中南大学湘雅医院外科学(脊柱外)2012年考博真题考博试卷
中南大学湘雅医院外科学(脊柱外)2015年考博真题试卷
中南大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大学湘雅医院
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题பைடு நூலகம்
考试科目：外科学（脊柱外） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 DIC
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少尿 骨筋膜室综合征 cullen症 夏洛克三联征 脊髓休克 hangman骨折 反射通 盘源性腰痛 冷脓肿 hoffman症 二、简答题 1、PE的临床表现。 2、何为5P症，常见于哪些疾病。 3、补钾原则。 4、颈椎病的分类。 5、肌力分级及判断方法。 6、脊柱侧凸的病因学分类。 7、腰椎滑脱的分级方法。 三、问答题 1、脊髓型颈椎病的临床诊断及手术治疗原则。 2、腰椎管狭窄症的解剖及病理解剖基础。
2012年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：M: Well, just keep your arm straight there. Fine, there will be a little prick like a mosquito bite. OK? There we go. Ok, I will send that sample off and we’ll check it. If the sample is ok, we won’t need to go on seeing you anymore. W: So you think I’m getting better? M: Absolutely. Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?1．A．The woman’s condition is critical.B．The woman has been picking up quite well.C．The woman’s illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D．The woman won’t see the doctor any more.正确答案：B解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。
女士问医生是不是好转了，医生回答说当然，故答案为B。
选项C是干扰项，医生让女病人伸直手臂，并说会有向蚊子叮咬的刺痛，prick的含义是“刺痛”。
听力原文：W: It’s Mr. Cong, isn’t it?M: That’s right. I saw you six months ago with a broken finger.W: Yes, of course. And is that all healing well?M: It’s fine.W: What can we do for you today?M: Well, I’ve been having these headaches in the front, about my eyes. It started two months ago.They seem to come on quite suddenly, and I get dizzy spell as well. Q: What is the trouble in the man now?2．A．A broken finger.B．A terrible cough.C．Frontal headaches.D．Eye problem.正确答案：C解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。
2012全国医学考博英语真题+答案详解
20201212年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题试卷一(Paper one)Part l Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The questionwill be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET。
Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.The woman's condition is critical.B.The woman has been picking up quite well.C.The woman's illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D.The woman won't see the doctor any more.2. A.A broken finger. B.A terrible cough.C.Frontal headaches.D.Eye problem.3. A.She needs a physical examination. B.She is in good health.C.It's good to have a doctor friend.D.It's good to visit the doctor.4. A.He prefers to take pills to get antioxidants.B.He prefers to get antioxidants from food.C.He doesn't mind eating a lot every day.D.He is overcautious sometimes.5. A.The blouse is a bargain. B.The blouse is too expensive.C.The blouse is colorful.D.The blouse is so fashionable.6. A.To queue for a ticket. B.To take man's offer.C.To buy a ticket online.D.To try an agency.17. A.She disagrees with the man.B.She couldn't agree with the man more.C.It's hard for them to fulfill their plans.D.It's impossible to get money from the Gates Foundation.8. A.One minute. B.Fifteen minutes.C.Half an hour.D.Five minutes.9. A.She is freezing cold. B.She is crazy about ice cream.C.She has a headache.D.She has brain fever.10. A.She can't wait for the man. B.She is very eager to see the man.C.She will go to the USA with the man.D.She expects the man to stay.11. A.A cold. B.A headache.C.A hoarse voice.D.Insomnia.12. A.To go to Susan for advice. B.To try to think like Susan.C.To break up with Susan.D.To have a date with Susan.13. A.She will become a famous singer soon. B.She will become an American idol.C.She will sign up for a talent show.D.She will surely stand out from the crowd.14. A.To take a month off work. B.To rest in bed as much as possible.C.To take some herbal medicine.D.To put on plaster.15. A.The Chinese face cream. B.The American face cream.C.The French perfume.D.The medication.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear three passages.After each one,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One16. A.White blood cell count. B.Red blood cell count.C.X-ray.D.ECG.17. A.Too much work to do. B.A heavy load of studying.C.Her daughter's sickness.D.Her insufficient income.18. A.Leukemia. B.Gastric ulcer.C.Immune disease.D.Gastric influenza.19. A.Take the white tablets three times a day. B.Take the charcoal tablets three times a day.C.Take one or two white tablets at a time.D.Take two charcoal tablets a day.20. A.Stay off work. B.Drink plenty of liquids.C.Eat a lot of vegetables and fruit.D.Postpone your exercise when sick.Passage Two21. A.35million. B.34million. C.25million. D.20million.22. A.Author,professor and dreamer B.Writer,professor and insomniac.C.Author,psychologist and insomniac.D.Dramatist,psychologist and scientist.23. A.Sleeping in8-hour consolidated blocks.B.Sleeping during day time.C.Going to bed soon after dark.2D.Two blocks of4-hour sleep with a waking break.24. A.Because they have unnoticeable sleeping patterns.B.Because they sleep very little.C.Because they are insensitive.D.Because they can't complain.25. A.Sleep is highly variable,and wears out with age.B.Falling asleep is a gradual process.C.Sleeping less will help you lose weight.D.People need to sleep eight hours a day.Passage Three26. A.Eight-year-olds. B.Twelve-year-olds.C.Seventeen-year-olds.D.Adults.27. A.The use off MRI. B.The use of computer tasks.C.The three-way division of the subjects.D.The instructions given to the subjects.28. A.12-year-olds respond strongly to negative feedback.B.12-year-olds function the same as8-year-olds.C.8-year-olds function almost the same as adults.D.12-year-olds function almost the same as adults.29. A.Not bad. B.Excellent.C.Not so good.D.Got it wrong this time.30. A.Scientists. B.The general public.C.Teachers at the kindergarten.D.Children with Attention Deficit Disorder Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the statements are incomplete,beneath each of which there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Her dietician suggested that_____diet and moderate exercise would help her recover soon.A.temperateB.temporaryC.tentativeD.tempting32.His health compels him to______in his early30s.e offB.knock offC.drop offD.pull off33.Two days later he regained his consciousness,forgetful of what had happened in the______A.transparencyB.transiencyC.tranceD.trace34.Despite financial belt-tightening this year,Christmas still represents a great time for_____A.arroganceB.surveillanceC.indulgenceD.turbulence35.A succession of______visits by the two countries'leaders have taken their relations out ofthe cooler over the past20months.A.reciprocalB.receptiveC.repulsiveD.Redundant36.The prime minister,beset by______support rate,made the decision to resign over theweekend to avoid a political vacuum.A.spontaneousB.strenuousC.soaringD.sluggish,337.Beijing Tourism Bureau has released a list of translations for2,753dishes and drinksto______public opinions.A.solicitB.perceiveC.conceiveD.investigate38.The greatest risk for rickets is in______breastfed infants who are not supplemented with400 IU of Vitamin D a day.A.exceptionallyB.practicallyC.exclusivelyD.proportionately39.The government is spending hundreds of billions extending the electricity_______to every remote village for the improvement of farmers'livelihoods.A.gridB.grantC.groveD.grandeur40.Social scientists believe that societies with a_______of young men without hope of marriage suffer from instability,violence and surges in crime.A.swarmageB.hatchC.gangD.surplusSection BDirections:In this section you each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word orphrase which are best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted forthe underlined part.Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.She,a crazy fan,felt a tingle of excitement at the sight of Michael Jackson.A.glimpseB.gustC.panicD.pack42.She could never transcend her resentments against her mother's partiality for her brother.A.disciplineplainC.conquerD.defy43.One could neither trifle with a terror of this kind,nor compromise with it.A.belittleB.exaggerateC.ponderD.eliminate44.In light of his good record,the police accepted defense.A.In place ofB.In view ofC.In spite ofD.In search of45.City officials stated that workers who lied on their employment applications may be terminated.A.accusedB.punishedC.dismissedD.suspended46.An outbreak of swine flu outside of Mexico City was blamed for the deaths of more than a hundred people in April2009.A.attached toB.ascribed toposed ofD.related to47.When a forest goes ablaze,it discharges hundreds of chemical compounds,including carbon monoxide.A.puts outB.passes offC.pulls outD.sends out48.Unfortunately,the bridge under construction clasped in the earthquake,so they had to do thewhole thing again from scratch.A.from the beginningB.from now onC.from time to timeD.from the bottom49.Identical twin sisters have led British scientists to a breakthrough in leukemia research thatpromises more effective therapies with fewer harmful side-effects.A.administersB.nurturesC.inspiresD.ensures50.Radical environmentalists have blamed pollutants and synthetic chemicals in pesticides forthe disruption of human hormones.A.disturbanceB.distractionC.intersectionD.interpretation4Part III C l oze(10%)Directions:In this section there is passage with ten numbered blanked.For each blank,there are choices marked A,B,C and D listed below the passage.Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dear Dr.Benjamin,Congratulations on your nomination as United States Surgeon General.Based on your extraordinary career and your commitment to51health disparities among underserved populations,no doubt your tenure will be marked by great progress toward the goal of improved health for all Americans.Each United States Surgeon General has the unique opportunity to create his or her own lasting legacy.Dr.Koop focused on smoking prevention.Dr.Satcher one of52mentors, released the first comprehensive report on mental health.We encourage you to build your own legacy53concept of prevention through healthy lifestyles--a legacy that is both sustainable and cost-effective.This also is an important issue for Members of Congress,many of whom believe that54prevention and wellness initiatives will bring down costs and help people lead healthier lives.The American College of Sports Medicine(ACSM)would be honored to partner with you on such an initiative.ACSM,the largest sports medicine and exercise science organization in the world,55 ready to work with you to increase healthy behaviors-especially physical activity--throughout the life span.During this crucial period of health system reform,we've been advocating for strategies that support preventive medicine not just through diagnostic testing,56promoting healthy, active behaviors that all Americans can achieve at little or no cost.In fact,ACSM already has a working agreement with the Surgeon General's office,focused on a series of healthy-lifestyle public service announcements for our Exercise Is Medicine TM program,a program that57calls on doctors to encourage their patients to incorporate physical activity and exercise into their daily routine.As you are58aware,physical activity can prevent and treat a host of chronic conditions--such as heart disease,type II diabetes,and obesity–that currently plague our country.Your example as59whose family has suffered from preventable disease and who demonstrates healthy lifestyles can be powerful indeed.Anytime either before or after your appointment is confirmed,we would60the opportunity to meet with you and your staff to discuss how we,along with other leading health organizations,can enhance the prevention paradigm through physical activity.Again,Dr,Benjamin,I extend our deepest congratulations and best wishes.Sincerely,James Pivarnik,Ph.D.,FACSMPresident,American College of Sports Medicine51. A.handle B.eliminate C.achieving D.addressing52. A.his own B.our own C.your own D.her own53. A.around B.above C.at D.across54. A.promoted B.promoting C.having been promoting D.having been promoted55. A.put B.got C.sits D.stands56. A.but for B.but that C.but by D.but also57. A.arguably B.excessively C.specifically D.exceptionally558. A.well B.better C.the very D.the most59. A.those B.one C.this D.it60. A.greet B.welcome C.deserve D.celebratePart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneAs the defining epidemic of a modem age notable for overconsumption and excess,obesity is hard to beat.The increased availability of high-fat,high-sugar foods,along with more sedentary lifestyles,has helped push the number of obese people worldwide to beyond400million,and the number of overweight to more than1.6billion.By2015,those figures are likely to grow to700 million and2.3billion respectively,according to the World Health Organization.Given the health implications--increased risk of heart disease,stroke,diabetes and some cancers--anything that helps people avoid piling on the pounds must be a good thing,right?Those who agree will no doubt welcome the growing success of researchers striving to develop"diet pills"that provide a technical fix for those incapable of losing weight any other way. Last week a study published in The Lancet showed that tesofensine,which works by inducing a sense of fullness,is twice as effective as any other drug at enabling patients to lose weight.There is no question that advances such as this are good news for those with a strong genetic predisposition to obesity.But for the rest of us it is dangerous to see treatment as a more effective solution than prevention.There are several reasons for this.For a start,the traditional ways of maintaining a safe weight,such as limiting what you eat,increase consumption of fruit and vegetables and taking more exercise,are beneficial for our health in many ways.Second,overindulgence in fatty foods has implications for the entire planet.Consider the deleterious environmental effects of the rising demand for meat.As demonstrated in our special issue on economic growth,technological fixes will not compensate for excessive consumption. Third,interfering with the brain circuits that control the desire for food can have an impact on other aspects of a person's personality and their mental and physical health.We need two approaches:more research into the genetics of obesity to understand why some people are more susceptible,and greater efforts to help people avoid eating their way to an early death.Cynics will say we've tried education and it hasn't worked.That is defeatist:getting people to change their behavior takes time and effort,held back as we are by our biological tendency to eat more than we need,and by the food industry's ruthless opportunism in exploiting that.Drugs will be the saving of a few--as a last resort.But the global obesity problem is one of lifestyle,and the solution must be too.61.In the first paragraph all the figures surrounding obesity reflect________A.a close link between growing obese and developing diseaseB.the inevitable diseases of modem civilizationC.the war against the epidemic we have lostD.the urgency of the global phenomenon62.When it comes to the recently reported diet pills,the author would say that________6A.drags are no replacement of preventionB.the technical advance is not necessarily good newsC.the technical fix does help reverse the obesity epidemicD.the mechanism of tesofensine still remains to be verified63.Which of the following can be referred to as the environmental perspective of the author'sargument?A.Belittling good health behavior.B.Imposing a heavy burden on our planet.C.Making trouble for our social environment.D.Having implications for mental and physical health.64.The author argues that we make greater efforts to help people fight against_________A.their biological overeating tendency and aggressively marketed foodsB.the development of diet pills as a technical fix for obesityC.their excuses for their genetic susceptibility to obesityD.the defeatism prevailing in the general populations65.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.No Quick FixB.Disease of CivilizationC.Pursuing a Technical FixD.A War on Global ObesityPassage TwoAn abandoned airfield near a former Nazi concentration tramp may soon feature pagodas and Tai Chi parks.A$700million project aims to give Germany its own Chinatown22miles north of Berlin in the town of Oranienburg,housing2,000residents by2010.The investor group behind the scheme hopes the new Chinatown will attract tourists and business to rival the famed Chinatowns of San Francisco and New York by delivering an "authentic Chinese experience.""You'll be able to experience China,go out for a Chinese meal, and buy Chinese goods,"says Stefan Kunigam,managing director of Bandenburg-China -Project-Management GmbH.The project has attracted investors in both Germany and China,reports Christoph Lang of Berlin's Trade and Industry promotion Office."Chinese investors have already asked if we have a Chinatown here."He says."The cultural environment is very important for them.You cannot build a synthetic Chinatown."Germany is home to about72,000Chinese migrants(2002Federal Statistical Office figures), but the country has not had a Chinatown since the early1930s in Hamburg,when most of the city's2,000Chinese residents fled or were arrested by the Nazis.German's more-recent history with anti-foreigner extremism remains a problem even within the government,reports Deutsche Welle(DW),Germany's international broadcaster.DW notes that National Democratic Party lawmaker Holger Apfel's xenophobic(恐外的)comments about "state-subsidized Oriental mega-families"at first went largely uncriticized."Every fourth German harbors anti-foreigner sentiments,"DW quotes Miriam Gruss,a Free Democratic Party parliamentarian."Right-wing extremism is clearly rooted in the middle of society.It's not a minor phenomenon."The German government initiated a special youth for Democracy andTolerance program in January2007as part of its tolerance-building efforts.7While it is not clear how many Chinese migrants will ultimately settle in the new German Chinatown,developers hope the project will increase Germans'understanding for China and Chinese culture.66.If set up,according to the passage,the new German Chinatown will probably be_______A.a rival to the Chinatowns of San Francisco and New YorkB.mainly made of pagodas and Tai Chi parksC.located in the north suburbs of BerlinD.the biggest one in Germany67.When he says that you cannot build a synthetic Chinatown,Lang means_______A.the real imported goods made in ChinaB.the authoritative permission for the projectC.the importance of the location for a ChinatownD.the authentic environment to experience Chinese culture68.By mentioning the population of Chinese migrants in Germany,the author most probablymeans that_________A.it is too late to build a ChinatownB.it is their desire to save a ChinatownC.it is important to create jobs for themD.it is necessary to have a Chinatown there69.According to the passage,German anti-foreigner extremismA.can seed the new community with hatredB.could be an obstacle to the projectC.will absolutely kill the planD.is growing for the scheme70.The message from the plan is clear:A.to build a new communityB.to fight against right-wing extremismC.to promote more cultural understandingD.to increase Chinese's understanding of GermanyPassage ThreeThe American research university is a remarkable institution,long a source of admiration and wonder.The idyllic(田园诗的),wooded campuses,the diversity and energy of the student populations,and,most of all,the sheer volume of public and private resources available to nm them,have made them the envy of the world.Seen from the inside,however,everything is not quite so rosy.Setting aside the habitual complexity of medical schools,which have separate healthcare and finance issues,the structure of these institutions is straightforward and consistent.The bedrock of each university is a system of discipline-specific departments.The strength of these departments determines the success and prestige of the institution as a whole.This structure raises a few obvious questions.One is the relevance of the department-based structure to the way scientific research is done.Many argue that in a host of areas--ranging from computational biology and materials science to pharmacology and climate science--much of the most important research is now interdisciplinary in nature.And there is a sense that,notwithstanding years of efforts to adapt to this change by encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration,the department-based structure of the university is essentially at odds with such collaboration.8A second set of issues surrounds the almost static nature of the departmental system.In a country where most things are highly fluid,the fields covered by departments,as well as the pecking order(权势等级)between them,have remained largely unchanged for many years.Aspeople and money have flowed,particularly over the past twenty years,to the south and the southwest,the strongest US universities and departments remain embedded in the northeast and in California.League tables drawn up by the National Academy of Sciences and others show little movement in this pecking order,even over several decades.Another,perhaps more contentious,issue concerns the relevance of the modem research university to the community it serves.The established model,whatever else its strengths and weaknesses,reflects the desire of the middle classes for undergraduate training that prepares their offspring for a stable career.But how does it serve a society in which people may have to retrain and recreate their careers throughout their adult lives?71.The passage begins with the presentation of the American research university_______A.in a unique wayB.in a jealous toneC.in the eyes of outsidersD.out of personal admiration72.The traditional model of the US research university________A.determines the complexity of the single-discipline departmentB.is well established with competition among its departmentsC.ensures the success and prestige of each single departmentD.is characterized by the department-based structure73.The structure of the US research university,the author contends,needs to be stretched_____A.to change the way scientific research is done along the disciplineB.to promote individuality and creativity in doing scienceC.to address the current interdisciplinary challengesD.to advance the discipline-based department74.In addition to the department-based structure,the pecking order_______A.remains unchallenged as the name of the gameB.fosters unfair competition at the American institutionC.contributes to insufficient interdisciplinary collaborationD.makes uneven allocations of financial resource among the US universities75.What can be inferred from the question:But how does it serve a society in which people mayhave to retrain and recreate their careers throughout their adult lives?A.The American societal structure has an impact on that of the research university.B.College students need to be trained to be dedicated to the social value of science.C.The modem research university ought to change the way it serves the middle class.D.The established model serves as an obstacle to the best service of the society.Passage FourScience and politics make uncomfortable bedfellows.Rarely is this more true than in the case of climate change,where it is now time for emergency counseling.One point repeatedly made at last week's climate change congress in Copenhagen was that formulating an action plan to curb climate change is not a job of scientists.Politicians may be left scratching their heads over what to do,but at this stage climatescientists cannot provide more guidance than they did in the2007report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,for two reasons.9First,models will never provide a straightforward prediction of how the climate will change. As one Copenhagen delegate put it:"Tell me what the stock market will do in100years and I will tell you what the climate will do."Second as most climate scientists will agree,their role is not toformulate policy.They can provide more or less apocalyptic(大灾预测的)scenarios of what will happen if emissions hit certain thresholds,from burning forests to disappearing islands.But when politicians ask what is the absolute maximum amount of carbon dioxide we should allow to be pumped out,the answer is,invariably,how much risk do you want to take?There are ways out of the deadlock.As the major climate negotiations in December approach,scientists need to be able to take off their labcoats sometimes and speak as concerned citizens.Some may feel uncomfortable with blurting the line between science and activism,but they should be aware that no one understands the risks better than they do and no one is better placed to give informed opinions.Politicians,for their part,should stop begging climatologists for easy answers.What they need instead is a new breed of advisers to descend from the ivory towers of academia and join the climate fray–people who are willing and able to weight up the risks,costs and benefits of various degrees of action.If all else fails,there may still be the safety net of geoengineering.As we have said on several occasions,this option can no longer be dismissed as fantasy.Reputable scientists are discussing options among themselves and with policy-makers,but the fact that we are even considering it should spur governments to cut emissions,cut them deeply and cut them fast. Geoengineering is no get-out-of-jail-free card;it has dangers of its own.The military are already taking an interest,raising the spectre of climate weapons able to divert rainfall and bring drought. That is the last thing we want.76.In the case global warning,scientists_______A.tend to be more conservative than politiciansB.are in no position to offer a definite answerC.never trust politicians as in other casesD.feel incapable more than ever before77.Speaking of climate change,politicians______A.don't like it when scientists are indirectB.never see eye to eye with scientists thereC.seldom want to play the game with scientistsD.are left puzzled over the formulation of policy78.To bridge the gap between the two sides,according to the passage,scientists are supposedto_______A.act with more concern and enthusiasmB.discard their prejudice towards politiciansC.be definite enough to offer informed opinionsD.do as concerned citizens do in protecting environment79.For their part,politicians ought to be reasonable and_______A.pick up the right scientists for informed opinionsB.place policy and decision in the hands of scientistsC.receive reeducation in the ivory towers of academia10D.choose those who can provide a straightforward prediction80.The author reminds those who are talking about geoengineering of________A.the other alternatives in the matterB.the climate weapon as a double-edged swordC.the dangers of the fantasy among the reputable scientistsD.the urgency of emission reduction on the part of governmentsPassage FiveYou are what you eat notwithstanding,it is only recently that most consumers have become interested in the technical details of their food's composition,production and transport.With obesity and climate change now major concerns,and"localvore"and"food miles"entering the lexicon,shoppers are clamoring for information.And many food companies are happy to supply it, resulting in a dizzying array of multicolored labels and claims.But not everyone is happy.A proposed law in Indiana is the latest attempt in the United States to ban milk labels proclaiming that the cows from whence the milk came were not treated with recombinant bovine growth hormone(rBGH,also called recombinant bovine somatotropin or rbST).This hormone,produced by engineered bacteria,is virtually identical to the cow's own and can increase milk production by10-15%.There are two bad arguments for banning such labels.The f~t--that it is impossible to determine from the milk whether the cow was injected with rBGH--is the reason cited in the bill language.The second--that proliferation of"no rBGH"labels will train consumers to distrust the product--is the real motivation.The first argument can be disposed of easily:it is already illegal to make false claims about a product.The second argument may seem more convincing.There is no firm scientific evidence that injecting cows with rBGH affects human health in any way,but prevalent labeling touting the absence of rBGH would suggest to consumers that there are some differences.The mandating(颁布)of an additional phrase such as that agreed last month in Pennsylvania--"No significant difference has been shown between milk derived from rbST-treated and non-rbST-treated cows" ---ameliorates(减轻)this problem.There are good reasons not to ban accurate labels.More information means that consumers can be more discerning,and not just about their own health.They can vote with their purchases for farming practices they prefer.And if a company wants to use a technology with a bad reputation,it is the firm's responsibility to educate the consumer about why it is beneficial.If consumers choose irrationally to reject it,that is their prerogative(特权).Capitalism thrives on the irrationality of consumers,from their noted fear of smelling bad,to their preference for redness in apples,farmed salmon and fast-food signage(标记).Indeed,if consumers were suddenly to become rational,an economic cataclysm(大灾难) would result,as households in all the rich nations would cut their consumption to only what they really needed.Such a crash would no doubt make the current economic doldrums(萧条)look like the mildest hiccup(打嗝)。
2012医学考博试题
2012上海交大瑞金医院病理生理试题一、名词解释1.DIC2.ARF3.MS4.saline resistance alkalosis5.endoplasnic reticulum stress6.false neurotransmitterpensatory antiinflammation response syndrome8.oncosis?二、判断（全英文，10分）三、单项选择?（30个，30分）1.dehydration分型的依据：细胞外液渗透压?2.Rb蛋白功能丧失会导致：细胞增殖异常?3.P53突变会引起：我好像选的B?4.细胞调亡的内源性诱导因子：细菌病毒?5.炎症反应的共同信号机制是：TNF-?α6.容易导致脑静脉破裂的是：高渗性脱水7.GAS警觉期分泌减少的是：胰岛素?8.Acute phase protein能清除异物和坏死组织的是：CRP?9.通过吸氧能明显改善的是:功能性分流（还有选项循环性缺氧，这个不确定）10.高温持续期的热代谢特点：～平衡?11.IRI的始动环节：自由基损伤12.细胞损伤会出现：胞内Na浓度升高?13.MODS的主要原因：感染、休克?14.心律失常导致心衰的机制：心肌舒缩功能不协调15.Obstructive ventilation disorder的原因：非弹性阻力增加（不确定）?16. COPD导致呼吸困难的机制：呼气时等压点上移17.ARDS不会出现的病理特征：肺组织坏死?18.呼衰导致肾功能障碍的机制：肾血管反射性收缩19.肝功能障碍导致出血的机制：凝血因子合成减少?20.不是脑血管兴奋与抑制神经递质的是：NE?21.与肝纤维化最密切的是：星状细胞?22.Keto-acidosis常见于：严重饥饿和酒精中毒?23.低钾血症引起心肌兴奋性增高的机制：purkinje静息电位负值减小24.一患者?PH 7.48 PaCO2 22.6 HCO3 19,见于哪种酸碱平衡：混合型（呼碱合并代酸）四、多选1.CO中毒导致缺氧的机制2.reperfution arrthymia 的影响因素3.胰岛素信号传导障碍可以见于哪些环节4.CRP致AS的机制五、简答题1.DIC晚期导致出血的原因和机制（4分）2.内毒素血症导致MODS的原因和机制（4分）3.脂毒素增多见于哪些情况，有哪些机体代谢变化（6分）4.休克代偿期的定义（2分），动脉血氧分压<80mmHg，导致ARF的机制和尿成分变化（4分）六、病例分析（全英文，10分）我再补充一下：二、英文判断题：具体内容记不清，一共10个，能记起来的大概相关题目是：高血钾时心电图的变化；发热与EP的概念；紫绀的概念；心肌顿抑的相关内容；肾性贫血的原因五、简答还有一个：心肌细胞肥大导致心脏收缩功能减低的机制六：病例分析，全英文，用中文回答：10分。
中南大学湘雅医院内科学(消化系病)消化内科2012年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大学湘雅医院
2012年攻读博士ຫໍສະໝຸດ 位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：内科学（消化系病）_消化内科 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 公共题 （30分） 一、名解 (10分)
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horner综合征 科赫现象 Austin Flint杂音 冒烟型骨髓瘤 代谢综合征 二、简述 (20分) AKI的分期标准 糖尿病合并昏迷的可能病因 高血压病的治疗药物分类 肝硬化腹水形成的机制及肝性胸水的形成机制
消化内科 一、名解 (15个 共45分) GALT AIP IBS Krukenberg瘤 Barret食管 POEM手术 P-J综合征 亚临床肝性脑病 纤维板层型肝癌 腹水白蛋白梯度测定 肠侧向发育性肿瘤 静脉高压性胃病 二、简答 (10分) 消化道早癌的诊断及治疗方法 缺血性结肠炎与伪膜性结肠炎的鉴别诊断及治疗 三、问答(15分) 胃食管返流形成的机制及食管源性胸痛的特征
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IBD的鉴别诊断、分子药物治疗进展
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(整理)年中南大学神外考博真题及答案.
中南大学2011年外科学博士学位研究生入学考试试题长沙泰和医院神外-何承彪（2012年考博神外专业得分86分）公共题一、名词解释（每题4分）1、微创外科：是通过微小创伤或微小入路，将特殊器械、物理能量或化学药剂送入人体内部，完成对人体内病变、畸形、创伤的灭活、切除、修复或重建等外科手术操作，以达到治疗目的的医学科学分支，其特点是对病人的创伤明显小于相应的传统外科手术。
如电视腹腔镜技术。
1、新辅助化疗：是指在恶性肿瘤局部实施手术或放疗前应用的全身性化疗，又称早期化疗。
即在肿瘤患者确诊后，在术前或放疗前行两个疗程的正规化疗，休息一两周后行手术治疗或放疗。
理论点：术前或放疗前肿瘤血液供应和局部解剖尚未改变，从而可增加药物进入肿瘤组织内，增强抗肿瘤作用。
3、Systemic inflammatory response syndrome：即全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）是因感染或非感染病因作用于机体而引起的机体失控的自我持续放大和自我破坏的全身性炎症反应。
它是机体修复和生存而出现过度应激反应的一种临床过程。
共同的特征性变化是血浆中炎症介质增多，而细菌感染并非必要条件。
具有下列临床表现即可诊断：1）体温>38o C或<36o C；2）心率>90次/分；3）呼吸急促>20次/分或过度通气，PaCO2<4.3kPa；4）白细胞计数>12×109/L或<4×109/L，或未成熟白细胞>10%。
4、肠功能障碍：是指肠实质与（或）功能的损害，导致蠕动、消化、吸收营养与（或）黏膜屏障功能出现障碍。
5、临界性肿瘤：少数肿瘤，形态上属良性，但常浸润性生长，切除后易复发，甚至可出现转移，从生物行为上显示良性与恶性之间的类型，故称交界性或临界性肿瘤。
诸如包膜不完整的纤维瘤、粘膜乳头状瘤、唾液腺混合瘤等。
二、问答题（每题5分）1、临床出现高血钾如何治疗？答：由于高钾血症有导致病人心搏突然停止的危险，因此高钾血症一经诊断，应积极予以治疗。
考博外科学——精选推荐
考博外科学外科学总论（共50分）⼀名词解释：1.基因诊断2.⾼温灭菌法3.NHSTR4.GHTRS5.MODS⼆简答题：1 简述外科疾病的分类2 外科⼿术进⾏中的⽆菌原则3 感染性休克的治疗三问答题低渗性缺⽔的定义病因临床表现诊断治疗普外科各论（50分）⼀名词解释mastopathy 原发性腹膜炎strangulated hernia （狂晕刚意识到答成绞窄性肠梗阻了）abdominal compartment syndrome 第五个忘了⾼选择⾏迷⾛神经切断术（英⽂）⼆问答题甲状腺功能亢进症的病因术前术中注意事项⼿术适应症⼿术禁忌症术后常见并发症及处理原则原发性肝癌的病因病理临床表现诊断和鉴别诊断治疗2007年第⼆军医⼤学考博普通外科学⼀、多选题（12题，每题1分）1、腹腔镜⼿术禁忌：2、能叩诊出移动性浊⾳的腹腔积液：A、100ml B、200ml C、300ml D、400ml E、⼤于500ml3、急性胰腺炎⾎淀粉酶的变化：4、胆囊癌最佳的诊断⽅法：B超、CT、ERCP、？、？5、⼩⼉肠扭转病例6、肝脓肿病例7、以下胃、⼗⼆指肠穿孔描述不正确的是：⼆、填空题（8分）1、影响胃癌预后的因素有：（7空）2、下消化道出⾎的诊断⽅法有：（5空）3、下肢深静脉栓塞分为四型：_____型（4空）三、名词解释（6分，每题2分）1、buerger病2、charcot 综合征3、TME四、问答题1、家族性结肠息⾁病的发病原理、诊断、⼿术⽅式、术后随访原则？（20分）2、甲亢术后并发症及处理？（24分）3、肠梗阻按梗阻原因的分类；肠梗阻的治疗原则以及⾮⼿术治疗⽅法？（30分）第三军医⼤学2013博⼠普外专业⼀、名词解释1、richer疝2、倾倒综合征（英⽂）3、布加综合征（英⽂）4、⼆、简答题1、乳腺癌根治术切除范围2、胰腺癌⼿术切除范围3、简述直肠癌超低位保肛术4、chiold分级及其临床意义三、问答题1、急性梗阻性黄疸治疗原则2、论述胃癌外科治疗的最新进展2013南京医科⼤学普外科学（总论+普外）考博真题回忆版简答4分*61、创伤组织修补基本过程？2、30秒内确定⼼搏骤停的⽅法？3、输⾎后常见并发症？4、低钾的常见病因？5、营养⽀持⽅法选择原则？6、⼿术中的⽆菌原则？问答19分*41、胰腺假性囊肿的⼿术指征、⽅式、要点？2、甲状腺⼿术并发症及治疗？3、腹膜后⼗⼆指肠破裂诊断依据及治疗？4、完善的科研设计标志有哪些？第三军医⼤学2013年外科专业基础之⼈体解剖真题名词解释：胸⾻⾓纵隔膜迷路动脉韧带肺段简答脑屏障的主要特点喉的结构，运动及功能的关系胆汁的产⽣，排出的主要特点问答⽪质核束的主要特点内脏传导通路的主要特点迷⾛神经的主要特点腰丛的主要特点2013中⼭⼤学博⼠⽣⼊学考试（普外）1糖⽪质激素外科感染性休克2糖尿病围术期准备要点3开放⽓胸处理原则4影像学在泌尿系结⽯的诊断应⽤5胃癌腹腔镜禁忌6胆管囊性扩张的分型7下肢静脉体格检查名称8外科真菌感染因素和抗真菌药物9切⼝裂开预防10⿊⾊素瘤的临床表现11CEA.AFP.CA199.CA125.PSA，中⽂名称及诊断价值12门脉⾼压⾮⼿术治疗及贲门⾎管离断理由13 低渗性缺⽔的原因14乳腺癌分⼦分型及治疗建议15胃癌根治原则，根治划分，远端胃癌根治切除范围16慢性胰腺炎⼿术指征，⼿术原则，⼿术⽅式。
中南大学湘雅二医院儿科学2012年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考生入学考试试题
考试科目：湘雅二医院儿科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
病生与往年题型不同，20个名词解释，每个2分，6个简答题每个6分，2个论试题第一题10分第二题14分，回忆如下：
3、早产儿易发生颅内出血的机制是什么？
4、川崎病的病理分期是什么及各期的变化？
5、写出不少于5中小儿心血管疾病无创器械检查方法？
6、咳嗽变异性哮喘的诊断标准是什么？
7、常见小儿颅内感染的脑脊液变化是什么？
8、癫痫的诊断及鉴别诊断？
9、血尿的诊断程序是什么？
10、慢性肾脏病的概念是什么及分级？
11、骨髓外造血的临床表现是什么？
简答：
1、应用利尿剂对血钾有何影响？
2、心衰的发生机制？
3、应激时下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺髓质兴奋地代偿意义？
4、反常性酸性尿在什么情况下会出现？
5、什么是肺性脑病？发生机制是什么？
论述题：
1、氨对机体的毒性作用是什么？
专业题：14个任选10个
1、小儿生长发育的规律是什么你？
2、新生儿发生院内获得性感染的易感因素是什么？
中南大学湘雅医院神经病学2001,2002,2004,2007,2008,2013--2019年考博真题
中南大学湘雅医院
2007年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一．名词解释（每个4分） 1．海马硬化 2．模糊效应 3．空泡脊髓病 4．Beevor征 5．Parinaud综合征
二．论述题（病都没有问题，但是具体的考察点并不十分确定）（每个8分） 1．Huntington病的发病机制、病理、生化、及临床特点、治疗 2．亚急性硬化性全脑炎的临床分期和临床表现 3．线粒体脑肌病的分型及临床特点 4．复杂部分性发作和失神发作的鉴别要点 5．颈内动脉系统TIA与椎基底动脉系统TIA的常见、特征性及可能症状
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中南பைடு நூலகம்学湘雅医院
2008年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 1假性球麻痹 2.“镜像”动脉瘤 3. Lennox-Gastaut综合征 4Thomsen病 5. 模糊效应
二、问答题 1、 TIA的临床表现 2、 CJD的诊断标准 3、 Wilson病 4、 失神发作与复杂部分性发作的鉴别 5、 线粒体脑肌病的分型和临床表现
三．病例分析（每个20分） 1．男性，32岁。17天前出现走路不稳，家人描述走路呈醉酒步态，几日后出现 视物重影，几天后消失。无头痛、发热。发病10天前出现腹泻。查体：眼球固定 居中，眼球各方向运动不能；肌力5级，肌张力低下，深浅感觉基本正常；指鼻试 验和跟膝胫试验阳性。 问题： 1).可能诊断，诊断依据 2).辅助检查 3).鉴别诊断 4).治疗原则
三、病案分析题 1. Fisher综合征， 2. 脑梗
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中南大学湘雅医院外科学(普外科)2012年考博真题试卷
4、肝癌的消融治疗有哪些方法？适应症？
5、肝内胆管结石的切肝指证？
6、甲状腺滤泡状癌的临床特点及手术方式？
7、TME的理论基础及基本原则？
8、胃癌的TNM分期？
9、门脉高压症是否做预防性手术？为什么?
10、ACS定义及治疗原则?
11、腹部外伤患者胰颈几乎横断，十二指肠3cm不规则裂伤。选择何种手术方式?为什么？
12、肿瘤分子靶向治疗包括哪些？
13、肝门胆管癌的分型及各型手术方式？
中南大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大பைடு நூலகம்湘雅医院
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（普外科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
1、20世纪50年代以来对肿瘤的认识有哪些进展。治疗有哪些进展。
2、女性乳腺5cm肿块，淋巴结肿大融合，无远处转移。临床分期?治疗方案？
中南大学湘雅医院神经病学2004年考博真题试卷
6.多巴反应性肌张力障碍
mbert-Eaton综合征
8.Lennox-Gastaut综合征
9脘蛋白病
10基底核
二、简答题（40分）
1.试述脊髓内肿瘤核髓外肿瘤的区别
2.简述麻痹性痴呆的临床表现
3.同心园性硬化在MRI上有何特异表现
4.试述抽动秽语综合征的诊断要点
中南大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大学湘雅医院
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。一、来自词解释（30分）1．昏睡
2．Gerstmann综合征
3．Millard Gubler综合征
4.Piek病
三、问答题（30分，任选一题）
1.试述腓骨肌萎缩症（Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease，CMT）的临床表现，分型、鉴别诊断及周围神经髓鞘蛋白22（PMP22）髓鞘零蛋白（MPZ）的发病机制
2.癫痫的各种类型部分性发作核全身性发作的首选药物有哪些？
3从解剖学知识分析基底动脉尖综合征的临床表现。
中南大学湘雅二院外科学(脊柱外)(3966)2019年考博真题试卷
二、名词解释（4×4分）
1.脊髓震荡2.脊髓休克3.脊髓运动单元4. Kummell分s disease
三、简答题（49分）
1.什么是寰枢关节脱位，如何分型？（10分）
（1）该患者的X线片和MRI特点是什么？
（2）该患者的初步诊断是什么，还需要完善哪些检查？
（3）该患者的治疗原则是什么？
（4）该患者的手术指征是什么？有哪些手术方式可以选择，其各自的优缺点是什么？
A. Osteoid osteoma B. Osteoblastoma C. Osteosarcoma D. Giant cell tumor
5. Which of the following is ture regarding postoperative spinal infection?
A. Infection is caused by hematogenous inoculation of the wound by skin flora.
A. Double major(DM) B. Triple major(TM) C. Double thoracic(DT)
D. Main thoracic(MT) E. Thoracolumbar/lumbar(TL/L)
4. A 18-year-old man presents to your office with chronic back pain that is relieved by the use of non-steroidal anti-anflammatory drugs(NSAIDs).CT scan demonstrates a 15-mm circular radiolucency surrounded by sclerotic bone changes.What is the most likely diagnosis?
中南大学病理学2012年考博真题试卷
中南大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
第1页 共1页
一、 名词解释（5分*12） 1. 脂肪肝与脂肪心 2. 肉芽组织与炎性肉芽肿 3. 肌纤维母细胞与干细胞 4. 化生与分化 5. 癌前病变与交界性肿瘤 6. 营养不良性钙化与恶性营养不良 7. 纤维性骨痂与骨性骨痂 8. 凋亡小体与嗜酸性小体 9. 脂质小体与Mallory小体 10. 糜烂与溃疡 11. 窦道与瘘管 12. 纤维素样变性与纤维素样坏死 二、 问答题 1．简述长期吸烟对人体肺组织可能产生哪些疾病及其病变特点和结局？（20 分） 2．简述痛风的概念、发病机制和病变特点？（20分）
中南大学2012级博士生综合英语考试试卷
English Test Paper for Doctoral CandidatesDecember 23, 2012Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)Section A ConversationDirections: In this section, you will hear several short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I ).1. A. She has missed too many classes.B. She finds the course very difficult.C. She is hardly able to finish the reading.D. She doesn’t like the professor and his lecture. 2. A. The woman cannot find the piece of paper.B. The woman will go to see Mr Brown.C. The man has agreed to give the woman a call.D. The man will ask Mr Brown to cal the woman. 3. A. She is unable to help the man.B. She offers to collect data for the man.C. She has never lived in that small city.D. She will tell the man her childhood stories. 4. A. It is canceled.B. It is delayed.C. It will take off soon.D. It has a technical problem. 5. A. Bank accounts closed.B. Money overdrawn.C. Vacation plans.D. Daily expenses.Section B PassageDirections: In this section, you will hear several short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I ). Passage One6. A. Deteriorating memory.B.Insufficient preparation.C. Uncontrollable tension.D. Education background.7. A. She would fail to recall anything.B. She would become absent-minded.C. She would sit down and rest.D. She would copy the answers.8. A. To help students become smarter.B. To help students prepare for tests.C. To help students follow instructions.D. To help students control anxiety.Passage Two9. A. Water could be found in a nearby river.B. The river water could be used for irrigation.C. The water could be saved for future use.D. Villagers could carry the water to the fields.10. A. The job would take several months.B. The villagers had never done the job before.C. The job was too great and costly.D. There wasn't enough labor to do the job.Section C SummaryDirections:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. Then you are asked to write a summary about 60 words on it (on Answer Sheet II).Part II Vocabulary (10%)[依据《新世纪博士生综合英语》1、2、4、5、6单元内容]Section ADirections: There are a number of incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet (on Answer Sheet I).11. A speaker who makes more eye contact is perceived as _______ and responsible.A. virtualB. confidentC. intrusiveD. innocent12. The book is a(an) _______ of tapescripts of some famous speeches.A. imageB. featureC. collectionD. encryption13. The treaty created the European Union, the world's largest trading _______.A. blocB. blockC. bulkD. bond14. The museum _______ the different tastes and needs of different people.A. caters forB. results inC. stems fromD. conforms to15. Information considered to be pornographic includes _______ explicit materials.A. personallyB. politicallyC. sexuallyD. racially16. Indian women have few _______ for relaxation and recreation.A. outletsB. choresC. phasesD. scores17. The assumption is rooted in a Cold War _______ or viewpoint.A. perspectiveB. prospectiveC. retrospectiveD. introspective18. Precautionary _______ must be taken to prevent wildfires.A. institutionsB. measuresC. gadgetsD. assets19. Technology has _______ the sharing, storage and delivery of information.A. facilitatedB. furnishedC. functionedD. fascinated20. The carcinogenic pollutants inhaled are the _______ of smoking 20 packs of cigarettes a day.A. equivalentB. formulaC. qualityD. priceSection BDirections: There are a number of sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best suits the underlined part of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet (on Answer Sheet I).21. Should universities give priority to undergraduate education?A. attach importance toB. make reference toC. pay attention toD. give respect to22. A typical woman in a developed country puts on 22 pounds during pregnancy.A. winsB. gainsC. toleratesD. estimates23. Birmingham, Alabama, was once the most racially segregated city in America.A. intenseB. diverseC. variedD. separated24. The thermostat will gauge the temperature and control the heat.A. measureB. reduceC. adjustD. raise25. I've been smoking pot for three years, and now it is making me sick.A. marijuanaB. nicotineC. cocaineD. heroin26. In the late 1980s, TB resurged or returned with a vengeance.A. periodicallyB. sporadicallyC. assuredlyD. fiercely27. Just now the little girl was throwing up in the hallway of the school.A. vomitingB. spinningC. leapingD. trolling28. The movable-type printing press is one of the seminal achievements in history.A. controversialB. indispensableC. time-honoredD. groundbreaking29. Given that chimpanzees are endangered, stop using them in biomedical research.A. BecauseB. ThoughC. UnlessD. While30. The potential for falsification of documents has never been greater.A. fabricationB. interceptionC. transactionD. disseminationPart III Cloze (10%)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I.Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of an offender sentenced to deathDeath was formerly the penalty for a large number of offenses in England during the 17thcountries, though the practice has been condemned by the United Nations Human Rights Committee as "incompatible with human 50 ."[依据《新世纪博士生综合英语》Unit 6的话题]31. A. with B. for C. on D. against32. A. employed B. proscribed C. aggravated D. confined33. A. approach B. option C. board D. range34. A. eradicated B. condoned C. sanctioned D. prohibited35. A. this B. it C. that D. which36. A. convicted B. conducted C. committed D. concealed37. A. and B. not C. nor D. or38. A. harsher B. lesser C. stricter D. tougher39. A. colonies B. districts C. states D. provinces40. A. cruel B. tedious C. disgruntled D. psychedelic41. A. being B. been C. are D. were42. A. off B. through C. out D. forward43. A. live B. alive C. lively D. livable44. A. events B. ceremonies C. movements D. festivals45. A. wherever B. because C. until D. since46. A. though B. still C. thus D. hence47. A. speaking B. considering C. talking D. regarding48. A. published B. broadcast C. advertised D. copied49. A. some B. many C. several D. few50. A. dignity B. character C. behavior D. habitsPart IV Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions:There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I. Passage 1All around us is a world of tiny living things called microbes. They are everywhere—in the air, in the soil, in the water we drink. They are on our food, hands, clothes, and everything we touch. The dust that settles on the furniture carries them. They are on walls, ceiling, floors. They may be very tiny—most of them too small to be seen—but they are constantly doing things all about us. Some of the things they do are very useful. The cheese and bread that we eat have become the foods they are because of the work of microbes. We owe our sauerkraut, pickles, vinegar, sour cream, and favorite kinds of sour milk to microbes. Our earth stays fertile because of the activity of the billions of microbes in the soil.Microbes are responsible, too, for some annoying things that happen every day in your home. If you forget to change the water in a vase of flowers, it begins to smell; microbes are at work. Bread left in a package too long gets moldy. Your clothes may mildew. Your food may spoil. All of these things mean microbes at work.Microbes are also at work when people get sick. In fact, most people think of microbes as something to be destroyed. It is true that certain microbes do cause disease, but they are a very small part of the microbe population. Out of every thirty thousand kinds of microbes, the chances are that just one is harmful and likely to cause disease. Most microbes are harmless. And some microbes themselves produce the most powerful weapons we have yet found to conquer disease. The "wonder drugs" such as penicillin and streptomycin are products of the activity of microbes.51. According to the passage, microbes are _______.A. both dynamic and staticB. both powerful and controllableC. both widespread and confinedD. both detrimental and beneficial52. Owing to the work of microbes, we can eat all of the following EXCEPT _______.A. milkB. picklesC. cheeseD. sauerkraut53. It is stated in the passage that _______.A. one out of every thirty thousand kinds of microbes turns out to be harmlessB. some microbes produce the most powerful weapons such as penicillinC. microbes are so small that they cannot be seen by naked eyesD. microbes can do annoying things and should be destroyed54. The underlined word "mildew" in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by _______.A. be dampB. wear outC. get moldyD. become smelly55. _______ is the scientific study mainly concerning microbes.A. BiochemistryB. InsectologyC. BacteriologyD. ZoologyPassage 2Nobody ever went into academic circles to make a fast fortune. Professors, especially those in medical- and technology-related fields, typically earn a fraction of what their colleagues in industry do. But suddenly, big money is starting to flow into the ivory tower, as university administrators wake up to the commercial potential of academic research. And the institutions are wrestling with a whole new set of issues.The profits are impressive: the Association of University Technology Managers surveyed 132 universities and found that they earned a combined $ 576 million from patent royalties in 1998, a number that promises to keep rising dramatically. Schools like Columbia University in New York have aggressively marketed their inventions to corporations, particularly 6 pharmaceutical and high-tech companies.Profits from the sale of patents typically have been divided between the researcher, the department and the university, so many faculty members are delighted. But others find the trend worrisome: is a professor who stands to profit from his or her research as credible as one who doesn't? Will universities provide more support to researchers working in profitable fields than to scholars toiling in more musty areas?Now Columbia pans to go beyond the typical "" model, free sites listing courses and professors' research interests. Instead, it will offer the expertise of its faculty on a new for-profit site which will grow into an independent company. Whether the new site can add to the growing profits from patents remains to be seen, but one thing is clear: It is going to take the best minds on camps to find a new balance between profit and purity.56. Big money flowing into the ivory tower has _______.A. brought about news concernsB. yielded fat profits for administratorsC. benefited both the faculty and studentsD. altered the nature of higher education57. The survey found that 132 universities made huge profits by _______.A. helping corporations develop high-tech productsB. selling their patents or marketing their inventionsC. conducting research with the industrial sectorD. playing a leading role in academic research58. Some faculty members are worried about _______.A. the professors in profitable fieldsB. the credibility of researchersC. the way profits are dividedD. the trend of profit-making59. The underlined word "toiling" most likely means _______.A. struggling aloneB. working hardC. specializingD. exploring60. What is the new plan of Columbia University?A. To find a new balance between profit and purity.B. To offer free courses and research services on line.C. To provide academic resources on a profit-earning basis.D. To run a company by making use of its faculty expertise.Passage 3In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, notions of male superiority are hard to maintain. But if the process goes too far and man’s role is regarded as less important—and that has happened in some cases—we are as badly off as before, only in reverse.It is time to reassess the role of the man in the family. We are getting a little tired of "Momism"—but we don’t want to exchange it for a "neo-Popism". What we need, rather, is the recognition that bringing up children involves a partnership of equals. There are signs that psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credit—nor all the blame. We have almost given up saying that a woman’s place is in the hom e. We are beginning, however, to analyze a man’s place in the home and to insist that he does have a place in it. Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child.The family is a co-operative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.Excessive authoritarianism has unhappy consequences, whether it wears skirts or trousers, and the ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is pertinent not only to a healthy democracy, but also to healthy family.61. Paragraph 1 suggests that in the family _______.A. male superiority should be maintainedB. men's role should be correctly definedC. fathers are badly off as beforeD. husbands are not treated equal62. Some people start to realize that bringing up children _______.A. is not just the responsibility of the momB. should be a major job or task of the dadC. entails tiring household tasksD. involves happiness and pains63. Men's place in the family is _______ to the healthy growth of the child.A. paramountB. acceptableC. dominantD. relevant64. To run the co-operative enterprise of the family, husband and wife should _______.A. avoid conflictsB. lay down rulesC. make joint effortsD. consult specialists65. Equality is beneficial to a healthy family, so is it to a healthy _______.A. childB. businessC. nationD. civilizationPassage 4Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the “Second Industrial Revolution”.Labor’s concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labor lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labor will rely mainly in reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation.66. Automation aims to _______.A. increase productivityB. promote employmentC. reduce labor's distressD. carry out technical reform67. Automation causes concern among workers or employees because they _______.A. are not well protected by new policiesB. are losing benefits and financial interestsC. are resistant to new technology and skillsD. are not ready to cope with changes in jobs68. Despite labor's concern, automation may eventually _______.A. increase employment in industriesB. reduce permanently dismissed workersC. help laid-off workers acquire new skillsD. benefit employees no less than their employers69. _______ require(s) that money or wages be paid on the basis of length of service.A. Supplementary unemployment benefitsB. Dismissal pay agreementsC. The "improvement factor"D. New installation plans70. Workers can expect to share or enjoy the fruits of automation to the full extent with _______.A. the increased productivity and lowered production costsB. the least inconvenience and stress in the technical transitionC. less time at work, more time at play and higher incomesD. increased wages in proportion to the increase in productivityPassage 5There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses—all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be either quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level—variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum—or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make productions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict orestimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.71. In Paragraph 1, "mother" and "father" are used as _______ for modern descriptive andinferential statistics.A. a simileB. an analogyC. an overtureD. a euphemism72. What is TRUE about descriptive statistics?A. It leads to increased variability.B. It solves major numerical problems.C. It keeps orderly records of variables.D. It simplifies unwieldy masses of data.73. Which of the following is NOT given as an example of variables?A. Gender.B. Character.C. Occupation.D. Intelligence.74. The passage suggests that _______.A. both descriptive and inferential statistics are methods of data assemblyB. ordering, tabulating, and depicting are associated with inferential statisticsC. descriptive and inferential statistics are traced back to two different sourcesD. prediction on the basis of a sample is characteristic of descriptive statistics75. The passage is mainly concerned with _______ of statistics.A. originalsB. theoriesC. categoriesD. applicationsPart V Translation (20%)Section ADirections:Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese, and write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet II.At present, if I, in Australia, were to be gullible enough to fall victim to a fraudulent investment scheme originating in Albania, I suspect that I could count on very little help from authorities in either jurisdiction.In furtherance of electronic crime control, it is imperative to foster international co-operation. Steps taken following the G-8 Birmingham meeting in May 1998 for nations to designate liaison offices which will be on call on a 24-hour basis, illustrates the need for prompt concerted response to the problem of transnational digital crime.This unprecedented co-operation between nations will inevitably generate tensions arising from differences in national values. Even within nations, tensions between such values as privacy and the imperatives of law enforcement will be high on the public agenda. And new organizationalforms will emerge to combat new manifestations of criminality.[选自《新世纪博士生综合英语》Unit 5 课文23-25段内容]Section BDirections:Translate the following paragraph into English, and write your English version on Answer Sheet II.每年，大约一千名企业高管、政府官员、知识分子和媒体记者，从几十个国家聚集到瑞士达沃斯世界经济论坛。
各大名校神外考博试题(天坛、山大、湘雅、301、中山大学、协和、同济、珠江医院、)
各大名校神外考博试题(天坛、山大、湘雅、301、中山大学、协和、同济、珠江医院、)华中同济2007 博神外一名解(4×5')1. 弥散性轴索损伤2. 迟发性外伤性颅内血肿3. 先天性脑积水4. 颅内压增高二问答1. 颅内压增高的治疗原则(10')2. 听神经瘤的临床分期(10')3. 垂体瘤常用的两种手术方式的注意事项和适应症(20')首医天坛医院2007 博神外名词解释1. Gradinego syndrome2. 功能神经外科3. Nelson‘s syndrome4. GCS5. Von－Hippol－Lindau简答题1. CCF的临床表现2. 延髓网织细胞瘤手术并发症几防治3. 急性EDH和硬膜下血肿的临床鉴别要点4. 脑死亡的标准论述题1. 脑水肿种类病因特点2. 浅谈对神经肿瘤分子病理学的认识中山2009博神外1. 颅咽管瘤的术后并发症2. 脑水肿的分类和发病机理中山2008 博神外24、垂体源性Cushing‘s dise ase 内分泌学检查的临床意义。
25、（Glasgow Liege Coma Scale ，GLCS）格拉斯哥-莱吉昏迷计分方法和临床意义。
中山2006 博神外20、丘脑下部损伤的症状及体征21、试画出Langfitt容积/压力曲线，试述Langfitt试验的过程及临床意义湘雅2005 博神经外科1、癌基因？RAS基因及其的致癌机理？2、抑癌基因？p53基因及其抑癌机理？3、神经干细胞形态，生长特性，及其应用前景？4、床突旁动脉瘤与后交通动脉瘤、脉络膜动脉瘤的鉴别？手术要点？5、DA VF的部位，分型，治疗原则？6、血网的毫发部位，病因，病理，CT及MRI表现，手术要点？7、多形胶母发病率，病理，CTMRI表现，治疗原则？8、DAI？临床和CT表现？病理？9、下丘脑损伤表现及处理？10、外伤或手术后代谢变化的特点及其处理？浙江大学2004 博神经外科一、名词解释1、Foster-Kennedy综合症2、弥漫性轴索损伤3、Brown-sequard、综合症4、运动障碍5、烟雾病二、简答1、WHO关于星形细胞肿瘤的病理分级2、脑水肿的分类3、脑脓肿的临床分期及相应的头颅CT表现4、Key-hole三、问答1、PD的外科治疗2、动脉瘤术中供血动脉的夹闭（夹闭前血供实验，术中监护等）3，高血压脑出血的外科治疗4，松果体区肿瘤的治疗5，垂体腺瘤的病理学分类及相应临床表现华中同济2005 博神经外科一、名解1.颅内压增高2.弥漫性轴索损伤二、问答1、简述急脑疝病理2、简述慢性硬膜下血肿的临床特点及处理原则3、简述脊髓髓内外病变的鉴别诊断4、简述出血性脑卒中的分级及外科治疗原则5、简述听神经瘤的分期及相应临床表现华中同济2004 博神经外科一名词解释（12分）1.头皮血肿2.蛛网膜下腔出血3.血管网状细胞瘤4.脑挫裂伤二问答题（48分）1.椎管内肿瘤的临床表现2.试述脑肿瘤的分类3.脑膜瘤的好发部位4.脑动脉瘤破裂后判断病情的Hunt分级5.脑损伤的分级6.髓母细胞瘤的生物学特点和临床表现7.颅内血肿的手术指征8.弥漫性轴索损伤的特点华中同济 2003 博神外一名词解释（12分）1.头皮血肿2.蛛网膜下腔出血3.血管网状细胞瘤4.脑挫裂伤二问答题（48分）1.椎管内肿瘤的临床表现2.试述脑肿瘤的分类3.脑膜瘤的好发部位4.脑动脉瘤破裂后判断病情的Hunt分级5.脑损伤的分级6.髓母细胞瘤的生物学特点和临床表现7.颅内血肿的手术指征8.弥漫性轴索损伤的特点华中同济2002 博神经外科一、名词解释（每题5分，共10分）1．Lucid interval2．Brown-Sequard’s syndrome二、问答题（共60分）1．试述垂体瘤的分类和临床表现。
中南大学湘雅医院临床肿瘤学(肿瘤学基础)2008--2013,2016,2018-2019年考博真题
3. cancer molecular epidemiology：肿瘤分子流行病学。肿瘤分子流行病学应用流行病学方法研究 肿瘤标志物在高危人群和癌症患者中的分布和影响因素,对机体致癌物质暴露 、生物学效应以及个体遗传易感性进行测量和评价,试图打开肿瘤病因“黑箱”, 揭示肿瘤发病的本质,它对肿瘤标志物的研究涉及病因学、预防医学和临床治 疗各个领域。
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中南大ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้湘雅医院
2009年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：肿瘤学基础 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 1. cancer susceptibility 肿瘤易感性 2. microRNA 3. cancer molecular epidemiology 肿瘤分子流行病学 4. tumor infiltrating lymphocyte肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞 5. single mucleotide polymorphism单核苷酸多态性
4. tumor infiltrating lymphocyte：肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞。TIL细胞表型具有异质性。一般来说，TIL中绝 大多数细胞CD3阳性。不同肿瘤来源的TIL细胞中，CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞的 比例有差异。大多数情况下以CD8+T细胞为主。新鲜分离的TIL中CD25+细胞 百分率较低，随着体外加IL2培养时间的延长，CD25+细胞百分率逐渐升高。NK细胞的标记（CD16，CD56 ）在 TIL体外加IL-2培养过程中有先增高后降低的趋势。
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攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷Leabharlann 医学考博真题试卷第1页 共1页
中南大学
2012 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（脊柱外） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 外科总论部分： 一、名词解释：（每题 5 分，共 15 分） 1.crash injury 2.controlled hypotension 3.predeposited autotransfusion 二、简答题（共 15 分） 1.water intoxication 的定义、临床表现及治疗方法？（10 分） 2.预防性使用抗生素的适应症。（5 分）
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