复数z 满足31i z z +=+，其中i 为虚数单位，则z = .3．若线性方程组的增广矩阵为122301c c ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭、解为35x y ，，=⎧⎨=⎩则12c c -= . 4．若正三棱柱的所有棱长均为a ，且其体积为163，则a = .5．抛物线22(0)y px p =>上的动点Q 到焦点的距离的最小值为1，则p = . 6．若圆锥的侧面积与过轴的截面面积之比为2π，则其母线与轴的夹角的大小为 . 7．方程1122log (95)log (32)2x x ---=-+的解为 .8．在报名的3名男教师和6名女教师中，选取5人参加义务献血，要求男、女教师都有，则不同的选取方式的种数为 （结果用数值表示）.9．已知点P 和Q 的横坐标相同，P 的纵坐标是Q 的纵坐标的2倍，P 和Q 的轨迹分别为双曲线1C 和2C .若1C 的渐近线方程为3y x =±，则2C 的渐近线方程为 .10．设1()f x -为2()22x xf x -=+，[0,2]x ∈的反函数，则1()()y f x f x -=+的最大值为 . 11．在1020151(1)x x++的展开式中，2x 项的系数为 （结果用数值表示）. 12．赌博有陷阱.某种赌博每局的规则是：赌客先在标记有1，2，3，4，5的卡片中随机摸取一张，将卡片上的数字作为其赌金（单位：元）；随后放回该卡片，再随机摸取两张，将这两张卡片上数字之差的绝对值的1.4倍作为其奖金（单位：元）.若随机变量1ξ和2ξ分别表示赌客在一局赌博中的赌金和奖金，则12E E ξξ-= 元.13．已知函数()sin f x x =.若存在12,,m x x x 满足1206πm x x x ≤＜＜＜≤，且1|f x （）223-1|||++||=122,m m f x f x f x f x f x m m *N （）（）（）（）（）（≥）-+--∈，则m 的最小值为 .14．在锐角三角形ABC 中，1tan 2A =，D 为边BC 上的点，ABD △与ACD △的面积分别为2和4.过D 作DE AB ⊥于E ，DF AC ⊥于F ，则 DE DF = . 二、选择题：本大题共有4题,满分20分.每题有且只有一个正确答案,将正确答案填在题后括号内,选对得5分,否则一律得零分.15．设12,z z C ∈，则“12z z ,中至少有一个数是虚数”是“12z z -是虚数”的( )A .充分非必要条件B .必要非充分条件C .充要条件D .既非充分又非必要条件16．已知点A 的坐标为43,1（），将OA 绕坐标原点O 逆时针旋转π3至OB ，则点B 的纵坐标为( )A .33 B .53C .112D .13217．记方程①：2110x a x ++=，方程②：2220x a x ++=，方程③：2340x a x ++=，其中1a ，2a ，3a 是正实数.当1a ，2a ，3a 成等比数列时，下列选项中，能推出方程③无实数根的是( )A .方程①有实根，且②有实根B .方程①有实根，且②无实根C .方程①无实根，且②有实根D .方程①无实根，且②无实根18．设(),n n n P x y 是直线2()1nx y n n *N -=∈+与圆222x y +=在第一象限的交点，则极限 1lim 1n n ny x →∞-=-( ) A .1- B .12- C .1D .2三、解答题：本大题共有5题,满分74分.解答应写出必要的文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.19.（本小题满分12分）如图，在长方体1111ABCD A B C D -中，11AA =，2AB AD ==，E ，F 分别是棱AB ，BC 的中点.证明：11A C F E ，，，四点共面，并求直线1CD 与平面11A C FE 所成的角的大小.20.（本小题满分14分）本题共有2个小题,第1小题满分6分,第2小题满分8分.如图，A ，B ，C 三地有直道相通，5AB =千米，3AC =千米，4BC =千米.现甲、乙两警员同时从A 地出发匀速前往B 地，经过t 小时，他们之间的距离为f t ()(单位：千米).甲的路线是AB ，速度为5千米/小时，乙的路线是ACB ，速度为8千米/小时.乙到达B 地后在原地等待.设1=t t 时，乙到达C 地. （Ⅰ）求1t 与1f t ()的值；（Ⅱ）已知警员的对讲机的有效通话距离是3千米.当11t t ≤≤时，求f t ()的表达式，并判断f t ()在1[,1]t 上的最大值是否超过3？说明理由.21.（本小题满分14分）本题共有2个小题,第1小题满分6分,第2小题满分8分.姓名________________ 准考证号_____________--------在--------------------此--------------------卷--------------------上--------------------答--------------------题--------------------无--------------------效----------------数学试卷 第4页（共42页） 数学试卷 第5页（共42页） 数学试卷 第6页（共42页）已知椭圆1222=+y x ，过原点的两条直线1l 和2l 分别与椭圆交于点A ，B 和C ，D .记得到的平行四边形ACBD 的面积为S .（Ⅰ）设11(,)A x y ，22(,)C x y .用A ，C 的坐标表示点C 到直线1l 的距离，并证明12212||S x y x y =-；（Ⅱ）设1l 与2l 的斜率之积为21-，求面积S 的值.22.（本小题满分16分）本题共有3个小题,第1小题满分4分,第2小题满分6分,第3小题满分6分.已知数列{}n a 与{}n b 满足112()n n n n a a b b ++-=-，n *N ∈. （Ⅰ）若35n b n =+，且11a =，求{}n a 的通项公式；（Ⅱ）设{}n a 的第0n 项是最大项，即0()n n a a n *N ≥∈.求证：{}n b 的第0n 项是最大项； （Ⅲ）设10a ＜λ=，()n n b n *N λ=∈.求λ的取值范围，使得{}n a 有最大值M 和最小值m ，且使得(2,2)Mm∈-.23.（本小题满分18分）本题共有3个小题,第1小题满分4分,第2小题满分6分,第3小题满分8分.对于定义域为R 的函数()g x ，若存在正常数T ，使得cos ()g x 是以T 为周期的函数，则称()g x 为余弦周期函数，且称T 为其余弦周期.已知()f x 是以T 为余弦周期的余弦周期函数，其值域为R ，设()f x 单调递增，(0)0f =，()4πf T =. （Ⅰ）验证()sin 3x h x x =+是以6π为余弦周期的余弦周期函数；（Ⅱ）设a b <.证明对任意[(),()]c f a f b ∈，存在0[,]x a b ∈，使得0()f x c =； （Ⅲ）证明：“0u 为方程cos ()1f x =在[0,]T 上的解”的充要条件是“0+u T 为方程cos ()1f x =在[,2]T T 上的解”，并证明对任意[0,]x T ∈都有()()()f x T f x f T +=+.3 / 141sin602a a ︒，正棱柱的高1sin 601632a a a ⎫︒=⎪⎭【提示】由题意可得1sin 601632a a a ⎛⎫︒=⎪⎭【考点】棱锥的结构特征数学试卷 第10页（共42页）数学试卷 第11页（共42页） 数学试卷 第12页（共42页）123270x +=5 / 14011019102015201511(1)C x x x ⎛⎫⎛⎫+++⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭，项的系数．数学试卷 第17页（共42页） 数学试卷 第18页（共42页）【解析】对任意的i x ，j x ，max min |()()|()()2i j f x f x f x f x -≤-=， 欲使m 取最小值，尽可能多的让(1,2,,)i x i m =取最值点，考虑到1206πm x x x ≤<<<≤，*12231|()()||()()||()()|12(2,)m m f x f x f x f x f x f x m m N --+-++-=≥∈，6m x <<≤|(m f x -++的最小值．7 / 14【解析】解：如图，||||2AB DE =，||||4AC DF =，可得4||||DE AB =，8||||DF AC =，32||||||||DE DF AB AC =．1tan 2A =，∴sin 1cos 2A A =，联立||||sin 2AB AC A ||||12AB AC =85||||15DE DF =8||||||||cos ,DE DF DE DF DE DF ==故答案为：1615-． 85||||15DE DF =数学试卷第22页（共42页）数学试卷第23页（共42页）数学试卷第24页（共42页）9 / 14易求得(0,2,D C =，(2,2,0)AC =-，(0,1,A E =11AC EF 的法向量为(,y,)n x z =11100n A C n A E ⎧=⎪⎨=⎪⎩，所以,)(2,2,0),)(0,1,1)z z -=-=，所以(1,1,1)n =，所以111|||(1,1,1)(0,2,1)||cos ,|||||35n D C n D C n D C -===CD 与平面11A C FE 所成的角的大小arcsincos AC AP A =数学试卷 第28页（共42页）数学试卷 第29页（共42页） 数学试卷 第30页（共42页）cos QB PB B22(78)(5t --cos AC AP A ，代3数学试卷 第34页（共42页）2(a a +-+2112()b b a +++-2)b a +-2(a +-+1(2a b +（Ⅱ）∵()f x 的值域为R ；∴存在0x ，使0()f x c =；又(),)]([c f a f b ∈；∴0()()()f a f x f b ≤≤，而()f x 为增函数；∴0a x b ≤≤；即存在0,[]x a b ∈，使0()f x c =；（Ⅲ）证明：若0u T +为方程cos ()1f x =在区间[],2T T 上的解；则：0cos ()1f u T +=，02T u T T +≤≤；∴0cos ()1f u =，且00u T ≤≤；∴0u 为方程cos ()1f x =在[0]T ,上的解；∴“0u 为方程cos ()1f x =在[0]T ,上得解”的充分条件是“0u T +为方程cos ()1f x =在区间[],2T T 上的解”；下面证明对任意,[]0x T ∈，都有()()()f x T f x f T +=+：①当0x =时，(0)0f =，∴显然成立；②当x T =时，cos (2)cos ()1f T f T ==；∴11(2)2,()f T k k Z π=∈，()4πf T =，且12π4πk >，∴12k >；1）若13k =，(2)6πf T =，由（Ⅱ）知存在0(0,)x T ∈，使0()2πf x =；0002cos ()cos ()1()2πf x T f x f x T k +==⇒+=，2k ∈Z ；∴0()()(2)f T f x T f T <+<；∴24π2π6πk <<；∴223k <<4，无解；2）若15k ≥，(2)10πf T ≥，则存在122T x x T <<<，使得1()6πf x =，2()8πf x =；则T ，1x ，2x ，2T 为cos ()1f x =在[],2T T 上的4个解；但方程cos ()1f x =在[0]2T ,上只有()0f x =，2π，4π，3个解，矛盾； 3）当14k =时，(2)8π()()f T f T f T ==+，结论成立；③当(0)x T ∈,时，()(04π)f x ∈,，考查方程cos ()f x c =在(0)T ,上的解； 设其解为1()f x ，2()f x ，…，()n f x ，12()n x x x <<<；则1()f x T +，2()f x T +，…，()n f x T +为方程cos ()f x c =在[,2]T T 上的解；又()(4π8π)f x T +∈,； 而1()4πf x +，2()4πf x +，…，()4π(4π,8π)n f x +∈为方程cos ()f x c =在[,2]T T 上的解；∴()()4π()()i i i f x T f x f x f T +=+=+；数学试卷 第40页（共42页）∴综上对任意,[]0x T ∈，都有()()()f x T f x f T +=+．【提示】（Ⅰ）根据余弦周期函数的定义，判断(6π)cosg x +是否等于cos ()g x 即可；（Ⅱ）根据()f x 的值域为R ，便可得到存在0x ，使得0()f x c =，而根据()f x 在R 上单调递增即可说明0,[]x a b ∈，从而完成证明；（Ⅲ）只需证明0u T +为方程cos ()1f x =在区间[2]T T ,上的解得出0u 为方程cos ()1f x =在[0]T ,上的解，是否为方程的解，带入方程，使方程成立便是方程的解．证明对任意,[]0x T ∈，都有()()()f x T f x f T +=+，可讨论0x =，x T =，(0)x T ∈,三种情况：0x =时是显然成立的；x T =时，可得出cos (2)1f T =，从而得到1(2)2πf T k =，1k ∈Z ，根据()f x 单调递增便能得到12k >，然后根据()f x 的单调性及方程cos ()1f x =在[],2T T 和它在[0]T ,上解的个数的情况说明13k =，和15k ≥是不存在的，而14k =时结论成立，这便说明x T =时结论成立；而对于(0)x T ∈,时，通过考查cos ()f x c =的解得到()()()f x T f x f T +=+，综合以上的三种情况，最后得出结论即可．【考点】函数与方程的综合运用。
15年高考真题——理科数学(上海卷)
2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海）卷数学（理科）一．填空题：共14小题，每小题4分，共56分。
1．设全集U R =，若集合{}1,2,3,4A =，{}23B x x =≤≤，则U A B = ð_________。
2．若复数z 满足31z z i +=+，其中i 为虚数单位，则z =_________。
3．若线性方程组的增广矩阵为122301c c ⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭，解为35x y =⎧⎨=⎩，则12c c -=__________。
4．若正三棱柱的所有棱长均为a，且其体积为a =__________。
5．抛物线22y px =（0p >）上的动点Q 到焦点的距离的最小值为1，则p =_______。
6．若圆锥的侧面积与过轴的截面面积之比为2π，则其母线与轴的夹角的大小为_______。
7．方程()()1122log 95log 322x x ---=-+的解为___________。
28．在报名的3名男教师和6名女教师中，选取5参加义务献血，要求男、女教师都有，则不同的选取方式的种数为________（结果用数值表示）。
9．已知点P 和Q 的横坐标相同，P 的纵坐标是Q 的纵坐标的2倍，P 和Q 的轨迹分别为双曲线1C 和2C 。
若1C的渐近线方程为y =，则2C 的渐近线方程为__________。
10．设()1fx -为()222x xf x -=+，[]0,2x ∈的反函数，则()()1y f x f x -=+的最大值为_________。
11．在10201511x x ⎛⎫++ ⎪⎝⎭的展开式中，2x 项的系数为________（结果用数值表示）。
12．赌博有陷阱．某种赌博每局的规则是：赌客先在标记有1,2,3,4,5的卡片中随机摸取一张，将卡片上的数字作为其赌金（单位：元）；随后放回该卡片，再随机摸取两张，将这两张卡片上数字之差的绝对值的1.4倍作为其奖金（单位：元）。
2015年上海市高考数学试卷(理科)及答案
2015年上海市高考数学试卷（理科）一、填空题（本大题共有14题，满分48分．）考生应在答题纸相应编号的空格内直接填写结果，每个空格填对4分，否则一律得零分．1．（4分）设全集U=R．若集合Α={1，2，3，4}，Β={x|2≤x≤3}，则Α∩∁UΒ=．2．（4分）若复数z满足3z+=1+i，其中i是虚数单位，则z=．3．（4分）若线性方程组的增广矩阵为解为，则c1﹣c2=．4．（4分）若正三棱柱的所有棱长均为a，且其体积为16，则a=．5．（4分）抛物线y2=2px（p＞0）上的动点Q到焦点的距离的最小值为1，则p=．6．（4分）若圆锥的侧面积与过轴的截面面积之比为2π，则其母线与轴的夹角的大小为．7．（4分）方程log2（9x﹣1﹣5）=log2（3x﹣1﹣2）+2的解为．8．（4分）在报名的3名男老师和6名女教师中，选取5人参加义务献血，要求男、女教师都有，则不同的选取方式的种数为（结果用数值表示）．9．已知点P和Q的横坐标相同，P的纵坐标是Q的纵坐标的2倍，P和Q的轨迹分别为双曲线C1和C2．若C1的渐近线方程为y=±x，则C2的渐近线方程为．10．（4分）设f﹣1（x）为f（x）=2x﹣2+，x∈[0，2]的反函数，则y=f（x）+f﹣1（x）的最大值为．11．（4分）在（1+x+）10的展开式中，x2项的系数为（结果用数值表示）．12．（4分）赌博有陷阱．某种赌博每局的规则是：赌客先在标记有1，2，3，4，5的卡片中随机摸取一张，将卡片上的数字作为其赌金（单位：元）；随后放回该卡片，再随机摸取两张，将这两张卡片上数字之差的绝对值的1.4倍作为其奖金（单位：元）．若随机变量ξ1和ξ2分别表示赌客在一局赌博中的赌金和奖金，则Eξ1﹣Eξ2=（元）．13．（4分）已知函数f（x）=sinx．若存在x1，x2，…，x m满足0≤x1＜x2＜…＜x m≤6π，且|f（x1）﹣f（x2）|+|f（x2）﹣f（x3）|+…+|f（x m﹣1）﹣f（x m）|=12（m ≥2，m∈N*），则m的最小值为．14．在锐角三角形A BC中，tanA=，D为边BC上的点，△A BD与△ACD的面积分别为2和4．过D作D E⊥A B于E，DF⊥AC于F，则•=．二、选择题（本大题共有4题，满分15分．）每题有且只有一个正确答案，考生应在答题纸的相应编号上，将代表答案的小方格涂黑，选对得5分，否则一律得零分．15．（5分）设z1，z2∈C，则“z1、z2中至少有一个数是虚数”是“z1﹣z2是虚数”的（）A．充分非必要条件 B．必要非充分条件C．充要条件D．既非充分又非必要条件16．（5分）已知点A的坐标为（4，1），将OA绕坐标原点O逆时针旋转至OB，则点B的纵坐标为（）A．B．C．D．17．记方程①：x2+a1x+1=0，方程②：x2+a2x+2=0，方程③：x2+a3x+4=0，其中a1，a2，a3是正实数．当a1，a2，a3成等比数列时，下列选项中，能推出方程③无实根的是（）A．方程①有实根，且②有实根B．方程①有实根，且②无实根C．方程①无实根，且②有实根D．方程①无实根，且②无实根18．（5分）设P n（x n，y n）是直线2x﹣y=（n∈N*）与圆x2+y2=2在第一象限的交点，则极限=（）A．﹣1 B．﹣ C．1 D．2三、解答题（本大题共有5题，满分74分）解答下列各题必须在答题纸相应编号的规定区域内写出必要的步骤.19．（12分）如图，在长方体ABCD﹣A1B1C1D1中，AA1=1，AB=AD=2，E、F分别是AB、BC的中点，证明A1、C1、F、E四点共面，并求直线CD1与平面A1C1FE 所成的角的大小．20．（14分）如图，A，B，C三地有直道相通，AB=5千米，AC=3千米，BC=4千米．现甲、乙两警员同时从A地出发匀速前往B地，经过t小时，他们之间的距离为f（t）（单位：千米）．甲的路线是AB，速度为5千米/小时，乙的路线是ACB，速度为8千米/小时．乙到达B地后原地等待．设t=t1时乙到达C地．（1）求t1与f（t1）的值；（2）已知警员的对讲机的有效通话距离是3千米．当t1≤t≤1时，求f（t）的表达式，并判断f（t）在[t1，1]上的最大值是否超过3？说明理由．21．（14分）已知椭圆x2+2y2=1，过原点的两条直线l1和l2分别于椭圆交于A、B 和C、D，记得到的平行四边形ACBD的面积为S．（1）设A（x1，y1），C（x2，y2），用A、C的坐标表示点C到直线l1的距离，并证明S=2|x1y2﹣x2y1|；（2）设l1与l2的斜率之积为﹣，求面积S的值．22．（16分）已知数列{a n}与{b n}满足a n+1﹣a n=2（b n+1﹣b n），n∈N*．（1）若b n=3n+5，且a1=1，求数列{a n}的通项公式；（2）设{a n}的第n0项是最大项，即a≥a n（n∈N*），求证：数列{b n}的第n0项是最大项；（3）设a1=λ＜0，b n=λn（n∈N*），求λ的取值范围，使得{a n}有最大值M与最小值m，且∈（﹣2，2）．23．（18分）对于定义域为R的函数g（x），若存在正常数T，使得cosg（x）是以T为周期的函数，则称g（x）为余弦周期函数，且称T为其余弦周期．已知f （x）是以T为余弦周期的余弦周期函数，其值域为R．设f（x）单调递增，f（0）=0，f（T）=4π．（1）验证g（x）=x+sin是以6π为周期的余弦周期函数；（2）设a＜b，证明对任意c∈[f（a），f（b）]，存在x0∈[a，b]，使得f（x0）=c；（3）证明：“u0为方程cosf（x）=1在[0，T]上得解，”的充分条件是“u0+T为方程cosf（x）=1在区间[T，2T]上的解”，并证明对任意x∈[0，T]，都有f（x+T）=f（x）+f（T）．2015年上海市高考数学试卷（理科）参考答案与试题解析一、填空题（本大题共有14题，满分48分．）考生应在答题纸相应编号的空格内直接填写结果，每个空格填对4分，否则一律得零分．1．（4分）（2015•上海）设全集U=R．若集合Α={1，2，3，4}，Β={x|2≤x≤3}，则Α∩∁UΒ={1，4} ．【分析】本题考查集合的运算，由于两个集合已经化简，故直接运算得出答案即可．【解答】解：∵全集U=R，集合Α={1，2，3，4}，Β={x|2≤x≤3}，∴（∁U B）={x|x＞3或x＜2}，∴A∩（∁U B）={1，4}，故答案为：{1，4}．2．（4分）（2015•上海）若复数z满足3z+=1+i，其中i是虚数单位，则z=．【分析】设z=a+bi，则=a﹣bi（a，b∈R），利用复数的运算法则、复数相等即可得出．【解答】解：设z=a+bi，则=a﹣bi（a，b∈R），又3z+=1+i，∴3（a+bi）+（a﹣bi）=1+i，化为4a+2bi=1+i，∴4a=1，2b=1，解得a=，b=．∴z=．故答案为：．3．（4分）（2015•上海）若线性方程组的增广矩阵为解为，则c1﹣c2=16．【分析】根据增广矩阵的定义得到，是方程组的解，解方程组即可．【解答】解：由题意知，是方程组的解，即，则c1﹣c2=21﹣5=16，故答案为：16．4．（4分）（2015•上海）若正三棱柱的所有棱长均为a，且其体积为16，则a=4．【分析】由题意可得（•a•a•sin60°）•a=16，由此求得a的值．【解答】解：由题意可得，正棱柱的底面是变长等于a的等边三角形，面积为•a•a•sin60°，正棱柱的高为a，∴（•a•a•sin60°）•a=16，∴a=4，故答案为：4．5．（4分）（2015•上海）抛物线y2=2px（p＞0）上的动点Q到焦点的距离的最小值为1，则p=2．【分析】利用抛物线的顶点到焦点的距离最小，即可得出结论．【解答】解：因为抛物线y2=2px（p＞0）上的动点Q到焦点的距离的最小值为1，所以=1，所以p=2．故答案为：2．6．（4分）（2015•上海）若圆锥的侧面积与过轴的截面面积之比为2π，则其母线与轴的夹角的大小为．【分析】设圆锥的底面半径为r，高为h，母线长为l，由已知中圆锥的侧面积与过轴的截面面积之比为2π，可得l=2h，进而可得其母线与轴的夹角的余弦值，进而得到答案．【解答】解：设圆锥的底面半径为r，高为h，母线长为l，则圆锥的侧面积为：πrl，过轴的截面面积为：rh，∵圆锥的侧面积与过轴的截面面积之比为2π，∴l=2h，设母线与轴的夹角为θ，则cosθ==，故θ=，故答案为：．7．（4分）（2015•上海）方程log2（9x﹣1﹣5）=log2（3x﹣1﹣2）+2的解为2．【分析】利用对数的运算性质化为指数类型方程，解出并验证即可．【解答】解：∵log2（9x﹣1﹣5）=log2（3x﹣1﹣2）+2，∴log2（9x﹣1﹣5）=log2[4×（3x﹣1﹣2）]，∴9x﹣1﹣5=4（3x﹣1﹣2），化为（3x）2﹣12•3x+27=0，因式分解为：（3x﹣3）（3x﹣9）=0，∴3x=3，3x=9，解得x=1或2．经过验证：x=1不满足条件，舍去．∴x=2．故答案为：2．8．（4分）（2015•上海）在报名的3名男老师和6名女教师中，选取5人参加义务献血，要求男、女教师都有，则不同的选取方式的种数为120（结果用数值表示）．【分析】根据题意，运用排除法分析，先在9名老师中选取5人，参加义务献血，由组合数公式可得其选法数目，再排除其中只有女教师的情况；即可得答案．【解答】解：根据题意，报名的有3名男老师和6名女教师，共9名老师，在9名老师中选取5人，参加义务献血，有C95=126种；其中只有女教师的有C65=6种情况；则男、女教师都有的选取方式的种数为126﹣6=120种；故答案为：120．9．（2015•上海）已知点P和Q的横坐标相同，P的纵坐标是Q的纵坐标的2倍，P和Q的轨迹分别为双曲线C1和C2．若C1的渐近线方程为y=±x，则C2的渐近线方程为．【分析】设C1的方程为y2﹣3x2=λ，利用坐标间的关系，求出Q的轨迹方程，即可求出C2的渐近线方程．【解答】解：设C1的方程为y2﹣3x2=λ，设Q（x，y），则P（x，2y），代入y2﹣3x2=λ，可得4y2﹣3x2=λ，∴C2的渐近线方程为4y2﹣3x2=0，即．故答案为：．10．（4分）（2015•上海）设f﹣1（x）为f（x）=2x﹣2+，x∈[0，2]的反函数，则y=f（x）+f﹣1（x）的最大值为4．【分析】由f（x）=2x﹣2+在x∈[0，2]上为增函数可得其值域，得到y=f﹣1（x）在[]上为增函数，由函数的单调性求得y=f（x）+f﹣1（x）的最大值．【解答】解：由f（x）=2x﹣2+在x∈[0，2]上为增函数，得其值域为[]，可得y=f﹣1（x）在[]上为增函数，因此y=f（x）+f﹣1（x）在[]上为增函数，∴y=f（x）+f﹣1（x）的最大值为f（2）+f﹣1（2）=1+1+2=4．故答案为：4．11．（4分）（2015•上海）在（1+x+）10的展开式中，x2项的系数为45（结果用数值表示）．【分析】先把原式前两项结合展开，分析可知仅有展开后的第一项含有x2项，然后写出第一项二项展开式的通项，由x的指数为2求得r值，则答案可求．【解答】解：∵（1+x+）10 =，∴仅在第一部分中出现x2项的系数．再由，令r=2，可得，x2项的系数为．故答案为：45．12．（4分）（2015•上海）赌博有陷阱．某种赌博每局的规则是：赌客先在标记有1，2，3，4，5的卡片中随机摸取一张，将卡片上的数字作为其赌金（单位：元）；随后放回该卡片，再随机摸取两张，将这两张卡片上数字之差的绝对值的1.4倍作为其奖金（单位：元）．若随机变量ξ1和ξ2分别表示赌客在一局赌博中的赌金和奖金，则Eξ1﹣Eξ2=0.2（元）．【分析】分别求出赌金的分布列和奖金的分布列，计算出对应的均值，即可得到结论．【解答】解：赌金的分布列为ξ112345P所以Eξ1=（1+2+3+4+5）=3，奖金的分布列为：若两张卡片上数字之差的绝对值为1，则有（1，2），（2，3），（3，4），（4，5），4种，若两张卡片上数字之差的绝对值为2，则有（1，3），（2，4），（3，5），3种，若两张卡片上数字之差的绝对值为3，则有（1，4），（2，5），2种，若两张卡片上数字之差的绝对值为4，则有（1，5），1种，则P（ξ2=1.4）==，P（ξ2=2.8）==，P（ξ2=4.2）==，P（ξ2=5.6）==ξ2 1.4 2.8 4.2 5.6P所以Eξ2=1.4×（×1+×2+×3+×4）=2.8，则Eξ1﹣Eξ2=3﹣2.8=0.2元．故答案为：0.213．（4分）（2015•上海）已知函数f（x）=sinx．若存在x1，x2，…，x m满足0≤x1＜x2＜…＜x m≤6π，且|f（x1）﹣f（x2）|+|f（x2）﹣f（x3）|+…+|f（x m﹣1）﹣f （x m）|=12（m≥2，m∈N*），则m的最小值为8．【分析】由正弦函数的有界性可得，对任意x i，x j（i，j=1，2，3，…，m），都有|f（x i）﹣f（x j）|≤f（x）max﹣f（x）min=2，要使m取得最小值，尽可能多让x i （i=1，2，3，…，m）取得最高点，然后作图可得满足条件的最小m值．【解答】解：∵y=sinx对任意x i，x j（i，j=1，2，3，…，m），都有|f（x i）﹣f（x j）|≤f（x）max﹣f（x）min=2，要使m取得最小值，尽可能多让x i（i=1，2，3，…，m）取得最高点，考虑0≤x1＜x2＜…＜x m≤6π，|f（x1）﹣f（x2）|+|f（x2）﹣f（x3）|+…+|f（x m﹣1）﹣f（x m）|=12，按下图取值即可满足条件，∴m的最小值为8．故答案为：8．14．（2015•上海）在锐角三角形A BC中，tanA=，D为边BC上的点，△A BD 与△ACD的面积分别为2和4．过D作D E⊥A B于E，DF⊥AC于F，则•=﹣．【分析】由题意画出图形，结合面积求出cosA=，，然后代入数量积公式得答案．【解答】解：如图，∵△ABD与△ACD的面积分别为2和4，∴，，可得，，∴．又tanA=，∴，联立sin2A+cos2A=1，得，cosA=．由，得．则．∴•==．故答案为：．二、选择题（本大题共有4题，满分15分．）每题有且只有一个正确答案，考生应在答题纸的相应编号上，将代表答案的小方格涂黑，选对得5分，否则一律得零分．15．（5分）（2015•上海）设z1，z2∈C，则“z1、z2中至少有一个数是虚数”是“z1﹣z2是虚数”的（）A．充分非必要条件 B．必要非充分条件C．充要条件D．既非充分又非必要条件【分析】根据充分条件和必要条件的定义结合复数的有关概念进行判断即可．【解答】解：设z1=1+i，z2=i，满足z1、z2中至少有一个数是虚数，则z1﹣z2=1是实数，则z1﹣z2是虚数不成立，若z1、z2都是实数，则z1﹣z2一定不是虚数，因此当z1﹣z2是虚数时，则z1、z2中至少有一个数是虚数，即必要性成立，故“z1、z2中至少有一个数是虚数”是“z1﹣z2是虚数”的必要不充分条件，故选：B．16．（5分）（2015•上海）已知点A的坐标为（4，1），将OA绕坐标原点O逆时针旋转至OB，则点B的纵坐标为（）A．B．C．D．【分析】根据三角函数的定义，求出∠xOA的三角函数值，利用两角和差的正弦公式进行求解即可．【解答】解：∵点A的坐标为（4，1），∴设∠xOA=θ，则sinθ==，cosθ==，将OA绕坐标原点O逆时针旋转至OB，则OB的倾斜角为θ+，则|OB|=|OA|=，则点B的纵坐标为y=|OB|sin（θ+）=7（sinθcos+cosθsin）=7（×+）=+6=，故选：D．17．（2015•上海）记方程①：x2+a1x+1=0，方程②：x2+a2x+2=0，方程③：x2+a3x+4=0，其中a1，a2，a3是正实数．当a1，a2，a3成等比数列时，下列选项中，能推出方程③无实根的是（）A．方程①有实根，且②有实根B．方程①有实根，且②无实根C．方程①无实根，且②有实根D．方程①无实根，且②无实根【分析】根据方程根与判别式△之间的关系求出a12≥4，a22＜8，结合a1，a2，a3成等比数列求出方程③的判别式△的取值即可得到结论．【解答】解：当方程①有实根，且②无实根时，△1=a12﹣4≥0，△2=a22﹣8＜0，即a12≥4，a22＜8，∵a1，a2，a3成等比数列，∴a22=a1a3，即a3=，则a32=（）2=，即方程③的判别式△3=a32﹣16＜0，此时方程③无实根，故选：B18．（5分）（2015•上海）设P n（x n，y n）是直线2x﹣y=（n∈N*）与圆x2+y2=2在第一象限的交点，则极限=（）A．﹣1 B．﹣ C．1 D．2【分析】当n→+∞时，直线2x﹣y=趋近于2x﹣y=1，与圆x2+y2=2在第一象限的交点无限靠近（1，1），利用圆的切线的斜率、斜率计算公式即可得出．【解答】解：当n→+∞时，直线2x﹣y=趋近于2x﹣y=1，与圆x2+y2=2在第一象限的交点无限靠近（1，1），而可看作点P n（x n，y n）与（1，1）连线的斜率，其值会无限接近圆x2+y2=2在点（1，1）处的切线的斜率，其斜率为﹣1．∴=﹣1．故选：A．三、解答题（本大题共有5题，满分74分）解答下列各题必须在答题纸相应编号的规定区域内写出必要的步骤.19．（12分）（2015•上海）如图，在长方体ABCD﹣A1B1C1D1中，AA1=1，AB=AD=2，E、F分别是AB、BC的中点，证明A1、C1、F、E四点共面，并求直线CD1与平面A1C1FE所成的角的大小．【分析】利用长方体的几何关系建立直角坐标系．利用向量方法求空间角．【解答】解：连接AC，因为E，F分别是AB，BC的中点，所以EF是△ABC的中位线，所以EF∥AC．由长方体的性质知AC∥A1C1，所以EF∥A1C1，所以A1、C1、F、E四点共面．以D为坐标原点，DA、DC、DD1分别为x、y、z轴，建立空间直角坐标系，易求得，设平面A1C1EF的法向量为则，所以，即，z=1，得x=1，y=1，所以，所以=，所以直线CD1与平面A1C1FE所成的角的大小arcsin．20．（14分）（2015•上海）如图，A，B，C三地有直道相通，AB=5千米，AC=3千米，BC=4千米．现甲、乙两警员同时从A地出发匀速前往B地，经过t小时，他们之间的距离为f（t）（单位：千米）．甲的路线是AB，速度为5千米/小时，乙的路线是ACB，速度为8千米/小时．乙到达B地后原地等待．设t=t1时乙到达C地．（1）求t1与f（t1）的值；（2）已知警员的对讲机的有效通话距离是3千米．当t1≤t≤1时，求f（t）的表达式，并判断f（t）在[t1，1]上的最大值是否超过3？说明理由．【分析】（1）由题意可得t1==h，由余弦定理可得f（t1）=PC=，代值计算可得；（2）当t1≤t≤时，由已知数据和余弦定理可得f（t）=PQ=，当＜t≤1时，f（t）=PB=5﹣5t，综合可得当＜t≤1时，f（t）∈[0，]，可得结论．【解答】解：（1）由题意可得t1==h，设此时甲运动到点P，则AP=vt1=5×=千米，甲∴f（t1）=PC===千米；（2）当t1≤t≤时，乙在CB上的Q点，设甲在P点，∴QB=AC+CB﹣8t=7﹣8t，PB=AB﹣AP=5﹣5t，∴f（t）=PQ===，当＜t≤1时，乙在B点不动，设此时甲在点P，∴f（t）=PB=AB﹣AP=5﹣5t∴f（t）=∴当＜t≤1时，f（t）∈[0，]，故f（t）的最大值没有超过3千米．21．（14分）（2015•上海）已知椭圆x2+2y2=1，过原点的两条直线l1和l2分别于椭圆交于A、B和C、D，记得到的平行四边形ACBD的面积为S．（1）设A（x1，y1），C（x2，y2），用A、C的坐标表示点C到直线l1的距离，并证明S=2|x1y2﹣x2y1|；（2）设l1与l2的斜率之积为﹣，求面积S的值．【分析】（1）依题意，直线l1的方程为y=x，利用点到直线间的距离公式可求得点C到直线l1的距离d=，再利用|AB|=2|AO|=2，可证得S=|AB|d=2|x1y2﹣x2y1|；当l1与l2时的斜率之一不存在时，同理可知结论成立；（2）方法一：设直线l1的斜率为k，则直线l2的斜率为﹣，可得直线l1与l2的方程，联立方程组，可求得x1、x2、y1、y2，继而可求得答案．方法二：设直线l1、l2的斜率分别为、，则=﹣，利用A（x1，y1）、C（x2，y2）在椭圆x2+2y2=1上，可求得面积S的值．【解答】解：（1）依题意，直线l1的方程为y=x，由点到直线间的距离公式得：点C到直线l1的距离d==，因为|AB|=2|AO|=2，所以S=|AB|d=2|x1y2﹣x2y1|；当l1与l2时的斜率之一不存在时，同理可知结论成立；（2）方法一：设直线l1的斜率为k，则直线l2的斜率为﹣，设直线l1的方程为y=kx，联立方程组，消去y解得x=±，根据对称性，设x1=，则y1=，同理可得x2=，y2=，所以S=2|x1y2﹣x2y1|=．方法二：设直线l1、l2的斜率分别为、，则=﹣，所以x1x2=﹣2y1y2，∴=4=﹣2x1x2y1y2，∵A（x1，y1）、C（x2，y2）在椭圆x2+2y2=1上，∴（）（）=+4+2（+）=1，即﹣4x1x2y1y2+2（+）=1，所以（x1y2﹣x2y1）2=，即|x1y2﹣x2y1|=，所以S=2|x1y2﹣x2y1|=．22．（16分）（2015•上海）已知数列{a n}与{b n}满足a n+1﹣a n=2（b n+1﹣b n），n∈N*．（1）若b n=3n+5，且a1=1，求数列{a n}的通项公式；（2）设{a n}的第n0项是最大项，即a≥a n（n∈N*），求证：数列{b n}的第n0项是最大项；（3）设a1=λ＜0，b n=λn（n∈N*），求λ的取值范围，使得{a n}有最大值M与最小值m，且∈（﹣2，2）．【分析】（1）把b n=3n+5代入已知递推式可得a n+1﹣a n=6，由此得到{a n}是等差数列，则a n可求；（2）由a n=（a n﹣a n﹣1）+（a n﹣1﹣a n﹣2）+…+（a2﹣a1）+a1，结合递推式累加得到a n=2b n+a1﹣2b1，求得，进一步得到得答案；（3）由（2）可得，然后分﹣1＜λ＜0，λ=﹣1，λ＜﹣1三种情况求得a n的最大值M和最小值m，再由∈（﹣2，2）列式求得λ的范围．﹣a n=2（b n+1﹣b n），b n=3n+5，【解答】（1）解：∵a n+1﹣a n=2（b n+1﹣b n）=2（3n+8﹣3n﹣5）=6，∴a n+1∴{a n}是等差数列，首项为a1=1，公差为6，则a n=1+（n﹣1）×6=6n﹣5；（2）∵a n=（a n﹣a n﹣1）+（a n﹣1﹣a n﹣2）+…+（a2﹣a1）+a1=2（b n﹣b n﹣1）+2（b n﹣1﹣b n﹣2）+…+2（b2﹣b1）+a1=2b n+a1﹣2b1，∴，∴．∴数列{b n}的第n0项是最大项；（3）由（2）可得，①当﹣1＜λ＜0时，单调递减，有最大值；单调递增，有最小值m=a1=λ，∴∈（﹣2，2），∴λ∈，∴．②当λ=﹣1时，a2n=3，a2n﹣1=﹣1，∴M=3，m=﹣1，（﹣2，2），不满足条件．③当λ＜﹣1时，当n→+∞时，a2n→+∞，无最大值；→﹣∞，无最小值．当n→+∞时，a2n﹣1综上所述，λ∈（﹣，0）时满足条件．23．（18分）（2015•上海）对于定义域为R的函数g（x），若存在正常数T，使得cosg（x）是以T为周期的函数，则称g（x）为余弦周期函数，且称T为其余弦周期．已知f（x）是以T为余弦周期的余弦周期函数，其值域为R．设f（x）单调递增，f（0）=0，f（T）=4π．（1）验证g（x）=x+sin是以6π为周期的余弦周期函数；（2）设a＜b，证明对任意c∈[f（a），f（b）]，存在x0∈[a，b]，使得f（x0）=c；（3）证明：“u0为方程cosf（x）=1在[0，T]上得解，”的充分条件是“u0+T为方程cosf（x）=1在区间[T，2T]上的解”，并证明对任意x∈[0，T]，都有f（x+T）=f（x）+f（T）．【分析】（1）根据余弦函数的周期定义，判断cosg（x+6π）是否等于cosg（x）即可；（2）根据f（x）的值域为R，便可得到存在x0，使得f（x0）=c，而根据f（x）在R上单调递增即可说明x0∈[a，b]，从而完成证明；（3）只需证明u0+T为方程cosf（x）=1在区间[T，2T]上的解得出u0为方程cosf （x）=1在[0，T]上的解，是否为方程的解，带入方程，使方程成立便是方程的解．证明对任意x∈[0，T]，都有f（x+T）=f（x）+f（T），可讨论x=0，x=T，x ∈（0，T）三种情况：x=0时是显然成立的；x=T时，可得出cosf（2T）=1，从而得到f（2T）=2k1π，k1∈Z，根据f（x）单调递增便能得到k1＞2，然后根据f （x）的单调性及方程cosf（x）=1在[T，2T]和它在[0，T]上解的个数的情况说明k1=3，和k1≥5是不存在的，而k1=4时结论成立，这便说明x=T时结论成立；而对于x∈（0，T）时，通过考查cosf（x）=c的解得到f（x+T）=f（x）+f（T），综合以上的三种情况，最后得出结论即可．【解答】解：（1）g（x）=x+sin；∴==cosg（x）∴g（x）是以6π为周期的余弦周期函数；（2）∵f（x）的值域为R；∴存在x0，使f（x0）=c；又c∈[f（a），f（b）]；∴f（a）≤f（x0）≤f（b），而f（x）为增函数；∴a≤x0≤b；即存在x0∈[a，b]，使f（x0）=c；（3）证明：若u0+T为方程cosf（x）=1在区间[T，2T]上的解；则：cosf（u0+T）=1，T≤u0+T≤2T；∴cosf（u0）=1，且0≤u0≤T；∴u0为方程cosf（x）=1在[0，T]上的解；∴“u0为方程cosf（x）=1在[0，T]上得解”的充分条件是“u0+T为方程cosf（x）=1在区间[T，2T]上的解”；下面证明对任意x∈[0，T]，都有f（x+T）=f（x）+f （T）：①当x=0时，f（0）=0，∴显然成立；②当x=T时，cosf（2T）=cosf（T）=1；∴f（2T）=2k1π，（k1∈Z），f（T）=4π，且2k1π＞4π，∴k1＞2；1）若k1=3，f（2T）=6π，由（2）知存在x0∈（0，T），使f（x0）=2π；cosf（x0+T）=cosf（x0）=1⇒f（x0+T）=2k2π，k2∈Z；∴f（T）＜f（x0+T）＜f（2T）；∴4π＜2k2π＜6π；∴2＜k2＜3，无解；2）若k1≥5，f（2T）≥10π，则存在T＜x1＜x2＜2T，使得f（x1）=6π，f（x2）=8π；则T，x1，x2，2T为cosf（x）=1在[T，2T]上的4个解；但方程cosf（x）=1在[0，2T]上只有f（x）=0，2π，4π，3个解，矛盾；3）当k1=4时，f（2T）=8π=f（T）+f（T），结论成立；③当x∈（0，T）时，f（x）∈（0，4π），考查方程cosf（x）=c在（0，T）上的解；设其解为f（x1），f（x2），…，f（x n），（x1＜x2＜…＜x n）；则f（x1+T），f（x2+T），…，f（x n+T）为方程cosf（x）=c在（T，2T）上的解；又f（x+T）∈（4π，8π）；而f（x1）+4π，f（x2）+4π，…，f（x n）+4π∈（4π，8π）为方程cosf（x）=c在（T，2T）上的解；∴f（x i+T）=f（x i）+4π=f（x i）+f（T）；∴综上对任意x∈[0，T]，都有f（x+T）=f（x）+f（T）．。
2015年高考数学(文)试题(上海题)含答案
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21. （本题满分 14 分）本题共有 2 个小题，第 1 小题满分 6 分，第 2 小题满分 8 分.
如图， O , P, Q 三地有直道相通， OP 3 千米， PQ 4 千米， OQ 5 千米，现甲、乙两警员同时从
O 地出发匀速前往 Q 地，经过 t 小时，他们之间的距离为 f (t ) （单位：千米）.甲的路线是 OQ ，速度为 5 千 米/小时， 乙的路线是 OPQ ， 速度为 8 千米/小时， 乙到达 Q 地后在原地等待.设 t t1 时， 乙到达 P 地，t t2 时，乙到达 Q 地. (1)求 t1 与 f (t1 ) 的值；
2015 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）文
2015 年上海市文科试题
一．填空题（本大题共 14 小题，满分 56 分）考生应在答题纸相应编号的空格内直接填写结果，每个空格 填对得 4 分，否则一律零分） 1.函数 f ( x ) 1 3 sin x 的最小正周期为. 2.设全集 U R .若集合 A {1,2,3,4} ， B {x | 2 x 3} ，则 A (CU B ) . 3.若复数 z 满足 3 z z 1 i ，其中 i 是虚数单位，则 z . 4.设 f
x 1 2
5) log 2 (3 x 1 2) 2 的解为.
x y 0 9.若 x, y 满足 x y 2 ，则目标函数 f x 2 y 的最大值为. y 0
10. 在报名的 3 名男老师和 6 名女教师中，选取 5 人参加义务献血，要求男、女教师都有，则不同的选取 方式的种数为 11.在 ( 2 x （结果用数值表示）. （结果用数值表示）.
2015年高考语文上海卷-答案
2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）语文答案解析第Ⅰ卷阅读一、阅读下文，完成1-6题。
1.【答案】A【解析】原文中“毕竟”用在复句的前一分句表示原因，以示强调。
根据上下文，“因为”最吻合。
B.“况且”表示更进一层，多用来补充说明理由，与“毕竟”语义效果不吻合。
C.“因此”虽然表示因果关系，但是侧重从上述原因中得出的结论，与文中所显示的因果关系前后颠倒，故排除。
D.“也许”是一种委婉假设语气，且“可以将一张街道地图折起来放进你的口袋”并不是一种假设的可能，不合语境。
2.【答案】因为作者故意不使用大家默认的社会约定来解释地图，所以这个练习只是一个把戏。
3.【答案】示例：形象直观地说明理论模型的特点。
4.【答案】C【解析】A.“引出宴会模型”错，第①段中用汽车模型的例子是为了引出“理论模型”这个概念。
B.使用的是比喻的修辞手法，“却不可能（像折一张地图一样）把一个街道折起来放进口袋”。
D.举东方明珠塔和虹桥机场的例子不是因为不能精确测量二者间的距离，而是为了说明地图不能做到完全的精确，具有不完整性。
5.【答案】示例：本文语言还具有平易近人的特点，如文中多次使用设问，使用“我们”“你”等人称代词，拉近了读者与作者的距离。
6.【答案】示例：从文中看，理论模型的特点有：一、理论模型不同于其表示的对象但两者易于混淆；二、理论模型与其表示的对象之间具有结构上的特定相似性；三、理论模型需要一套基于专业知识的约定来构建和解释；四、理论模型是不完美的，主要体现在不完整、不精确两方面。
二、阅读下文，完成第7-11题。
7.【答案】C【解析】概念表述错误，“渲染”作为一种艺术手段，一般侧重于通过（环境）景物描写来渲染气氛；而“作用分析”要围绕环境、景物等做多方面的描写来形容作用，以突出形象，营造意境。
C项错把效果作用指向情感，可用“衬托”。
8.【答案】用干脆有力的“扯、抓、跨”等动词，生动地写出老妇人动作麻利和毫不犹豫，也充分表现出她的热心善良。
2015上海高考语文试卷(含答案)精美排版
2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试上海语文试卷考生注意：1．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
2．答题前，务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
3．答题纸与试卷在试题题号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。
4．考试时间150分钟。
试卷满分150分。
一阅读80分(一) 阅读下文，完成第1—6题。
（17分）地图与理论模型①工程师在设计汽车时会按比例制作汽车模型，这种实物模型可以直观地呈现出汽车的构造，而且可以让一些实验更加便捷。
举办一场宴会前，我们会思考应该邀请谁参加、需要准备哪些食物等，这是我们其实也构建了一个模型。
这种模型与汽车模型不同，它不是一种实物，而是一种‚理论‛。
科学家的工作与此相似，也是构建某种理论模型，只是这类模型的特点理解起来比较困难。
②地图也是一种模型。
地图与理论模型的类比有助于我们了解理论模型的特点。
我们先来做一个练习。
请看一张某大学校园的局部地图：③这张地图的右边画有一个箭头。
请问：箭头指示的东西是什么？④人们通常会回答：箭头指示的是一幢建筑。
如果我说这答案不仅是错的，而且根本不着边，你会怎样想？你肯定会怀疑这是个把戏。
没错，你的怀疑是正确的，但这个把戏的背后却是最为核心的问题。
⑤正确的答案是，箭头指示的是一个矩形图框。
这就是真正为箭头所指的东西。
人们会回答箭头指向了一幢建筑物，是因为根据地图和与之对应的实际环境，矩形图框显然表示一幢建筑物。
但建筑物只是矩形图框所表示的物体，而不是矩形图框本身。
⑥这个练习的目的是指出地图与其所表示的对象不是一码事。
当然，这只是一个把戏，生活中没有人会混淆地图上的一个矩形图框和现实中的一幢建筑。
毕竟．．，你可以将一张街道地图折起来放进你的口袋，却不可能把一个街道折起来放进口袋。
15年高考真题——理科数学(上海卷)
2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海）卷数学（理科）一．填空题：共14小题，每小题4分，共56分。
1．设全集U R =，若集合{}1,2,3,4A =，{}23B x x =≤≤，则U A B = ð_________。
2．若复数z 满足31z z i +=+，其中i 为虚数单位，则z =_________。
3．若线性方程组的增广矩阵为122301c c ⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭，解为35x y =⎧⎨=⎩，则12c c -=__________。
4．若正三棱柱的所有棱长均为a，且其体积为a =__________。
5．抛物线22y px =（0p >）上的动点Q 到焦点的距离的最小值为1，则p =_______。
6．若圆锥的侧面积与过轴的截面面积之比为2π，则其母线与轴的夹角的大小为_______。
7．方程()()1122log 95log 322x x ---=-+的解为___________。
28．在报名的3名男教师和6名女教师中，选取5参加义务献血，要求男、女教师都有，则不同的选取方式的种数为________（结果用数值表示）。
9．已知点P 和Q 的横坐标相同，P 的纵坐标是Q 的纵坐标的2倍，P 和Q 的轨迹分别为双曲线1C 和2C 。
若1C的渐近线方程为y =，则2C 的渐近线方程为__________。
10．设()1fx -为()222x xf x -=+，[]0,2x ∈的反函数，则()()1y f x f x -=+的最大值为_________。
11．在10201511x x ⎛⎫++ ⎪⎝⎭的展开式中，2x 项的系数为________（结果用数值表示）。
12．赌博有陷阱．某种赌博每局的规则是：赌客先在标记有1,2,3,4,5的卡片中随机摸取一张，将卡片上的数字作为其赌金（单位：元）；随后放回该卡片，再随机摸取两张，将这两张卡片上数字之差的绝对值的1.4倍作为其奖金（单位：元）。
2015年上海高考语文试题(含参考答案)
2015年上海高考语文试题考生注意：1．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
2．答卷前，务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
3．答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。
4．考试时间150分钟。
试卷满分150分。
一阅读80分（一）阅读下文，完成第1—6题。
（17分）地图与理论模型①工程师在设计汽车时会按比例制作汽车模型，这种实物模型可以直观地呈现出汽车的构造，而且可以让一些实验更加便捷。
举办一场宴会前，我们会思考应该邀请谁参加、需要准备哪些食物等，这时我们其实也构建了一个模型。
这种模型与汽车模型不同，它不是一种实物，而是一种“理论”。
科学家的工作与此相似，也是构建某种理论模型，只是这类模型的特点理解起来比较困难。
②地图也是一种模型。
地图与理论模型的类比有助于我们了解理论模型的特点。
我们先来做一个练习。
请看一张某大学校园的局部地图：③这张地图的右边画有一个箭头。
请问：箭头指示的东西足什么？④人们通常会回答：箭头指示的是一幢建筑。
如果我说这答案不仅是错的，而且根本不着边，你会怎样想？你肯定会怀疑这是个把戏。
没错，你的怀疑是正确的，但这个把戏的背后却是最为核心的问题。
⑤正确的答案是，箭头指示的是一个矩形图框。
这就是真正为箭头所指的东西。
人们会回答箭头指向了一幢建筑物，是因为根据地图和与之对应的实际环境，矩形图框显然表示一幢建筑物。
但建筑物只是矩形图框所表示的物体，而不是矩形图框本身。
⑥这个练习的目的是指出地图与其所表示的对象不是一码事。
当然，这只是一个把戏，生活中没有人会混淆地图上的一个矩形图框和现实中的一幢建筑。
毕竟．．，你可以将一张街道地图折起来放进你的口袋，却不可能把一个街道折起来放进口袋。
而理论模型与客观对象间的差别却容易被人忽略，这需要我们格外注意。
2015年高考英语真题试卷(上海卷)【答案加解析】
2015年高考英语真题试卷（上海卷）一.完型填空1.(2015·上海）Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form. of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Gift from a strangerMy local supermarket is always busy. The first parking space I found was convenient, but I'd noticed a woman in a blue car circling for a while. ________ I was in a good mood, I let her have it. On the edge of the car park I backed into the next available spot—it was a tight fit.Pretty soon I'd made my way through the supermarket and was back in the fresh air. Feeling good, I________ (empty) my purse change into the hands of a homeless man and helped a struggling woman reverse park（倒车）.Just as I approached my car, 1 saw the woman I'd let have my car space earlier. She was giving me ________ odd look—half puzzled, half intent (热切的). I smiled and wished her a pleasant day. As I squeezed back into my car, I spotted the same lady ________ (look) in at me. "Hello," she said, hesitantly. "This ________ sound crazy but I was on my way to drop some of my mothe r's things off at the charity bins.” You are just so much________her.” You helped those people, I noticed, and you seemed so happy.” She looked at me meaningfully and passed a box in through the window. “I think she would like you to have it.”________(shock), I took it from her automatically. She smiled and walked away.After a pause, I opened the box. Inside was a beautiful gold necklace with a large grey pearl. Itwas________ (nice) gift I'd ever received, and it was from a complete stranger. The necklace was around my neck, a warm reminder of human kindness.2.(2015·上海）Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form. of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Ask helpful HannahDear helpful Hannah,I’ve got a problem with my husband, Sam. He bought a smart phone a couple of months ago and he took it on our recent ski vacation to Colorado, it was a great trip except for one problem. He has a constanturge________ for next messages; he checks his phone every five minutes! He’s so addicted to it that he just can’t stand the idea ________ there may be an important tex t. He can’t help checking even at inappropriate times like when we are eating in a restaurant and I am talking to him! He behaves________ any small amount of boredom can make him feel the need to check his phone even when he know he shouldn’t. The temptat ion to see ________ is connecting him is just too great. When I ask him to put down the phone and stop________ (ignore) me, he say, “In a minute.” but still checks to see if________ has posted something new on the Internet. Our life ________ (interrupted). If we go somewhere and I ask him to have the phone at home,he suffers from withdrawal symptom. May this dependency on his smart phone has become more than an everyday problem.I recently read an article about “nomophobia,”________ is a real illness people can’t suffer from the fear of being without your phone! I am worried that Sam maybe suffering from this illness because he feels anxious if he doesn’t have his phone with him, even for a short time.Who would have thought that little devices like these could have brought so muchtrouble!Sick and Tired Sadie3.(2015·上海）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. accessB. alternativesC. designedD. confirmedE. conflictingF. elementsG. function H. innovative I. prospective J. separate K. supportingConsidering how much time people spend in effects, it is important that with A be well designed. Well-designed office spaces help create a corporation’s image. They mot ivate workers and they make an impression on people who visit and might be potential, or________ , customers. They make business work better, and they are a part of the corporate culture to live in.As we move away from an industrial-based economy to a knowledge-based one, office designers come up with ________ to the traditional work environments of the past. The design industry has moved away from a fixed office setup and created more flexible “strategic management environments.” These ________ solutions are meant to support better organizational performance.As employee hierarchies （等级制度）have flattened or decreased, office designers’ response to this change has been to move open-plan areas to more desirable locations within the office and create fewer formal private offices. The need for increased flexibility has also been ________ by changes in workstation design. Office and work spaces often are not ________ to a given person on a permanent basis. Because of changes to methods of working, new design allow for expansion or movement of desks, storage, and equipment within the workplace. Another important design goal is communication, which designers have improved by breaking the walls that________ workstations. Designers have also created informal gathering places and upgradedemployees’________ to heavily trafficked areas such as copy and coffee rooms.Corporate and institutional office designers often struggle to resolve a number of competing and often________ demands, including budgetary limits, employees hierarchies and technological innovation (especially in relation to computerization). These demands must also be balanced with the need to create interiors (内饰) that in some way enhance, establish or possess a company’s image and will enable emplo yees to ________ and their best.All these ________ of office design are related. The most successful office designs are like good marriage—the well-designed office and the employees that occupy it are seemingly made for each other.4.(2015·上海）Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.If you studied pictures that ancient people left on rock walls and you tried to determine their meaning,you would not detect interest in romance among the artists. 1 , you would see plenty of animals with people running after them. Life for ancient people’s earned to center on hunting and gathering wild foods for meals.In modern times, when food is available in grocery stores, finding love is more 2 in people’s lives. The 3 is all around us. It is easy to prepare a list of modern stories having to do with love. An endless number of books and movies qualify as love stories in popular culture.Researchers are studying whether love, a highly valued emotional state, can be 4 . They ask, what is love? Toothpaste companies want us to think attraction is all about clean teeth, but clean teeth go only so far. Scientists wonder how much the brain gets involved. You have probably heard that opposites attract but that 5 attract, too. One thing is certain: The truth about love is not yet set in stone.First ImpressionTo help determine the 6 of attraction, researchers paired 164 college classmates and had them talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes so they could get a sense of each other’s individuality. Then students were asked to 7 what kind of relationship they were likely to build with their partners. After nine weeks, they reported what happened.As it turned out, their 8 judgments often held true. Students seemed to 9 at an early stage who would best fit into their lives.The 10 KnowsScientists have also turned to nonhumans to increase understanding of attraction. Many animals give off pheromones — natural chemicals that can be detected by, and then can produce a response in, other animals of the same species. Pheromones can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or is feeling11 to partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem to be as 12 as other animals at detecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction. Although we may not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously, we give and receive loads of information through smell in every interaction with other people.Face ValueBeing fond of someone seems to have a number of factors, including seeing something we find attractive. Researchers had people judge faces for 13 . The participants had 0.013 seconds to view each face, yet somehow they generally considered the images the same as people who had more time to study the same faces. The way we 14 attractiveness seem to be somewhat automatic.When shown an attractive face and then words with good or bad associations, people responded to15 words faster after viewing an attractive face. Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking.1. A. Instead B. Therefore C. Moreover D. Otherwise2. A. romantic B. stressful C. central D. artificial3. A. priority B. proof C. possibility D. principle4. A. tested B. impressed C. changed D. created5. A. appearances B. virtues C. similarities D. passions6. A. illustrations B. implications C. ingredients D. intentions7. A. predict B. investigate C. diagnose D. recall8. A. critical B. initial C. random D. mature9. A. memorize B. distinguish C. negotiate D. question10. A. Nose B. Eye C. Heart D. Hand11. A. open B. alert C. resistant D. superior12. A. disappointed B. amazed C. confused D. gifted13. A. emotion B. attractiveness C. individuality D. signals14. A. enhance B. possess C. maintain D. assess15. A. familiar B. plain C. positive D. irritating二.阅读理解5.(2015·上海）阅读下列材料，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项.Look to many of history’s cultural symbols, and there you’ll find an ancestor of Frosty, the snowman in the movie Frozen. It appeared on some of the first postcards, starred in some of the earliest silent movies, and was the subject of a couple of the earliest photos, dating all the way back to the 1800s. I discovered even more about one of humanity’s earliest forms of life art during several years of research around the world.For example, snowmen were a phenomenon in the Middle Ages, built with great skill and thought. At a time of limited means of expression, snow was like free art supplies dropped from the sky. It was a popular activity for couples to leisurely walk through town to view the temporary works of chilly art. Some were created by famous artists, including a 19-year-old Michelangelo, who in 1494 was appointed by the ruler of Florence, Italy, to build a snowman in his mansion’s courtyard.The Miracle of 1511 took place during six freezing works called the Winter of Death. The city of Brussels was covered in snowmen—an impressive scene that told stories on every street corner. Some were political in nature, criticizing the church and government. Some were a reflection of peop le’s imagination. For the people of Brussels, this was a defining moment of defining freedom. At least until spring arrived, by which time they were dealing with damaging floods.If you fear the heyday of the snowman has passed, don't worry: I've learned that some explosive snowman history is still being made today. Every year since 1818, the people of Zurich, Switzerland, celebrate the beginning of spring by blowing up a snowman. On the third Monday of April, the holiday Sechselauten is kicked off when a cotton snowman called the Boogg is stuffed with explosive and paraded through town by bakers and other tradesmen who throw bread to the crowds. The parade ends with the Boogg being placed on a 40-foot pile of firewood. After the bells of the Church of St. Peter have rung six times, representing the passing of winter, the pile is lit. When the snowman explodes, winter is considered officially over—the quicker it is burnt down, the longer summer is said to be.(1)According to the passage, why did snowmen become a phenomenon in the Middle Ages?A.People thought of snow as holy art supplies.B.People longed to see masterpieces of snow.C.Building snowmen was a way for people to express themselves.D.Building snowmen helped people develop their skill and thought.(2)“The heyday of the snowman” （paragraph 4）means the time when___________.A. snowmen were made mainly by artistsB.snowmen enjoyed great popularityC.snowmen were politically criticizedD.snowmen caused damaging floods(3)In Zurich, the blowing up of the Boogg symbolizes__________________.A.the start of the paradeB.the coming of a longer summerC.the passing of the winterD.the success of tradesmen(4)What can be concluded about snowmen from the passage?A.They were appreciated in historyB.They have lost their valueC.They were related to moviesD.They vary in shape and size6.(2015·上海）阅读下列材料，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项.The Curse of the Were-Rabbit(2005) is the first full-lengthfeature film made by directors Nick Park and Steve Box with theiramazing plasticine(粘土) characters Wallace and Gromit. It won anOscar in 2006, and if you watch it, you’ll understand why. It’s anabsolutely brilliant cartoon comedy.Cheese-loving inventor Wallace and his brainy dog Gromit havestarted a company to protect the town's vegetables from hungryrabbits. However, just before the annual Giant VegetableCompetition, an enormous rabbit begins terrorising the town. It isattacking all the vegetables and destroying everything in its path.The competition organizer, Lady Tottington, hires Wallace andGromit to catch the monster alive. But they will have to find thewere-rabbit before gun-crazy hunter Victor Quartermaine who isdesperate to kill it.The screenplay is witty and full of amusing visual jokes. As usual,the voice of Peter Sallis is absolutely perfect for the role of Wallace,and Gromit is so beautifully brought to life, he can express a huge(1)In the film review, what is paragraph A mainly about?A.The introduction to the leading rolesB.The writer’s opinion of actingC.The writer’s comments on the storyD.The background information(2)According to the film review, “monster” （paragraph B）refers to ______.A.a gun-crazy hunterB.a brainy dogC.a scary rabbitD.a giant vegetable(3)Which of the following is a reason why the writer recommends the film?A.It’s full of wit and humour.B.Its characters show feelings without words.C.It is an adventure film directed by Peter Sallis.D.It is about the harmony between man and animals.7.(2015·上海）阅读下列材料，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项.One of the executives gathered at the Aspen Institute for a day-long leadership workshop using the works of Shakespeare was discussing the role of Brutus in the death of Julius Caesar. “Brutus was not an honorable man,” he said. “He was a traitor（叛徒）. And he murdered someone in cold blood.” The agreement was that Brutus had acted with cruelty when other options were available to him. He made a bad decision, they said—at least as it was presented by Shakespeare—to take the lead in murdering Julius Caesar. And though one of the executives acknowledged that Brutus had the good of the republic in mind, Caesar was nevertheless his superior. “You have to endeavor,” the executives said, “our policy is to obey the chain of command.”During the last few years, business executives and book writers looking for a new way to advise corporate America have be en exploiting Shakespeare’s wisdom for profitable ends. None more so than husband and wife team Kenneth and Carol Adelman, well-known advisers to the White House, who started up a training company called “Movers and Shakespeares”. They are amateur Shakespe are scholars and Shakespeare lovers, and they have combined their passion and their high level contacts into a management training business. They conduct between 30 and 40 workshops annually, focusing on half a dozen different plays, mostly for corporations, but also for government agencies.The workshops all take the same form, focusing on a single play as a kind of case study, and usingindividual scenes as specific lessons. In Julius Caesar , sly provocation（狡诈的挑唆）of Brutus to take up arms against the what was a basis for a discussion of methods of team building and grass roots organism.Although neither of the Adelmans is academically trained in literature, the programmes, contain plenty of Shakespeare tradition and background. Their workshop on Henry V, for example, includes a helpful explanation of Henry’s winning strategy at the Battle of Agincourt. But they do come to the text with a few biases (偏向): their reading of Henry V minimizes his misuse of power. Instead, they emphasize the story of the youth who seizes opportunity and becomes a masterful leader. And at the workshop on Caesar, Mr. Adelmans had little good to say about Brutus, saying “the noblest Roman of them all” couldn’t make his mind up about things.Many o f the participants pointed to very specific elements in the play that they felt related Caesar’s pride, which led to his murder, and Brutus’s mistakes in leading the after the murder, they said, raise vital questions for anyone serving as a business when and how do you resist the boss?(1)According to paragraph 1, what did all the executives think of Brutus?A.CruelB.SuperiorC.HonorableD.Bade(2)According to the passage, the Adelmans set up “Movers and Shakespeares” to ________.A.help executives to understand Shakespeare's plays betterB.give advice on leadership by analyzing Shakespeare's playsC.provide case studies of Shakespeare's plays in literature workshopsD.guide government agencies to follow the characters in Shakespeare's plays.(3)Why do the Adelmans conduct a workshop on Henry V?A.To highlight the importance of catching opportunities.B.To encourage masterful leaders to plan strategies to win.C.To illustrate the harm of prejudices in management.D.To warn executives against power misuse.(4)It can be inferred from the passage that ____.A.the Adelmans’ programme proves biased as the roles of characters are maximized.B. executives feel bored with too many specific elements of Shakespeare’s plays.C.the Adelmans will make more profits if they are professional scholars.D.Shakespeare has played an important role in the management field.(5)The best title for the passage is _____.A.Shakespeare's plays: Executives reconsider corporate cultureB.Shakespeare's plays: An essential key to business successC.Shakespeare's plays: a lesson for business motivationD.Shakespeare's plays: Dramatic training brings dramatic results8.(2015·上海）阅读下列材料，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项. Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Youth sport has the potential to accomplish three important objectives in children’s development. First, sport programs can provide youth with opportunities to be physically active, which can lead to improved physical health. Second, youth sport programs have long been considered important to youth’s psychosocial development, providing opportunities to learn important life skills such as cooperation, discipline, leadership, and self-control. Third, youth sport programs are critical for the learning of motor skills; these motor skills serve as a foundation for future national sport stars and recreational adult sport participants. When coachers develop activities for youth practices and when sport organizations design youth-sport programs, they must consider the implication of deliberate play and deliberate practice.Research from Telama （2006）states that regular participation in deliberate play or deliberate practice activities during childhood and youth （ages nine to eighteen）increases the likelihood of participation in sports during adulthood by six times for both males and females. Côté （2002）defines deliberate play activities in sport as those designed to maximize enjoyment. These activities are regulated by flexible rules adapted from standardized sport rules and are set up by the children or by an involved adult. Children typically change rules to find a point where their game is similar to the actual sport but still allows for play at their level. For example, children may change soccer and basketball rules to suit their needs and environment （e.g. in the street. on a playing field or in someone’s backyard）. When involved in deliberate play activities, children are less concerned with the outcome of their outcome of their behavior. （whether they win or lose）than with the behavior. （having fun）.On the other hand, Ericsson （1993）suggests that the most effective learning occurs through involvement in highly structured activities defined as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice activities require effort, produce no immediate rewards, and are motivated by the goal of improving performance rather than the goal of enjoyment. When individuals are involved in deliberate play, they experiment with different combinations of behaviors, but not necessarily in the most effective way to improve performance. In contrast, when individuals are involved in deliberate practice, they exhibit behavior. focused on improving performance by the most effective means available. For example, the backhand skills in tennis could be learned and improved over time by playing matches or by creating fun practice situations. However, players could more effectively improve their backhand performance by practicing drills that might be considered less enjoyable. Although drills are used in most effective means available practice might not be the most enjoyable, they might be the most relevant to improving performance.（Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS）(1)Besides the learning of motor skills, what are the other two important objectives of youth sport?(2)If children participate in deliberate play or deliberate practice activities, they are more likely to________ 。
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2015年高考试题及答案（上海卷）高三2015-06-10 10:572015年高考试题及答案（上海卷）考生注意：1．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
2．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。
3．答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。
4．考试时间150分钟，试卷满分150分。
一、阅读80分（一）阅读下文，完成第1-6题。
（16分）应该正确对待文献综述熊易寒①在很长一段时间里，国内学术界都不大重视文献综述。
近年来随着学术规范的逐步建立，这种情况有所转变，不过大多数综述都是罗列式的，报幕似地把相关研究一个一个列出来，丝毫感觉不到这些文献之间存在任何内在的关联，甚至也感觉不到这些文献与作者本人的研究有何相干。
这样的综述机械、突兀，有生拼硬凑之嫌，称之为“伪综述”亦不为过。
②阅读国际上的顶级学术刊物，有这么几个发现：一、书评以外的论文□有比较翔实的文献综述；二、专门的文献综述性文章□是由该领域的一流学者撰写；三、对相关著作的征引□采取间接引用的形式，很少直接引用。
这与国内的情形很不一样，值得我们思考。
③为什么必须有文献综述？一篇优秀的文献综述其实就是一幅学术谱系图。
写文献综述不仅是为了陈述以往的相关研究，也不仅仅是为了表示对前辈、同行或知识产权的尊重，更是为了“认祖归宗”，对自己的研究进行定位。
有时候只有把一篇文献放到学术史的脉络中去，放到学术传统中去，我们才能真正理解这个文本：作者为什么要做这项研究？他的问题意识是什么？他试图与谁对话？我们在开始一项研究时也同样要有问题意识和对话意识，不能自说自话。
对话的前提自然是倾听，如果连别人说了什么都不知道，如何进行对话？正是在倾听的过程中，我们发现了“问题”，才需要与对方进行讨论，否则便无话可说。
通过综述的写作，我们就会知道：别人贡献了什么？我打算或者能够贡献什么？我是否在重复劳动？从这个意义上讲，撰写文献综述首先是为了尊重并真正进入一个学术传统，其次才是利他主义功能——为他人提供文献检索的路线图。
④为什么综述性文章要由大家执笔？这类文献综述看似简单，其实是一项高难度的工作：首先，必须熟悉该领域的重要文献，了解最新的研究进展，在“知识大爆炸”的今天，要做到一点，非有积年之功不可。
其次，面对汗牛充栋的文献，必须具备高超的理解能力和概括能力，从宏观上把握总的研究状况，否则就不是你在驾驭文献，而是文献驾驭你。
我们（特别是初学者）在阅读文献的时候，常常淹没在浩如烟海的文献之中，茫然不知所措，有时甚至感觉被人牵着鼻子走，面对不同观点的学术论争，觉得“公说公有理，婆说婆有理”，不免犯糊涂，此乃“段位”不够所致。
最后，这类综述性文章往往具有一定的导向性和前瞻性，除了要总结现有研究，还需要高屋建瓴，指出现状的不足及其根源所在，为这一领域甚至整个学科的发展方向提出建议性意见。
如此看来，专门的文献综述性文章由德高望重、造诣深厚的学术权威撰写也就理所当然了。
⑤为什么要尽可能间接引用？间接引用就是作者用自己的语言表述引文的核心观点，这样做至少有两个好处：一来重新表述需要我们先将对方的观点吃透，然后围绕自己的核心问题和行文思路，重新加以组织，这样可以使论述更加紧凑有力。
在这个过程中，我们要尽可能找出不同文本之间的内在关联，他们的分歧是什么，共识是什么，将众多的观点进行整合、归类。
二是间接引用突破了原文的限制，可以用尽可能简洁的语言进行概括，有效节省篇幅。
⑥规范的文献综述，要求学者有严谨、认真的治学态度，也需要学术刊物的大力倡导和支持，因为有了文献综述，论文的篇幅势必扩大，有限的版面会更加紧张。
⑦认真对待文献综述，对于我们的社会科学研究而言是非常重要的。
我们不能仅仅把文献综述看作论文写作的一个步骤、程序，或者是有关方面的一个规定，更应该看到，这是知识生产过程的一个有机组成部分，它不是在重复别人，它是在说出自己。
这不仅是一个合法性问题，也是一个有效性问题。
可以说，扎实的文献综述是一篇论文成功的一半。
1．概括第①段大意。
（25字以内）（2分）2．根据文章的意思，可依次填入第②段空格处的一项是（）（2分）A．通常大多都 B．大多通常都C．都通常大多 D．通常都大多3．第③段加点词“倾听”在文中的意思是。
（2分）4．简析第⑥段的作用。
（3分）5．联系上下文，对第⑦段画线句理解正确的一项是（）（3分）A、文献综述需要对别人的观点概括提炼，不能重复别人的观点。
B、文学综述不是简单重复原文观点，而是对原文的发现和发展。
C、文献综述要突破原文观点的限制，表达出自己个性化的认识。
D、文献综述需要对别人观点加以整合，体现出自己的独立思考。
6．作者认为优秀的文献综述具有哪些价值？（4分）（二）阅读下文，完成第7-12题。
（22分）冬阳·童年·骆驼队伍林海音①骆驼队来了，停在我家的门前。
②它们排列成一长串，沉默地站着，等候人们的安排。
天气又干又冷，拉骆驼的摘下了他的毡帽，秃瓢儿上冒着热气，是一股白色的烟，融入干冷的大气中。
③爸爸在和他讲价钱。
双峰的驼背上，每匹都驮着两麻袋煤。
我在想，麻袋里面是“南山高末”呢？还是“乌金墨玉”呢？我常常看见顺城街煤栈的白墙上，写着这样几个大黑字。
但是拉骆驼的说，他们从门头沟来，他们和骆驼，是一步一步走来的。
④另外一个拉骆驼的，在招呼骆驼们吃草料。
它们把前脚一屈，屁股一撅，就跪了下来。
⑤爸爸已经和他们讲好价钱了。
人在卸煤，骆驼在吃草。
⑥我站在骆驼的面前，看它们吃草料咀嚼的样子，那样丑的脸，那样长的牙，那样安静的态度。
它们咀嚼的时候，上牙和下牙交错地磨来磨去，大鼻孔里冒着热气，白沫子沾满在胡须上。
我看得呆了，自己的牙齿也动起来。
⑦老师教给我，要学骆驼，沉得住气的动物。
看它从不着急，慢慢地走，慢慢地嚼，总会走到的，总会吃饱的。
也许它天生是该慢慢地，偶然躲避车子跑两步，姿势很难看。
⑧骆驼队伍过来时，你会知道，打头儿的那一匹，长脖子底下总会系着一个铃铛，走起来“当、当、当”地响。
⑨“为什么要一个铃铛？”我不懂的事就要问一问。
⑩爸爸告诉我，骆驼很怕狼，因为狼会咬它们，所以人类给它们戴上铃铛，狼听见铃铛的声音，知道那是有人类在保护着，就不敢侵犯了。
⑾我的幼稚的心灵中却充满了和大人不同的想法，我对爸爸说：⑿“不是的，爸！它们软软的脚掌走在软软的沙漠上，没有一点点声音，你不是说，它们走上三天三夜都不喝一口水，只是不声不响地咀嚼着从胃里反刍出来的食物吗？一定是拉骆驼的人类，耐不住那长途寂寞的旅程，所以才给骆驼戴上了铃铛，增加一些行路的情趣。
”⒀爸爸想了想，笑笑说：⒁“也许，你的想法更美些。
”⒂冬天快过完了，春天就要来了，太阳特别暖和，暖得让人想把棉袄脱下来。
可不是吗？骆驼也脱掉它的旧驼绒袍子啦！它的毛皮一大块一大块地从身上掉下来，垂在肚皮底下。
我真想拿把剪刀替它们剪一剪，因为太不整齐了。
拉骆驼的人也一样，他们身上那件反穿的大羊皮，也都脱下来了，搭在骆驼背的小峰上。
麻袋空了，“乌金墨玉”都卖了，铃铛在轻松的步伐里响得更清脆。
⒃夏天来了，再不见骆驼的影子，我又问妈：⒄“夏天它们到哪儿去？”⒅“谁？”⒆“骆驼呀！”⒇妈妈回答不上来了，她说：(21)“总是问，总是问，你这孩子！”(22)夏天过去，秋天过去，冬天又来了，骆驼队又来了，但是童年却一去不还。
冬阳底下学骆驼咀嚼的傻事，我也不会再做了。
(23)可是，我是多么想念童年住在北京城南的那些景色和人物啊！我对自己说，把它们写下来吧，让实际的童年过去，心灵的童年永存下来。
就这样，我写了一本《城南旧事》。
(24)我默默地想，慢慢地写。
看见冬阳下的骆驼队走过来，听贝缓慢悦耳的铃声，童年重临于我的心头。
7．第⑥段画线句的作用是。
（2分）8．对骆驼挂铃铛的解释，“我”的想法比爸爸的想法“更美”在哪里?（3分）9．作者多处描述骆驼队，对此分析不恰当的两项是（）（）（6分）A．第①段由一句话构成，简洁而有画面感，将骆驼队这一描述对象凸现出来。
B．第②段先写骆驼群的沉默，再写拉骆驼的人头上冒的热气，有比较的意味。
C．第③段中画线的“但是”一词有强调的作用，语意上与上文没有形成转折。
D．第④段“屈”、“撅”、“跪”一连串动作的描写，让人们感觉到骆驼的温顺。
E．第⑩段不用对话描写而是转述爸爸的话，改变了表达方式，行文富有变化。
F．第⒂段描写了冬天快过完时的骆驼队，暗示“我”对骆驼的感情发生改变。
10．有人评论林海音的文字“细致而不柔弱”，结合这一评论，赏析第⑦段画线句。
（3分）11．最后三段和前文叙述视角不同，传递的情感也有差异。
请根据前后两部分内容，对此加以分析。
（4分）12．“冬阳”在行文中着墨不多，却是标题的一部分。
联系全文，对此加以评析。
（4分）（三）默写。
（6分）【任选6空，超过6空，按前6空评分】13．（1）问君何能尔? 。
（陶渊明《饮酒》）（2），不如须臾之所学也。
（苟子《劝学》）（3），何似在人间! (苏轼《水调歌头》)（4）不义而富且贵，。
（《〈论语〉七则》）（5），阴阳割昏晓。
（杜甫《望岳》）（6），不能成方圆。
（《孟子·离娄上》）（7）一夫当关，（李白《蜀道难》）（8）月子弯弯照几州，。
（杨万里《竹枝歌》）（四）阅读下面的作品，完成第14-16题。
（8分）春江晚景张九龄江林皆秀发，云日复相鲜。
征路那①逢此，春心益渺然②。
兴来只自得，佳处莫能传。
薄暮津亭下，余花满客船。
[注]①那：同“哪”。
②渺然：广阔辽远的样子。
14．与诗歌题目中“江”字直接照应的词语有“江林”、“”和“客船”。
（1分）15．对本诗分析正确的一项是（）（3分）A．本诗用典与写实相结合，含蓄而又自然。
B．本诗以咏物为题材，脉络清晰而且顺畅。
C．颔联、颈联对仗工整，符合律诗的要求。
D．全诗的语言清新淡雅，又不失朴实之风。
16．从情景关系的角度，赏析本诗前两联是如何表达作者情感的。
（4分）（五）阅读下文，完成第17-21题。
（17分）卜式传①卜式，河南人也。
以田畜为事。
时汉方事匈奴，式上书，愿输家财半助边。
上使使问式：“欲为官乎？”式曰：“自小牧羊，不习仕宦，不愿也。
”使者曰：“家岂有冤，欲言事乎？”式曰：“臣生与人无争，邑人贫者贷之，不善者教之，所居，人皆从式，何故见冤？”使者曰：“苟，子何欲？”式曰：“天子诛匈奴，愚以为贤者宜死节，有财者宜输之，如此匈奴可灭也。
”使者以闻。
丞相弘曰：“此非人情，愿陛下勿许。
”于是上不报式。
式归，复田牧。
②岁余，会浑邪等降，仓府空，贫民大徙，皆仰给县官，无以尽赡。
式复持钱二十万与河南太守，以给徙民。
河南上富人助贫民者，上识式姓名，曰：“是固前欲输其家半财助边。