朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册(澳大利亚)-第15~20章【圣才出品】
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澳大利亚
第15章澳大利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族
15.1 复习笔记
I. Natural features of the land
1. Location
2. Size
3. Constituents
4. Distinctive fauna
5. Landscape
6. Distinctive physical features
II. The people
1. The indigenous people
2. The later settlers
III. Dreamtime and Dreaming
1. What is “Dreamtime”?
2. What is “the Dreaming”?
IV. British colonization
1. T erra nullius
2. Exploitation of the land
3. The impact of colonization
4. The policies of segregation and exclusion
5. The policy of assimilation
I. Natural features of the land（自然特征）
1. Location（地理位置）
The continent of Australia lies between equatorial South East Asia and the Antarctic.
澳大利亚大陆位于赤道东南亚和南极洲之间。
2. Size（面积）
Australia is the largest island and the smallest, flattest and driest continent in the world.
澳大利亚是世界上面积最大的岛屿，同时也是世界上面积最小最平坦和最干燥的大陆。
3. Constituents（组成）
(1)The mainland is the main constituent of Australia.
(2)It also includes T asmania, an island just to the south, the Torres Straits Islands off the northern coast of the mainland and a small number of islands in the Pacific and the Indian Oceans.
(1)澳大利亚大陆是澳大利亚的主要组成部分。
(2)这个国家还包括南部塔斯马尼亚岛，还有澳洲大陆北部海岸线上的托雷斯海峡岛屿，以及太平洋和印度洋的许多小岛。
4. Distinctive fauna（特有动物）
(1)Australia’s distinctive flora and fauna evolved through its long period as an island continent.
(2)Animals unique to the continent include: the platypus, kangaroo, koala and wombat.
(1)澳大利亚独特的动植物是因为其大陆岛的地理特征逐渐演变而出现的。
(2)澳大利亚特有的动物包括：鸭嘴兽、袋鼠、树袋熊和毛鼻袋鼠。
5. Landscape（地貌）
(1)In the north are tropical rainforests.
(2)In the southeast are plateau landscapes occupied by snowfields.
(3)In the central and western areas of the continent, two thirds of the land is desert or semi desert.
(4)In the east, south and the southwest border, there are hills and fertile plains of Mediterranean and temperate climates. 80% of Australians live in this area today.
(1)北部为热带雨林。
(2)东南部为被雪覆盖的高原。
(3)中部和西部的土地有三分之二已经沙漠或者半沙漠化。
(4)东部、南部和西南沿海地区为丘陵和肥沃的平原，这片地区属于地中海和温带气候，80%的澳大利亚人都聚居于此。
6. Distinctive physical features（独特的地理特征）
Two of the country’s most distinctive physical features are the Great Diving Range and the Great Barrier Reef.
澳大利亚最独特的地理特征有两点：大分水岭和大堡礁。
(1)The Great Diving Range（大分水岭）
It extends as an almost unbroken series of plateaus down the East Coast of Australia, from northern Queensland, through New South Wales and into Victoria.
大分水岭沿着大陆的东部边缘，从昆士兰省的北部开始，穿过新南威尔士省直到维多利亚省，形成一系列几乎没有间断的高地。
(2)The Great Barrier Reef（大堡礁）
It is the largest coral structure in the world, which extends along the coast of Queensland.
大堡礁沿着昆士兰省的海岸展开，是世界上最长的珊瑚礁。
II. The people（居民）
1. The indigenous people（土著人）
The indigenous people (the People of the Dreaming)have been living in the land about 47 thousand years ago and there have been at least 18500 generations of these people.
土著人（梦创时代的后人）大约四万七千年前就居住在这片土地上，如今已经繁衍了至少一万八千五百代。
2. The later settlers（后来者）
The first group of English were brought here as convicts in 1788 by the First Fleet. There have been only eight generations of settlers.
第一批英国罪犯在1788年被第一舰队带到澳大利亚，从此开始在这里定居，如今只繁衍