必修五第三单元语法经典荟萃

Module 3 Adventure in Literature and the Cinema

Grammar :非谓语动词

概述

动词不定式时态和语态

符号“to”的省略与替代

动形式表被动意义

时态和语态

动名词句法功能

复合结构

名词与不定式作宾语的区别

时态和语态

句法功能

分词否定式

过去分词与现在分词的区别

现在分词的独立成分

分词的独立成分

一．概述：非谓语动词不能单独作谓语，但同时仍保留动词某些特征，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化，还可以有自己的宾语、状语等。它相当于“n, adj, adv”；能作谓语之外的其他句子成分。

二．动词不定式：一种是带to ,一种是省略to的不定式，又称动词原形。

（一）特征

1.及物动词的不定式可以跟宾语。

eg: I like to read detective stories.

2.可以被状语修饰：

eg: He asked me to say my name aloud.

3.没有人称和数的变化：

eg: She likes to play the piano.

4.逻辑主语用for 或of 结构引出。

eg: It is important for us to learn English well.

5.否定式前加“not”或“never”

eg: He decided not to be late again.

He promised never to make such a stupid mistake.

（二）时态和语态：四种时态：一般时、完成时、进行时、完成进行时。以do为例：

eg:① I want to visit my uncle tomorrow.

② Robert is said to have studied abroad.

③ He seems to be worrying about something.=(It seems that he is worrying about something.)

④ He is said to have been working there for more than twenty years.

注：1.若谓语为表示“愿意、打算、意图”的动词。如hope , think, want, plan, expect, mean , intend 等时，其后可以跟不定式的完成时，表示“本来想要或打算做某事，而实际上未能实现”。

eg:① We meant to have stopped him from doing such a thing.

② I had hoped to meet him this morning.

2.“mean\intend 的过去时 + 不定式的一般时”也能表示未实现的愿望

（三）动词不定式的句法功能：（adv. adj. n.）

1.作主语：相当于n. 或pron. 的作用。

eg: To see is to believe.

注：作主语常用“it”作形式主语，把动词不定式放在后面

eg: It would be best to tell her the truth.

2.作宾语：

（1）作某些及物动词的宾语。

eg: He wanted to go with you.

(2) 作介词的宾语：一般前加上特殊疑问词，但在介词but, except, besides, than 等表示“除了。。。。”

之意的词后除外。

①若有实义动词“do”时，常用无“to “的不定式作宾语。

eg:① What do you like to do besides swim?

② He did nothing else than laugh.

③ He was not able to do anything but\ except wait.

②若but, except等介词前没有实义动词do, 而是其它动词，则but\except 等词后要接“to”的动词不定式

eg: ① He has no choice but to give in.

② It has no effect except to make him angry.

3.作表语

eg: His job is to teach English.

4.作定语:须放在被修饰的名词或代词的后面。

eg: He said he had an important meeting to attend.

(1)不定式和它修饰的词之间有动宾关系。

eg: Have you got anything to do this evening?

注：如果不定式是不及物动词，其后应有相应的介词。

eg: ① He has a comfortable house to live in.

② Here is some paper for you to write on.

(2)不定式与被修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系

eg: She is always the first (person) to come and the last to leave.

5.作宾语补足语：有的动词后跟带“to”的不定式作宾语，有的跟省略“to”的不定式作宾补。

eg: I told him to join the club.

These pictures made me think of my childhood.

注：在感官动词、使役动词后跟省“to”的动词不定式作宾语补足语

6．作状语

①作目的状语

eg: She gave him some money to let him leave at once.

注：不定式作目的状语也常用在in order (not )to do 或 so as (not) to do 结构中，但so as (not) to do 结构不用在句首。

eg: In order to fetch wood ,villagers had to walk many kilometers.

②作结果状语

eg: It seems that the employee didn’t sleep at all to be so sleepy in the early morning. 注：1.作结果状语，常用于下列搭配：so….as to do sth ; such…. as to do sth ; enough to do sth ;

too…to do sth

eg: We have got so plenty of food as to treat our guests.

2.作结果状语时，有时在不定式前加上only，表出乎意料的结果。

eg: She hurried to the station only to be told the train had gone.

3. 作原因状语：表示喜怒哀乐的某些形容词作表语，后跟不定式表原因。