大学英语语法课件 前

Proximity 就近原则
• The principle of proximity denotes agreement of the verb with a closely preceding noun phrase in preference to agreement with the head of the noun phrase that functions as subject, eg: Either my brothers or my father is coming. No one except his own supporters agree with him. Neither Julia nor I am going.
l Bound morphemes粘附词素
¡Affix 词缀; combord is composed of one or more than one morpheme. l Word-formation
¡Simple words 简单词 (morpheme word) ¡Derivatives 派生词 ¡Compounds 合成词
l Main and subordinate clauses
l Finite and non-finite clauses
¡I signed the paper to get the license. ¡Can't you recall telling me that story last week? ¡Covered with confusion, they apologized abjectly.
Five ranks
l The grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks: the sentence, the clause, the phrase, the word and the morpheme.
Morphemes 词素
l The morpheme is the minimum or smallest grammatical unit, also the smallest meaningful element of speech. l 最小的语法/语义单位 l Free morphemes自由词素
¡A complete meaning; a simple word
l Verbless clauses
¡Hungry and exhausted, the climbers returned. ¡Christmas then only days away, the family was pent up with excitement
Sentences
l A sentence can be defined as a grammatical unit that can stand by itself and perform a communicative function.
¡Full and minor sentences ¡Simple, compound, complex and compoundcomplex sentences.
Exercise
l While I was waiting to enter university, I saw in a local newspaper a teaching post advertised at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived. Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience of teaching my chances of landing the job were slim.
¡(修饰语)+介词+补足成分
Clauses
l Structurally, a clause is a sequence of phrases; logically, a construction of “subject + predicate”.结成一种带有描述性 的“主语+谓语”的语法构造
l Independent and dependent clauses
l Grammatical function
¡Closed class 封闭词类 (function word) ¡Open class 开放词类 (content word)
Phrases
l Generally, the phrase is a group of words organized in a specific way with a key word as its head. l The noun phrase
Introduction
Grammatical Hierarchy语法层次 词素、词、词组、分句、句子
What is grammar?
l 语言(Language)是社会交际的工具，是音 义结合的词汇和语法的体系。 l 语法(Grammar)是语言的组织规律，它赋予 语言以结构系统，而词汇(Vocabulary)则是 语言的建筑材料，它通过浯法而赋予语言 以意义内容。 l Grammar is the structural system of a language.
• 1.Guiding principles
– 1) Grammatical concord 语法一致 – 2) Notional concord 意义一致 – 3) Proximity 就近原则
Grammatical concord 语法一致
• The principle of grammatical concord refers to the rule that the verb must match its subject in number.主要表现在“数”的形式上 • If the subject is plural, the verb should take the plural form; if, on the other hand, the subject is singular or is a mass noun, the verb should take the singular form, eg: Both boys have their own merits. Every girl comes on time. Much effort is wasted.
– – – – – 以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题 以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题 以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题 以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题 其他方面的主谓一致问题
2. Problems of concord with nouns ending in –s
• • • • 1) Disease and game names ending in –s 2) Subject names ending in –ics 3) Geographical names endings in –s 4) Other nouns ending in -s
Note that grammatical concord is the basic principle, but when the subject is realized by a collective noun, a coordinate form or an expression of quantity, the other two principles will have to be considered. 上述关于主谓一致的指导原则在实际使用中往往受 到习惯用法和不同语体、语域的制约，因而中国学 生往往会产生疑难。
¡(限定词)+(前置修饰语)+名词+(后置修饰语)
l The verb phrase l The adjective phrase
¡(修饰语)+形容词+(后置修饰语/补足成分)
l The adverb phrase
¡(修饰语)+副词+(后置修饰语)
l The prepositional phrase
• 表示游戏的名称通常(generally)作单数用： Darts is essentially a free and easy game. • 但也有个别(exception)表示游戏的名称作复 数用： Cards are not allowed here.
2) Subject names学科名称 ending in –ics • Names of subjects ending in –ics are generally singular nouns, but some such nouns are treated as plural when used in other senses than subject names. Compare: Acoustics声学 is the science of sound. The acoustics音响效果 in the new concert hall are faultless.
Lecture 2 & Lecture 3 Subject-verb Concord • Subject-verb agreement means choosing the correct singular or plural verb after the subject. • 主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在"人称"和 "数"的方面的一致关系