最新英国文学名词解释及课后答案

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英国文学名词解释综合版

英国文学名词解释综合版名词解释：1, Humanism: a variety of ethical theory and practice that emphasizes reason, scientific inqu iry, and human fulfillment in the natural world and often rejects the importance of belief in God. It fo-cuses on human values and concerns, attaching prime importance to human rather than divine o r supernatural matters. 人道主义2, Renaissance: the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise o f the modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries. Th e renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religion, and other asp ects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and se arched for realism and human emotion in art. 文艺复兴3, Spenserian stanza: a fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem The Fae-rie Queene. Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single 'Alexandrine' line in iambic hexameter The rhyme scheme of these lines is "ababbcbcc." 斯宾塞第二节诗4, Metaphysical poets: The metaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samu el Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was ch aracterized by the inventive use of conceits, and byspeculation about topics such as love or religi on. 玄学诗5, Lake Poets: The Lake Poets are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District o f Eng-land at the turn of the nineteenth century. The three main figures of what has become known as the Lakes School are William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey 湖畔诗6, Beowulf: It is the oldest poem in the English language and the most important specimen o f Anglo-Saxon literature. The main stories are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes. It is a pagan poem, which presents us an all-round picture of the tribal society. 贝奥武甫7, Byronic hero: The Byronic hero is a variant of the Romantic hero as a type of character, na med after the English Romantic poet Lord Byron. a man proud, moody, cynical, with defiance on his brow, and misery in his heart, a scorner of his kind, implacable in revenge, yet capable of dee p and strong affection 拜伦式英雄8, Romanticism: Romanticism is a literary and artistic movement, which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1832. It is concerned with the expression of the individual's feeling and emotions a nd stressed strong emotion as a resource of aesthetic experience.浪漫主义9, Ode: a lyrical verse written in praise of, or dedicated to someone or something which cap tures the poet's interest or serves as an inspiration for the ode. 颂诗,赋(有特殊主题,多为歌颂特定人物或事的抒情诗)O~ to the West Wind.西风颂(雪莱(Shelley) 的诗)O~ on a Grecian Urn.希腊古瓮之歌(济慈(Keats) 的诗)10, University Wits: The University Wits were a group of late 16th century English playwrigh ts who were educated at the universities and who became playwrights and popular secular write rs. Prominent members of this group were Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene, and Thomas Na she from Cambridge, and John Lyly, Thomas Lodge, George Peele from Oxford. 大学才子11, Sentimentalism: Sentimentalism stresses on material senses as being spiritual and/or co nsid-ers soul to be material, thus anything done on sentimental level is more or less materialistic ra-ther than spiritual/transcendental. 情感主义12, Alliteration: Alliteration refers to the repetition of a particular sound in the first syllables of a series of words or phrases. Alliteration has developed largely through poetry, in which it mor e narrowly refers to the repetition of a consonant in any syllables that, according to the poem's meter, are stressed. Alliteration is commonly used in many languages, especially in poetry. 头韵13,Glorious Revolution: the name of the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scot-land and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder W illiam III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a D utch fleet and army led to his ascending the English throne as William III of England jointly with hi s wife Mary II of England. In 1688, William of orange landed at torbay and marched upon London . This takeover was smooth,with neither bloodshed, nor any execution of the King, which becam e known as the glorious revolution. 光荣革命14, Norman Conquest: the invasion and conquest of England by an army of Normans and Fr ench led by Duke William II of Normandy. William, who defeated King Harold II of England on 14 Octo-ber 1066 at the Battle of Hastings, was crowned as king on Christmas Day 1066. He then consoli-dated his control over England and settled many of his followers in England, introducing a numbe r of governmental and societal changes to medieval England. 诺曼征服15, Ballad: A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularl y characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later the Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides. The form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the lat er 19th century it took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and the term is now often used as synonymous with any love song, particularly the pop or rock power ballad. 歌谣16 .Free verse : Free verse has no overall rhyme scheme, nor basic meter informing the whole poem. Ezra pound advised poets to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of the metronome. Charles Olson advised poets t compose by listening to their own breath. Walt Whitman created an impressive rhythm by accumulation: keeping writing long lines of approximately the same length and causing the pause to recur at about the same interval after each line. 自由体诗17. Open form, Free verse, Prose Poem问答题：1. Humanism was a study first done in the renaissance. instead of learning only about god and rel igion, people, for the first time, started to just think about ourselves as people characteristics of humanism include anatomy, classicism, nature, realism, reason and learning, religion, individual-ism, youth, and perspective.2, Sonnet 18 theme of man and the natural world. On one level, Sonnet 18 is clearly concerned w ith the relationship between man and the eventual, inescapable death he’ll encounter in nature. On another level, the poet also seems fascinated by the relationship between seasonal weather a nd personal, internal "weather" and balance. Sonnet 18 Theme of Literature and Writing Like mu ch of Sh akespeare’s work, Sonnet 18 is all about writing and expressing one’s self through lan-guage. This is, at its clearest, a poem about the power of the written word over death, fate, and possibly even love. Sonnet 18 Theme of Time The speaker of Sonnet 18 is absolutely fixated on fa te and mortality, but believes he’s come up with an effective time machine: poetry. Sonnet 18 is addressed to a friend, not to a woman Shakespeare compares his friendship to a summer's day . Friendship is unlike summer not changing and it is everlasting. Friendship is like a mild and eter-nal summer.3 movement of RomanticismThe historical issues and developments of the time played a major role in provoking and shap-ing the new literary movement of Romanticism. The Industrial Revolution, its urbanization of Eng lish life, and its abuses against the working class called for a change in literary concerns and style. The basis aims ofromanticism were various: a return to nature and to belief in the goodness of man; the rediscovery of the artist as a supremely individual creator; the exaltation of senses and emotions over reason and intellect.4， Charlotte BronteIn this novel, Charlotte Bronte pours a great deal of her own experiences, such as the life at Lo-wood School and life as a governess. One of the central themes of the book is the criticism of th e bourgeois system of education. Another problem raised by Charlotte in the novel is the posi-tion of woman in society. Jane Eyre is an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved. She is poor and plain but she dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many w ays. As a little governess, she is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him. She cuts a c ompletely new women image. She represents those middle-class working women who are strug-gling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.5，metaphysical poetry——complex, highly intellectual verse filled with intricate and far-fetched m etaphors. John Donne is considered the greatest of the metaphysical poets.6 Swift's proseAnother important feature of Swift's prose is that he uses the common touch. In other words, ev erybody can understand his language that is why even children can read his books with so much enjoyment. Also, Swift addresses people as rational and political beings, making them his equals. Swift wrote in a very plain and downright style. He didn't use any embellishment. At times, when Swift was writing serious stuff this same plain style appears dry but when writing humorously, thi s same plainnessgives his wit a singular edge. Swift didn't use ornate or rhetorical language.7 the general relation of Normans and SaxonsAfter the Norman Conquest, the general relation of Normans and Saxons was that of master and servant. One of the most striking manifestations of the supremacy of the conquerors was to be s een in the language. The Norman lords spoke French, while their English subjects retained their o ld tongue. For a long time the scholar wrote in Latin and the courtier in French. There was al-most no written literature in English for a time. Chronicles and religious poems were in Latin. Ro mances, the prominent kind of literature in the Anglo-Norman period, were at first all in French. By the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country. But now it became something different from the old Anglo-Saxon. The structure of the language remained English, and the common words were almos t all retained, though often somewhat modified in form. But many terms employed by the Nor-mans were adopted into the English language.8 The character Shylock, in Shakespeare's The Merchant of VeniceThe character Shylock, in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, is portrayed as a beastly monstr osity, with a lust for Antonio's life. Shylock is clearly a villain in the sense that he takes repeatedl y takes advantage of people in vulnerable economic situations and makes a handsome living in th is way. He is not an inherently likable character throughout “The Merchant of Venice” by Shakes peare; he avoids friendships, he is cranky, and he is steadfast in his beliefs to the point of being ri gid. Shylockis also a man who is unreasonable and self-thinking, demanding Shylock is a man wh o is hardly likable in all aspects throughout “The Merchant of Venic e”.9 Robinson Crusoe is one of the protagonists drawn most successfully in English novels. Through his characterization of Crusoe, Defoe describes him as a hero struggling against nature and hu-man fate with an indomitable will, and highly praises his creative labor, physical and mental, an a llusion to the glorification of the bourgeois creativity when it was a rising and more energetic clas s in the initial stage of its historical development.10 In Shakespeare's Hamlet, a ghost tells Hamlet that his uncle, Claudius, is responsible for the d eath of his father. Hamlet is driven to reveal the truth of his father's death and seeks to avenge h is murder to achieve justice. In his quest to right the wrongdoing, Hamlet delays acting toward ju stice for many reasons. The main factor for Hamlet's hesitation is attributed to his self-discipline. He lacks of ability to act on his emotions. Hamlet is an intelligent, moral, and reserved character. He restrains himself to act rationally and not on emotion. This hesitation is a tragic flaw for Ham-let, but in order to resolve the truth, it is necessary. Hamlet has doubts about the validity of the g host; he is too rational a character to seek revenge on Claudius based on a conversation with a su pernatural spirit. He is unsure whether it was his father's ghost, or some evil deity trying to trick him.英国文学问答题1.Shakespeare:Questions:1. Why sleep is so frightening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”?2. Why would people rather hear all the sufferings of the world instead choosing death to get rid of them, according to Hamlet?3. What, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action? Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.4. What does Romeo compare Juliet to in the beginning passage of the selection?5. What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capulet?6.What does Romeo mean when he says “Look thou but sweet, /And I am proof against their e nmity”?7.What’s your understanding on the utterance “to be or not be”?8. Briefly comment on the characteristics of Hamlet’s personality.9.When were Shakespeare’s major tragedies written? What did he write about in his tragedies?Answers for reference:1. Nobody can predict what he will dream of after he falls asleep.2.Death is so mysterious that nobody knows what death will bring to us. Maybe bitter sufferings, great pains, heartbreaking stories…3.1) Conscience and over-considerations. 2) He wants to revenge, but doesn’t knowhow; 2) He wants to kill his uncle, but find it too risky; 3) He lives in despair and wants to commit suicide, 4)however, he knows if he dies, nobody will comfort his father’s ghost. He is in face of great dilemma.4. Sun.5. They would give up their names for love’s sake.6. Only if you are kind to me, their hatred cannot hurt me.7. “To be or not to be” means to live or end one’s life by self-destruction. Hamlet has already spoken of suicide as a means of escape, and he dwells on it in a later part of this very speech, giving however a different reason for refraining. The notion that in the words “or not to be ”he is speculating on the possibility of “something after death”---whether there is a future life –cannot be entertained for a moment. The whole drift of the speech shows his belief in a future life. Practically the whole speech has become proverbial as an outpouring of utter worldly weariness.8. Hamlet is the typical of humanists under the pen of Shakespeare, who is characteristic of the perfection and perseverance in personality embodied in the Renaissance superman. As Ophelia tells us that he had been the ideal Renaissance prince___ a soldier, scholar, courtier, “the glass of fashion and the mold of form.” But since his father died and his mother hastily remarried, there is transition in his character. He was in the state of depression, melancholy and delay of revenging. Why? Because he realizes, as a humanist, what his real duty lies in. So he pretended to be mad, melancholy, depressed and slow in action. By large, he is very sensitive,resourceful and has his own ideas, and the essence of his revenging his father is not for himself or for the bloody family feuds and hatred but lies in punishing the social corruptions, the wrongs, praising the good, and setting it right. As humanist himself he is all alone, detaching himself from the mass, which is the major reason why he failed himself.9. Shakespeare’s main tragedies were written during the period of gloom and depression, which dated from 1600 to 1607.Shakespeare’s great tragedies are associated with a period of gloom and sorrow in his life. During this period, England witnessed a general unrest, and social contradictions became very sharp. What caused the wri ter’s personal sadness is unknown to us. It is generally attributed to the political misfortune of his friend and patron, Earl of Essex, who was killed by the queen.10.What was the keynote of the Renaissance? Can you define it?Answer: Humanism was the keynote of the Renaissance, reflecting the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. The humanists advocated the emancipation of man, tried to have the new evaluation of man and his powers, fought for equality and justice and opposed feudal tyranny and religious obstinacy.11.What are Shakespeare’s four great comedies and four great tragedies?Answer: The four great comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream As You Like itThe Merchant of Venice Twelfth Night The four great tragedies: Hamlet Othello King Lear Macbeth 12.What is the theme of Shakespeare’s So nnet 18?Answer: Only literature (“eternal lines”, “this”) can contend with time, and literature is created by man, so in the final analysis, this poem glorifies man’s greatness and immortality, which is a feature of the Renaissance Period.2.Bacon:13.According to Bacon, what studies chiefly serve for?14.According to Bacon, what are the disadvantages ofstudies?15.According to Bacon, what is the relationship between studies and life experiences?16.According to Bacon, different people have different attitudes toward studies, please name some.17.According to Bacon, what way should we have toward studies?18.According to Bacon, how studies exert influence over human character?19.Please list at least 4 major works written by Francis Bacon.Answers:13.Studies serve 1)for delight, 2)for ornament, and3) for ability. Their chief use for delight, is inprivateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business. (3points)14.1)To spend too much time in studies is sloth; 2)to use them too much for ornament, isaffectation; 3) to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar. (3points) 15.1)Studies perfect nature, and are perfectec by experience: 2)for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; 3)and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. (3points)16.1)Crafty men contemn studies, 2)simple men admire them, and 3)wise men use them; 4)for they teach not their own use;5)but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.(3points)17.1)Read not to contradict and confute;2) nor to believe and take for granted; 3)nor to find talk and discourse;4) but to weighand consider. (3points)18.1)Histories make men wise; 2)poets witty; 3)the mathematics subtile; 4)natural philosophy deep; 5)moral grave;6)logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse. (3points)19.1)Advancement of Learning, 1605; 2)New Instrument,1620; 3)New Atlantis, 1626; 4)Essays, 1625.(3points)3.Jane Austen:Questions:20. Why do you think of Mrs.Bennet? How can you characterize her?21. What do you known about Jane Austen’s writing style?Answers for reference:20. 1) She is mean, her only care is to marry her daughter to rich young men ; 2) She is simple and foolish, even cannot understand her husband’s ironical words. 3) She loves her daughter , though she doesn’t understand them ,but what she do is only for their happiness rather than herself.21. 1) keen observation of society around her , good ear for conversation, use of mild, irony and penetrating analysis.2)Style, clarity, economy, skillful dialogue, tight plotting, simple and clear. 3）Readers can find sth of themselves, comfort, tranquility, escape in her novels.22.Tell the story of Pride and Prejudice.Answer: Bingley, a rich bachelor, takes Netherfield Park, and brings there his friend Darcy. Bingley falls in love with Jane, and Darcy is attracted to her next sister Elizabeth, but offends her by his proud behavior. He proposes to her but is rejected. Her prejudice against him increases as more misunderstanding arises. After many twists and turns, however, things are cleared up, andthe two couples are happily united.23.In Jane Austen’s surroundings, what were the only important issues in life?Answer: In Jane Austen’s surroundings, marriage, inheritance of property and maintenance of social prestige were the only important issues in life.24. O n what issues were Jane Austen’s novels centered?Answer: Her novels were centered on such issues as marriage, inheritance of property and maintenance of social prestige.25. From what book is the following paragraph taken? Who wrote it?“Elizabeth, feel ing all the more than common awkwardness and anxiety of his situation, now forced herself to speak; and immediately, though not very fluently, gave him to understand that her sentiments had undergone so material a change, since the period to which he alluded, as to make her receive with gratitude and pleasure his present assurances. The happiness which this reply produced, was such as he had probably never felt before; and he expressed himself on the occasion as sensibly and as warmly as a man violently in love can besupposed to do. Had Elizabeth been able to encounter his eye, she might have seen how well the expression of heartfelt delight, diffused over his face, became him; but, though she could not look, she could listen, and he told her of feelings, which, in proving of what importance she was to him, made his affection every moment more valuable.”Answer: It is taken from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen.26. Who said the following? From what book is it taken?“I cannot give you credit for any philosophy of the kind. Your retrospections must be so totally void of reproach, that thecontentment arising from them is not of philosophy, but, what is much better, of innocence. But with me, it is not so. Painful recollections will intrude which cannot, which ought not, to be repelled. I have been a selfish being all my life, in practice, though not in principle. As a child I was taught what was right, but I was not taught to correct my temper. I was given good principles, but left to follow them in pride and conceit. Unfortunately an only son (for many years an only child), I was spoilt by my parents, who, though good themselves (my father, particularly, all that was benevolent and amiable), allowed, encouraged, almost taught me to be selfish and overbearing; to care for none beyond my own family circle; to think meanly of all the rest of the world; to wish at least to think meanly of their sense and worth compared with my own. Such I was, from eight to eight and twenty; and such I might still have been but for you, dearest, loveliest Elizabeth! What do I not owe you! You taught me a lesson, hard indeed at first, but most advantageous. By you, I was properly humbled. I came to you without a doubt of my reception. You showed me how insufficient were all my pretensions to please a woman worthy of being pleased.”Answer: It was said by Darcy. It is taken from Pride and Prejudice.27. D o you agree with the statement “it is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife”? Why?Answer: To make the statement really true, it would be better to omit “in possession of a good fortune”. The original statement actually is only the wishful thinking of Mrs. Bennet and is rather ironically amusing. Marriage and money have no relationship at all. We cannot define a man by his possession offortune; marriage is something really holy and people marry because they fall in love with each other, not with money4.Charlotte Bronte:Questions:28.What’s the theme in Jane Eyre?29.Please show your understanding on the love between Jane Eyre and Mr Rochester . Answers for reference:28.1) Jane Eyre is not only a love story; 2) it is also a plea for the recognition of theindividual’s worth and 3) sex equality that Women attempt t o assert their own identity within the male-dominated society.29.Though poor and plain, Jane Eyre, who had a strong will of life, tried hard to get herrights of equality. She left the man very much who was about 20 years older than she and richer. She just wanted him to treat her equally. She was great because her love made disillusioned Rochester happy again. Mr. Rochester was a man full of life’s misery, yet he loved Jane truly and respected her very much. That’s why he got her love.30.Why does Jane Eyre decide to stay with Mr. Rochester?Answer: She has always loved him. She doesn’t really want to marry St John. She once left Mr. Rochester because he was already married to Bertha, not because she stopped loving him. The call she hears at the window of “Jane! Jane!” makes her think Rochester is in trouble, so she goes back to find him.31.Tell the story of Jane Eyre.Answer: Jane becomes a governess for Rochester, who falls in love with her, and she with him. They are about to be married when Jane, learning that Rochester has a wife, a lunatic, flees from the house. She is taken in and cared for by Rev. Rivers.Meanwhile, a great misfortune befalls Rochester: he loses his sight during a fire in the house, set by his mad wife. Hearing that Rochester is penniless and disabled, Jane Eyre hurries to him and becomes his wife.32.Why is Jane Eyre so popular?Answer: The heroine is plain and poor; the heroine is the first female character to claim the right to feel strongly about her emotions and act on her convictions; such a psychologically complex heroine had never been created before.33. Who said the following? From what book is it taken?“Cruel, cruel deserter! Oh, Jane, what did I feel when I discovered you had fled from Thornfield, and when I could nowhere find you; and, after examining your apartment, ascertained that you had taken no money, nor anything which could serve as an equivalent! A pearl necklace I had given you lay untouched in its little casket; your trunks were left corded and locked as they had been prepared for the bridal tour. What could my darling do, I asked, left destitute and penniless? And what did she do? Let me hear now.”Answer: It was said by Mr. Rochester. It is taken from Jane Eyre.5.Charles Dickens:Questions:34. How do you understand Pip’s so called “Great Expectation”?35. Please explain the reason that Great Expectation is a so-called bildungsroman or growth novel.Answers for reference:(简略版)34.1) W hen he was young,he wanted to become ablacksmith like Joe, his brother in law. 2)When he met Havisham and fell in love with Estella, his expectations changed: to raise his social status and become a gentleman,get a better education and then marry Estella. 3) When Pip discovered that his benefactor was in fact a co nvict, his “great expectation” turned out to be bubble, beautif ul but transient. Pip finally realized the money and social status is not the most important thing in life. W hat’s important is love and loyalty. M an's true value has nothing to do with his money and status.35.It is the novel of the growth and development of the hero Pip. There is absence of parentsfor Pip who is raised by his sister and brother-in-law; As a gentleman, Pip condescends people of lower class, losing sight of the generous, kind aspect of being a gentleman; He is tested and drawn to destructive love etc.36.Tell the story of the excerpt from Great Expectations you have read.Answer: One night, a familiar figure comes into Pip’s room –- the convict Magwitch, who surprises Pip by saying that he, not Miss Havisham, is the source of Pip’s fortun e. He tells Pip that he was so moved by Pip’ boyhood kindness that he had dedicated his life to making Pip a gentleman, and made a fortune in Australia for that very purpose. Magwitch is caught and sentenced to death, and Pip loses his fortune.37.What is the theme of the excerpt from Great Expectations you have read?Answer: Affection, loyalty, and conscience were considered more important than social advancement and wealth38.From what book is the following paragraph taken? Who。

英国文学名词解释及课后答案

名词解释Renaissance:The Renaissance indicates a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter and most often in one of the two rhyme schemes: the Italian(or Petrarchan) or Shakes pearean ( or English ).A sonnet is a 14-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme and meter .It has two main forms :the shakespearean sonnet and the Italian sonnet.Shakespeare Sonnet: a lyric with three quatrains and one couplet, rhyming ababcdcdefefgg, consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.A Shakespearean sonnet consists of fourteen lines written in iambic pentameter, in which a pattern of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable is repeated five times. The rhyme scheme in a Shakespearean sonnet is a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g; the last two lines are a rhyming couplet.Enlightenment: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science (the 18th century)The Age of Enlightenment (also called the Age of Reason) refers to the 18th_ century England.The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement.It celebrated reason (rationality), equality, science and human beings’ ability to perfect themselves and their society and it aimed to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern ,philosophical and artistic ideas.Romanticism: it flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art in Western culture during most if the nineteenth century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.Dramatic monologue: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in poem. The occasion is a crucial one in the speaker’s life, and the dramatic monologue reveals the speaker’s personality aswell as the incident that is the subject of the poem.Aestheticism: The basic theory of the aesthetic movement----- art for art’s sake. The theorist of aestheticism was Walter Pater. The chief representative of the movement in England was Oscar Wilde, .Aestheticism places art above life.Stream of consciousness: The style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories and mental images as the character experiences them. (psychol organized by William James) individual conscious experience regarded as continuously moving forward in time in an uneven flow. In creative writing the interior monologue makes use of this to reveal character and comment on life.（由威廉·詹姆士创立的心理学）个人的内心体验以不平衡的方式不断流动着。

(完整版)英国文学名词解释

①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄).②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation.③Romance:The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths.④Epic:An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics.⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》).⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里▪乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.⑦【William Langland威廉▪朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】The English Bible:The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe(约翰▪威克里夫). The Authorized Version is King James Bible made in 1611. The result is a monument of English language and English literature.Renaissance:Renaissance or the birth of letters is an intellectual movement. Its two features are a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.William Caxton威廉▪卡克斯顿: He is the first English printer and invented in England the profession of publisher.Thomas More托马斯▪莫尔:The greatest of the English humanists was Thomas More, the author of Utopia《乌托邦》. He is also one of such “giants”(巨匠) of the Renaissance. He distinguished himself as a learned scholar, a master of Latin, a witty talker, a lover of music, an honest statesman , and a man of noble character, modest but steadfast(坚定的), to his convictions. He was a far-sighted thinker, aspired for a totally new society with happy, classless, and free from poverty and exploitation. He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.Utopia:It is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conservation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager. It is divided into two books. The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. In the second book is described in detail an ideal communist society, Utopia. The name “Utopia” comes from Greek words meaning “no place” and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.Philip Sidney菲利普▪锡德尼: He is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry. His collection of love sonnets, Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星》, was published in 1591.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙▪斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：The poet’s poet of the period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions(感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, together with Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare’s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age.【In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧人日记》which marked the budding(萌芽) of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England. The faerie Queen 《仙后》is his greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.】Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also the first English essayist. To give a few, “Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark..”“Studies serve for delight.”“Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing anexact man.”Drama: The Miracle Play圣迹剧The Morality Play道德剧寓意剧The Interlude幕间节目Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛: The most gifted of the “university wits”was Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587), The Jew of Malta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》(1588). He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist——Shakespeare——whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance. 【His plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable(不知足的) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.】William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.①The great comedies:A Midsummer Might’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It,Twelfth Night.②The great tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.The Merchant of V enice:威尼斯富商安东尼奥Antonio为了成全好友巴萨尼奥Bassanio的婚事，向犹太人高利贷者夏洛克Shylock借债。

英国文学名词解释

01. Humanism(人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth” or “revival”.It 343means the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classism(古典主义)Classism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to themid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in england were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan swift.etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.、。

英国文学主要名词解释

1. Enlightenment:a.The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe inthe 18th century.进步的智力运动b.The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive classof bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.总体上，启蒙主义是当时的资产阶级对封建主义，社会的不平等、死寂、偏见和其他的封建残余的一种反对。

通过将科学的各个分支与人民的日常生活和需要联系起来，启蒙主义者们努力将他们变成为人民大众服务的工具c.English enlighteners differed in some way from those of France “cleared the minds of men forthe coming revolution,” the English enlighteners set no revolutionary aims before them. They strove to bring it to an end by clearing away the feudal ideas with the bourgeois ideology.英国和法国的资产阶级启蒙主义者观念上存在一定差异。

英国文学名词解释

英国文学名词解释
英国文学是指英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰地区的文学作品。

它的历史可以追溯到中世纪，经历了文艺复兴时期、启蒙时代、浪漫主义时期、维多利亚时代等不同的文学风格和时期。

英国文学的特点之一是其丰富多样的文学形式。

从中世纪的骑士传奇和中世纪诗歌到现代小说和诗歌，英国文学涵盖了各种各样的文学体裁。

其中一些最重要的文学体裁包括史诗、戏剧、诗歌、小说和散文。

这些不同的文学形式为英国文学带来了不同的风格和主题。

英国文学的另一个重要特点是其丰富多样的主题和风格。

从中世纪的宗教作品和史诗到现代小说和诗歌，英国文学涵盖了各种各样的主题。

它反映了社会、政治、宗教和文化变革的演变。

一些最常见的主题包括爱情、战争、自然、宗教、社会道德和个人发展。

不同的作家和时代也采用了不同的文学风格和技巧来表达这些主题。

英国文学的另一个重要方面是它的历史和文化意义。

通过阅读英国文学作品，我们可以了解英国历史的演变，了解英国社会和文化的发展。

英国文学作品中经常出现的历史事件、人物和地点也成为了文学研究和文化遗产的重要组成部分。

在英国文学中，有很多重要的作家和作品。

莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯卡·王尔德、简·奥斯汀和弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫都是英国文学史上的重要人物。

他们的作品不仅在英国有着广泛的影响力，也
对世界文学产生了重要的影响。

总之，英国文学是一个丰富多样的文学传统，它的作品涵盖了各种各样的文学形式、主题和风格。

通过阅读和研究英国文学作品，我们可以深入了解英国的历史、文化和文学发展。

英国文学名词解释及问答题

名词解释：1, Humanism: a variety of ethical theory and practice that emphasizes reason, scientific inquiry, and human fulfillment in the natural world and often rejects the importance of belief in God. It focuses on human values and concerns, attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters.2, Renaissance: the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the17th centuries.The renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art.3, Spenserian stanza: a fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem The Faerie Queene. Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single 'Alexandrine' line in iambic hexameter The rhyme scheme of these lines is "ababbcbcc."4, Metaphysical poets: The metaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion.5, Lake Poets: The Lake Poets are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. The three main figures of what has become known as the Lakes School are William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey6, Beowulf: It is the oldest poem in the English language and the most important specimen of Anglo-Saxon literature. The main stories are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes. It is a pagan poem, which presents us an all-round picture of the tribal society.7, Byronic hero: The Byronic hero is a variant of the Romantic hero as a type of character, named after the English Romantic poet Lord Byron. a man proud, moody, cynical, with defiance on his brow, and misery in his heart, a scorner of his kind, implacable in revenge, yet capable of deep and strong affection8, Romanticism: Romanticism is a literary and artistic movement, which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1832. It is concerned with the expression of the individual's feeling and emotions and stressed strong emotion as a resource of aesthetic experience.9, Ode: a lyrical verse written in praise of, or dedicated to someone or something which captures the poet's interest or serves as an inspiration for the ode.10, University Wits: The University Wits were a group of late 16th century English playwrights who were educated at the universities and who became playwrights and popular secular writers. Prominent members of this group were Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene, and Thomas Nashe from Cambridge, and John Lyly, Thomas Lodge, George Peele from Oxford.11, Sentimentalism: Sentimentalism stresses on material senses as being spiritual and/or considers soul to be material, thus anything done on sentimental level is more or less materialistic rather than spiritual/transcendental.12, Alliteration: Alliteration refers to the repetition of a particular sound in the first syllables of a series of words or phrases. Alliteration has developed largely through poetry, in which it more narrowly refers to the repetition of a consonant in any syllables that, according to the poem's meter, are stressed. Alliteration is commonly used in many languages, especially in poetry.13,Glorious Revolution: the name of the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England. in 1688, William of orange landed at torbay and marched upon London. This takeover was smooth, with neither bloodshed, nor any execution of the King, which became known as the glorious revolution.14, Norman Conquest: the invasion and conquest of England by an army of Normans and French led by Duke William II of Normandy. William, who defeated King Harold II of England on 14 October 1066 at the Battle of Hastings, was crowned as king on Christmas Day 1066. He then consolidated his control over England and settled many of his followers in England, introducing a number of governmental and societal changes to medieval England.15, Ballad: A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later the Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides. The form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century it took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and the term is now often used as synonymous with any love song, particularly the pop or rock power ballad.问答题：1. Humanism was a study first done in the renaissance. instead of learning only about god and religion, people, for the first time, started to just think about ourselves as people characteristics of humanism include anatomy, classicism, nature, realism, reason and learning, religion, individualism, youth, and perspective.2, Sonnet 18 theme of man and the natural world. On one level, Sonnet 18 is clearly concerned with the relationship between man and the eventual, inescapable death he’ll encounter in nature. On another level, the poet also seems fascinated by the relationship between seasonal weather and personal, internal "weather" and balance. Sonnet 18 Theme of Literature and Writing Like much of Shakespeare’s work, Sonnet 18 is all about writing and expressing one’s self through language. This is, at its clearest, a poem about the power of the written word over death, fate, and possibly even love. Sonnet 18 Theme of Time The speaker of Sonnet 18 is absolutely fixated on fate and mortality, but believes he’s come up with an effective time machine: poetry. Sonnet 18 is addressed to a friend, not to a woman!!! Shakespeare compares his friendship to a summer's day. Friendship is unlike summer not changing and it is everlasting. Friendship is like a mild and eternal summer.3 The historical issues and developments of the time played a major role in provoking and shaping the new literary movement of Romanticism. The Industrial Revolution, its urbanization of English life, and its abuses against the working class called for a change in literary concerns and style. The basis aims of romanticism were various: a return to nature and to belief in the goodness of man; the rediscovery of the artist as a supremely individual creator; the exaltation of senses and emotions over reason and intellect.4，In this novel, Charlotte Bronte pours a great deal of her own experiences, such as the life at Lowood School and life as a governess. One of the central themes of the book is the criticism of the bourgeois system of education. Another problem raised by Charlotte in the novel is the position of woman in society. Jane Eyre is an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved. She is poor and plain but she dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways. As a little governess, she is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him. She cuts a completely new women image. She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.5，metaphysical poetry——complex, highly intellectual verse filled with intricate and far-fetched metaphors. John Donne is considered the greatest of the metaphysical poets.6 Another important feature of Swift's prose is that he uses the common touch. In other words, everybody can understand his language that is why even children can read his books with so much enjoyment. Also, Swift addresses people as rational and political beings, making them his equals. Swift wrote in a very plain and downrightstyle. He didn't use any embellishment. At times, when Swift was writing serious stuff this same plain style appears dry but when writing humorously, this same plainness gives his wit a singular edge. Swift didn't use ornate or rhetorical language.7 After the Norman Conquest, the general relation of Normans and Saxons was that of master and servant. One of the most striking manifestations of the supremacy of the conquerors was to be seen in the language. The Norman lords spoke French, while their English subjects retained their old tongue. For a long time the scholar wrote in Latin and the courtier in French. There was almost no written literature in English for a time. Chronicles and religious poems were in Latin. Romances, the prominent kind of literature in the Anglo-Norman period, were at first all in French. By the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country. But now it became something different from the old Anglo-Saxon. The structure of the language remained English, and the common words were almost all retained, though often somewhat modified in form. But many terms employed by the Normans were adopted into the English language.8 The character Shylock, in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, is portrayed as a beastly monstrosity, with a lust for Antonio's life. Shylock is clearly a villain in the sense that he takes repeatedly takes advantage of people in vulnerable economic situations and makes a handsome living in this way. He is not an inherently likable character throughout “The Merchant of Venice” by Shakespeare;he avoids friendships, he is cranky, and he is steadfast in his beliefs to the point of being rigid. Shylock is also a man who is unreasonable and self-thinking, demanding Shylock is a man who is hardly likable in all aspects throughout “The Merchant of Venice”.9 Robinson Crusoe is one of the protagonists drawn most successfully in English novels. Through his characterization of Crusoe, Defoe describes him as a hero struggling against nature and human fate with an indomitable will, and highly praises his creative labor, physical and mental, an allusion to the glorification of the bourgeois creativity when it was a rising and more energetic class in the initial stage of its historical development.10 In Shakespeare's Hamlet, a ghost tells Hamlet that his uncle, Claudius, is responsible for the death of his father. Hamlet is driven to reveal the truth of his father's death and seeks to avenge his murder to achieve justice. In his quest to right the wrongdoing, Hamlet delays acting toward justice for many reasons. The main factor for Hamlet's hesitation is attributed to his self-discipline. He lacks of ability to act on his emotions. Hamlet is an intelligent, moral, and reserved character. He restrains himself to act rationally and not on emotion. This hesitation is a tragic flaw for Hamlet, but in order to resolve the truth, it is necessary. Hamlet has doubts about the validity of the ghost; he is too rational a character to seek revenge on Claudius based on a conversation with a supernatural spirit. He is unsure whether it was his father's ghost, or some evil deity trying to trick him.。

(完整word版)英国文学名词解释

1.(1) Modernism （现代主义)A movement of experiment in new techniques in writing. Modernist fic tion represented a trend drifting away from the tradition of the 19th century realism。

It put emphasis on the description ogoometimes it is called modern psychological fiction. Lawrence is a typical representative of itRealism（现实主义)Realism was a loosely used term meaning truth to the observed facts of life （especially when they are gloomy）。

Realism in literature is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity。

Realism现实主义： An elastic and ambiguous term with two meanings。

（1） First, it refers generally to any artistic or literary portrayal of life in a faithful， accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world。

英国文学名词解释【整理后】

英国⽂学名词解释【整理后】1.epic 史诗:a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroicideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands.2.Conceit:a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. Aconceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit, used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne..3.Epiphany(顿悟）: a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident4.Metaphysical poetry:⽞学诗派the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrotein a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas .5.Stream of consciousness意识流: a kind of writing technique in which a character's perceptions, thoughts, andmemories are presented in an apparently random form, without regard for logical sequence, chronology, or syntax.Often such writing makes no distinction between various levels of reality--such as dreams, memories, imaginative thoughts or real sensory perception.6.heroic couplet 英雄双韵体two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.7.ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad.8.sonnet ⼗四⾏诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished in Italy in the 14thcentury. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.9.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.10.image 意象a concrete representation of an object or sensory experience. Typically, such a representation helpsevoke the feelings associated with the object or experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesthetic. The rose in Robert Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.11.“Dramatic monologue”戏剧独⽩that is a lyric poem which reveals “ a soul in action” through the conversation of one character in a dramatic situation. T he character is speaking to an identifiable but silent listener at a dramatic monent in the speaker’s life.12.blank verse ⽆韵诗，素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.13.Sonnet is a verse form of fourteen lines, in English characteristically in iambic pentameter and most often in one ofthe two rhyme schemes: the Italian(or Petrarchan) or Shakespearean14.essay 散⽂a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or of book length andwhich discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.15.English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary movement that aimed at free expres sion of the writer’s ideas and feelings and flourished inthe early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.16.Naturalism⾃然主义: A literary movement seeking to depict life as accurately as possible, without artificialdistortions of emotion, idealism, and literary convention. The school of thought is a product of post-Darwinian biology in the nineteenth century.17.Sentimentalism感伤主义：It is a literal movement in the middle of the 18th century in England which concentrateson the distressed of the poor unfortunate and virtuous people and demonstrates that effusive emotion was evidence of kindness and goodness.18.Bildungsroman: a novel that traces the initiation, development, and education of a young person. Examples areDickens’s David Copperfield and James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man./doc/291a641caf02de80d4d8d15abe23482fb4da02cd.html ke poets 湖畔诗⼈the three romantic poets who lived in the Lake District of England and wrote poems about nature.William Wordsworth was the most famous of the lake poets; he wrote many great nature poems, including “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”.20.poet laureate 桂冠诗⼈ A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as mostrepresentative of his country or era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original duties included the composition of odes in honor of the sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843. 21.Realism现实主义: An elastic and ambiguous term with two meanings. (1) First, it refers generally to any artistic orliterary portrayal of life in a faithful, accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world. It is a theory or tendency in writing to depict events in human life in a matter-of-fact, straightforward manner.22.Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas ormoral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meaning, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.23.Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s narrative Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He is aboldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heath cliff is a later example.24.启蒙运动:The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as theEnlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempt to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.25.English Renaissance 英国⽂艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance.。

(完整word版)英美文学的相关名词解释以及问答

一．选择题二．名词解释(5个）1.American TranscendentalismTranscendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion，culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. It is sometimes called American Transcendentalism。

•Emphasizing spirit and the Oversoul as the most important thing in the universe as a reaction against Newtonian concept of the universe, the direction that a mechanized, capitalist America was taking, and the popular tendency to get ahead in world affairs to the neglect of spiritual welfare.•Stressing the importance of the individual and individual' s capability for self—regeneration and self—perfection as a reaction against the Calvinist concept of human beings and the process of dehumanization that came in the wake of developing capitalism。

•Offering a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was alive，filled with God’s overwhelming presence, the garment of the Oversoul，exerting a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind.2.Metaphysical poetryA loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them. The label "metaphysical" was given much later by Samuel Johnson in his Life of Cowley。

英国文学名词解释复习资料

《英国文学》名词解释Active Romanticism: Active romanticism strives to strengthen man's will to live and raise him up against the life around him, against any yoke it would impose, so the general feature of the works of the active romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against oppression and exploitation, so that their writings are filled with strong-willed heroes, formidable events, tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions, and exotic pictures. Active romanticists were younger poets like Byron, Shelley and Keats.AlliterationIn poetry: the repetition of sounds in closely associated words. The term is usually applied to the repetition of consonants, particularly when they are the first letter of the words, but can apply to any stressed consonants. The term is sometimes used to refer to repeated vowel sounds, though the term more often used in this case is …assonance‟. e.g. O wild West WindElizabethan Drama:Elizabethan drama refers to the plays produced while Queen Elizabeth reigned in England, from 1558 until 1603. The most popular types of Elizabethan plays were histories of England‟s rulers, but revenge dramas and bawdy comedies also drew significant crowds. Although Shakespeare was the most prolific and certainly the most famous of the Elizabethan dramatists, other popular playwrights of the period included Christopher Marlowe and Ben Johnson.English Renaissance: The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the late 15th and early 16th centuries to the early 17th century. The beginning of the English Renaissance is often taken as 1485, and the Elizabethan period in the second half of the 16th century is usually regarded as the height of the English Renaissance, which lasted until the mid 17th century.Enlightenment Movement: A progressive intellectual movement starting in France and spreading England in the 18th century. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, prejudices, and other survivals of feudalism and celebrated reason, rationality, equality and science.Epic: An epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language,celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero.First-Person Point of View: a point of view in which an "I" or "we" serves as the narrator of a piece of fiction. The narrator may be a minor character, observing the action, or the main protagonist of the story. In addition, a first-person narrator may be reliable or unreliable.Gothic Novel/Romance: Gothic novel is a type of romantic fiction that predominated one phase of the Romantic movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural. They are so named because “Gothic” architecture such as castles or monasteries equipped with subterranean passages, dark battlements, hidden panels, and trapdoors dating from the middle ages is invariably the setting for the elements of horror in them. The first genuine Gothic romance in 18th century English literature is Horace Walpole‟s The Castle of Otranto, which is believed to have begun the tradition of gothic romance in English literature.Heroic Couplet: Heroic couplet is a verse form used in Epic poetry, with lines of 10 syllables and five stresses (Iambic pentameter), in rhyming pairs as AABBCC….. It was perfected by Alexander Pope.Imagism / ImagistThe Imagists were a group of poets who were influenced by Ezra Pound. Imagism, the Imagist movement, which originated in London and was prominent in England and America from around 1912 to 1917, was crucial to the development of Modernist poetry. These poets aimed to free poetry from the conventions of the time by advocating a free choice of rhythm and subject matter, the diction of speech, and the presentation of meaning through the evocation of clear, precise, visual images.Among the poets associated with Ezra Pound in this movement were Hilda Doolittle, Amy Lowell, and William Carlos Williams. Pound later associated himself with Vorticism旋涡主义, and Amy Lowell took over the leadership of the Imagist movement. Many English and American poets were influenced by Imagism, such as D.H. Lawrence, T. S. Eliot, Conrad Aiken, Marianne Moore, and Wallace Stevens.Imagery: The art of using expressive images in art, literature, or music to present ideas or feelings. Images created in a literary work may not be only of the visual sense, but also of sensation (touch, taste, smell, sound, orientation) and emotion.Limited Omniscient: said when the narrator tells the story in the third person, but tells it from the viewpoint of one (sometimes more) character(s) in the story. This unnamed narrator knows everything about the main character, but does not reveal the inner thoughts of other characters.Magic realismFiction which displays a mingling of the mundane with the fantastic, giving the narrative dual dimensions of realism and fantasy. One of its purposes is to draw attention to the fact that all narrative is an invention. The technique is mainly associated with South American writers, such as Jorge Luis Borges and Gabriel García Márquez, but has also been used by writers such as the British Angela Carter, and the Anglo-Indian Salman Rushdie.Middle Ages: the period in Western European history that followed the disintegration of the West Roman Empire in the 4th and 5th cent, and lasted into the 15th cent., i.e., into the period of the Renaissance.Middle English:the English language from about 1100 to about 1450, from which the Scots of Lowland Scotland and other modern dialects developed.Modern English:the English language since about 1450, esp. any of the standard forms developed from the S. East Midland dialect of Middle English.Neoclassicism:Following the archaeological rediscovery of Herculaneum and Pompeii in the 18th century, there was a renewed interest in the culture of ancient Rome and, subsequently, ancient Greece. This period (1660-1798) is generally designated as neoclassicism. In literature, neoclassicists thought that all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers and those of the contemporary French ones. They held that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.Ode: Ode is a type of lyrical verse which is elaborately structured praising or glorifying an event or individual, describing nature intellectually as well as emotionally. There are three typical forms of odes: the Pindaric, Horatian, and irregular. Pindaric odes follow the form and style of Pindar(Thomas Gray‟s “The Progress of Poesy” and “The Bard.”). Horatian odes follow conventions of Horace (“Ode on a Grecian Urn” and “Ode to aNightingale”). Irregular odes are rhyming, but they do not employ the three-part form of the Pindaric ode nor the regular stanzas of the Horatian ode.Old English literature: Literature extending from about 450 to 1066, the year of Norman Conquest.Old English:the English language from the time of the earliest settlements in the fifth century AD to about 1100. The main dialects were West Saxon (the chief literary form), Kentish, and Anglian. Also called Anglo-Saxon.Passive Romanticism: Romanticism prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832. Some romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgeoisie, and by way of protest against capitalist development turned to the feudal past as their ideal. These were the elder and sometimes called passive or escapist romanticists, represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.Petrarchan sonnet: The Petrarchan sonnet (also Italian sonnet) was first developed by the Italian humanist and writer, Francesco Petrarca. The original Italian sonnet form divides the poem's 14 lines into two parts, an octave (first eight lines) and a sestet (last six lines). The rhyme scheme for the octave is typically abba abba. The sestet is more flexible. Petrarch typically used cde cde or cdc dcd for the sestet.Protagonist: The leading character, hero, or heroine of a drama or other literary work.Realism / social realism / Socialist realismBroadly - writing about people and settings which could really exist, and events which could really happen. In particular the term Realism refers to a movement of nineteenth-century European art and literature which rejected Classical models and Romantic ideals in favour of a realistic portrayal of actual life in realistic settings, often focusing on the harsher aspects of life under industrialism and capitalism. Forerunners in literature were the French novelist Honoré de Balzac (1799-1850), and the English novelist George Eliot (1819-1880). In the twentieth century the writing of the Angry Young Men can be seen as a reassertion of the values of realism.…Social realism‟, a term borrowed from art criticism, is often used synonymously with …realism‟.…Socialist realism‟ refers to literature or criticism presented from the Marxist viewpoint.RomanticismRomanticism was a movement prevalent in European art, music, and literature in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The style was revolutionary in that it emphasized subjective experience, and favoured innovation over adherence to traditional or Classical forms, and the expression of feeling over reason. In English literature, William Wordsworth (1770-1850) and Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) werefirst-generation or passive Romantic poets, and Byron (1788-1824), Shelley (1792-1822), and Keats (1795-1821) were second-generation or active Romantics.Renaissance: Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. As a cultural movement, it encompassed a flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics, and a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.Rhyme: “R hyme (rime)” is a repetition of similar sounds in two or more words and is most often used in poetry and songs. Normally the last stressed vowel in the line and all sounds following it make up the rhyming element: this may be a monosyllable, or two syllables, or even three syllables, which are regarded a s “perfect rhyme.” Departures from this norm include general rhyme, eye rhyme, and mirror rhyme.Romance: A popular literary form in the medieval period, using a long, narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds, in which romantic love is an important part of the plot.Stream of consciousnessSometimes called …continuous monologue‟. Literary technique developed in the 1920s, as part of Modernism which attempts to reproduce the moment-to-moment flow of subjective thoughts and p erceptions in an individual‟s mind. The technique was used by Dorothy Richardson, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf. The term was originally coined by the American philosopher and psychologist William James in Principles of Psychology (1890).SymbolismThe Symbolist movement originated in France with the volume of poetry Les Fleurs du Mal (1857) by Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867), and was taken up by such poets as Stéphane Mallarmé, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, and Jules Laforgue. They aimed to break away from the formal conventions of French poetry, and attempted to express the transitory perceptions and sensations of inner life, rather than rational ideas. They believed in the imagination as the arbiter of reality, were interested in the idea of acorrespondence between the senses, and aimed to express meaning through the sound patterns of words and suggestive, evocative images, rather than by using language as a medium for statement and argument.The Symbolists were a major influence on British, Irish, and American writers such as W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, e e cummings, Wallace Stevens, and William Faulkner.Viewpoint / Point of viewThe viewpoint which the reader shares while reading a narrative. Fiction writers use three main viewpoints: 1. The omniscient (all-knowing) narrator's viewpoint. The narrator of the story theoretically knows everything about all the characters. Referring to them in the third-person, the author can tell us about the characters in an objective way and switch between them at will, showing us what each is doing thinking and feeling at any time. 2. The first-person viewpoint, in which the narrator speaks as 'I' and conveys the story through his/her own subjective experience. 3. The viewpoint of the main character, or characters, in the story, but conveyed in the third-person. Here the narrative is ostensibly being presented by a narrator, in that we read 'she did this', or 'he did that', but the narrator's viewpoint is merged with that of the character(s) so that everything in the story is seen through the subjective experience of the character(s). Shakespearean Sonnet:The sonnet form used by Shakespeare, composed of three quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg. Shakespearean sonnet is also called Elizabethan sonnet, or English sonnet. Third Person Omniscient:the point of view with which t he narrator can, and usually does, report the inner feelings and thoughts of characters. The narrator is usually not an actual character in story but an invisible storyteller who can see and report anything. Third-Person Objective:the point of view with which the facts of a narrative are reported by a seemingly neutral, impersonal observer or recorder.Tragedy:A drama or literary work in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow, especially as a consequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, or inability to cope with unfavorable circumstances.Metaphysical Poetry: Metaphysical poetry is a term commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influences of John Donne, who tried to break away from the Elizabethan love poetry. Less concerned with expressing feeling than with analyzing it, Metaphysical poetry is marked by bold and ingenious conceits. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet‟s beloved, with God or with himself.。

英国文学选读名词解释

1.epic 史诗An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem . Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.2.caesura 停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the languageand sometimes enforced by punctuation. In Old English verse, such as Beowulf, the caesura was used rather monotonously to indicate the half line.3.alliteration 头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English poems.4.alliterative verse 头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard –with either two or three stressed syllables in each line alliterating.5.kenning 隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description andassociation. Beowulf is full of kennings, such as “helmet bearer” for “warrior” and “swan road” for “sea”.6.protagonist 主角the principal character of a drama or fiction. Hamlet is the protagonist of William Shakespeare’s drama Hamlet.7.antagonist 反角In drama or fiction the antagonist opposes the hero or protagonist. In Hamlet Claudius is antagonist to Hamlet.8.romance 传奇a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containingadventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown.9.bob and wheel诗节末尾的短行与叠唱a rhyming section of five lines that concludes a stanza in Sir Gawain and theGreen Knight. The “bob” is a very short line, sometimes of only two syllables, followed by the “wheel”, longe r lines with three stresses and internal thyme.10.poet’s corner 诗人角a part of Westminster Abbey, London, which contains the tombs or monuments ofsome famous English poets, such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Milton.11.heroic couplet 英雄双韵体Two successive lines o f rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’smasterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.Named from its use by Dryden and others in the heroic drama of the late 17th century, the heroic couplet had been established much earlier by Chaucer as a major English verse-form for narrative and other kinds of non-dramatic portry: it dominated English poetry of the 18th century, notably in the couplets of Pope, before declining in importance in the early 19th century.12.ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad.13.refrain 叠句，副歌a phrase, line or lines repeated at intervals during a poem and especially at the endof a stanza. It is very often found in English ballads, such as Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose”.14.English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance.Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “renaissance” means rebirth or revival. It is commonly applied to the movement or period in western civilization , which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world . It sprang up first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe, the date differing for different countries. The Renaissance indicates a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. The study and propagation of classical learning and art was carried on by the progressive thinkers of the humanists. They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and his brave fight for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Because in the ancient Greek and Roman mythology were found the ideas of universal love, respect to human beings and approval of man’s power, ability and knowledge. And at the same time worldly enjoyment on the earth was affirmed. In short, man became the center of the world instead of God as upheld in the Middle Ages. The Renaissance Movement is a great revolution carried out in the fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century Europe. It broke the chain and bondage of feudal and theological ties and brought human wisdom and capacity into full play.15.Elizabethan literature 伊丽莎白时代的文学literature written in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603). William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet was a masterpiece of this period.16.sonnet 十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourishedin Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.17.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.18.meter 格律the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. In English verse a line may have a fixed number of syllables and yet have a varying number of stresses;the commonest meter is iambic. William Shakespeare’s so nnets are written in iambic.19.foot 音步a group of syllables forming a metrical unit. We measure feet in terms of syllablevariation: long and short syllables, stressed and unstressed. The commonest foot in English verse is iamb; the commonest line is five-foot line, called pentameter.William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” contains fourteen iambic pentameter lines. 20.rhyme scheme 押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines. For example, heroic couplets are “aabbcc” and so on.21.quatrain 四行诗节a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It is the commonest of all stanzaicforms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” has four quatrains.22.image 意象a concrete representation of an object or sensory experience. Typically, such arepresentation helps evoke the feelings associated with the object or experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesthetic. The rose in Robert Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.23.poetic license 诗的破格the liberty allowed to the poet to wrest the language according to his needs in the use of figurative speech, archaism, rhyme, strange syntax, etc. An example is the last sentence of “A Red, Red Rose” by Robert Burns –“Tho’ it were ten thousand mile!”24.verse drama 诗剧drama written in the form of verse. It was most widely used in the Elizabethan Age. William Shakespeare’s dramas are all verse dramas, Hamlet being the most famous.25.blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.26.Globe Theatre 环球剧场One of the most famous of all theatres, it was built in 1599, with three stories. The roof was thatched, with the centre open to the sky. Many of William Shakespeare’s plays were performed in it. It was destroyed by fire in 1613, rebuilt the next year and finally demolished in 1644. Again it was rebuilt in 1997.27.essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or ofbook length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.28.English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary movement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelingsand flourished in the early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.ke poets 湖畔诗人are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn o f the nineteenth century. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement. The thr ee main figures of what has become known as the Lakes School are William Wordswo rth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey.30.poet laureate 桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his countryor era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original duties included the composition of odes in honor of the sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843.31. Humanism(人文主义)Broadly, this term suggests any attitude which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural , divine elements ---or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements.In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively----in particular, those dealing with the life,thought, language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. It proclaimed that man is the most important noble creature in the world; the goal of life is to enjoy oneself in this present world instead of afterlife. According to the humanists ; both man and world are hindered by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason. In literary history the most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical culture which accompanied the Renaissance.32. Ode(颂歌) Long, often elaborate formal lyric poem of varying line lengths dealing with a subject matter and treating it reverently. It aims at glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Conventionally, many odes are written or dedicated to a specifie subject. For instance,Ode to the West Wind is about the winds that bring change of season in England. Ode to the Nightingale is about the nightingale that lures the poet temporarily away from his great misery. The earliest English odes include the Epithalamion and the Prothalamion,or marriage hymns by poet Edmund Spenser. 33. Romanticism(浪漫主义)The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, stupidity, superstition, and barbarism. Instead ,theRomantics asserted that reliance upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics and living.The Romantic movement typically asserts the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status of imagination and fancy, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention”, the human need for emotional outlets, the rejection of civilized corruption, and a desire to return to natural primitivism and escape the spiritual destruction of urban life Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive concern with “innocent”characters----children, young lovers, and animals. The major Romantic poets included William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats , Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Gordon Byron.34. Aestheticism( 美学主义)The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement----“art for art’s sake”----was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier. The first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater, the most important critical writer of the late 19th century. The chief representative of the movement in England was Oscar Wilde,with his Picture of Dorian Gray. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake,can it be immortal They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style. This was one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.35. Stream of Consciousness(意识流)(psychol organized by William James) individual conscious experience regarded as continuously moving forward in time in an uneven flow. In creative writing the interior monologue makes use of this to reveal character and comment on life.（由威廉·詹姆士创立的心理学）个人的内心体验以不平衡的方式不断流动着。

(完整word版)英国文学名词解释及问答题

名词解释：1, Humanism： a variety of ethical theory and practice that emphasizes reason, scientific inquiry, and human fulfillment in the natural world and often rejects the importance of belief in God。

It focuses on human values and concerns， attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters。

2, Renaissance: the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world； a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries.The renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century， its influence was felt in literature，philosophy, art， music, politics, science， religion， and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study， and searched for realism and human emotion in art.3, Spenserian stanza： a fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem The Faerie Queene. Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single ’Alexandrine' line in iambic hexameter The rhyme scheme of these lines is ”ababbcbcc。

【答案】英国文学史名词解释

The Anglo-Saxon PeriodI.1. _______________ can be termed England 's national epic and its hero Beowulf —one of thenational heroes of the English people.2. The literature of Anglo-Saxon period falls naturally into two divisions, -- _____ and _______ .The former represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of , --the crude material out of which literature was slowly developed onEnglish soil; the latter represents the ________ developed under teaching of the monks.3. The Song of Beowulf reflects events which took place on the ______ approximately at thebeginning of the 6 th century, when the forefathers of the ___ lived in the southern part ofthe _______ .4. The old English poetry can be divided into two groups: the ________________ poetry and the______ poetry. (secular, religious)5. _________ is the oldest poem in the English language, and also the oldest surviving epic inthe English language. (Beowulf)II.1. _____ is the first important religious poet in English literature.A. John DonneB. George HerbertC. CaedmonD. Milton2. In Anglo-Saxon period, Beowulf represented the _______ poetry.A. paganB. religiousC. romanticD. sentimentalIII. Define the literary terms1. EpicIt is, originally, an oral narrative poem, majestic both in theme and style. Epics deal with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance, involving action of broad sweep and grandeur. Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual. The characteristics of the hero of an epic are national rather than individual. Typically, an epic includes several features: the introduction of supernatural forces that shape the action; conflict in the form of battles or other physical combat; and stylistic conventions such as a n invocation to the Muse, a formal statement of the theme, long lists of the protagonist involved, and set speeches couched in elevated language. Examples include the ancient Greek epics by Homer, Iliad and Odyssey, The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser and The Paradise Lost by John Milton.2. AlliterationA repeated initial consonant to successive words.The Anglo-Norman PeriodI.1. In the year _______ , at the battle of _____________ , the Normans headed by William, Dukeof Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons.2. The literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of and , in marked contrast with the and _____________________________ of Anglo-Saxon poetry.3. The literature of the An gio -Norma n period was of three classes: the matter of _____________ ;matter of _________________ ; matter of __________ .4. after the _________Conq uest, feudal system was established in En glish society. (Norma n)5. The most prevale nt kind of literature in feudal En gla nd was _______________ . It was a longcomposition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventure of a no ble hero. (roma nee)Geoffrey ChaucerI.1. Geoffrey Chaucer, the “____________________ ”and one of the greatest narrative poets ofEn gla nd, was born in London in or about the year 1340.2. Being specially fond of the great ______________ w riter Boccaccio, Chaucer composes a longnarrative poem ___________ , based upon Boccaccio 'poem __________ .3. Chaucer greatly contributed to the founding of the English literary Ianguage, the basis of whichwas formed by the ________ dialect, so profusely used by the poet.4. Chaucer'masterpiece is _____________ , one of the most famous works in all literature.5. The Prologue is a sple ndid masterpiece of _________ portrayal, the first of its kind in thehistory of En glish literature.6. In his greatest work, The Can terbury T ales, Chaucer created a strik in gly brillia nt andpicturesque pano rama of his ______________ and his _____________ .7. Chaucer' work is permeated with buoyant free-thinking, so characteristic of the age of whose immediate forerunner Chaucer thus becomes.II. Define the literary terms1. Roma neeIt is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages, dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, super natural, or amorous subjects and characters. The term was applied to tales specifically concerned with knights, chivalry, and courtly love. Popular subjects for romances included the Macedo nian King Alexa nder the Great, King Arthur of Brita in and the kni ghts of the Round Table, and Emperor Charlemag ne.2. BalladIt is a lyric poem gen erally of three eight-l ine sta nzas with a con cludi ng sta nza of four lines called an envoy. With some variations, the lines of a ballad are iambic or anapestic tetrameter rhyming ababbcbc; the en voy, which forms a pers onal dedicati on to some pers on of importa nee or to a personification. The ballad became popular in England in the late 14 th century .Ren aissa neeI. Complete the following statements with a proper word or a phrase accord ing tothe textbook.1. The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of ______________relati ons and the establish ing of the foun dati ons of _________ .2. The 16h century was a time when, according to Thomas More, “”.3. The term ___ originally indicated a revival of classic Greek and Roman arts andscie nces after the dark ages of obscura ntism. (Re naissa nee)4. ________ broke off with the Pope, dissolved all the monasteries and abbeys inthe country, confiscated their lands and proclaimed himself head of5. The old En glish aristocracy hav ing exterm in ated in the course of ________ , anew n obility, totally depe ndent on the ki ng 'power, came to the fore.6. At the beginning of the 16 th century the outstanding humanist ________ wrotehis Utopia in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people' sufferi ngs and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.7. Edmund Spenser was the author of the greatest epic poem of the time, ______ .8. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was ________ who reformed thatgenre in En gla nd and perfected the Ian guage and verse of dramatic works.9. William Shakespeare was born on the 23rd of April, ___________ , in _______ ,Warwickshire.10. _______ speaks the famous To be, or not to be”11. Shakespearessonnets fall into two series: The first 126 sonnets are addressed toa young man, and the rest (except the last two on es) are addressedto ______ .(dark lady)12. The four great tragedies in Shakespearesmature period are ____ , _________ ,______ a nd __________ . (Hamlet, Othello, Ki ng Lear, Macbeth)13. Pope describe _____ asthe wisest, brightest, meanest of mankind'.14. Of Baconsliterary works, the most important are the ________ .II. Define the literary terms listed below.1. Renaissanee:Renaissanee, meaning rebirth' or revival',marks a transition from the medieval to the moder n world. Gen erally, it refers to the period betwee n the 14 and mid-17 centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture, architecture, and literature. From Italy the movement spread to the rest of Europe. It is a movement stimulated by a series of historical eve nts, such as the rediscovery of an cie nt Roma n and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformatio n and the econo mic expa nsion.Humanism is the essenceof the Renaissance.The Renaissancehumanist thinkers found that huma n beings were glorious creatures capable of in dividual developme nt in the directi on of perfecti on, and that the world they in habited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. To them, nothing was impossible to accomplish. Thus, by emphasiz ing the dig nity of huma n beings and the importa nee of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and perform won ders.2. Sonnet It is a lyrical poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme Traditionally, whe n writ ing sonn ets, En glish poets usually employ iambic pen tamete.O ne of the best-k nown sonnet writers is Shakespearewho wrote 154 of them. A Shakespearea n sonnet consists of 14 lines, and each line is written in iambic pentameter The rhyme scheme in a Shakespearean sonnet is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, in which the last two lines are a rhymed couplet.3. Allegory: a tale in verse or prose in which characters, or settings represent abstract ideas or moralqualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings : a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning4. Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.lt emphasizes the dig nity of huma nbeings and the importa nce of the prese nt life. Huma ni sts voiced their beliefs that man was thecen ter of the uni verse and man did not on ly have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and perform won dersIII. Literary Comprehe nsion and An alysisShall I compare thee to a summer's day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darl ing buds of May,And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heave n shi nes,And ofte n is his gold complexi on dimmed, And every fair from fair sometime decli nes,By cha nce, or n ature's cha nging course un trimmed: But thy eter nal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possessi on of that fair thou ow'st,Nor shall death brag thou wan der'st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st,So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.Questi ons:1. By means of what comparison does the author achieve this movementfrom tan gible to intan gible? Trace his logic to show his moveme nt2. What does this” refer to in the last line? What is the speaker 'purpose in writing his eternallines and what conditions are necessary for his purpose to be carried out?1. The author first compares the youth with a summer day, but then says that the youth ismore gen tle tha n a summer day. He expla ins that the summer can be imperfect withthe destructive wind and the hot sun, which will be dimmed by overcast and clouds.Then he announ ces that the youth will possess eter nal beauty and perfect ion, thusachieves his movement from the tangible natural objects to the intan gible youth.2. This” refers to the poem written by the author. He wants to dedicatethis poem to the pers on described in the poem. The con diti on is that as long ashuma ns live and breathe on earth with eyes that can see, this is how long theseverses will live. And these verses celebrate the youth and con ti nu ally renew theyouth 'life.IV. An swer the followi ng questio ns briefly.1. Can you say something about Shakespearescharacterization?Shakespeare is particularly good at character portrayal. During his long dramatic career, he has created a variety of lifelike characters. The major characters in his plays are not simply type ones represe nting certa in group or class of people, but are in dividuals with stro ng and dist inct pers on alities. To achieve this, Shakespeare makes freque nt use of comparis ons and con trasts by portray ing the characters in pairs or setting them against one another. He also individualizes his characters by emphasiz ing each on e s do minant and unique qualities, such as the mela ncholy of Hamlet, the wickednessof Claudius, the honesty of Othello, the ambition of Macbeth, and the beauty and wit of Portia. In additi on, Shakespeare had made profound psycho-analytical studies of his characters by revealing the intricate inner work ings of their minds through the full use of soliloquies, from which we can see the breadth and depth of the characters thoughtful feelings.2. What is the central theme of The Merchant of Venice?The central theme of the play is the triumph of love (between Portia and Bassanio) and friendship (between Antonio and Bassanio) over insatiable greed and brutality (as represe nted by Shylock). And the play exalts the ingenious heroine Portia and the two great frie nds who she eve ntually saves from the barbarous clutches of the villa in (Shylock). A completely happy ending is brought about whe n the villa in is puni shed, the mercha nt 'ships all come about home and the three pairs of lovers live happily ever after. Such a conclusion was natural for the playwright as well as for his Elizabetha n audie nee, whe n an ti-semitic sen time nts was prevaili ng in London. Yet even in such an environment, in Shylock s vociferous complaints of his sufferings result ing from racial discrim in ati on and religious persecuti on, we can hear quite unm istakably Shakespearesow n voice speak ing on the Jew s behalf, and with great vehemenee sympathizing with the oppressed Shylock while condemning racial persecuti on in gen eral. That Shakespeareshould sometimes condemn Shylock and sometimes sympathize with him has led to much confusion for Shakespearean scholars and critics and the gen eral read ing public, and hence the play has bee n regarded as not a pure comedy but a tragic-comedy.3. What do the four heroes in Shakespeare s great tragedies have in com mon?All of them face the in justice of huma n life and are caught in a difficult situatio n and their fate is closely conn ected with the fate of the whole n ati on. Each hero has his weakness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prinee, faces the dilemma betwee n acti on and mind; the old Ki ng Lear who is un willi ng to totally give up his power makes himself suffer from treachery and in fidelity; Macbeth ' lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes; and Othello was a brave man, but outside the battlefield he had in securities.4. The Renaissanee period of British Literature.The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the 17th century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that many cultural historians were believed originated in northerin Italy in the 14th cen tury.The esse nceof the Ren aissa nceis huma ni sm, which spra ng from the en deavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors. It is frequently taken as the beg inning of the Ren aissa nceon its con scious, in tellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all thi ngs.This era in English cultural history is sometimes referred to as f he Age of Shakespeare or f he Elizabethan Era.Playwrights, such as Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare, composes theatrical represe ntati ons of the En glish. Poets such as Edm und Spen ser and Joh n Milt on produces works that dem on strates an in creased interest in understanding English Christian beliefs, such as the allegorical representation of the Tudor Dynasty in The Faerie Queene and the retelling of mankin d'fall from paradise in Paradise Lost. Neari ng the end of the Tudor Dyn asty, philosophers like Sir Thomas More and Sir Francis Bac on published their own ideas about humanity and the aspects of perfect society, pushing the limits of metacognition at that time.The 17th cen tury ExerciseI. Complete the followi ng stateme nts with a proper word or a phraseaccord ing to the textbook.1. The 17th century was a period when absolute monarchy impeded the furtherdevelopme nt of ____________ in En gla nd and the bourgeoisie could no Ion gerbear the sway of __________ .2. There are religious division and confusion and a long bitter struggle between thepeople s Parliame nt and the Throne-- _______ fighting aga inst the _______ whohelped the king.3. In 1653, Oliver Cromwell imposed a military dictatorship on the country; after hisdeath mon archy was aga in restored. It was called the period of the ________ .4. in ____ , the Glorious Revolution took place.5. The Glorious Revolution meant three things: the supremacy of _____________ ,the beg inning of ________ , and the final triumph of the prin ciple of ______ .6. The puritans believed in ____ of life.7. Restoration created a literature of its own, that was often ______________ a nd, but on the whole and . The most popular genre was that of whose chief aim was to entertain thelicentious aristocrats.8. The first thing to strike the reader is Donne's extraordinary frankness andpen etrati ng ___________ . The n ext is the ________ which marks certa in ofthe lighter poems and which represe nts a con scious react ion from the extreme of woma n en couraged by the Petrarcha n traditi on.9. The poems of John Donne belong to two categories: the youthful love lyrics, andthe latter _______ . (sacred verses)10. Milt on opposed the ________ and gave all his en ergies to the writ ing of__________ d edicated to the peopl6sliberties.11. Paradise Losttells how ___ rebelled against God and how Adam and Eve weredrive n out of ________ .12. Paradise Lospresents the author sviews in an _________ form.13. Paradise Lostc on sists of _______ books. It is based on the ________ lege nd ofthe imagi nary proge nitors of the huma n race-- _______ and __________ .14. Joh n Milt on s Paradise Lost ends with the departure of ___________ from theGarde n of Ede n. (Adam and Eve)15. Paradise Lost is a long epic divided into 12 books, the stories of which are takenfrom ______ . (The Old Testame nt)16. Milt on gave us the only ________ since Beowulf, and Bunyan gave us the onlygreat ________ .17. Bunyans most important work is ______ , written in the old-fashioned, medievalform of ___________ and _________ .18. _______ is the most successful religious allegory in the En glish Ian guage. (ThePilgrim s Progress)19. The Pilgrim s Progress begins with a man called _______ setting out with a bookin his hand a great load on his back from the city of _________ .20. _______ is famous for his metaphysical con ceit, that is, a comparis on betwee nthe two strikingly resembling objects. (John Donne)21. Sams on Ago ni stewas writte n by ____ . (Joh n Milt on)22. ff thou be est he —but oh how fallen! How unchanged /From him! —who in thehappy realms of light,/clothed with transcendent brightness,/did stoutsh in e/Myriads, though bright …” are the lines from Milt on s _______ spoke nto Beelzebub by ______ . (Paradise Lost, Sata n)II. Define the literary terms listed below1. Metaphysical poetryThe term metaphysical poetry ” is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th cen tury writers who wrote un der the in flue nee of Joh n Donne. Pressuredby harsh, un comfortable, and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shat the traditions and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences,new worlds and new poetry. Thus, with a rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, in particular the Petrarchan tradition, which is full of refi ned Ian guage, polished rhy ming schemes and eulogy to ideal love, and favored in poetry for a more colloquial Ianguage and tone, a tightness of expressi on and the sin gle-min ded work ing out of a theme or argume nt. Their poetry offers logical reas oning of the objects, psychological an alysis of the emoti ons of love and religi on, prefers the no vel and the shock ing, uses the metaphysical con ceits, and ignores the conven ti onal metric devices. Since Joh n Donne links up a wide range of ideas, explores a complex attitude of the mind, and uses his wit and ingenious con ceits to put huma n experie nces into poetry, he is gen erally regarded as the leadi ng member of the school.2. Carpe Diem; A tradition dating back to classical Greek and Latin poetry and particularly popularamong English Cavalier poets. Carpe Diem means literallyseize the day'that is, live for today”3. Genre: A literary species or form, e.g., tragedy, epic, comedy, novel, essay, biography, lyric poem. III.IV. An swer the follow ing questi ons.1. Comment on John Donnesstyle.Most of Donne' poems employ a central speaker who takes effort to argue, to persuade, to an alyze or to con fess. His voice resembles that of stage character 'sin the sense that the messagesare conveyed in conversations, though in most cases, only the voice of one talker can be heard. TakeThe Fleaas an example, the man ' crafty persuasi on, the woma n 'grow ing an ger, the killi ng of the flea, and the man ' cunning response are vividly and immediately shown through the man 'part in the dramatic con versati on.Daily used Ian guage is exploited to a great exte nt, capable of describ ing a large scale of human experiences and feelings, from passions most sensual and earthly to religious devotion, from mellifluous love to black sorrow of love's lost, from mischievous mockery to serious moral satire. The colloquial style of talking, together with Donne 'sin comparable wit in edifice and Ian guage, fills hispoetry with mobile images and moods, which can be easily felt and touched. The tone of the cen tral speaker varies from sweet pleadi ng to scor nful disparageme nt, from bold bragg ing to plain confession, from self-meditation in tranquility to cold philosophical analysis of an observer. Usually, it is not hard to find an argumentative speaker who makes a full use of his dialectic and erudition to persuade himself, his lady, God, the sun, the moon, etc. The various tones and roles taken by Donne s poetic speakers secure his poetry form monotony. Actually, Donne 'dramatic con versati on style en ables him to devour all kinds of experie nces in life and to put them into poetry.2. What is the central theme of Paradise Los? Give a brief analysis ofSata n.The central theme of Paradise Lost is taken from the Bible and deals with the Christian story of f he fall of man” that is, how the first man and woman in the world, Adam and Eve, were tempted by Satan to disobey God by eating the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Kno wledge, and how they were con seque ntly puni shed by God and drive n out of paradise, with the prospect n evertheless of the eve ntual redempti on of mankind by Jesus Christ. The purpose of the epic is, as the poet himself makes clear in the first book, to j ustify the ways of God to man” The essentially religious nature of the poem comes n aturally from Milt on 'ferve nt belief in Christia nity as a Purita n, but this belief is itself a revolt against the established doctrines of the Catholics and of the An glica n Church as he in sisted on the freedom of each in dividual to in terpret the Bible for himself.The epic seems to be a purely religious poem, both from its biblical story content and from its purpose as declared by the author, but actually the poem contains much revolutionary content, which is revealed chiefly through the poet' apparently sympathetic treatme nt of the revolt of Sata n and his followers aga inst God. And here we see in the poem Milton ' inner contradiction, between Milton the Puritan and Milt on the republica n or bourgeois revolutio nist, for in the former capacity the poet was or should be wholly on the side of God but because of his revolutionary sympathies he showed himself frequently uttering his own fiery words of rebellion aga inst tyranny through the speeches of Sata n and his adhere nts. Especially in Book I and II which have bee n gen erally bee n con sidered as the best parts of the epic on acco unt of the powerful poetry in the umcompromis ing speeches of the devil and his followers, the contradiction becomes most obvious as Satan and his mates in their cries for freedom an d against tyranny directly attack God for holding the tyranny of heaven” and the poet as a rebel against tyranny seems to show tacitly but quite definitely his sympathy for and even approval of such rebellious and sacrilegious sen time nts.The 18th Cen tury ExerciseI. Filling the blanks1. The en lighte ners repudiate the false religious doctri nes about the _____ o f huma n n ature,and prove that man is born _______ and ________ , and if he becomes depraved, it is onlydue to the in flue nee of _______ social environment.2. We study eighteenth century writings in three main divisions: the reign of so-called, therevival of ________ poetry, and the begi nnings of the moder n _______ .3. The 18th century En gla nd is known as the Age of En lighte nment or the Age of ____ .4. If the cen sure of Yahoos could any way affect me, I should have great reason to compla inthat some of them are so bold as to think my book of travels a mere fiction out of mine own brain.” This quotation is selected from ________________________________ .(Gulliver 'Travels)5. The Yahoos are attacked by the writer n amed _______ in his fan tasy work beari ng the title_______ . (Jonathan Swift , Gulliver 'Travels)6. The image of an enterprising Englishman of the 18th century was created by Daniel Defoe inhis famous novel _____ .7. Henry Fielding has been regarded as “_______ ”, for his contribution to the establishment ofthe form of the modern novel. (Father of the English Novel)8. In his world-famous novel _____ Jon atha n Swift typified the bourgeois world, drew ruthlesspictures of the depraved aristocracy and satirically portrayed the whole of the En glish State system.9. The excit ing tale of Robinson Crusoe is largely ____ story, rather tha n the study of ______ .10. Jonathan Swift was born of English parents in _______ .11. Of all the romantic poets of the 18 th century, Blake is the most ______ and the most _____ .12. ___________ are in marked contrast with The Songs of Innocence. The brightness of theearlier work gives place to a sense of ____ and mystery, and of the power of _________ .13. Robert Burns ' poetry is bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the _______ com monpeople.14. Elegy Witte n in a Country Churchyard by __________ is take n as a model of sen time ntalistpoetry, esp. the Graveyard School15. Friday is a character in the novel ________ .16. Auld Lang Synewritten by __________ d eals with friendship and has long become a universalparting song of all the En glish-speak ing coun tries (Robert Burns)II. Define the literary terms:1. En lighte nment:The eightee nth-ce ntury En gla nd is known as the Age of En lighte nment or the Age of Reas on. The En lighte nment was a progressive in tellectual moveme nt going on throughout Europe at the time, as France in the van guard. The En lighte nment celebrated reas on (rati on ality), equality, scie nce and human being 'ability to perfect themselves and their society. The movement was based on the basic theories provided by the philosophers of the age, for example, Joh n Locke s materialism, David Hume s skepticism. Whatever philosophical beliefs they might have, they held the com mon faith in huma n rati on ality and the possibility of huma n perfecti on through educati on. They believed that whe n reas on served as the yardstick for the measureme nt of all huma n activities and social relations, superstition, injustice, privilege and oppression were to yield place to eternal truth ”， eternal justice ”,a nd natural equality ” or in alie nable rights of men. The belief provided theory for the French Revolution in 1789 and the American War of Independence in 1776.Alexa nder Pope, Joseph Addis on, Richard Steele, Jon atha n Swift, Dan iel Defoe, Henry Fieldi ng, and Samuel Joh nson were the famous en lighte ners in En gla nd.2. Gothic no vel:The term Gothic” derived from the frequent setting of the tales in the ruined, moss-covered castles of the Middle Ages, but it has bee n exte nded to any no vel which exploits the possibilities of mystery and terror in gloomy, craggy Iandscapes, decaying mansions with dark dungeons, secret passages, instruments of torture, ghostly visitations, ghostly music or voices, ancient drapes and tapestries behind which lurks no one knows what, and often, as the central story, the persecutio n of a beautiful maide n by an obsessed and haggard villa in. These no vels, in rebelli on against the increasing。

英国文学名词解释（2）

英国文学名词解释（2）英国文学名词解释10．Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.11．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode.12．Dramatic Monologue: a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.13．Iambic Pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.14．Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.15．Elegy: a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem.16．Canto: a section of a long poem. The cantos can be a great poem17．Ode: a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subjects. Odes are written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.Spenserian Stanza: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thymescheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature.18．Metrical Pattern: a lyric poem of five 14-lined stanzas containing four tercets and a closing couplet. The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee.英国文学选读名词解释2017-04-09 11:54 | #2楼1. Byronic hero拜伦式英雄(1)The Byronic hero is an idealized （理想化的`）but flawed (有缺陷的)character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterized by his ex-lover Lady Caroline Lamb as being "mad, bad, and dangerous to know".[1] The Byronic hero first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812-18).《英国文学名词解释》。

英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)(K12教育文档)

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名词解释1.Epic(史诗）(appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action， often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition。

A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer's Iliad& Odyssey。

It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes。

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创作中，内心独白技巧利用这种意识的流动揭示人物心理，点评生活。

is a narrative device used in literature "to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind.Epiphany: a sudden spiritual manifestation in which “whatness” of a common object or gesture appears radiant to the observerA sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incidentRealism: The attempt in literature and art to represent life as it really is, without sentimentalising or idealising it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary people.What, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action? Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.It is because of his conscience and over-considerations. He wants to revenge, but doesn’t know how. He wants to kill his uncle, but finds it too risky. He lives in despair and wants to commit suicide. However, he knows if he dies, nobody will comfort his father’s ghost. He is in face of great dilemma. They don’t know the result after their taking the action. Such as Hamlet, he doesn’t know what would happen if he kills his uncle or kills himself . So Hamlet was hesitated.From this excerpt, what do you find admirable in Robinson Crusoe?He is considerate, clever, rational, practical, hardworking, cautious, persevering, creative, observant, patient, civilized, optimistic, strong-minded, careful, capable, self-reliant, energetic, courageous, amiable (kind-hearted).Do you agree with the stateme nt “it is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife”? What’s the relationship between money and marriage?I think the truth is the opposite: A single woman, especially the one not in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a (wealthy) husband. We see in Jane Austen’s society, eighteenth and nineteenth century, marriage is the status all the women strive to achieve, while money plays a important role in marriage. Marriage was considered to be the only way, for women in particular, to live a comfortable life, free of financial worries.In what way is the West Wind both a destroyer and a preserver?It is a destroyer of the old, decaying and valueless things, blowing over the land, drives away the dead leaves. It is the preserver as it brings life to the dead atmosphere, it spreads the seeds and they lie two inches beneath the ground and eventually sprout into seedlings.As “the trumpet of prophecy”, what does the west wind predict in physical reality? How do you understand it symbolically?The speaker begs the wind to use him as an instrument, inhabit him, distribute his ideas, or prophesy through his mouth. He hopes the wind can even help him to send his ideas all over the world, and his ideas might inspire others. The sad music that the wind will play on him will become a prophecy. If winter comes, spring will come and the revolution will see hope.Magwitch “the convict” takes the risk of being “hanged” when he comes back to London to see Pip. How do you evaluate this meeting?This meeting is of great importance for both Magwitch and Pip. For Magwitch, through this meeting he can see with his own eyes the gentleman whom he works hard for life to create out of the poor boy helps him out of trouble. And this meeting also provides a chance for Pip to discover the truth that it is the convict who has worked hard to make him a gentleman.What can you learn about the character of Pip through his conversations with the unexpected visitor?Pip is arrogant, snobbish and looks down upon the lower class. He also has a sense of sympathy. Later, he changes. After he knew the truth, he felt regretful. He is a "round character" .What’s the significance of Tess resting on altar in the heathen temple?1. She is a sacrifice of social prejudice.2. In the author's eye, she is just as pure and sacred as sacrifice on an altar.3. She's not accepted by the society and has been despised by the hypocritical morality. At that time she's considered as a heathen.4. Tess considers the altar to be a comfortable place for her to stay because it's just like home, and she is ready to sacrifice herself there.Comment on this sentence: Justice was done, and the President of the Immortals had ended his sport with Tess. In what sense is Tess’ story tragic?(1)Tess is a typical victim of the society. Poverty of the family, inhumanity, injustice and hypocrisy of the society decide her tragedy. Alec and Angle , though apparent rivals, join their forces in bringing about her final destruction. Hers is a personal tragedy; it can also be a social one.(2)The tragic fate of Tess and her family was not that of an individual family, but it was symbolic of the disintegration of the English peasantry--- a process which had reached its final and tragic stage at the end of 19th centuryWhat is the significance of the title of the story?1. Araby is “a splendid bazaar” where Mangan’s sister recomm ends the boy to go. Thereafter the boy’s imagination seizes upon the name Araby and invests its syllables with “an Eastern enchantment” in which his “soul luxuriates”2. Araby becomes a place where his soul can find the mystical beauty lacking in his own mundane Church.3. The boy feels a summons that has symbolic over-tones of a holy crusade. But when he arrives, Araby , the dream new world for the boy ,turned out to be “darkness” and “silence”. His idealized vision of Araby is destroyed, along with his id ealized vision of Mangan’s sister, and of love.Is anything gained by the boy through his frustration and humiliation?The boy is initiated into knowledge through a loss of innocenceThe boy worships and desires Mangan’s sister , and Mangan’s sister is the light that contracts to the gloomy reality. But the quest ends when he arrives at the bazaar and realizes with slow, tortured clarity that Araby is not at all what he has imagined. He feels angry and betrayed and realizes his self-deception. The boy is initiated into knowledge through a loss of innocence and fully realizes the incompatibility between the beautiful and innocent world of the imagination and the very real world of fact. So the “quest” is not fruitless, because it helps the narrator come to self-knowledge.。

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