英语语言学考研试题精品考研试题四
语言学考研试题及答案
语言学考研试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是（）。
A. 语言B. 文字C. 文学D. 历史答案：A2. 以下哪项不属于语音学的研究范畴？（）A. 音位B. 音标C. 语调D. 语法答案：D3. 转换生成语法是由哪位语言学家提出的？（）A. 索绪尔B. 布隆菲尔德C. 乔姆斯基D. 萨丕尔答案：C4. 以下哪个选项是社会语言学研究的内容？（）A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的变异D. 语言的规则答案：C5. 语言接触导致的语言变化称为（）。
A. 语言演变B. 语言借用C. 语言混合D. 语言分化答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）1. 语言学的三个基本分支是语音学、______和句法学。
答案：语法学2. 语言的最小意义单位是______。
答案：语素3. 一种语言的音位系统称为该语言的______。
答案：音系4. 语言的规则性体现在______。
答案：语法5. 语言的交际功能包括表达、______和指示。
答案：指称三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. 简述语言的任意性原则。
答案：语言的任意性原则指的是语言符号的音义结合是任意的，即语言符号的音与义之间没有自然的、必然的联系，而是由社会约定俗成的。
2. 描述语言的双重性。
答案：语言的双重性指的是语言既有形式又有内容。
形式指的是语言的音位、词汇、句法等结构；内容指的是语言所表达的意义和信息。
四、论述题（每题20分，共40分）1. 论述语言的交际功能。
答案：语言的交际功能是指语言在人际交流中的作用，主要包括以下几个方面：表达功能，即通过语言来表达个人的思想、情感和意愿；指称功能，即通过语言来指称或描述客观世界的事物和现象；社交功能，即通过语言进行社会交往，建立和维护人际关系；思维功能，即通过语言进行思考和认识世界。
2. 论述语言的演变过程。
答案：语言的演变过程是一个复杂且漫长的历史过程，包括语音、词汇、语法等方面的变化。
[考研类试卷]2011年南开大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2011年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 acoustic phonetics2 allophonic variation3 back-formation4 government5 anaphor6 cognate7 spoonerism8 conversational maxim9 face validity10 negative transfer二、音标题11 Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions, and then give an English word that contains this sound.<u>phonetic description</u> <u>phonetic symbol</u> <u>English word</u>(1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop [ ](2)palatal glide [ ](3)high back tense rounded vowel [ ](4)nasalized low-mid back lax rounded vowel [ ]12 In the African language Manika, the affix, the meaning of which is similar to that of the suffix -ing in English, has two phonetic forms, as shown in the data given below. You are required to(1)give the two phonetic forms of the affix;(2)give the underlying form of the affix;(3)write a formal phonological rule to derive the underlying form of the affix to its phonetic forms, using the words[dumuni]"eating" and[sungoli]"sleeping" to illustrate the process of derivation.bugo hit bugoli hittingdila repair dilali repairingdon come donni comingdumu eat dumuni eatinggwen chase gwenni chasingda lie down dali lying downfamu know famni knowingmen hear menni hearingsungo sleep sungoli sleeping三、简答题13 What is a "slip of the tongue"? What has research into "slip of the tongue" phenomena revealed about speech production process?14 Please give a brief account of the relevance theory.15 In your opinion, in what ways can corpus data contribute to lexical studies?16 Please describe error analysis procedures in second language research.四、分析题17 Analyze the morphemic structure of the English words gentlemanliness and unlockable, using a labeled tree diagram to illustrate the morphemic structure of the word under analysis.(1)gentlemanliness(2)unlockable18 The English sentences given below are ungrammatical. You are required to give the syntactic explanation to the ungrammatically in each of the sentences.(1)* Jack put his ball.(2)* I wonder Michael walked the dog.(3)* Frank thinks himself is a superstar.19 Phrases are considered to be syntactic units, or constituents. The phrases labeled in the sentence given below can be independently verified with the help of some special tests. You are required to use two tests as they apply to XP-level constituents for verification.You may draw a tree diagram for demonstration if you think it is necessary. [The children]NP will[stop[at the corner]PP]VP if they see us do so.20 The English sentence is given below. You are required to(1)give the Deep Structure of the sentence,(2)give all the rules relevant to Interrogative Transformation,and(3)transform the Deep Structure of the sentence into its Surface Structure by applying the rules you have given. Tree diagrams for DS and SS are necessary.What did John eat?21 State about ONE of the two topics given below(minimally 200 words). (1)In English, the plurality of countable nouns can be represented in several forms, or suffixes. The following are examples of some of such forms. Are these suffixes of plurality the allomorphs of one and the same morpheme, or are they different morphemes? State the reasons for your answer to the question.Singular Plural Singular Pluraldwarf dwarfs[s] stratum strata[]dogs dogs[z] thesis theses[i:z]wife wives[z] bureau buraux[z]oxoxen[n] stimulus stimuli[ai]22 State about any speech production model that you are familiar with. Use an utterance example to illustrate your understanding of the chosen model and explain how it accounts for the exchange error of "This is the happiest life of my day".。
广外英语考研真题 英语写作与翻译2004[试卷%2B答案]
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广东外语外贸大学2004年硕士研究生入学考试英语语言文学及外国语言学与应用语言学英语写作与翻译试题Part One Writing (100)Task 1: Summary Writing (40%)Directions:Read carefully the following passage and summarize its contents in 150－200 words. Note that you must not copy complete sentences directly from the original. Failure to do so would incur deduction of your scores.PassagePlato - who may have understood better what forms the mind of man than do some of our contemporaries who want their children exposed only to "real" people and everyday events - knew what intellectual experiences make for tree humanity. He suggested that the future citizens of his ideal republic begin their literary education with the telling of myths, rather than with mere facts or so-called rational teachings. Even Aristotle, master of pure reason, said, "The friend of wisdom is also a friend of myth."Modem thinkers who have studied myths and fairy tales from a philosophical or psychological viewpoint arrive at the same conclusion, regardless of their original persuasion. Mircea Eliade, for one, describes these stories as "models ~for human behavior [that],,:by that very fact, give .meaning and value to life." Drawing on anthropological parallels, he and others suggest that myths and fairy tales were derived from, or give symbolic expression to, initiation rites or rites of passage - such as metaphoric death of an old, inadequate self in order to be reborn on a higher plane of existence. He feels that this is why these tales meet a strongly felt need and are carders of such deep meaning.Other investigators with a depth-psychological orientation emphasize the similarities between the fantastic events in myths and fairy tales and those in adult dreams and daydreams - the fulfillment of wishes, the winning out over all competitors, the destruction of enemies - and conclude that one attraction of this literature is its expression of that which is normally prevented from coming to awareness.There are, of course, very significant differences between fairy tales and dreams. For example, in dreams more often than not the wish fulfillment is disguised, while in fairy tales much of it is openly expressed. To a considerable degree, dreams are the result of inner pressures which have found no relief, of problems which beset a person to which he knows no solution and to which the dream finds none. The fairy tale does the opposite: it projects the relief of all pressures and not only offers ways to solve problems but promises that a "happy" solution will be found.We cannot control what goes on in our dreams. Although our inner censorship influences what we may dream, such control occurs on an unconscious level. The fairy tale, on the other hand, is very much the result of common conscious and unconscious content having been shaped by the conscious mind, not of one particular person, but the consensus of many in regard to what they view as universal human problems, and what they accept as desirable solutions. If all these elements were not present in a fairy tale, it would not be retold by generation after generation. Only if a fairy tale met the conscious and unconscious requirements of many people was it repeatedly retold, listened to with great interest. No dream of a person could arouse such persistent interest unless it was worked into a myth, as was the story of the pharaoh's dream as interpreted by Joseph in the Bible.参考答案Great thinkers like Plato and Aristotle shared the same idea that myth should enjoy a superior status in education. Even modern thinkers to certain extend agree with that idea as they reached a conclusion that myth partly reflected and satisfied the inner desires of human beings. Those fantastic events in myths resemble likeliness to our dreams or daydreams. Still differences exist. Such as dream reflects social pressure we faced, but it offers no solution. On the contrary, myth goes the opposite way. Unlike dreams, Myths are the symbolic projections of a people’s hope, values, fears and aspirations. And any myth is classic.Task 2: Essay Writing (60%)Directions:In recent years China has witnessed a drastic increase in the annual enrollment of university students. While some hail it as an achievement of historical significance that marks the beginning of popularizing China's education of higher learning, others dismiss it as nothing but an educational "great leap forward" that will do more harm than good to the quality of college education in China. Write an essay of 500 - 600 words unequivocally expressing your stand on this issue. Whatever position you take,, make sure to justify your decision. Give a title to your essay.参考范文In China a saying goes like this: It takes ten years for a tree to grow to its full height, but a hundred for qualified personnel to mature. From this sentence we can infer the high status of education in our country.In recent years China has witnessed a drastic increase in the annual enrollment of university students. The existence of this phenomenon should be due to the following reasons. First, the number of college students only takes a small share in the whole population. As time requires, we need more educated citizens to take part in the construction of China. The current college students are far from enough. Second, compared with other powers, like Britain and America, China has much less college students. This situation doesn’t fit China’s image as a big power. As a result, a drastic increase in the annual enrollment of university students emerged as the time requires. Around the issue of enrollment increase, people’s reactions are different. They can roughly be categorized into two groups: advocators and opponents. Some stress the significance of this move, while others emphasize their worry about the qualification of college education. Both sides have their reasons. While in my opinion, the increase of enrollment is inevitable, but we can’t be hasty in doing it.First of all, as I mentioned above, the increase of enrollment is the requirement of China’s development. We need more workers, more engineers, more businessmen, etc. And the increase would offer what we need in a comparatively short time. The advantage of it cannot be neglected.On the other hand, so many students rushed into university would directly cause the inadequacy of hardware as well as software of the university. For example, in English department, a class used tohave less than twenty students. But now a small classroom is jammed with more than 40 people. And this means more students have to share limited resources. The quality of education might be largely influenced. So from this point, people’s worry is not groundless. In addition, to accommodate so many freshmen, university has to invest much more money in reforming the current dorms and build new ones. University would then charge students more tuition. This directly adds more burden on their families.Then how to solve this problem? I personally think we should limit the increase of enrollment to minimize the negative effects. Rome is not built in one day. I t’s a long and hard process to develop education. So we should fulfill the aim step by step. Thus we can build a win-win situation.Part Two Translation (50)1.Translate the following passage into Chinese:(25)The Asking AnimalCaught between two eternities—the vanished past and the unknown future—human beings never cease to seek their bearings and sense of direction. We inherit our legacy of the sciences and the arts—the works of the great discoverers and creators, the Columbuses and Leonardos—but we all remain seekers. Man is the asking animal…Western culture has witnessed at least three grand historical epochs of seeking—each with a dominant spirit, enduring spokesmen and distinctive problems. We have gone from “Why?” to the “How?”, from the search for purpose to the search for causes.First was the heroic way of prophets and philosophers seeking answers—salvation or truth—from the God above or the reason within each of us. Then came an age of communal seeking, pursuing civilization in the liberal spirit. And most recently there was the age of the social sciences, in which man was ruled by the forces of history. We can draw on all these ways of seeking in our personal search for purpose, to find meaning in the seeking.参考译文探索的动物要已消逝的过去与未知的未来的夹缝之间，人类从未停止对人生的意义和前进方向的探索。
英语语言学考研试题考研试题四
江苏大学 2004 年考研试题 I. Multiple choice (10%) 1. __________ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics. a. Chomsky b. Saussure c. Bloomfield d. John Lyons 2. The minimal independent unit of language is ______ . a. phoneme b. word c. morpheme d. affix 3. __________ is not an English consonant. a. Labio-dental plosive b. Alveolar nasal c. velar stop d. Dental 4. ________ is not a distinctive feature in English phonology. a. Nasality b. Voicing c. Aspiration d. rounding 5. The choice of an allophone in a given phonetic context is ____ .6. Site and sight are7. Kodak is a(n) a. coinage b. blending c. acronym is a phenomenon that in some speech communities two varieties of a language exist sides by side, with each having a different role to play.9. The Indirect Speech Act was developed by10. The totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual constitutes hisfricative a. random b. predictable c. variable d. independent a. orthography b. homography c. homophony d. hyponymy d. clipping 8. a. Bilingu b. Diglossia c. Pidgin d. Creole a. John Austinb. Levinsonc. John Lyonsd. John Searle.a. registerb. linguistic repertoirec. idiolectd. dialectDefine the following terms(30%)3. competence4. manners of articulation language 14. illocutionary act authorityIII. Justify the following claims or statements. (20%)1 The violation of one or more of the conversational maxims (of the CPPrinciple) can, when the listener fully understands the speaker, create conversational implicature, a humor sometimes.2Duality and cultural transmission are two most important design features of human language.3. Chomsky's 'competence' and 'performance' are similar in meaning to Saussure's 'langue' and 'parole'.IV. Make your critical remarks on the following: (20％ ):1 It's a bit cold in here.2 John married Fred's sister3 He drank another glass of beer4 The lecturer continued speaking.5 Peter has stopped beating his wifeV. Give one concept to cover the following statement (6%) 1) Humanlanguage can be used to refer to real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future. It can even be used to talk about language itself.2) A competent native speaker is able to utter any grammatical sentence that he has never said before or understand any that he has never heard before.3) Chomsky believes that anyone who knows a language has internalized a set of rulesII. 1. arbitrariness 2. evocative 5. distinctive features 6. stem 7. idiom8. endocentric9. hyponymy10. sound writing 11. acronym 12. ideolectabout the sequences permitted in his language.4) Chomsky is much interested in the study of the similarities between languages rather than their differences.5) Roughly from 1930 to 1960 some linguists gave pre-eminence to the empirical or observational aspect in their investigation of meaning. They believed the meaning of a word is its use in the language.6) Since 1960's, some modern linguists have viewed the primary function of language as the communication of ideas and assumed the data needed about language can be supplied by direct resort to intuition.VI. Answer the following questions briefly (20%)1. Do you prefer descriptive linguistics to prescriptive linguistics Give your reasons.2. What is the difference between broad transcription and narrow transcription3. How is a phoneme different from a speech sound4. Why is speech prior to writing5. Why can ' t we do away with Chinese charactersVII. For each of the underlined constructions or word groups, do the following: (8%)a. State whether it is headed or non-headed.b. If non-headed, state its headword.c. Name the type of constructions.1. Ducks quack.2. I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair.3. He enjoys climbing high mountains4. His handsome face appeared in the magazine.' s theory of meaning. (16%)VIII. Give a detailed description of Firth(20%) IX. Give an overall account of the relationship between language and culture.。
[考研类试卷]2011年天津外国语大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2011年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、单项选择题1 ______ is a central vowel.（A）[e]（B）[i]（C）[u]（D）[a]2 Which of the following is a pair of relational opposites?（A）single vs. married（B）hot vs. cold（C）alive vs. dead（D）husband vs. wife3 Which of the following is a minimal pair?（A）pet, kid（B）put, pest（C）cave, shave（D）must, taste4 Which of the following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stems?（A）compound（B）inflection（C）derivation（D）coinage5 Which of the following statements is true?（A）Larynx is what we sometimes call "Adam's apple".（B）The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.（C）There are two nasal consonants in English.（D）It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.6 A ______has been added to Chomsky's first model of grammar as shown in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax(1965).（A）set of rewriting rules（B）component of categories（C）semantic component（D）word classification7 According to the manner of articulation,[m]is a______.（A）bilabial（B）plosive（C）nasal（D）lateral8 "I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. " This shows that language has the design feature of______.（A）arbitrariness（B）creativity（C）duality（D）displacement9 ______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.（A）Langue（B）Competence（C）Communicative competence（D）Linguistic potential10 Which of the following is an "inflectional suffix"?（A）-ist（B）-ary（C）-ing（D）-ify11 In today's grammar we normally say that English does not have a " future tense". This is because in English ______.（A）the future is not expressed by morphological change（B）the future can be expressed in many ways（C）the future belongs to the category of "aspect"（D）the future is expressed by modal verbs12 ______is a phenomenon that in some speech communities two languages exist side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes.（A）Bilingualism（B）Diglossia（C）Pidgin（D）Creole13 ______ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.（A）Register（B）Linguistic repertoire（C）Idiolect（D）Dialect14 Which of the following is NOT included in the three classes of syntactic relations? （A）positional relations（B）relations of co-occurrence（C）relations of expansion（D）relations of substitutability15 All of the following are characteristics of implicature EXCEPT______.（A）conventionality（B）non-detachability（C）cancellability（D）calculability16 "He has already trunked two packs" is an example of______error.（A）anticipation（B）exchange（C）morpheme-exchange（D）perception17 The criterion used in IC analysis is______.（A）construction（B）constituent（C）structure（D）substitutability18 According to G. Leech, who recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics, ______ makes up the central part.（A）conceptual meaning（B）connotative meaning（C）social meaning（D）thematic meaning19 "The Club" is a device for blocking an automobile's steering wheel, thus protecting the car from being stolen. And one of its ads reads:The Club ! FDAnti-theft device for carsPolice Say:" Use it" or Lose ItIn terms of the Gricean theory, what maxim is exploited here?（A）the maxim of manner（B）the maxim of relevance（C）the maxim of quality（D）the maxim of quantity20 What semantic relation do the following sentences have?A. I saw a girl.B. I saw a child.（A）contradiction（B）entailment（C）synonym（D）Presupposition二、名词解释21 semantic field theory(3 points)22 favourite sentence type(4 points)23 free variation(3 points)24 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis(4 points)25 endocentric construction(3 points)26 back formation(3 points)三、写作题27 Choose any THREE of the following questions to analyze. Write the number of the question and your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Discuss the major contributions of Saussure to modern linguistics.28 Comment on the "innateness hypothesis".29 Explain the purpose and significance of reconstruction in historical linguistics and the method employed by historical linguists.30 How do you interpret the distinctions between language acquisition and language learning?31 How do you comment on the two frequently used analogies for attempted inference on the origin of language: the acquisition of speech by children and the structures and characteristics of so-called "primitive" languages?。
[考研类试卷]2012年北京第二外国语学院英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2012年北京第二外国语学院英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、填空题1 The ______ function refers to that language can be used to establish an atmosphere or maintain social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.2 ______ linguistics attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used while______linguistics aims to discover and record what language is like and how it is used.3 ______ refers to a sound made with the obstruction of the air stream caused by the tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge, such as in the production of[t].4 ______refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.5 The disjunction in logic corresponds to the English "or". Its truth table shows that only when and as long as one of the constituents is true, the composite proposition will be______.6 The representative of interpretive perspective on sentence structure is the ______ grammar.7 Chomsky claims that it is the linguists task to characterize what speakers know about their language, i. e. , their______, not what they do with their language, i. e. , their______.8 If two speakers say, respectively "I done it last night" and "I did it last night we can say that they are speaking two different ______.二、判断题9 The branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language is semiotics.（A）True（B）False10 Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called "constatives" and "performatives".（A）True（B）False11 The English sentence If only I could fly! is in imperative mood.（A）True（B）False12 Grammatical features can not have any influence on a person's nonverbal behavior, perceptual habits, and cultural outlook.（A）True（B）False13 Radar is an example of acronym.（A）True（B）False三、简答题14 How do you interpret "arbitrariness" as a design feature of language?15 What do you think of the assumption that a language is more advanced than another?16 What is assimilation in phonology? How is assimilation classified? Please use examples to illustrate it.17 How do you understand synonymy? Are there real synonyms? Why(not)?18 List and discuss four defining properties of verbs in English.19 What are the deictic expressions in the utterance "I'm busy now so you can't do that here. Come back tomorrow" ?20 How does the following exchange of conversation illustrate the Politeness Principle? A; How do you like my painting?B: I don't have an eye for beauty, I'm afraid.。
[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25.doc
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[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25一、填空题1 There has been a maxim in______which claims that "You are what you say". (中山大学2008研)2 The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by______. (中山大学2008研)3 ______were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.4 In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the______principle proposed by J. Grice.5 In Austin's How to Do Things with word, he first distinguishes performativesand______, later on Austin made a flesh start to distinguish ______,______and perlocutionary act.二、单项选择题6 The speech act theory was developed by______. (对外经贸2006研)（A）John Searle（B）John Austin（C）Levinson（D）G. Leech7 ______is using a sentence to perform a function. (西安外国语学院2006研)（A）Perlocutionary act（B）An illocutionary act（C）A locutionary act（D）Speech act8 By saying "You have left the door wide open", a speaker might be performing the three acts: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary______. (西安交通大学2008研)（A）at the same time（B）one after another（C）two first and then the other（D）one first and then the other two9 The Illocutionary Act was developed by______. (西安交通大学2008研)（A）John Austin（B）Levinson（C）John Lyons（D）John Searle10 According to the conversation maxim of______suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully. (西安外国语学院2006研) （A）quantity（B）quality（C）relevance（D）manner11 Which of the following is NOT one of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? (对外经济贸易大学2006研) （A）the maxim of quantity（B）the maxim of quality（C）the maxim of manner（D）the maxim of strength12 Four categories of Maxims in Grice's Cooperative Principle include all the following except______.(大连外国语学院2008研) （A）Manner（B）Relation（C）Qualification三、简答题13 What are the major concerns of pragmatics? (人大2006研)14 How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the ardors performed by the speakers?Motorist: My car needs new exhaust system.Mechanic: I'll be busy with this other car all day. (浙江大学2005研)15 What are the four maxims of the co-operative principle? Which maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about; "Well, to be quite honest, I don't think she is ill today." (北二外2010研；上海交大2006研)16 Conversational implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theoryin that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or 言外之意 Chinese. (中山大学2005研)17 Decide which maxim of the cooperative principle has been flouted in the following utterances and what implicature can be drawn. (厦门大学2006研)(1) A: Can you tell me the secret? B: But John is there.(2) A: Let's go to the movies. B: I'll bring the Kleenex.(3) A: Would you drive a Mercedes?B: I wouldn't drive ANY expensive car.18 What's conversational implicature? (西安交大2008研)19 Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grice's Cooperative Principle: (北二外2007研)A: Where is X?B: He's gone to the market. He said so where he left.20 In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations? (人大2006研)21 What is your understanding of Relevance Theory? (南开大学2009研)22 Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle. (南开大学2004研)A: When is the bus coming?B: There has been an accident further up the road.四、名词解释23 Locutionary Act, Illocutinary Act and Perlocutionary Act(北航2010研；北交大2005研)24 Performatives(中山大学2008研)25 Conversational implicature (川大2010研；武汉大学2004研；北京交通大学2007研)26 Cooperative principle (北二外2010研；北京师范大学2003研)27 Violation of maxims (北交大2006研)28 Applied linguistics(中山大学201 1年研)五、举例说明题29 When a teacher says "It's so hot in here." during a class, what does she probably mean? Refer to the theory of pragmatics when you analyze the situation. (人大2002研)30 A speech act consists of three related acts according to J. L. Austin's Speech Act theory. What are they? Analyze the following conversation in the light of Speech Act theory. (北航2008研)Customer: Waiter! There's a fly in my soup.Waiter: Don' t worry, there's no extra charge.31 Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other. The first said:“哎，几点了?”and the second said:“不好意思，打搅一下，请问您戴表了吗?”What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in these two ways and why would you make them? (北外2007研)32 Discuss the following advertisemen t extensively: “你不理财，财不理你”. (浙江大学2007研)33 What kind of linguistic phenomenon can you identify in the following dialogue? Define, analize and explain the phenomenon. (北外2010研)甲：上车请买票。
[考研类试卷]2012年南开大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2012年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 suprasegmental2 rime(rhyme)3 cranberry morpheme4 phrasal category5 mental lexicon6 genetic relation7 paraphrase8 implicature9 synecdoche10 syllabus二、音标题11 For each natural class of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s)that they all share.121314 [j][w][l][r][m]1516 In Southern Kongo, a Bantu language spoken in Angola, the non-palatal consonants[t, s, z]are in complementary distribution with their palatal counterparts[c,∫,], as shown in the following words: tobola to bore a hole cina to cuttanu five kofi lioncibabanana imola almskesoka to be cut nselele termitekasu emaciation lolo i to wash housekunezulu heaven ze ga to cutnzwetu our ima to stretchzevo then(1)State the distribution of the palatals and the non-palatals, and(2)formulate one phonological rule and derive all the surface palatals with the rule formulated, using the word ima "to stretch" for illustrating the derivation.17 The English word unlockable has two different lexical meanings, i. e. "not able to lock" and "able to be unlocked". The semantic ambiguity of the word comes from structural ambiguity. Give the meaning corresponding to the morphemic structure of the word in your analysis. Draw two tree diagrams to show the difference between the two structures. Label the nodes in the tree diagram with proper categories.三、简答题18 How do you understand "performative" and "constative"?19 How do you distinguish "error" from "mistake"?20 What is a social dialect?四、分析题21 Syntactic analysis.The following are two declarative-question pairs, as given in(la, lb)and(2a, 2b).(1a)The boy who is sleeping was dreaming.(1b)Was the boy who is sleeping dreaming?(2a)The boy who is sleeping was dreaming.(2b)* Is the boy who sleeping was dreaming?Draw a tree diagram for sentence(la)and sentence(lb)respectively. Then answer the questions.Question 1: What syntactic mechanism(s)operate(s)to derive the structure of sentence(lb)from the structure of sentence(la)?Question 2: Why sentence(2b)is ungrammatical?22 Semantic properties of words are not directly observable. Their existence must be inferred from linguistic evidence. One source of such evidence is "slips of the tongue" that speakers of a language produce. Consider the following unintentional word substitutions that some English speakers have actually produced. Name the semantic properties shared by or related in the intended word and its substitution in each pair of the utterances.Intended utterances Actual utterances(slips of the tongue)1. bridge of the nose bridge of the neck2. when my gums bled when my tongues bled3. he came too late he came too early4. Mary was young Marry was early5. The lady with the dachshund the lady with the Volkswagen6. there's a horse of another color there's a horse of another race7. he has to pay her alimony he has to pay her rent8. I saw the dog in the garden I saw the cat in the garden23 Identify the thematic roles in each of the sentences given below.a. The door opened.b. The key opened the door.c. The boy opened the door with the key.24 Analyze the conversations below as required.9a. Analyze the following mini-talk in light of the cooperative principle.A: Have you had your lunch?B: I have been unwell for the whole morning.25 9b. Find the deixis in the following dialogue and analyze them into different groups according to their function in the linguistic interaction.(1)Debby: Go anywhere today?(2)Dan: Yes, we went down to Como. Up by bus, and back by hydrofoil.(3)Debby: Anything to see there ?(4)Dan; Perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns, but it's worth the trip.(5)Debby: I might do that next Saturday.(6)Jane; What do you mean when you say perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns?(7)Jack: He means certainly not the most interesting. . .(8)Dan: Just trying to be polite. . .26 Grammaticality judgments are made on the basis of linguistic knowledge.27 The difference among " locutionary meaning" , " illocutionary meaning" and "perlocutionary meaning".。
[考研类试卷]2010年四川大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2010年四川大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 State what you know about the following terms IN ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH; language as interaction2 recreational function of language3 UG(universal grammar)4 fricative consonant5 IC analysis6 Define the following terms with at least two examples;conceptual meaning7 radiation in word meaning8 performative verb9 conversational implicature10 linguistic relativity二、词汇题11 Determine the original term from which the following words were back-formed:(10 points)asset12 burgle13 enthuse14 greed15 hush16 automate17 donate18 escalate19 homesick20 amusing三、简答题21 Why do we need to teach culture in our language classroom?22 What is communicative competence? How should we develop it in our foreign language learning?23 Please briefly answer the following question IN ABOUT 500 WORDS:(10 points) Anthropological linguists E. Sapir and B. Whorf claim that the language a people use shapes their perspective of perception, which in turn shapes their thought. The key notions of their famous " Sapir-Whorfian Hypothesis" include " language determinism" and " language relativity". Do you know anything about the notions of theirs? If you do, what is your opinion on it? Please briefly express your ideas in a passage.。
语言学考研真题大全(共13套)
中文系语言学概论2002年2002年科目429 语言学概论专业：语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学研究方向：以上专业所有方向一、简答题（每小题2分，共20分）1、简述现代汉语书面语和口头语的源头2、闽方言包括哪几个次方言？各以哪个地方的语音为代表？3、说明汉语音节的结构地点4、汉语拼音方案有哪些优点？5、简要说明调值和调类的关系6、-i[前]、-i[后]、ong、iong等韵母分别属于四呼中的哪一呼？7、词汇学中的义位和传统所说的义项有什么不同？8、说明谚语被认为是词汇的一部分的原因9、什么是独立语？简要说明独立语的类型10、举例说明主谓句的主要句型二、应用题（共56分）1、为下列词语注上汉语拼音（6分）创伤粗犷呆板解剖皈依桎梏2、下列成语中的汉字有正确的有错误的，把错误的改为正确（6分）负隅顽抗陈词烂调班门弄斧既往不究刚愎自用不孝子孙病入膏肓风声鹤唳一愁莫展各行其事悬梁刺骨趋之若鹜3、解释下列成语中划线的语素的意义（4分）汗流浃背开门揖盗如火如荼高屋建瓴4、分析下列合成词的结构（6分）容貌弃儿宪法梦想灰心霜降融化船只铅印瀑布响应权衡5、改正下列句中的错误（2分）江西名城南昌，毗邻巍峨的江西省人民政府办公大厦，有一座很不显眼的三层小楼，这就是江西省高级人民法院。
6、用直接成分分析法（框式图解）分析下列复杂词组（每小组3分，共六分）（1）这后一句话给祥林嫂很大的鼓励（2）屋里有人轻轻地哼着小调7、用六大成分分析法（加线法）分析下列单句（每小题3分，共6分）（1）我们往往容易把赢得荣誉的人的衣服的每一个皱折，都描绘得光彩夺目。
（2）把博物馆比作智慧的女神、博学的君子，我看很恰当。
8、用符号法分析下列复句（4分）如果你是一个真正的艺术家，那么无论是站在演出的舞台上，还是站在生活的大舞台上，你都会真正赢得人民的掌声。
9、指出下列句中用得好的词语并分析其修辞效果（每小题4分，共八分）（1）七斤嫂眼睛好，早望见今天的赵七爷已经不是道士，却变成光滑头皮，乌黑发顶；伊便知道这一定是皇帝坐了龙庭，而且一定需有辫子，而且七斤一定是非常危险。
语言学考研真题及答案
语言学考研真题及答案一、语音学部分以下是2019年语言学考研真题及答案的整理：题目一：下列哪个选项中的音素是塞音？A. [h]B. [p]C. [r]D. [m]答案：B. [p]题目二：下列哪个选项中的音素是元音？A. [s]B. [l]C. [i]D. [t]答案：C. [i]题目三：下列哪个选项中的音素是鼻音？A. [k]B. [n]C. [g]D. [w]答案：B. [n]二、语法学部分以下是2020年语言学考研真题及答案的整理：题目一：下列短语中，哪个可以作为主语？A. "在公园里跑步"B. "喜欢读书的人"C. "听音乐"D. "为他做饭"答案：B. "喜欢读书的人"题目二：下列短语中，哪个可以作为宾语？A. "开心地唱歌"B. "漂亮的花园"C. "给他礼物"D. "在海边散步"答案：C. "给他礼物"题目三：下列短语中，哪个可以作为定语？A. "跳舞的小孩"B. "在教室里学习"C. "大声地喊"D. "看电影"答案：A. "跳舞的小孩"三、语义学部分以下是2018年语言学考研真题及答案的整理：题目一：下列哪个词汇与“快乐”具有相似的意义？A. "悲伤"B. "生气"C. "开心"D. "愤怒"答案：C. "开心"题目二：下列哪个词汇与“大”具有相反的意义？A. "小"B. "长"C. "高"D. "短"答案：A. "小"题目三：下列哪个词汇与“美丽”具有近义词的关系？A. "丑陋"B. "普通"C. "漂亮"D. "丰富"答案：C. "漂亮"综上所述，以上是语言学考研真题及答案的简要整理。
英语专业考研语言学试题
英语专业考研语言学试题英语专业考研语言学试题集锦语言学的资料很少，看完书后想找些习题或往年试题做做，可以起到练兵，巩固所看书本知识的作用。
我收集了一些高校语言学的`往年试题供大家参考，讨论，交流一下做题的感受，也希望大家可以把自己所考学校的往年试题发表在上面，给大家一起讨论。
1 One of the main features of our human language is arbitrariness .Can you briefly explain what is this feature refers to ? Give examples if necessary(10 points). <北师大2003年试题）2 In english we can describe a story as "a successful story" or "a success story ".Do you think they mean the same ? Please explain and give your reasons(10 points) ,<同上》3 Expain the following terms ,giving examples where necessary.(50 points) <中山2003》design feature macrolinguistics vowel minimal pair folk etymology aspect anopho r error analysisr metaphor4 Language can change through blending ,metanalysis ,back-formation, analogical creation and borrowing.Give two english words for each of them (5 points) 清华2000年试题5 Answer the following question briefly.clearly,grammatically and correctly.(10 Points ) 湖南师大2003年What is it wrong to assume that the meaning of a sentence is the sum of the meaning of the words which compose it ?7 Define the following terms.(10 points) 中国海洋大学1999Phoneme ,consonant,morpheme,lexicon,syntax,endocentric construction,semantics,hyponymy ,language ,design feature8 Define the following terms .(20 points) 苏州大学1997 allophone morpheme assimilation internal authorityinterlanguage phatic communionclosed-class word government semantica triangic lingua francaWhat is the main grammatical difference between a sentence and a clause ? 同上6 Translate into chinese and exemplify each of the following.(10 points )Example : dialectal synonymsAnswer , 方言同义词，Fall and autumn are dialectal synonyms .homography homophony gradable opposites endocentric constuctionexocentric construction9 大连外国语学院1992年语言学全部试题 100 POINTSList the six important characteristics of human language .What are the types of morphemes ?Illustrate the deep and surface structures .What do u know about the semantic features ?How does language change ?10 Words in our mental lexicon are known to be related to one another .Discuss the relationships between words ,using examples from the english language .(15 points ) 北外2003年试题11 What do you think are the similarities and dissimilarities between learning a first and a second language? ( 30 points) 同上。
语言学考研试题及答案
语言学考研试题及答案语言学考研模拟试题一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是语言的基本功能？（）A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 逻辑推理D. 社交互动2. 结构主义语言学的奠基人是（）。
A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨丕尔3. 在语言学中，音位和音素的区别在于（）。
A. 音位是具体的，音素是抽象的B. 音位是抽象的，音素是具体的C. 音位和音素都是具体的D. 音位和音素都是抽象的4. 下列哪项不是生成语法理论的核心概念？（）A. 深层结构B. 表层结构C. 转换规则D. 语言行为5. 语言的任意性原则是由哪位语言学家提出的？（）A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨丕尔6. 在语义学中，词义的最小意义单位是（）。
A. 语素B. 词汇C. 短语D. 句子7. 下列哪项不是社会语言学研究的内容？（）A. 语言变异B. 语言与性别C. 语言与年龄D. 语言的生物学基础8. 语言的同化现象通常是指（）。
A. 语言的消亡B. 语言的创新C. 语言的借用D. 语言的统一9. 下列哪项是语言接触的结果？（）A. 语言的分化B. 语言的融合C. 语言的独立发展D. 语言的隔离10. 在语言学中，词汇-功能语法是由哪位学者提出的？（）A. 韩礼德B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨丕尔二、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. 简述语言的萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说。
2. 描述一下什么是形态学，并给出一个例子。
三、论述题（每题30分，共60分）1. 论述语言的普遍语法理论及其对语言习得的影响。
2. 分析社会语言学中的“语言变异”现象，并讨论其对语言研究的意义。
参考答案：一、单项选择题1. C2. A3. B4. D5. A6. A7. D8. C9. B10. A二、简答题1. 萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说，又称为语言相对论，是由语言学家爱德华·萨丕尔和他的学生本杰明·李·沃尔夫提出的。
(完整版)英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1
1.3考研真题与典型题详解I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研)2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研)3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication.4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______.6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe.7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing.8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研)9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研)10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研)11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研)12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研)13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society.14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研)15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguisticlinguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研)16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study.17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Cho msky’s______.18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening，writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors.19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研)20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研)II. Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研)A. ArbitrarinessB. ConventionC. Duality2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研)A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness:5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研)A. articulatory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. auditory phonetics6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions?A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake.B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation.C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings.D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.7.Which of the following is a main branch of linguistics? (大连外国语学院2008研)A. MacrolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. Sociolinguistics8. ______ refers to the system of a language, i. e. the arrangement of sounds and words which speakers of a language have a shared knowledge of. (西安外国语学院2006研)A. LangueB. CompetenceC. Communicative competenceD. Linguistic potential9.The study of language at one point in time is a _______ study. (北二外2010研)A. historicalB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. diachronic10. “An refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. ” This shows that language has the design feature of _ ____.A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement11. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree Centigrade” is .A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative 12.Saussure is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Langue B. Competence C. EticIII. True or False1. Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language. (清华2000研)2. Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.3. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language4. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is mere important for us.5. The features that define our human languages can be called DESIGN FEATURES. (大连外国语学院2008研)6. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language.7. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.8. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.9. In language classrooms nowadays the grammar taught to students is basically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners’ communicative skills.10. Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact.11. Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historical linguistics.12. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.13. Wherever humans exist, language exists. (对外经贸2006研)14. Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.15. Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.16. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language. IV. Explain the following terms.1.Duality (北二外2010研；南开大学2010研)2.Design featurespetence4.Displacement (南开大学2010研；清华2001研)5.Diachronic linguistics6. Descriptive linguistics7.Arbitrariness(四川大学2006研)V. Short answer questions1. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the two. (北外2002研)参考答案及解析I.Fill in the blanks.1.Design (人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。
[考研类试卷]2010年南开大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2010年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 historical linguistics2 coarticulation3 complementary distribution4 inflectional affix5 semantic broadening6 logical form7 psycholinguistics8 syllabus9 performative act10 interlanguage二、音标题11 The typical format of a phonological rule is given asA→B/X______YYou are required to write out the structural description(SD)and the structuralchange(SC)of the rule.12 Linking-r in British RPThe phenomenon of linking-r in British RP is illustrated by the data given below:You are required to develop an analysis into the phenomenon of linking-r, based on the data given above. Illustrate your analysis with the words bar and barring.(Hint: underlying representation and phonological rules are relevant to your analysis.)13 Each of the following columns illustrates a different morphological process in English:You are required to name the type of morphological process at work in Column 1, Column 2, Column 3 and Column 4, respectively.14 State the most obvious differences between compounds and verb phrases in English. Compounds Verb Phrasesfoot-warmers [I]warmed my feetman-eating [She]eats an applebrainwash [He was]washing disheshaircut [The boy]cuts a piece of paper三、简答题15 The following phrases include a head, a complement and(in some cases)a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree diagram with labels indicating these categories for each phrase.(1)[into the house]PP(3)[perhaps earned the money]VP (2)[full of mistakes]AP(4)[that argument with Owen]NP16 Give the deep structure of the sentence What can the boy sit on?, and transform the deep structure of the sentence into its surface structure, using two diagrams to demonstrate the process of transformation.17 The following sentences are semantically ambiguous:(A)Peter saw the lady when she was near the bank.(B)The captain met wealthy men and women.You are required to point out the source of semantic ambiguity for each sentence.18 If you ask somebody "Can you open the door?" and he answers "Yes" but does not actually do it, what would be your reaction? Why? Try to explain it in the light of Speech Act Theory.19 How do you understand the cancellability of conversational implicature?20 In what ways can linguistics contribute to language learning research?21 In your understanding what roles do corpus data play in language studies? Part V22 State about ONE of the two topics given below(minimally 200 words).The main features of generative linguistics.23 Linguistics ideas of special importance developed in the Prague School.。
2021年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题和答案
2021年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题和答案2021年南京大学外国语学院《963英语语言学》考研全套目录•南京大学外国语学院《963英语语言学》历年考研真题及详解•全国名校英语语言学考研真题详解说明：本部分收录了本科目近年考研真题，提供了答案及详解，并对常考知识点进行了归纳整理。
此外提供了相关院校考研真题，以供参考。
2．教材教辅•丁言仁《英语语言学纲要》笔记和课后习题详解•丁言仁《英语语言学纲要》配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】•陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》（第2版）笔记和课后习题详解•陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》（第2版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】说明：以上为本科目参考教材配套的辅导资料。
•试看部分内容2014年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题第一题，术语区分题。
四组术语，24分。
1.phoneme vs. allophone2.homonymy vs. homophony3.illocutionary act vs. perlocu tionary actnguage switch vs. L1 transfe r第二题，选择题，考察的都是基础知识，10小题，共30分。
第三题，分析题。
给出几个句子，要求先填写名词前的冠词或复数后缀-s；然后总结出使用冠词或复数后缀-s的一般模式（com mon pattern）。
第四题，分析题，考察的知识点是歧义（a m b i g u i t y）。
给出两句话，要求先回答这两句话有无歧义，并写出每句话的不同理解，再分析这两句话产生歧义的原因是否相同。
1.The children play near the bank.2. Th e p ro f e sso r sai d o n M o n day th at h e wo u l d gi vean exam.显然，第一句话中的bank涉及lexical ambiguity, 而第二句话中的on Monday既可修饰said，又可修饰would gi ve an ex am，属于gramm atical/structural ambiguity。
[考研类试卷]2013年天津外国语大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2013年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、单项选择题1 Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. Thus we say it has the propertyof______.（A）arbitrariness（B）displacement（C）creativity（D）duality2 The______function of language enables our language to talk about itself.（A）performative（B）emotive（C）phatic（D）metalingual3 Which segment in the following does not share one or more phonetic features with the other segments?（A）[m]（B）[l]（C）[w]（D）[s]4 Which is the description of the consonant[b]?（A）voiceless bilabial stop（B）voiced bilabial stop（C）voiceless alveolar fricative（D）voiced alveolar fricative5 When preceding /p/, the negative prefix in-changes to im-through a process called ______（A）dissimilation（B）bilabialization（C）assimilation（D）none of the above6 The number of morphemes in the word girls is______.（A）one（B）two（C）three（D）four7 Which of the following is an endocentric compound?（A）runaway（B）playboy（C）self-control（D）breakthrough8 Which of the following is not a bound root morpheme?（A）-put（B）-ceive（C）-mit（D）-tain9 The word televise is created through the process of______.（A）blending（B）invention（C）back-formation（D）borrowing10 The grammatical category which is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship between words in a sentence is ______.（A）case（B）agreement（C）tense（D）aspect11 Which pair of antonyms does not belong to gradable antonyms?（A）good, bad（B）hit, miss（C）long, short（D）small, big12 The indirect theory to meaning proposed by Ogden and Richards holds that the relation between a word and a thing is mediated by______.（A）reference（B）concept（C）control（D）dependency13 The following figures were very influential in the field of linguistics in the first two decades of the twentieth century except ______.（A）Saussure（B）Bloomfield（C）Chomsky（D）Firth14 The principal and most obvious contrast between the last two centuries has been the rapid rise of______ linguistics, as opposed to ______ linguistics.（A）descriptive, historical（B）structural, generative（C）functional, formalist（D）structural, historical15 The Prague school was a group of Czech and other scholars, whose main interest lays in ______ theory.（A）phonetic（B）phonological（C）semantic（D）syntactic16 ______usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.（A）Cognitive linguistics（B）Corpus linguistics（C）Psycholinguistics（D）Neuro-linguistics17 Which of the following terms is included in psycholinguistics?（A）Register.（B）Language acquisition.（C）Metaphor.（D）Interlanguage.18 Logic and Conversation was written by______.（A）H. E Grice（B）William James（C）Stephen Levinson（D）John Austin19 ______ involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other.（A）Simile（B）Metaphor（C）Alliteration（D）Metonymy20 Modern linguistics began from ______, who is often described as "father of modern linguistics".（A）Chomsky（B）Halliday（C）Bloomfield（D）Saussure21 As an interdisciplinary study of language use, ______ attempts to show the relationship between language and society.（A）semantics（B）pragmatics（C）sociolinguistics（D）psycholinguistics22 Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a(an)______.（A）Language Acquisition Device（B）Generative Grammar（C）Innateness Hypothesis（D）Universal Grammar23 According to the conversational maxim of______suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully.（A）quantity（B）quality（C）relevance（D）Manner24 ______is a cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more "mental spaces" are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure. （A）The Referential Theory（B）Speech Act Theory（C）The Classical Theory（D）Blending Theory25 ______ is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances (or texts)in term of the information they contain.（A）Functional Sentence Perspective（B）X-bar Theory（C）The Standard Theory（D）The Referential Theory26 Which of the following is not related to Chomsky?（A）The Generative Grammar.（B）The Standard Theory.（C）The Systemic-Functional Theory.（D）The Classical Theory.27 Which of the following is not the principle of Speech Act Theory?（A）Illocutionary act.（B）Locutionary act.（C）Perlocutionary act.（D）Prelocutionary act.28 It is a commonplace in linguistics to say that ______ was the era of the comparative and historical study of language.（A）the 18th century（B）the 19th century（C）the 17 th century（D）the 20 th century29 Three of the following scholars are regarded as the best known ones in the linguistic science of the early nineteenth century except______.（A）F. Bopp（B）R. Rask（C）J. Grimm（D）K. Verner30 The major linguistic controversy in the last quarter of the 19th century was concerned with what is now referred to as ______.（A）the prosodic phonology（B）the systemic grammar（C）the neogrammarian（D）the Generative Grammar二、名词解释31 Distinctive Feature32 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis33 Immediate Constituent Analysis34 Relevance Theory35 Contrastive Analysis三、写作题36 Judge which of the following sentences are grammatically ill-formed or well-formed and give your reasons why they are acceptable or unacceptable.(100 - 150 words)He said a few words to the press.He said to the press.He said to the press a few words.He said a few words.He said a few words the press.He said the press a few words.37 One way of formalizing, or making absolutely precise, the sense-relations that hold among lexemes is by means of Componential Analysis, that is, to find a minimal pair between every two items. Forexample,Please discuss the feasibility or infeasibility and significance or insignificance of Componential Analysis.(100-150 words)38 Austin's first shot at his Speech Act Theory is his claim that there are two types of sentences; PERFORMATIVES and CONSTATIVES. Please state what they are and illustrate them with examples.(100 - 150 words).39 Speculative grammar includes Thomas Aquinas's inquiry based on Priscian's grammar and Donapus' grammar, Petrus Helias' philosophical and logical explanation of Priscian's grammar and Roger Bacon's universal account of language under the surface of diversity. Please give your comments on their work and give your own ideas of the universality and diversity of human languages.(100 - 150 words)。
英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解
英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be call ed ______ features. (北二外2006研)2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研)3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication.4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually ter med______5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______.6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover whatlanguage is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing.8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called______. (北二外2003研)9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______ . (北二外2004研)10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研)11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研)12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way wordsare combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the studyof the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研)13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society.14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called_______. (北二外2008研)15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual ph enomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguisticlinguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研)16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study.17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______.18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The formeris the French word for “language”,which is the abstract knowledge necessary for s peaking，listening，writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by peop le in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextu al factors.19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研)20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研)II. Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研)A. ArbitrarinessB. ConventionC. Dualityof the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研)A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. Transferability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness:5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely con nected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研)A. articulatory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. auditory phonetics6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language func tions?A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake.B. The emo tive function is to convey message and information.C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings.D. The phat ic function is to establish communion with others.of the following is a main branch of linguistics? (大连外国语学院2008研)A. MacrolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. Sociolinguistics8. ______ refers to the system of a language, i. e. the arrangement of sounds and w ords which speakers of a language have a shared knowledge of. (西安外国语学院2006研) A. Langue B. Competence C. Communicative competence D. Linguistic potentialstudy of language at one point in time is a _______ study. (北二外2010研)A. historicalB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. diachronic10. “An refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. ”This shows that language has the design feature of _____.A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement11. The function of the sentence “Water b oils at 100 degreeCentigrade”is .A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative is closely connected with ______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Langue B. Competence C. EticIII. True or False1. Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language. (清华2000研)2. Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowle dge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.3. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way usedby the deaf-mute is not language4. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially cre ative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to g eneration. As a foreign language learner, the latter is mere important for us.5. The features that define our human languages can be called DESIGN FEATURES. (大连外国语学院2008研)6. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language.7. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.8. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.9. In language classrooms nowadays the grammar taught to students is basically descript ive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners’communicative skills.10. Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people ina given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to com municate or interact.11. Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historical lingu istics.12. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to lan guage teaching and learning.13. Wherever humans exist, language exists. (对外经贸2006研)14. Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.15. Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact t hat language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of me anings.16. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it ca n tell us how to speak correct language. IV. Explain the following terms.(北二外2010研；南开大学2010研)features(南开大学2010研；清华2001研)linguistics6. Descriptive linguistics(四川大学2006研)V. Short answer questions1. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind ofrelationships hold between the two. (北外2002研)参考答案及解析I.Fill in the blanks.(人类语言区不于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区不特征，是人类语言特有的特征。
语言学考研试题及答案
语言学考研试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的语音、语法、词汇、语义C. 语言的演变D. 语言的交际功能答案：B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的属性？A. 创造性B. 任意性C. 规律性D. 稳定性答案：D3. 语音学研究的内容不包括以下哪一项？A. 发音器官B. 音位C. 语调D. 词汇答案：D4. 以下哪个概念不属于句法学？A. 短语结构B. 转换生成C. 语义角色D. 词汇语义答案：D5. 语义学研究的核心问题是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的意义D. 语言的交际功能答案：C6. 社会语言学主要研究的是以下哪方面的内容？A. 语言的语音、语法、词汇、语义B. 语言与社会的关系C. 语言的演变D. 语言的交际功能答案：B7. 心理语言学研究的是以下哪方面的内容？A. 语言的起源B. 语言与心理的关系C. 语言的演变D. 语言的交际功能答案：B8. 计算语言学主要应用在哪个领域？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的交际功能D. 语言信息处理答案：D9. 语言接触导致的最常见现象是什么？A. 语言混合B. 语言分化C. 语言融合D. 语言消亡答案：C10. 以下哪项是方言学研究的内容？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的语音、语法、词汇、语义C. 语言的演变D. 语言的地域差异答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的分支学科包括语音学、______学、句法学、语义学等。
答案：语法2. 语言的最小意义单位是______。
答案：语素3. 语言的音位和音素之间的区别在于______。
答案：音位是社会约定的，音素是物理的4. 语言的任意性原则是由______提出的。
答案：索绪尔5. 语言的转换生成理论是由______提出的。
答案：乔姆斯基6. 语言的交际功能包括______、表达和理解。
答案：编码7. 社会语言学研究语言与______的关系。
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江苏大学2004年考研试题
I. Multiple choice (10%)
1. ____________ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.
a. Chomsky
b. Saussure
c. Bloomfield
d. John Lyons
2. The minimal independent unit of language is _________.
a. phoneme
b. word
c. morpheme
d. affix
3. ____________ is not an English consonant.
a. Labio-dental plosive
b. Alveolar nasal
c. velar stop
d. Dental fricative
4. __________ is not a distinctive feature in English phonology.
a. Nasality
b. Voicing
c. Aspiration
d. rounding
5. The choice of an allophone in a given phonetic context is ______.
a. random
b. predictable
c. variable
d. independent
6. Site and sight are ____________.
a. orthography
b. homography
c. homophony
d. hyponymy
7. Kodak is a(n) ____________.
a. coinage
b. blending
c. acronym
d. clipping
8. ____________ is a phenomenon that in some speech communities two varieties of
a language exist sides by side, with each having a different role to play.
a. Bilingualism
b. Diglossia
c. Pidgin
d. Creole
9. The Indirect Speech Act was developed by __________.
a. John Austin
b. Levinson
c. John Lyons
d. John Searl
e.
10. The totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual constitutes his _________.
a. register
b. linguistic repertoire
c. idiolect
d. dialect
II. Define the following terms(30%)
1. arbitrariness
2. evocative
3. competence
4. manners of articulation
5. distinctive features
6. stem
7. idiom
8. endocentric
9. hyponymy 10. sound writing 11. acronym 12. ideolect
language 14. illocutionary act authority
III. Justify the following claims or statements. (20%)
1 The violation of one or more of the conversational maxims (of the CP Principle) can, when the listener fully understands the speaker, create conversational implicature, a humor sometimes.
2 Duality and cultural transmission are two most important design features of human language.
3. Chomsky's 'competence' and 'performance' are similar in meaning to Saussure's 'langue' and 'parole'.
IV. Make your critical remarks on the following: (20％):
1 It's a bit cold in here.
2 John married Fred's sister
3 He drank another glass of beer
4 The lecturer continued speaking.
5 Peter has stopped beating his wife
V. Give one concept to cover the following statement (6%)
1) Human language can be used to refer to real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future. It can even be used to talk about language itself.
2) A competent native speaker is able to utter any grammatical sentence that he has never said before or understand any that he has never heard before.
3) Chomsky believes that anyone who knows a language has internalized a set of rules
about the sequences permitted in his language.
4) Chomsky is much interested in the study of the similarities between languages rather than their differences.
5) Roughly from 1930 to 1960 some linguists gave pre-eminence to the empirical or observational aspect in their investigation of meaning. They believed the meaning of a word is its use in the language.
6) Since 1960's, some modern linguists have viewed the primary function of language as the communication of ideas and assumed the data needed about language can be supplied by direct resort to intuition.
VI. Answer the following questions briefly (20%)
1. Do you prefer descriptive linguistics to prescriptive linguistics Give your reasons.
2. What is the difference between broad transcription and narrow transcription
3. How is a phoneme different from a speech sound
4. Why is speech prior to writing
5. Why can’t we do away with Chinese characters
VII. For each of the underlined constructions or word groups, do the following: (8%)
a. State whether it is headed or non-headed.
b. If non-headed, state its headword.
c. Name the type of constructions.
1. Ducks quack.
2. I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair.
3. He enjoys climbing high mountains
4. His handsome face appeared in the magazine.
VIII. Give a detailed description of Firth’s theory of meaning. (16%)
IX. Give an overall account of the relationship between language and culture. (20%)。