大学英语语法课件 前

l Verbless clauses
¡Hungry and exhausted, the climbers returned. ¡Christmas then only days away, the family was pent up with excitement
Sentences
l A sentence can be defined as a grammatical unit that can stand by itself and perform a communicative function.
¡Full and minor sentences ¡Simple, compound, complex and compoundcomplex sentences.
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Exercise
l While I was waiting to enter university, I saw in a local newspaper a teaching post advertised at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived. Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience of teaching my chances of landing the job were slim.
l Bound morphemes粘附词素
¡Affix 词缀; combining form组合形式
Words
l The word is composed of one or more than one morpheme. l Word-formation
¡Simple words 简单词 (morpheme word) ¡Derivatives 派生词 ¡Compounds 合成词
• 表示游戏的名称通常(generally)作单数用： Darts is essentially a free and easy game. • 但也有个别(exception)表示游戏的名称作复 数用： Cards are not allowed here.
2) Subject names学科名称 ending in –ics • Names of subjects ending in –ics are generally singular nouns, but some such nouns are treated as plural when used in other senses than subject names. Compare: Acoustics声学 is the science of sound. The acoustics音响效果 in the new concert hall are faultless.
Notional concord 意义一致
• The principle of notional concord refers to the rule that the verb can sometimes agree with the subject according to the notion of number 单、复数意义rather than to the actual presence of the grammatical marker for that notion, eg: The government have asked the country to decide by a vote. Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.
• 1.Guiding principles
– 1) Grammatical concord 语法一致 – 2) Notional concord 意义一致 – 3) Proximity 就近原则
Grammatical concord 语法一致
• The principle of grammatical concord refers to the rule that the verb must match its subject in number.主要表现在“数”的形式上 • If the subject is plural, the verb should take the plural form; if, on the other hand, the subject is singular or is a mass noun, the verb should take the singular form, eg: Both boys have their own merits. Every girl comes on time. Much effort is wasted.
Proximity 就近原则
• The principle of proximity denotes agreement of the verb with a closely preceding noun phrase in preference to agreement with the head of the noun phrase that functions as subject, eg: Either my brothers or my father is coming. No one except his own supporters agree with him. Neither Julia nor I am going.
Five ranks
l The grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks: the sentence, the clause, the phrase, the word and the morpheme.
Morphemes 词素
Lecture 2 & Lecture 3 Subject-verb Concord • Subject-verb agreement means choosing the correct singular or plural verb after the subject. • 主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在"人称"和 "数"的方面的一致关系
1) Disease and game names ending in –s
• 英语中一些以-s结尾的疾病名称通常(mostly)作 单数用： Mumps腮腺炎 is kind of infectious disease. Phlebitis静脉炎 is a swollen condition of the blood vessels. • 但有一些疾病既可作单数又可作复数用： Generally，Measles麻疹 occurs in children. Measles are sometimes caused by a tapeworm绦虫.
Note that grammatical concord is the basic principle, but when the subject is realized by a collective noun, a coordinate form or an expression of quantity, the other two principles will have to be considered. 上述关于主谓一致的指导原则在实际使用中往往受 到习惯用法和不同语体、语域的制约，因而中国学 生往往会产生疑难。
¡His new book will soon come out. It is on grammar.(独立分句) ¡His new book that will soon come out is on grammar.(从属分句)
l Simple and complex clauses
¡It is not true.(独立简单分句/简单句） ¡What you said is not true.(独立复杂分句/复杂句）
¡(修饰语)+介词+补足成分
Clauses
l Structurally, a clause is a sequence of phrases; logically, a construction of “subject + predicate”.结成一种带有描述性 的“主语+谓语”的语法构造
l Independent and dependent clauses
Introduction
Grammatical Hierarchy语法层次 词素、词、词组、分句、句子
What is grammar?
l 语言(Language)是社会交际的工具，是音 义结合的词汇和语法的体系。 l 语法(Grammar)是语言的组织规律，它赋予 语言以结构系统，而词汇(Vocabulary)则是 语言的建筑材料，它通过浯法而赋予语言 以意义内容。 l Grammar is the structural system of a language.
l The morpheme is the minimum or smallest grammatical unit, also the smallest meaningful element of speech. l 最小的语法/语义单位 l Free morphemes自由词素
¡A complete meaning; a simple word
l Main and subordinate clauses
l Finite and non-finite clauses
¡I signed the paper to get the license. ¡Can't you recall telling me that story last week? ¡Covered with confusion, they apologized abjectly.
¡(限定词)+(前置修饰语)+名词+(后置修饰语)
l The verb phrase l The adjective phrase
¡(修饰语)+形容词+(后置修饰语/补足成分)
l The adverb phrase
¡(修饰语)+副词+(后置修饰语)
l The prepositional phrase
l Grammatical function
¡Closed class 封闭词类 (function word) ¡Open class 开放词类 (content word)
Phrases
l Generally, the phrase is a group of words organized in a specific way with a key word as its head. l The noun phrase
– – – – – 以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题 以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题 以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题 以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题 其他方面的主谓一致问题
2. Problems of concord with nouns ending in –s
• • • • 1) Disease and game names ending in –s 2) Subject names ending in –ics 3) Geographical names endings in –s 4) Other nouns ending in -s