药学英语Unit 6 Text A 注释及译文
Unit 6(英语泛读3)
பைடு நூலகம்
6. Nevada's board of pharmacy reprimanded Paxton's pharmacist, saying he should have warned her of the potential for allergic reaction. (内华达配药业委员会对帕克斯顿的药剂 师进行了斥责，认为他应该警告病人此药 有可能导致过敏反应。) reprimand: rebuke, especially officially. e.g. Officials were reprimanded or dismissed for poor work.
5.And there's no dearth of homework: new drugs are pouring into the market, stimulated by a 1992 program shortening the FDA's drug-approval times. (而且，家庭作业是不会少的：在1992 年缩减FDA药品批准时间的项目的促动 下，新的药品就如洪水般涌入了市场。) dearth: a scarcity or lack of something. e.g. There is a dearth of evidence.
4. Against this backdrop, too many people are taking the prescription transaction for granted. (在这种背景下，有太多的人把配药交易 想当然了。) backdrop: the setting or background for a scene, effect, or situation. e.g. The conference took place against a backdrop of increasing diplomatic activities.
医药英语教程第六单元课文翻译
Principles of pharmacology药理学原理An understanding of the principles of pharmacology forms a key component in the study of medicine.对药理学原理的理解是医学研究的一个重要组成部分。
From the Greek pharmacology,pharmacology is the branch of medical science that deals with the mechanism of actions,uses,harmful effects and outcomes of drugs on animals and humans.it examines the way in which drugs produce both beneficial and adverse side effects on the body.从希腊药理学，药理学是医学科学的一个分支，研究药物对动物和人类的作用、用途、有害影响和结果的机制。
它检查了药物对身体产生有益和有害副作用的方式。
Students of pharmacology look at the way in which the biochemical,physiological and psychological processes in health and disease are affected by drugs. When we talk about drugs,we are referring to biologically active compounds that change the state of the functioning of the body and improve health in some way-by relieving pain,calming the patient or eliminating infection,for example. We are also concerned with enhancing the way in which drugs are tested,so that they can eventually give greater benefit in the treatment of disease.药理学的学者们研究健康和疾病的生化、生理和心理过程受到药物影响的方式。
Unit 06 Right Drug_英语阅读
paid for by insurance or HMO’s has risen from 28% in 1991to 60% in 1997. These third-party payers are imposing ever-lower reimbursement rates on pharmacies… (para.7)
(3) Why does the writer think that a white coat doesn’t make a doctor?
-- More and more pharmacy technicians are used instead of pharmacists.
(4) You could get the right drug, but the wrong dose. But what causes this?
(2) Why does the writer think that you can’t rely solely on your doctor?
-- Most physicians are not so qualified. New drugs are pouring into the market.
• (Para.1, line 2) • （新处方上开的药是"利他林"，这是她母亲佩吉
在南卡罗来纳州洛克山的"莱特相助"药店配的药， 一种用来治疗注意力亢奋/不足的药。）
• Prescription: an instruction written by a
学术英语医学Unit6分析解析
• Suggested answers
• Congestive: hyperemic • Disinfect: 除去（感染），给…消毒
• Chlorine is used to disinfect water.
– 氯用来给水消毒。
• Palliate: to palliate a disease • Dialysis or kidney dialysis is a method of
special equipment (like a hospital bed or bedside commode) • Health insurance • Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge planner or a social worker • Help from local governmental agencies • Doctor supervision at home
Unit 6 Life and Medicine
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Topics for presentation
6 How has the meaning of palliative care changed?
Knowledge of the subject matter
Unit 6 Life and Medicine
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Topics for presentation
5 How has the meaning of palliative care changed?
药学英语第五版原文翻译.doc
Introduction to PhysiologyIntroductionPhysiology is the study of the functions of living matter. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities: how it feeds, how it moves, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations. The subject is vast and embraces the whole of life. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology—the replication of the genetic code for or example—many are specific to particular groups of organisms. For this reason it is necessary to divide the subject into various parts such as bacterial physiology, plant physiology, and animal physiology.To study how an animal works it is first necessary to know how it is built. A full appreciation of the physiology of an organism must therefore be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Experiments can then be carried out to establish how particular parts perform their functions. Although there have been many important physiological investigations on human volunteers, the need for precise control over the experimental conditions has meant that much of our present physiological knowledge has been derived from studies on other animals such as frogs, rabbits, cats, and dogs. When it is clear that a specific physiological process has a common basis in a wide variety of animal species, it is reasonable to assume that the same principles will apply to humans. The knowledge gained from this approach has given us a great insight into human physiology and endowed us with a solid foundation for the effective treatment of many diseases.The building blocks of the body are the cells, which are grouped together to form tissues. The principal types of tissue are epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular, each with its own characteristics. Many connective tissues have relatively few cells but have an extensive extracellular matrix. In contrast, smooth muscle consists of densely packed layers of muscle cells linked together via specific cell junctions. Organs such as the brain, the heart, the lungs, the intestines, and the liver are formed by the aggregation of different kinds of tissues. The organs are themselves parts of distinct physiological systems. The heart and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system; the lungs, trachea, and bronchi together with the chest wall and diaphragm form the respiratory system; the skeleton and skeletal muscles form the musculoskeletal system; the brain, spinal cord, autonomic nerves and ganglia, and peripheral somatic nerves form the nervous system, and so on.Cells differ widely in form and function but they all have certain common characteristics. Firstly, they are bounded by a limiting membrane, the plasma membrane. Secondly, they have the ability to break生理学简介介绍生理学是研究生物体功能的科学。
医学英语教程-生物医学Unit6A课文翻译
医学英语教程-生物医学Unit 6 Reading AThe Kidney and Its Working Unit肾及其工作单位For many diners, eating tender, pale green shoots of asparagus is a pleasurable springtime event, but the gastronomic experience has a peculiar sequel：The next time they urinate ,even if just 20 minutes after eating, they notice the characteristic scent of asparagus. A chemical in the food crosses the gut ,enters the bloodstream, is filtered out by the kidneys, and appears in the urine with amazing speed. Actually, the chemical is acted on no faster than any other compound. The kidneys are simply marvels at processing body fluids and filtering out the urea; the sodium ,potassium ,or chloride ions ;and the glucose, water ,and other materials that need to be excreted. The key to a kidney's rapid functioning lies in its complicated internal structure and in the effcient plumbing system of which it is a part.对许多用餐者来说，吃到浅绿鲜嫩的芦笋是春季的一大享受，但享用完这种美食后会有一个奇特的后续：即使饭后仅20分钟,人们便会在上厕所时注意到尿液中有芦笋特殊的气味。
新21世纪大学英语课文第六单元texta的翻译
Unit 6 艾萨克·阿西莫夫的未来世界：医学艾萨克·阿西莫夫于1991年撰写了这篇文章，文章中的许多预言已经成为现实。
1.人人都认为预防疾病比试图治愈它更安全、更容易、更省钱。
2.医学界第一个伟大的胜利出现在1798年，当时人们发明了种痘。
于是，天花能够被预防了。
3.19世纪60年代，学界提出疾病的微生物理论，医生们开始发明出阻止细菌侵入人体以及人体一旦遭侵入后与之抗争的方法。
4.现在，我们能对付大多数细菌性疾病，但人类生命和健康最大的危险是所谓的退化疾病。
它们包括肌体的损坏，人们因此会遭受到癌症、心脏病、糖尿病等疾病的折磨。
5.医学界人士对如何配置我们的饮食以减少这些疾病的发病率了解甚多。
他们已学会如何用维生素使人的肌体保持较好的状态。
6.尽管我们已竭尽所能，但那些衰退疾病终将出现，人体将会完全垮掉。
因此，人人最终都将面临死亡。
然而，如果我们尽可能长地推迟疾病的发生，我们都将拥有更加强壮、更加健康的老年生活。
我们最终都不能回避死亡，但至少我们在离世之前不会遭受虚弱和痛苦的长期折磨。
7.这意味着未来的医学实践将更多地注重诊断或及早发现身体内部的变化。
如果在初期发现疾病，那时它还未形成并开始对身体进行侵害，治疗就会比较容易。
8.现代诊断始于19世纪90年代X射线的发现。
人们首次无需打开身体就能窥视体内器官。
但是，X射线只能发现大的原子微粒。
我们能清楚地看见骨头，但软组织显得不清楚。
除此之外，X射线能量很大，可能破坏身体甚至诱发癌症。
9.近年来，观察身体内部的方法得以改进。
我们能够运用比X射线危险性小得多的超声波。
还有一种被称为“核磁共振”的东西能根据原子对核磁区域的反应——甚至在软组织内——测出不同的原子。
它能显示X射线发现不了的东西，而且，它似乎对人体无害。
10.我们能够期盼，超声波、核磁共振或许还有其他技术将来可以在人体内任何东西开始变得异常之前就将其发现。
对少量血液的分析手段将得到改进，这样血液中任何反常的东西都能被筛选出来。
Unit six Traditional Chinese Medicine中国传统医药
When the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, medical equipment in China was both rudimentary and scarce. Medicine and medical care were not available to most Chinese. At that time, the average life expectancy in China was only 35. Now it is 73, way above the average 63 of developing countries and quite close to the average of 75 of developed countries. The maternal mortality rate（孕产妇死亡率） (dropping from 15,000 per million to 319 per million) and the infant mortality rate （新生儿死亡率） (declining from 200 per thousand to 13.8 per thousand) are among the lowest of developing countries.
Healthcare Services in China
Second, the medical insurance system in the country has been gradually improving. More than 1.2 billion urban and rural Chinese have been covered by basic health insurance. Over 90% of the population has enjoyed the benefits. In cities, residents with jobs are covered by urban workers’ health insurance while those unemployed are enrolled in the urban residents’ health insurance. By the end of 2010, people covered by the two types of insurance have reached over 421 million, accounting for 70% of the total urban population. In addition, every citizen is encouraged to voluntarily participate in commercial health insurance.
药学英语Unit 6 Text A 注释及译文
Drug Discovery and Natural Products It may be argued that drug discovery is a recent concept that evolved from modern science during the 20th century, but this concept in reality dates back many centuries, and has its origins in nature. On many occasions, humans have turned to Mother Nature for cures, and discovered unique drug molecules. Thus, the term natural product has become almost synonymous with the concept of drug discovery. In modem drug discovery and development processes, natural products play an important role at the early stage of "lead" discovery, i.e. discovery of the active (determined by various bioassays) natural molecule, which itself or its structural analogues could be an ideal drug candidate.1.origin ['ɔridʒin] n.起点，端点; 来源；出身, 血统.2.Synonymous [sɪ'nɔnəməs]adj.同义的，类义的.3.i.e. [,aɪ'i:] <拉> abbr. (=id est) 即，换言之.4.candidate ['kændidit] n.申请求职者, 候选人；报考者；候选物.有人可能认为药物发现是一个20世纪才出现的、来源于现代科学的新概念，但是事实上这个概念是源于自然界的，可以追溯到许多个世纪以前。
unit6 TextA 课文翻译
一位大学生抗击抑郁的故事威尔•哈图年1.对于威尔•哈图年来说，生活可不是让人快乐得起来的事情，自轻和自责每天如影随形。
尽管他每天早晨能起来并努力面对新的一天，但对自己人生不绝的愤懑，让他的生活了无情趣。
抑郁似乎已成为他挥之不去的部分，成为生活的常态。
克服抑郁的可能性越来越渺茫。
2.哈图年，加州州立大学北岭分校一名22岁的学生，曾患抑郁症而一度一筹莫展。
3.哈图年说：“一般说来，抑郁让人感到无助、无望、无用和自责，无用和自责这后两种感觉最困扰我”。
他觉得他的抑郁陷入了恶性循环。
这些感受如此强烈，他甚至觉得这已成为他性格的一部分了。
“我倒不至于经常因太过沮丧而卧床不起。
我只是觉得不开心，感觉陷入了泥潭而难以自拔，”哈图年说道。
4.因为害怕自己被别人归入异类、另眼对待，他不敢谈论他的抑郁，也不敢寻求帮助和治疗。
困在抑郁中但又没有办法克服，自杀的念头开始在他的心中冒起。
“我考虑过自杀，甚至已经筹划好了” 哈图年说。
“我终于敢说出自己的抑郁了，对我而言，是迈出了一大步。
”5.研究表明，像哈图年这样的情况绝非个案。
抗击抑郁是一场艰难的奋战，而疾病控制与预防中心的数据表明，约十分之一的美国人有此经历。
一则美国心理学会研究调查显示，百分之五十三的大学生曾有过不同程度的抑郁症状，但很多学生只是默默忍受。
按心理康复中心的说法，超过三分之二的年轻人不会说出自己的抑郁，也不愿寻求心理健康治疗。
6.哈图年以前从不觉得自己的抑郁是种病，直到大二那年，在听了一场抗抑郁工程（Blues Project）讲演后，他才意识到他的抑郁是可以克服，而且可以得到帮助。
7.抑郁可能导致自杀念头的出现，因此寻求帮助至关重要。
美国心理协会的研究对象中百分之九的人坦陈，入学后他们至少有过一次自杀念头。
一份美国大学健康协会报告显示，1.6万名学生中，有百分之一点五曾尝试过自杀。
8.马歇尔•布鲁姆是大学心理辅导服务中心的心理医生，也是抗抑郁工程小组负责人。
药学英语电子教案unit 6-6-1 Antibiotics
its use was discontinued shortly after the turn of
the century.
➢
译文：1890年，人们发现铜绿假单孢菌的
抗菌提取物对白喉和其它发热感染的治疗时很有
价值。该产物含有两种抗生素绿脓菌酶和绿脓菌
素。但是这种混合物的效果不尽如人意，在世纪 之交就中止了使用。
➢ 译文：在当时并没有尝试系统使用青霉素。由 于青霉素不稳定性以及它在过滤后的肉汤培养基 中的浓度较低，因此其他人员对于青霉素研究的 尝试也没有成功。结果就是对青霉素的研究保持 了十年的好奇心
➢ Nowadays, about 5000 antibiotics have already been isolated from microorganisms, but of these only somewhat fewer than 100 are in therapeutic use. It must be remembered, however, that many derivatives have been modified by partial synthesis for therapeutic use; some 50, 000 agents have been semisynthetically obtained from beta-lactams alone in the last decade.
➢
➢ 译文：葡萄球菌的培养基是意外的被污染，在青 霉菌的外周，本来生长良好的葡萄球菌出现消溶， 当这种菌被分离出来单独培养，就产生了一种具有 对许多引起感染的细菌有强大的体外作用的物质， 但对另外其他的细菌没有作用。
➢ Because the mold contaminant was known as penicillium notatum, the material it produced was called Penicillin. It had an extremely low toxicity, and Fleming suggested its use as an antiseptic.
药学英语课文翻译 课后翻译节选 中英双语对照 第四版
本篇包括人卫第四版Unit 3B，Unit4A，5A，8A，10A，12AB，13A等七篇课文Unit 3 Text B The Other Side of Antibiotics抗生素的另一面Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious diseases that virtually everyone has benefited from their use at one time or another. Even without such personal experience, however, one would have to be isolated indeed to be unaware of the virtues, real and speculative, of these “miracle” drugs1. The American press, radio, and television have done a good job of reporting the truly remarkable story of successes in the chemical war on germs. What′s more, any shortcomings on their part have been more than made up for by the aggressive public relations activity of the pharmaceutical companies which manufacture and sell antibiotics.抗生素可以消除或控制很多种感染疾病，以致几乎每人生病时都习惯于使用它而受益，但是如果一个人没有这样的亲身经历，他必定是离群索居才会不知道这些“特效药物”或真实或推测的优点。
药学英语课后翻译
药学英语课后翻译Unit 11. A full appreciation of the physiology of a living organism must be based on asound knowledge of its anatomy. Anatomy does not merely study the separationof parts, but the accurate description of the morphologies and functions ofdifferent organs.对⽣物⽣理学的全⾯了解必须基于解剖学的系统知识。
解剖学不仅仅是研究⼈体各部分的分离；还要准确的描述各个器官的形态和⽣理功能。
2. Our daily food intake must match requirements and any excess must be excretedfor balance to be maintained.我们每天摄⼊的事物必须满⾜需要；任何多余的东西必须排出体外才能维持平衡。
3. The process of stabilization of the internal environment is called homeostasis andis essential if the cells of the body are to function normally. 内环境稳定的过程称之为体内平衡；体内平衡也是机体的细胞正常发挥作⽤所必不可少的。
4. Human cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones toliberate sufficient energy for their activities.⼈类细胞有将⼤分⼦分解成⼩分⼦的能⼒；从⽽为⾃⾝活动释放⾜够的能量。
Book 2-Unit 6-Text A
Unit Six VaccinesKeys: 7-2-5-8-3 9-6-1-4Keys:1)People who suffer from asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease wouldbenefit from it.2)Because the typical cost of developing a new drug is very high. And also becausecolds are mostly a minor nuisance, drug developers say, people would not be likely to pay for expersive drugs.3)The leading cause is that the rhinovirus has so many strains.4)The new rhinovirus family tree should make it possible for the first time toidentify which particular branch of the tree held the viruses most provocative to asthma patients.5)People at high risk from rhinoviruses would be populations of interest to the drugindustry.6)The rhinovirus has a genome of about 7,000 chemical units, which encode theinformation to make the 10 proteins that do everything the virus needs to infect cells and make more viruses.7)The unchanging regions are so conserved over the course of evolutionary timemeans that they perform vital roles and that the virus cannot let them change without perishing. They are therefore ideal targets for drugs because, in principle, any of the 99 strains would succumb to the same drug.Keys:1)ophthalmologist 眼科学家，眼科医生2)physiologist 生理学家3)physiatrist 理疗师4)ecologist 生态学家5)cardiologist 心脏病学家6)oncologist 肿瘤学家7)parasitologist 寄生虫学家8)pharmacologist 药理学家9)pathologist 病理学家10)cytologist 细胞学家Keys:1)pulmonary disease2)obstructive pulmonary disease3)the dog family tree4)pharmaceutical companies5) a rhinovirus6)achy jointsKeys:1)nuisance2)in the realm of the possible3)interminable4)loath5)hurdle6)kindled7)at hand8)extraordinary9)alleviateKeys:一项新的哈里斯互动/每日健康的民意调查显示52%的美国人认为接种疫苗并不会导致自闭症。
医学学术英语课件：Unit 6 Life and Medicine
Unit 6 Life and Medicine
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Questions questing for answers
1 How has the end-of-life care changed over time?
• There is no “right” place to die.
-at home -in hospitals -nursing homes -hospice care
• Things to consider when choosing the right place to die:
• The most sensible type of care • Availability of such care • Availability of support system • Management of the cost
Unit 6 Life and Medicine
Text A
• Critical reading and thinking – Topics for presentation – Useful expressions
• Language building-up – Signpost language – Vocabulary test
REQUIREMENTS ABOUT CARING SETTING?
Unit 6 Life and Medicine
Unit Contents
Lead-in Text A Text B Text C Listening Speaking
Writing Get reading for Unit 7
学术英语 医学 Unit 6 Text A 翻译
Unit 6 Text A寻求临终护理数十年前，大多数人在自己家中去世，但是医疗方面的进步已经改变了这一情况。
如今，大多数美国人在医院或是疗养院中度过生命的最终时光。
他们中有些人是为了治疗疾病进了医院，有些可能是选择长期住在疗养院。
越来越多的人在生命的尽头开始选择临终关怀。
死亡没有一个称得上“合适”的地点。
何况，我们死亡的地方，大多数情况下也并非我们可以决定的。
但如果有选择的机会，每个人及其家属，都应该考虑究竟怎样的临终护理最为适合，在哪里可以享受到这样的关怀，家人和朋友能否提供帮助，以及他们应该如何支付相应的费用。
医院及疗养院64岁的George有充血性心力衰竭病史。
一天晚上，他因为胸痛被送入医院。
他与他最亲近的人事先便已决定，在任何情况下都要让医生使用最大努力来延续他的生命。
所以当他需要相应的治疗时，他选择了医院，因为那里有全天候工作的医生和护士。
医院提供一整套的治疗、检查及其他医疗照护。
一旦George的心脏出现持续衰竭，医院的重症监护病房（ICU）或冠心病重症监护病房（CCU）就可以提供及时的救护。
尽管医院有相关的规定，在有些情况下执行具有一定的弹性。
如果George的医生认为他的病情并没有因为治疗有所好转，并濒临死亡，他的家属可以要求更加宽松的探视时间。
如果他的家属想从家中给他带一些私人物品，可以向工作人员询问物品的尺寸限制或是是否需要消毒。
不论George住在ICU、CCU还是两病床的病房，其家属都可以要求更多的私人空间。
在医院环境中，对临终病人来说，身边永远会有知道该如何照料他的医务人员。
这一点令病人及其家属得以安心。
已有越来越多的人在生命尽头的时候选择疗养院，因为在这里，护理人员是随叫随到的。
疗养院有时也被称为专业护理所，在临终护理方面有利有弊。
与医院不同，疗养院里并不是全天候都有医生在场。
然而，由于临终护理可以事先安排，在病人濒临死亡时，不需要事先咨询医生而开展照护。
如果濒死病人已经在疗养院住了一段时间，家属很可能已经和护理人员建立了一定的关系，因而与医院相比，这里的护理工作更具个性化。
制药工程专业英语第6单元
PART 2 BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACEUTICALSUnit 6 Isolation of Caffeine from TeaIn this experiment，Caffeine will be isolated from tea leaves. The major problem of theisolation is that caffeine does not occur alone in tea leaves，but is accompanied by other natural substances from which it must be separated. The major component of tea leaves is cellulose，which is the major structural material of all plant cells. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose. Since cellulose is virtually insoluble in water，it presents no problems in the isolation procedure. Caffeine，on the other hand，is water soluble and is one of the major substances extracted into the solution called "tea.”Caffeine comprises as much as 5 percent by weight of the leaf material in tea plants. Tannins also dissolve in the hot water used to extract tea leaves. The term tannin does not refer to a single homogeneous compound，or even to substances which have similar chemical structure. It refers to a class of compounds which have certain properties in common. Tannins are phenolic compounds having molecular weights between 500 and 3000. They are widely used to "tan”leather. They precipitate alkaloids'z and proteins from aqueous solutions. Tannins are usually divided into two classes: those which can be hydrolyzed and those which cannot. Tannins of the first type which are found in tea generally yield glucose and gallic acid when they are hydrolyzed. These tannins are esters of gallic acid and glucose. They represent structures in which some of the hydroxyl groups in glucose have been esterified by digalloyl groups. The non-hydrolyzable tannins found in tea are condensation polymers of catechin. These polymers are not uniform in structure，but catechin molecules are usually linked together at ring positions 4 and 8.When tannins are extracted into hot water，the hydrolyzable ones are partially hydrolyzed，meaning that free gallic acid is also found in tea. The tannins，by virtue of their phenolic groups，and gallic acid by virtue of its carboxyl groups，are both acidic. If calcium carbonate，a base，is added to tea water，the calcium salts of these acids are formed. Caffeine can be extracted from the basic tea solution with chloroform，but the calcium salts of gallic acid and the tannins are not chloroform soluble and remain behind in the aqueous solution.The brown color of a tea solution is due to flavonoid pigments and chlorophylls，as well as their respective oxidation products. Although chlorophylls are somewhat chloroform soluble，most of the other substances in tea are not. Thus，the chloroform extraction of the basic tea solution removes nearly pure caffeine. The chloroform is easily removed by distillation(by 61'C)to leave the crude caffeine. The caffeine may be purified by recrystallization or by sublimation.68Catechin Gallic AcidIn a second part of this experiment，Caffeine will be converted to a derivative.A derivative of a compound is a second compound，of known melting point，formed from the original compound by a simple chemical reaction. In trying to make a positiveidentificationof an organic compound，it is often customary to convert it into a derivative. If the first compound，Caffeine in this case，and its derivative both have melting points which match those reported in the chemical literature (e. g.，a handbook)，it is assumed that there is no coincidence and that the identity of the first compound，Caffeine，has been definitely established.Caffeine is a base and will react with an acid to give a salt. Using salicylic acid，a derivative salt of Caffeine，Caffeine salicylate，will be made in order to establish the identity of the Caffeine isolated from tea leaves.Special Instructions Be careful when handling chloroform. It is a toxic solvent，and you should not breathe it excessively or spill it on yourself. When discarding spent tea leaves，do not put them in the sink because they will clog the drain. Dispose of them in a waste container.Procedure Place 25g of dry tea leaves，25g of calcium carbonate powder，and 250ml of water in a 500ml three neck round bottom flask equipped with a condenser for reflux. Stopper the unused openings in the flask and heat the mixture under reflux for about 20 minutes. Use a Bunsen burner to heat. While the solution is still hot，filter it by gravity through a fluted filter using a fast filter paper such as E&D No. 617 or S&S No. 595. You may need to change the filter paper if it clogs.Cool the filtrate (filtered liquid)to room temperature and，using a separatory funnel， extract it twice with 25ml portions of chloroform. Combine the two portions of chloroform in a 100ml round bottom flask，Assemble an apparatus for simple distillation and remove the chloroform by distillation. Use a steam bath to heat. The residue in the distillation flask contains the caffeine and is purified as described below (crystallization). Save the chloroform that was distilled. You will use some of it in the next step. The remainder should be placed in a collection container.69Crystallization(Purification)Dissolve the residue obtained from the chloroform extraction of the tea solution in about 10m1 of the chloroform that you saved from the distillation. It may be necessary to heat the mixture on a steam bath. Transfer the solution to a 50ml beaker. Rinse the flask with an additional 5m1 of chloroform and combine this in the beaker. Evaporate the now light-green solution to dryness by heating it on a steam bath in the hood.The residue obtained on evaporation of the chloroform is next crystallized by the mixed solvent method. Dissolve it in a small quantity (about 2 to 4ml) of hot benzene and add just enough highboiling (60'C to 90'C)petroleum ether (or ligroin) to turn the solution faintly cloudy. Alternatively，acetone may be used for simple crystallization without a second solvent. Cool the solution and collect the crystalline product by vacuum filtration using a Hirsch funnel. Crystallize the product the same way a second time if necessary，and allow the product to dry by allowing it to stand in the suction funnel for a while. Weigh the product. Calculate the weighty percentage yield based on tea and determine the melting point. If desired，the product may be further purified by sublimation as described in the next experiment.The Derivative Dissolve 0. 20g of Caffeine and 0. 15g of salicylic acid in 15mlof benzene in a small beaker by warming the mixture on a steam bath. Add about 5mlof high boiling (60`C to 90'C)petroleum ether and allow the mixture to cool and crystallize. It may be necessary to cool the beaker in an ice water bath or to adda small amount of extra petroleum ether to induce crystallization. Collect the crystalline product by vacuum filtration using a Hirsch funnel. Dry the product byallowing it to stand in the air，and determine its melting point. Check the valueagainst that in the literature. Submit the sample to the instructor in a labeledvial.Selected from Pavia Donald L. Introduction to Organtc Laboratory Techniques: a ContemporaryApproach. W. B. Saunders Company, 1976.Exercises1. Answer the following questions:(1)Can you list several plants that contain caffeine?(2) What kind of method can be used to isolate caffeine from tea?(3) How does man use caffeine in the daily life?2. Competing the following paragraph. Choose Not More Than Three Words from thepassage for each answer.The active ingredient that makes tea and coffee valuable to man is ____ .Caffeineis an ____ ，a class of naturally occurring compounds containing nitrogen and havingthe properties of an organic amine base. Tea and coffee are not the only plant sourcesof caffeine. Others include:kola nuts，mate leaves，guarana seeds，and in smaallamount，cocoa beans.Place 35g of ground coffee a boiling stone and 125ml of water into a 500ml ____ round bottom flask equipped with a ____ for reflux. ____ the unused openings inthe flask and heat the mixture under ____ for about 20 e a’to heat.During the heating period，assemble a vacuum filtrationapparatus. When boilingaction has stopped and the coffee grounds have settled somewhat，but while thesolution is still hot，filter the solution through a ____ by vacuum filtration.3. Put the following into Chinese:cellulose glucose chloroform beakercrystallization purification apparatus filter paperhydroxyl group carboxyl group benzene acetoneevaporation insoluble condensation residue第2部分生化制药6单元的分离从茶叶中的咖啡因在这个实验中，咖啡因会被孤立于茶叶。
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Drug Discovery and Natural Products It may be argued that drug discovery is a recent concept that evolved from modern science during the 20th century, but this concept in reality dates back many centuries, and has its origins in nature. On many occasions, humans have turned to Mother Nature for cures, and discovered unique drug molecules. Thus, the term natural product has become almost synonymous with the concept of drug discovery. In modem drug discovery and development processes, natural products play an important role at the early stage of "lead" discovery, i.e. discovery of the active (determined by various bioassays) natural molecule, which itself or its structural analogues could be an ideal drug candidate.1.origin ['ɔridʒin] n.起点，端点; 来源；出身, 血统.2.Synonymous [sɪ'nɔnəməs]adj.同义的，类义的.3.i.e. [,aɪ'i:] <拉> abbr. (=id est) 即，换言之.4.candidate ['kændidit] n.申请求职者, 候选人；报考者；候选物.有人可能认为药物发现是一个20世纪才出现的、来源于现代科学的新概念，但是事实上这个概念是源于自然界的，可以追溯到许多个世纪以前。
过去，人们常常向自然母亲寻求帮助，并且找到了分子结构独特的药物。
在那时，天然产物几乎是药物发现的同义词。
天然产物在现代药物发现和开发过程中也发挥着重要的作用，即作为天然活性化合物（通过各种生物检定方法）的来源，而天然活性化合物或者其结构类似物可能是很好的候选药物。
Natural products have been enormous source of drugs and drug leads. It is estimated that 61 percent of the 877 small-molecular new chemical entities introduced as drugs worldwide during 1981-2002 can be traced back to or were developed from natural products. These include natural products (6 percent), natural product derivatives (27 percent), and synthetic compounds with natural-product-derived pharmacophores (5 percent) and synthetic compounds designed on the basis of knowledge gained from a natural product, i.e. a natural product mimic (23 percent). In some therapeutic areas, the contribution of natural products is even greater, e.g. about 78 percent of antibacterials and 74 percent of anticancer drug candidates are natural products or structural analogues of natural products. In 2000, approximately 60 percent of all drugs in clinical trials for the multiplicity of cancers were of natural origins. In 2001, eight (simvastatin, pravastatin, amoxycillin, clavulanic acid,clarithromycin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, cyclosporin and paclitaxel) of 30 top selling medicines were natural products or derived from natural products, and despite being neglected by the pharmaceutical companies, these eight drugs together totaled $16 billion in sales.1. entity ['entiti] n.实体, 独立存在体, 实际存在物.2. derivative [di'rivətiv]n.派生物, 引出物，衍生物adj.模仿他人的; 衍生的; 派生的3. pharmacophore ['fɑ:məkəfɔ:] n.药效基团4. multiplicity [,mʌlti'plisiti] n.多样性天然产物已经成为药物或先导化合物的重要来源。
据统计，在1981年至2002年间新发现的、在全世界广泛应用的877种小分子药物中，有61%与天然产物有关或者源于天然产物。
其中直接来自于天然产物的占6%；天然产物的衍生物占27%；根据天然产物药效团合成的化合物占5%；基于对天然产物的认识设计、合成的化合物，即模拟天然产物的合成化合物，占23%。
甚至于在某些治疗领域天然产物的贡献更大，例如78%的抗生素类候选药物和74%抗癌类候选药物是天然产物或其结构类似物。
在2000年，进行到临床试验阶段的用于治疗多重癌的药物中，大约有60%是天然来源的。
在2001年，药品销售额前30强中，源于天然产物的药物或天然产物类似物就占了8席（辛伐他汀、帕伐他汀、阿莫西林、克拉维酸、克拉霉素、阿奇霉素、头孢曲松、环孢菌素和紫杉醇）。
尽管制药公司对这一点的认识尚有不足，但是这8种药物的销售总额已经达到了160亿美元。
Despite the impressive record and statistics regarding the success of natural products in drug discovery, "natural product drug discovery" has been neglected by many big pharmaceutical companies in the recent past. The declining popularity of natural products as a source of new drugs began in the 1990s, because of some practical factors, e.g. the apparent lack of compatibility of natural products with the modern high throughput screening (HTS) programs, where significant degrees of automation, robotics and computers are used, the complexity in the isolation and identification of natural products and the cost and time involved in the natural product "lead" discovery process. Complexity in the chemistry of natural products, especially in the case of novel structural types, also became the rate-determining step in drug discovery programs. Attempts to discover new drug "leads" from natural sources has never stopped, despite being neglected by the pharmaceutical companies, butcontinued in academia and some semi-academic research traditional approaches to natural product drug discovery have been applied.patibility [kəm,pætə'bɪlətɪ]n.①适合，一致;互换性；通用性，兼容性②和睦相处；并存；相容2. isolation [,aɪsə'leɪʃən]n.隔离, 与世隔绝3. academia [,ækə'di:mjə] n.学术界,学术环境尽管统计数据表明从天然产物中发现药物这种方法非常成功，但是在刚刚过去的一些年里，这种方法还是没有引起制药业巨头的足够重视。
受到一些现实原因的制约，例如天然产物的分离和鉴别是很复杂的过程，天然产物的生物活性筛选需要投入大量时间和资金，天然产物、特别是新发现的各类天然产物的化学结构的复杂性，这些显然无法与电脑程控的高度机械化、自动化的，快速的高通量筛选方式相适应，因而从20世纪90年代开始，天然来源的新药所占比例有所下降。