Essay_Outline 论文的outline部分
如何撰写论文大纲(EssayOutline)
如何撰写论文大纲（EssayOutline）如果你正在准备做一个演讲、论文、故事或是研究计划，准备一份大纲可以很好地帮助整理你的想法和研究。
什么是大纲呢？大纲是一个用来思考和组织你的文章的一个比较正式的系统。
例如你可以通过大纲来检查你的各个想法是否相关，以什么顺序效果最好，或者你是否有足够的证据来支持你的每一个观点。
大纲对于任何类型的文章都有一定的帮助，可以帮您总揽全局。
大纲有以下两种类型：主题型大纲和句子型大纲主题型大纲由短语组成。
当你在处理一系列以不同方式组织文章的不同问题时是非常有用的。
句子型大纲是以完整的句子组成。
通常情况下，当你的文章着重描写一些比较复杂的细节时使用。
句子型大纲对于此类文章十分有用，因为句子本身可能就有很多细节性的因素。
句子型的大纲还可以将这些细节涵盖在句子中，而不是非要创造一个很多页的由许多短语组成的大纲。
主题型大纲和句子型大纲都会遵循严格的格式、使用罗马和阿拉伯数字以及开头使用大小写字母等。
这些有助于你以及任何读你大纲的人容易理解你的组织结构。
这种类型的大纲常用于课堂论文和演讲（请参见本文末尾的例子）。
没有规定哪种类型的大纲是最好的，只要选择一个最适合你文章的大纲就行。
准备写大纲1.确定主题。
你的论文主题是非常重要的。
试着用一句话或是短语来总结你论文的重点。
这将有助于保证你论文关注的重点。
2.识别主目录（主要章节论点）。
你的文章将涵盖哪些重点？介绍的部分通常会介绍你全部的要点，然后剩下的文章可以用来发展这些要点。
3.创建第一个章节（或者叫第一个论点）。
你的第一点想涵盖什么？如果文章是围绕着一个很复杂的术语，定义通常是一个很好地起点。
比如关于一个特定理论的文章，给出理论的大概背景知识也可能是一个很好的起点。
4.创建子论点。
在你确定所有章节重点内容（主要论点）之后，你需要创建一些观点来为你的重点内容提供支撑。
你使用的点取决于你将要涵盖的信息量，使用多少数量都是可以的。
按照惯例，每个章节至少包括两个条目。
Essay 1 outline (Shuwu Wei)
Essay 1, general outline, Shuwu WeiTopic: Smoking and its effect on family membersIntroduction: Smoking is one of the most serious problems in the world. According to a report from WHO (World Health Organization), (Sept 20, 2009), Smoking related diseases are responsible for 5 million deaths every year. Despite the high potential health risks of smoking, very few people quit smoking and there are new smokers every year. As a citizen from the country with the largest smoking population, and a child who is raised in a family with a long smoking history, I have decided to look deeper into the smoking problem and find out its impact on family members.Thesis Statement: I have decided to look deeper into the smoking problem and find out its impact on family members.Body:1.Introduce why I choose smoking as the topic and the importance of this topic.2.My personal experience:a.My father and my grandfather are smokersb.My grandfather’s death from smoking related disea ses and its impact on my family.3.My research questions on smoking:a.How smoking could affect the smoker’s health? How second hand smoking couldaffect the health of the people around the smoker, especially the family members?b.What are the actions taken by the government to restrict smoking? From production,advertising to limitations on smokers.Conclusion: Smoking is a world wide problem which is influencing almost every one. As a person who used to live with smokers, I understand the smokers and I also know the feelings of non-smokers who suff er from secondhand smoking. Just like my grandfather has said, “If I had a choice, I wish I had never smoke.” I hope that my following essays could at least remind us that smoking is not only hurting oneself. It is also hurting others who love us.。
EssayOutline范文
EssayOutline范⽂Name: He YaoxiStudent number: 201428010415014Course code: B-13 WRITING ASSIGNMENT #5Essay OutlineTitle: Do all students benefit from studying oversea?Thesis Statement: Not all students benefit from studying oversea, on the contrary, it would bring a lot of problems. We should make a reasonable selection according to our own conditions and pursuits.Outline:Ⅰ. Introduction- Thesis statement: With globalization, more and more educated, talented, passionate young graduate students prefer to study oversea rather than staying home. In such a wave, we need to pose a question: Do all students benefit from studying oversea? My answer is no. Not all students benefit from studying oversea, on the contrary, it would bring a lot of problems. Therefore, we should make a reasonable selection according to our own conditions and pursuits.Ⅱ. Body Paragraph #1Topic Sentence: Foreign life means students have to make changes for the entirely different environment, such as lifestyle, culture and language, ect..A. Students may hardly adapted themselves to the new lifestyle;B. Students may hardly adapted themselves to the different culture;C. Students may hardly adapted themselves to the foreign language;Ⅲ. Body Paragraph #2Topic Sentence: There are not many opportunities for foreign countries after the financial crisis.A. The financial crisis lead to loss of jobs for overseas-students;B. The financial crisis make difficult for overseas-students to apply the fund ;C. The financial crisis create a tumultuous social upheaval for overseas-students;Ⅳ. Body Paragraph #3Topic Sentence: Oversea studying adds parental burden, and apprehension and homesickness for students.A. Oversea studying adds parental burden for affording the high tuitions;B. Oversea studying may bring mental issue as feeling homesick;C. Oversea studying sometimes may broken your relationship.Ⅴ. ConclusionNot all students benefit from studying oversea, it also may cause a lot of troubles.。
英文作文的outline
英文作文的outline1. Introduction。
Living in a fast-paced world, we are constantly bombarded with information from all directions. It's easy to feel overwhelmed and stressed out by the sheer volume of things we need to keep up with on a daily basis.2. The impact of technology。
Technology has undoubtedly made our lives easier in many ways, but it has also contributed to the feeling of being constantly "on" and connected. We are expected to be reachable at all times, which can take a toll on our mental and emotional well-being.3. The importance of self-care。
In the midst of our busy lives, it's crucial to carve out time for self-care. This can take many forms, fromtaking a walk in nature to practicing mindfulness or simply disconnecting from technology for a while.4. Finding balance。
Finding a balance between staying informed and taking care of ourselves can be a challenge, but it's essentialfor our overall health and happiness. It's okay to take a step back and prioritize our own well-being.5. Conclusion。
英文作文outline模板
英文作文outline模板1. Introduction。
The topic I want to discuss is...This is an important issue because...It affects people in different ways and has a significant impact on society.2. Background Information。
To understand this topic, it's important to know...This issue has been present for many years and has evolved over time.Various factors have contributed to the current situation.3. Personal Experience。
I have personally experienced this issue when...It made me realize the importance of addressing this problem.Many people can relate to this experience and understand its significance.4. Statistics and Data。
Research shows that...The numbers speak for themselves and highlight the severity of the issue.It's important to consider these statistics when discussing potential solutions.5. Challenges and Obstacles。
英文作文outline的写法
英文作文outline的写法下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Paragraph 1: Well, you know, writing an outline for an English essay can be kind of confusing. There are so many things to think about. Like what to include and what to leave out.Paragraph 2: Another thing is how detailed you want to make it. Do you just list the main points or do you go into a lot of detail? That's a big decision.Paragraph 3: And then there's the style. Do you want it to be formal or more casual? That can really affect the way it comes across.Paragraph 4: Oh, and don't forget about organization. Making sure everything flows nicely and makes sense issuper important.Paragraph 5: Sometimes it's hard to know where to start. But once you get going, it can start to come together.。
英文作文outline格式
英文作文outline格式Outline for an English Essay:I. Introduction。
Briefly introduce the topic。
State the main argument or thesis statement。
II. Personal Experience。
Share a personal story or experience related to the topic。
Describe the emotions and thoughts associated with the experience。
III. Statistics or Facts。
Present relevant statistics or facts related to thetopic。
Use numbers or percentages to emphasize the importanceor impact of the issue。
IV. Expert Opinion。
Quote an expert or authority figure's opinion on the topic。
Explain why their opinion is significant or influential。
V. Counterargument。
Present a counterargument or opposing viewpoint。
Acknowledge the validity of the counterargument, but explain why it is flawed or less convincing。
VI. Anecdote or Example。
Provide a short anecdote or example that supports yourargument。
怎么写英语文章的Outline即提纲
The Process
Topic Sentences
Thesis Statement
A job interview can often make or break your chances of getting your dream job. There are several things that you can do in an interview to increase the possibility of your success such as dressing properly, answering interview questions thoroughly, and asking good questions at the end of the interview.
Example
Outline
Here is an example of how a blank outline might look:
Essay Outline
I. Introduction
Thesis: _____________________
II. III. IV. V.
Body Paragraph #1- Topic Sentence: _____________ A. supporting idea B. supporting ideduction
Thesis: ____________________
II. Body Paragraph #1- Topic Sentence: _________ A. supporting idea B. supporting idea
III. Body Paragraph #2- Topic Sentence: _________ A. supporting idea B. supporting idea
英语论文outline规范范例
2.2.1Dead priest and his abandoned belongings—collapse of the religious belief
2.2.2The wild garden—spiritual paralysis
2.2.3The chalice—boy’s yearning for beautiful love
A Paralysed Wilderness
—The Appreciation and Analysis of Symbols inAraby
Thesis statement:The symbols regarding the setting, religion and characters inArabyare ingeniously adopted, which manifests a stretch of paralysed wilderness typical ofDublinand contributes immensely to the success of the short story.
Outline:
1.Introduction
2.Demonstration
2.1 Symbols regarding the setting
2.1.1Blind alley inNorth Richmond Street—hopelessness, bleakness, and ignorance
2.1.2Houses and gardens in the street—decay and gloom
2.3 cters
2.3.1Mangan’s sister—boy’s pursuit of dream
英语作文的outline模板
英语作文的outline模板英文回答：IntroductionIn the realm of written expression, composing an English essay is not merely a task of linguistic prowess but an art form that requires careful planning and execution. An effective essay outline serves as a sturdy scaffolding, guiding the writer through the process of creating a coherent, well-structured, and engaging piece of writing.Body Paragraph 1: The FoundationThe initial pillar of the outline establishes the essay's thesis statement, a concise articulation of the central argument or claim. This foundation is critical as it provides a roadmap, guiding both the writer and the reader through the subsequent paragraphs. Supportingevidence, drawn from credible sources or personal anecdotes, anchors the thesis statement, bolstering its credibility and laying the groundwork for the essay's development.Body Paragraph 2: Exploration and AnalysisThe second paragraph delves into the first major point that supports the thesis statement. Here, the writer explores the topic in greater depth, utilizing a variety of perspectives and angles to strengthen the argument. Engaging the reader on an intellectual level, the writer analyzes and discusses the implications of the supporting evidence, building momentum towards the essay's climax.Body Paragraph 3: Expansion and ComplexityThe third paragraph extends the essay's argument by introducing a second major supporting point. This paragraph allows the writer to expand the scope of the discussion, introducing new perspectives or exploring the topic'scomplexities. It serves as a bridge, seamlessly connecting the initial point to the upcoming conclusion.Body Paragraph 4: Transition and ReinforcementThe fourth paragraph transitions smoothly between the two major supporting points. It reinforces the overall argument, weaving together the threads of the preceding paragraphs to create a cohesive narrative. Through the skillful use of transitional devices, the writer maintains the flow of the essay, guiding the reader's understanding effortlessly.ConclusionIn the concluding paragraph, the writer brings the essay to a satisfying close. The thesis statement is revisited, reinforced, and expanded upon. The writer succinctly restates the main points, leaving a lasting impression on the reader's mind. A final thought, a call to action, or apoignant reflection may serve as a thought-provoking finale, inviting contemplation and engagement long after the essay has been read.中文回答：导言在书面表达领域，写好一篇英语作文不仅仅是语言能力的展示，更是一种需要精心规划和执行的艺术形式。
英语作文outline范例
英语作文outline范例《英语作文 Outline 范例：让写作不再迷茫》在学习英语的道路上，写作文可是个让人又爱又恨的事儿。
有时候灵感来了，洋洋洒洒能写一大篇，但更多时候，对着空白的纸或者电脑屏幕，脑袋里也是一片空白，不知道从哪儿开始。
这时候，一个清晰的英语作文 outline（提纲）就像是黑暗中的明灯，照亮我们写作的道路，让我们不再迷茫。
就拿我上次参加英语写作比赛的经历来说吧。
那是一场主题为“我的梦想假期”的比赛，刚看到这个题目，我心里那叫一个兴奋，想着终于能把我幻想中的完美假期写出来了。
可真到要动笔的时候，我却傻眼了，想法太多，不知道怎么组织，一会儿想写海边的美景，一会儿又想写当地的美食，完全没有头绪。
这时候，我突然想起老师教过的outline（提纲）的重要性。
于是，我深吸一口气，开始认真构思我的outline（提纲）。
首先，我在纸上写下了“Introduction（引言）”这一部分。
我想先引起读者的兴趣，所以我决定开头就来一句：“H ave you ever dreamed of a vacation that is so perfect that it feels like a fairy tale?” （你是否曾梦想过一个完美得如同童话般的假期？）然后简单说一说每个人都对梦想假期充满期待，而我马上就要和大家分享我的。
接下来是“Main Body（主体）”。
这可是重头戏，我把它分成了三个段落。
第一段写“Destination（目的地）”，我选的是浪漫的法国巴黎。
我详细描述了我为什么选择巴黎，比如那里有闻名世界的埃菲尔铁塔，充满艺术气息的卢浮宫，还有香榭丽舍大道上的时尚店铺。
我写道：“The Eiffel Tower, standing majestically in the heart of Paris, has always been a symbol of romance and elegance Just imagining standing at its topand looking down at the cityscape makes my heart race with excitement”（埃菲尔铁塔，雄伟地矗立在巴黎的中心，一直是浪漫和优雅的象征。
《勇敢做自己》作文提纲
《勇敢做自己》作文提纲英文回答："Be Brave to Be Yourself" Essay Outline.Introduction:Introduce the topic and its importance in personal growth and self-acceptance.Share a personal anecdote or observation to engage the reader.Body:1. Embrace Individuality:Discuss the significance of embracing one's unique qualities and characteristics.Share a personal experience of embracing individuality despite societal pressures.Explain how this has positively impacted personal growth and self-confidence.2. Overcoming Fear of Judgment:Discuss the fear of judgment and the impact it can have on self-expression.Share a personal story of overcoming the fear of judgment and being true to oneself.Explain the positive outcomes that resulted from embracing authenticity.3. Pursuing Passion and Dreams:Discuss the importance of pursuing one's passions and dreams.Share a personal example of pursuing a passion or dream, despite obstacles or doubts.Explain how this has brought fulfillment and a sense of purpose.4. Building Authentic Relationships:Discuss the importance of surrounding oneself with supportive and accepting individuals.Share a personal experience of building authentic relationships with like-minded individuals who appreciate one's true self.Explain how these relationships have contributed to personal growth and happiness.5. Overcoming Challenges and Obstacles:Discuss the challenges and obstacles that may arise when being true to oneself.Share a personal example of facing and overcoming a challenge or obstacle while staying true to one's values and beliefs.Explain the lessons learned and personal growth achieved through these experiences.Conclusion:Summarize the importance of being brave and true to oneself.Reiterate the positive impact on personal growth, self-acceptance, and happiness.Encourage readers to embrace their individuality and live authentically.中文回答："勇敢做自己" 文章提纲。
主题英语作文格式模板
主题英语作文格式模板英文回答：Essay Outline Template。
I. Introduction。
Hook: Start with a captivating statement, question, or quote that grabs the reader's attention.Background information: Provide necessary context and background information on the topic.Thesis statement: State the main argument or claim of the essay.II. Body Paragraph 1。
Topic sentence: Begin with a sentence that introduces the main idea of the paragraph.Supporting evidence: Provide specific examples, statistics, or research to support your claim.Explanation: Explain how the evidence supports the main argument.Transition sentence: Smoothly transition to the next paragraph.III. Body Paragraph 2。
Follow the same structure as Body Paragraph 1.IV. Body Paragraph 3。
Follow the same structure as Body Paragraph 1.V. Conclusion。
Restate the thesis statement: Summarize the main argument in a new way.Summarize key points: Briefly summarize the mainpoints presented in the body paragraphs.Concluding statement: End with a strong and memorable statement that leaves a lasting impression.Example Essay Outline。
社会现象英语作文模板
社会现象英语作文模板英文回答：Social Phenomena Essay Outline。
I. Introduction。
Begin with a brief hook to capture the reader's attention, stating the topic of social phenomena.Definition of social phenomena and its significance in understanding society.Thesis statement: Outline the main arguments or points that will be discussed in the essay.II. Types of Social Phenomena。
Discuss different types of social phenomena, such as:Social movements。
Social norms。
Cultural norms。
Deviance and social control。
Provide specific examples to illustrate each type.III. Causes and Consequences of Social Phenomena。
Explore the factors that contribute to the emergence and persistence of social phenomena:Social, economic, and political influences。
Cultural values and beliefs。
Analyze the effects of social phenomena on individuals, groups, and society as a whole.IV. The Role of Individuals in Social Phenomena。
英文essay outline怎么写(附上范例)
撰写essay之前，好的outline对你撰写正文内容具有很强的指导作用。
不管你要撰写的是什么类型的文章，outline 都是非常必要（通常情况下也是必须的）。
接下来的内容对撰写提纲有很大帮助。
1.明确文章的主旨。
一篇文章都有其所要表达主旨。
选择一个最终主旨不仅能引导你主题的方向，还有助于你有逻辑的组织文章。
比如你在写论文，写下能够概括文章主旨的中心思想，以帮助你确定主旨：•比较和对照两个事物。
•列出因果•阐明或分析一个特殊方面•列出单个或两者的论证•提供证据并得出结论•列出问题然后提供解决方案2.收集辅助材料。
这些被收集来的材料可能来自引用他人成果、数据统计、理论、实验结果等。
通过收集材料，明确这些材料使用，这些东西可能会体现在essay outline中。
3.决定如何安排辅助论证来支撑主旨。
举例：如果你在呈现一个历史概述，你可以按年代来排序；如果你在辩论文学方面内容，你可能要按主题排序；如果你处在某观点立场的两级徘徊时，你可以先列出和你立场有矛盾的证据，然后用反论证消除达到有说服力的结果。
4.撰写主题提纲或者句子提纲。
如果文章非常灵活多变，那么你可以用利用一些短语作为主题大纲；用句子大纲阐述细节。
•一般来说你可以尝试先用主题提纲来开始你的提纲撰写，然后再逐步转变成句子提纲。
5.确定主要类别。
根据文章的主旨和找到的辅助材料来决定把全文的大主题分散整理到不同逻辑类别。
这些类别将会被标记成罗马数字来形成提纲的第一步。
•当写文章时，通常会用一个大点去代表一个段落：比如，一、文章的开头段，二、主体段落的第一段，等等。
例如，如果描写飞机历史发展史的概论，每一个大点就该包括各个飞机历史上的时期。
6.确定论点。
每个分类至少想两个论点，根据你文章的主旨和你之前收集的论据材料来选择你的分论点。
这些分论点就是你提纲的第二个层级。
一般它们是用英文字母标示的。
（比如A、B、C 等等）•让你的第二层级比你的第一层级缩进1.27到2.54厘米•还是用飞机发展史历史的例子，每一个分点就可以描写那个时代的发动机型号7.根据需要确定中心论点的分论点。
英语专业文献综述Outline（5篇）
英语专业文献综述Outline（5篇）第一篇：英语专业文献综述OutlineOutline 1 Introduction 2 Literature overreview2.1 Peer review2.2 incidental vocabulary acquisition2.3 Peer evaluation and the teacher3 Design of the study4 Results4.1 Students as evaluatees4.2 Students as evaluators5 Discussion6 Conclusion第二篇：英语专业实习报告 intership report outlineOutline for Internship Report1.First PageFirst page should display: Student name and surname, internship start and finish dates, number of internship days, type of internship(production, or design and development), company/institution name.This page should be signed and stamped by the supervisor of the intern student.2.Weekly timetableA weekly timetable where each row in the table corresponding to a day in internship period.Each row should record the date, internship activity on that date.Weekly Schedule should explain the work accomplished each day of the week during the internship period and should contain:•••The department of the organization that the week was and signature of the controlling supervisor for each week The official stamp of the organization.3.A Brief Executive Summary of the InternshipA one page summary of the company/institution and a short account of the major activities carried out during the internship period.4.Table of ContentsContents of the report with page numbers, list of tables, and list of figures.5.Description of the company/institution This section should answer the following questions:5.1.What is the full title of the company/institution? Give a brief history of the company, fullmailing address and relevant web links.5.2.What is the type of ownership of the company/institution? State the main shareholders andtheir shares.5.3.What is the sector that the company/institution operates in? Specify the products and servicesproduced and offered to its customers.5.4.Who are regarded as the customers of your internship company/institution(consider the endusers, retailers, other manufacturers, employees, etc.)?5.5.Provide an organization chart of the company, along with information on the number ofemployees.5.6.Provide a list of functions performed by the mechanical engineers in the internshiporganization.6.Internship activitiesThis is the main body of your report.You should present the activities performed during the internship period.Please refer to “” document for the types of analysis and inquiries that you should be perfo rming during “Production”, and “Design and Development” internship.7.An assessment of the internship In this section you should answer the following questions7.1.What skills and qualifications you think that you havegained from the internship?7.2.What kind of responsibilities you have undertaken during the internship period?7.3.How do you think the internship will influence your future career plans?7.4.How do you think the internship activities that you carried out are correlated with yourclassroom knowledge?8.Conclusions of the reportThis section should include:• A summary of key conclusions derived from the internship experience.• General observations about the sector in which your internship company/institution operates9.Appendices and supplementary material(charts, graphs, pictures, computer codes, etc.)10.ReferencesRules for writing the internship report:••••••You do not have to provide a day-to-day diary of the internship activities.Do not write theoretical excerpts from textbooks!Describe what you exactly did there and what experiences you have gained throughout your training.The internship report should be between 15-20 pages and written to “Training Program Diary” which can be provided from the university bookstore.The internship report should be written in handwriting, and each page should contain about 25 lines.The internship report should be original, no photocopies areaccepted.You can include graphs, pictures, data, drawings, or design calculations in your report;however they should not cover more than 1/3 of the rger graphs, pictures, data, drawings, or design calculations should be given as an Appendix.第三篇：Outline 4Social Movements of the 1960sI.Background---Greensboro Sit-in(格林斯博罗静坐)On February 1, 1960, 4 freshmen from a black college in Greensboro, North Carolina(北卡罗莱纳州), sat down at a department lunch counter and ordered coffee.When refused, they continued to sit at the counter, openly defying the segregation law prevailing in the state.The next day, more students joined them.Thus began the civil rights movement(黑人民权运动), which spread from the south to the ter, this quiet “sit-in” became the major nonviolent direct action tactics to be used by black civil rights activists.*The civil rights movement, and the youth anti-war, and the women’s liberation movements had long roots in United States history.（黑人民权运动、青年反战运动以及后来的妇女解放运动都深深地植根于美国历史之中）II.Definition---One professor argues that “a social movement is a type of behavior in which a large number of participants consciously attempt to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life.”---Two basic characteristics of all social movements: “structure”(有组织)and “spontaneity”（自发性）---Other necessary parts of a social movement are:1.a social base of people 人这一社会基础2.a “message” or ideology 思想体系3.the ability to spread the message and get more supporter 传播思想和得到更多支持者的能力III.The Civil Rights Movement---One of the most important of all social movement in the 1960s U.S.history.Rosa Park’s(罗莎•帕克斯)spontaneous action(自发行为)in 1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement.The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off(触发，激起)the nationwide civil rights movement.During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like SNCC(the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee学生非暴力统一行动委员会), CORE(the Congress of Racial Equality争取种族平等大会), and SCLC(the Southern Christian Leadership Conference南部基督教领导联合会)struggled for racial integration by providing leadership, tactics, network and the people.In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self image of the blacks.The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in the U.S.---Montgomery Bus Boycott蒙哥马利抵制公交车隔离政策运动In December 1995, Rosa Parks, a NAACP（National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(美国)全国有色人种协进会）member in Montgomery Alabama, refused to give up herseat to a white man on a public bus.Alabama law required that blacks sit at the back of the bus, and when asked, surrender their seats to whites.Mrs.Parks was arrested.Local black leadersdecided to boycott the city’s bus system.Black people in th e city spontaneously began to boycott the bus system refusing to ride on public buses.In the year long Montgomery bus boycott, blacks young and old, walked to work.With the bus company near bankruptcy, and the aid of a 1956 Supreme Court decision, Montgomery blacks triumphed.In fact, the boycott was believed to be the true.---Direct Action Tactics直接行动策略When the civil rights movement began, non-violent direct action tactics like “sit-ins” and “freedom rides”(自由乘车运动), voter registration(投票者登记).Later, anti-war activists added “teach-ins” on college campuses,（(大学师生举行的）时事宣讲会，讨论会，辩论会)to educate people about the war in Vietnam as well as protest marches and rallies and etc.---Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr., an Atlanta-born Baptist minister(浸礼会牧师), was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”, incl uding the March on Washington of August, 1963, when King delivered his famous “I have a Dream” speech.As a civil rights leader, King worked not only to end racial discrimination（种族歧视）0and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks.Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis(孟斐斯)in April 1968.---Contrary to King’s nonviolent tactics, Malcom X(马尔科姆•艾克斯)spoke in favour of black separatism(分离主义)and against nonviolence in fighting racial discrimination.---Some of SNCC(学生非暴力统一行动委员会)members thought they needed a strong leader rather than collective leadership.In 1965, theyelected a new chairman, Stokeley Carmichael(斯托克利•卡迈克尔)who spoke about Black Power.*The most notorious terrorist group against black civil rights workers in the South was known as Ku Klux Klan三K党*Those who worked in the civil rights movement included Negro leaders, black and white young people, and some professionals and some housewives.IV.The Youth Movement *Many young people were involved in the social movements of the 1960 because they resented traditional white male values in U.S.society.---Free Speech MovementMario Savio(马里奥•萨维奥), a student who had just returned from working with SNCC in the Mississippi Freedom Summer, took off his shoes and stood on top of the police car.He demandedthat the CORE worker be freed and the rules against free speech be changed.The students sat around the car for 32 hours in spontaneous, nonviolent, direct action.Other students “sat-in” at the administration buildings and organized “Free University” classes.The California governor called hundreds of police to the campus.800 students were arrested.Graduate students organized a strike and closed the university.The teachers and professors voted to change the rule that violate the 1st and 14th Amendments.The young people’s “Free Speech Movement” began with success.---“counter culture”(反主流文化)In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counter culture”.The Counter Culture rejected capitalism and other American principles.They had morals different from taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.Among the most famous were the hippies(嬉皮士).They sought new experience through dropping out, drugs.But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on traditional American society.The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social mores, marriage, career, and success.---The Anti-War Movement(against the war in Vietnam) V.Women’s Liberation MovementThe women’s movement in the 1960s was started by three groups of women and an accident.---1.a group of professional women who were appointed to a Commission on the Status of Women(妇女地位委员会)by President Kennedy in 1961.---2.white housewives and mothers who read Betty Friedan’s(贝蒂•弗里丹)book, The Feminine Mystique《女性之迷》, published in 1963.---3.young activists(激进主义分子, 行动主义分子)in the civil rights and anti-war movements.NOW((美国)全国妇女组织) ---With the publication of The Feminine Mystique in 1963, Betty Friedan became the chief spokesperson of the Women’s Liberation Movement.In her book, she compared the American family, or the American society as a whole, to a “comfortable concentration camp”, where women were discriminated against and oppressed.In 1966, she helped to found the National Organization for Women(NOW).A reform organization, NOW battle d for “equal rights in partnership with men.”Canada: The Country and its PeopleI.A brief introduction of Canada(the geography, population, culture, economy, languages etc.)1)the 2nd largest country in size with a small population,2)has spectacular scenery of mountains, oceans, forests and prairies3)has a lively and rich culture4)one of the Big Seven(US, UK.Germany, France, Japan, Italy and Canada)in economy;has the best standards of living5)most Canadians live in the south of the country, along the 49th parallels(纬度)6)two official languages: English and French7)first become a political entity(政治实体)in 1867 and did not assume its present shape until 1949(直到1949年才具有目前的规模)(National Day: July 1st)II.The Canadian identity---It refers to something which is distinctively Canadian, which is different from other countries, and which is the very reason for making Canada so special.For example, two official languages of English and French can be considered as part of the Canadian identity.III.The regions of Canada---Motto: Canada stretches “from sea to sea” with the Pacific Ocean along the west coast and the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast---share with the U.S.the longest undefended national border in the world(加拿大和美国共享着世界上最长的不设防国界), a symbol of their good relations---consists of 10 provinces and 3 territories1.The north region of Canada---Canada extends up north into the Arctic Circle(北极圈)to the North pole.The north is a scarcely populated area of ice and oceans，which is sometimes called “the Land of the M idnight Sun”（午夜太阳之地）.This region is currently divided into three administrative territories—the Yukon(育空地区), the Northwest Territories and Nunavat（努勒维特地区a territory carved from eastern part of the original Northwest Territories in 1999）.And most of the inhabitants are Aboriginal people.The traditionaleconomy in this region was based on hunting and trapping animals for food and pelts, but now oil and gas deposits are also being developed.2.the west（西部1省）---the western-most province is British Columbia(布列颠哥伦比亚省)with 3 major mountain ranges running through it, among which the largest in ke Louise(路易斯湖), located in the Rockies, is the most famous image of the Canadian landscape （加拿大风景最突出的代表）.BC is Canada’s 2nd largest producer of hydroelectric power.However, its main economic mainstay(支柱)is its forests.It has the most valuable forestry industry.3.The Prairies(草原3省)---The prairie provinces of Alberta(阿尔伯塔省), Saskatchewan(萨斯喀彻温省)and Manitoba(马尼托巴省）lie east of the Rockies(落基山脉).The prairies are flat and featureless and have a harsh continental climate.They are called the breadbasket(胃, 腹）of Canada because the land is well-suited to farming, and wheat is one of the biggest agricultural crops in this area.The prairies are also rich in energy resources.4.Central Canada(2省)---Central Canada, Ontario(安大略省)and Quebec（魁北克省）, are the parts of the country that were first settled.They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provinces.They have the largest cities like Tor onto in Ontario, and the country’s 2nd largest city Montreal(蒙特利尔)in Quebec.The capital of the country Ottawa is also in Ontario.5.The Maritimes（滨海诸省：4个省）(the Atlantic regions)---The Atlantic provinces of New Brunswick(新不伦瑞克省), Nova Scotia（新斯科省the first part of Canada to be settled in 1604）, Prince Edward Island（爱德华太子岛省）andNewfoundland（纽芬兰省the last province to join Canada in 1949）are also known as the Maritimes.They are small in population and largely rely on the fishing industry for their economic wealth.They are rich in farming and forestry products and are quite popular tourist attractions.IV.The history1.the First Nations(the Aboriginal people)---the native Indians with rich cultures and highly developed societies.2.European settlement in Canada---Settlement by European began in the 17th century.French colonists first settled Canada.The earliest major settlements were established in Nova Scotia in 1604 and Quebec in 1608.During earlier settlements, the French set the Company of New France and Britai n founded the Hudson’s Bay Company to facilitate trade.3.In 1867 Canada was born when Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia all join together into a confederation.The Government and Politics of CanadaI.Canada’s political system1.Canada’s politic al system was greatly influenced by the two major foreign forces: Britain and America.2.American ideas influenced the Canadian system to some degree.For example, freedom of speech and freedom of information are much valued in contemporary Canada.So, Canadian society appears to be similar to American society, but they are different.While the US was founded on the idea of individualism---Americans aspire to “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”---Canadians chose to found a nation based on “peace, order and good government”.In other words, for Canadians, the well-being and liberty of individuals must sometimes be sacrificed for the greater good of the community.3.Canadian society allows a highdegree of tolerance of different values and customs.4.To find a workable balance between community and individual rights has been the central concern of Canadian policy-makers.5.It attempts to reconcile the two communities of English-speaking Canada and French-speaking Canada.II.Canada’s system of government1.based on the British system of parliamentary democracy, referred to as “Westminster-style” democracy英格兰东南部大伦敦的一个市区，位于泰晤士河岸。
英语写作Ⅱ-outline
英语写作Ⅱ-outlineSection one EssaysUnit 1 OutlineUnit 1 Outline WritingFocus:learn to write an outline for an essay Pointsto Emphasize:write an outline according to the generally accepted formatUnit 1 OutlineⅠ Why do we need to learn writing outline?An outline is essential for writing any paper, esp. for course papers, term papers and thesis. It is the skeleton of an essay. So it can help the writer to organize his ideas. It can make others have an orderly overview of the essay.Ⅱ How to write an outline 1. Two main types of outlinesSentence outline: Complete sentences Correct punctuation More detailed overview Easier and faster to write the final essay Topic outline: Words and phrases No punctuation Brief and clear overview Easier and faster to write the outlineUnit 1 Outline Anoutline must start with thesis statement.Unit 1 Outline2. Analysis of two samplesCompare the following two outlines for a paper on foreign trade.Thesis: Foreign trade is beneficial to and indispensable for all nations.Ⅰ. Introduction: the utilization of different economic resources and the development of different skills form the foundation of foreign tradeⅡ. Trade in commodities (visible trade) is necessary between nations.A. No nation has all the commodities it needs.B. A nation may not have enough of certain commodities.C. A nation may sell certain commodities at a profit.D. Latest innovations and different styles of commodities may make foreign trade necessary.Ⅲ. Exchange of services between nations (invisible trade) is part of foreign trade. A. Nations compete in providing transportation for foreign trade. B. Prudent exporters purchase insurance for their cargoes. C. Tourism brings a nation huge profits. D. Technology is also exported and imported. Ⅳ. Conclusion: the purpose of foreign trade is to earn money for necessary imports.Thesis: Foreign trade is beneficial to and indispensable for all nations. Ⅰ. Introduction: the foundation of foreign tradeⅡ. The necessity of visible trade A. Lack of certain commodities B. Insufficiency of particular items C. Comparative advantage in certain items D. Latest innovatio ns and different styles of commoditiesⅢ. The necessity of invisible trade---exchange of services between nations A. Transportation B. Insurance C. Tourism D. Technology Ⅳ. Conclusion: the purpose of foreign tradeUnit 1 Outline3. The following are a few rules for writing outlines: 1): Avoid single subdivisions. If there is a major point marked “Ⅰ”, there must be at least another marked “Ⅱ”; if there is an “A”, there must be a “B”, and so on.Unit 1 Outline 2):Avoid mixing types. A topic outline is written in phrases, and a sentence outline in sentences. Do not mix these two types.Unit 1 Outline3): Use parallel structures for the headings of the same rank. Make sure subheads of like rank are of equal importanceand are related to the heading and arranged in logical order.Unit 1 Outline4): Make sure the thesis statement is a complete sentence in the affirmative; do not use a question, a phrase or a dependent clause.Ⅲ Exercises: outline Thesis: Some twins are identic al and others are not. Ⅰ. Identical twins A. born together B. are of the same sex C. look exactly the same Ⅱ. Fraternal twins A. born together B. are not always of the same sex C. do not look exactly the same Ⅲ. Further features about identical twins and fraternal twins A. Monzygotic twins 1. born from the same egg 2. have the same genetic characteristics B. Dizygotic twins 1. come from different eggs 2. have different genetic characteristics Ⅳ People’s attitude to twins A. people in the past: afraid of twi ns B. scientistsnow: particularly interested in studying twinsUnit 1 OutlineWrite an outline (sentence or topic) according to the title “Should Private Cars Be Encouraged?”Suggested outline Thesis: Private cars shouldn’t be encouraged. Ⅰ Introduction: a sign of modernizationⅡ Three reasons 1. the most populous country 2. air pollution and sound pollution 3. various kinds of trouble a: high maintenance fees b: petrol fees c: traffic accidentsⅢ Conclusion: government policy。
英语作文的outline
英语作文的outlineLiving in the city is full of excitement and opportunities. There are countless entertainment options, from restaurants and bars to theaters and museums. The fast pace of city life keeps things interesting and there is always something new to discover.However, city living can also be stressful and overwhelming. The constant noise and crowds can be exhausting, and it's easy to feel disconnected from nature. The cost of living in the city is often high, and the pressure to succeed can be intense.On the other hand, living in the countryside offers a peaceful and serene environment. The natural beauty and fresh air are rejuvenating, and there is a strong sense of community. Life in the countryside is slower and more relaxed, allowing for a deeper connection with the environment and a greater appreciation for the simple things in life.But living in the countryside also has its challenges. Access to amenities and services can be limited, and there may be fewer job opportunities. The lack of diversity and cultural experiences can also be a downside for some people.In conclusion, both city and countryside living have their pros and cons. It ultimately comes down to personal preference and what kind of lifestyle one is looking for. Whether it's the hustle and bustle of the city or the tranquility of the countryside, each offers a unique experience that appeals to different individuals.。
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The Hazards of Movie-going
[1] Introduction
Thesis statement: The problems in getting to the theater, the temptations of the theater, and the behavior of some patrons are the reasons why I don’t want to go to the theatre.
[3] Conclusion
Restate thesis: I prefer to watch movies at home where it is comfortable,e
The traditional outline has three sections: [1] introduction, [2] body, [3] conclusion. The basic model looks like this:
Title: ____________________ [1] Introduction Introductory statement (background) Thesis statement: (必写) [2] Body A. First Supporting Idea (Topic Sentence): ______________ Supporting detail 1._____________ Supporting detail 2. _____________ Supporting detail 3. _____________ B. Second Supporting Idea (Topic Sentence):___________ Supporting detail 1.____________ Supporting detail 2.____________ Supporting detail 3.____________ C. Third Supporting Idea (Topic Sentence): ______________ Supporting detail 1._____________ Supporting detail 2._____________ Supporting detail 3._____________ [3] Conclusion Restate thesis, Review of the major categories of support The answer, solution, or final option ____________________
Making an Outline
A Plan That Builds an Essay
Making an Outline
The Benefits of an Outline
• An outline will help make your essay more organized. A careful plan will help your body paragraphs stay focused on the ideas in your thesis statement. • An outline saves time for writers. Preparing an outline can take time, but when you are finished, you will be able to write the rough draft of your essay more quickly than if you didn’t have an outline.