英汉对比语言学期末(汇总)
英汉构词法对比语言学综述
Beggar(乞丐)—to beg(乞讨)
二.汉语中特有的构词法
重叠法是汉语中最常见的构词法之一,在汉语中,各类 的实词都可以被重叠起来使用,在表达中一般外表说话 人的某种情感意义,主要起到了描写的作用。除此之外, 叠音的使用还可以使音韵更和谐,从而增强语言的表现 力。其中词汇的重叠分为部分重叠和完全重叠,其重叠 的类型也分为AA型,比如:慢慢、爸爸。ABB型,比如: 笑嘻嘻,阴森森等。AAB型,比如:毛毛雨、悄悄话。 ABAC型,比如:慌里慌张、傻里傻气等。AABB型,比如: 研究研究、讨论讨论。
在汉语中,形容词的词性虽未改变,但它确实可以充当名词的角色,作 句子的主语。比如: (1)虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。 (2)谦受益
(3)穷则独善其身
四、缩合法
缩合法是把词或词组缩短,去掉词的某一部分来构成新词的构词法, 缩合后的词的含义一般不会发生变化。英语中常见的缩合形式为词 头字母的缩合,一般情况下,用大写形式。比如: BBC—British Broadcasting Corporation
在汉语中,这种构词形式被称为“补充式”合成词。比 如: 打开、推翻、改正、降低、完成、看透、推翻、淋湿 等
5.noun+adjective:worldwide,taxfree,waterproof,airtight,fire proof, bulletproof, airsick,
二、合成法
四、缩合法
英汉语言对比复习资料
It died suddenly, in a terrible rain of fire and ash. The tragedy struck on the 24th of August, A.D.79. Mount Vesuvius, which had slept quietly for centuries, erupted with savage violence. Tons of hot ash fell on Pompeii, hiding it from sight. For three days the sun did not break through the clouds of volcanic ash that filled the sky. And when the eruption ended, Pompeii was buried deep. A city had perished.庞贝古城,猝不及防地湮灭于从天而降的火焰和灰烬中。
这场悲剧发生在公元79年8月24日。
在那一天,沉睡了几个世纪的维苏威火山,释放了它狂暴的破坏力。
火山喷发出成吨的灼热火山灰,它们洒落到庞贝古城,灰幕笼罩其上空达三日之久,这座城市再无天日。
火山喷发平息后,庞贝古城已深埋于灰烬中。
一个城市就此毁于一旦。
Springs are not always the same. In some years, April bursts upon our Virginia hills in one prodigious leap and all the stage is filled at once, whole choruses of tulips, arabesques of forsythia, cadenzas of flowering plum. The trees grow leaves overnight.In other years, spring tiptoes in. It pauses, overcome by shyness, like my grandchild at the door, peeping in, ducking out of sight, giggling in the hallway. “I know you are out there,”I cry. “Come in!”and April slips into our arms.春天并非总是一模一样。
英汉对比语言学期末(汇总)
英汉对比语言学Linguistic typology is a subfield of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural and functional features. Its aim is to describe and explain the common properties and the structural diversity of the world's languages. Contrastive linguistics isa branch of linguistics which studies two or more languages with the aimsof discovering their differences and similarities(especially the former) and applying these findings to related areas of study.A language is a system of human communication which consists of units like morphemes, words, sentences, and utterances. It is a system of symbols which combine sounds and meanings together.language and thinkingThe Features of Language1) reflexivity (自反性)2) arbitrariness(任意性)3) duality(双重性)4) displacement (异时异地性)5) productivity (能产性)6) cultural transmission(文化传递性)The relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they represent in the languages of the world is, for the most part, arbitrary . There is no inherent relation between the two.Grammatical characteristics of the Chinese language.1.The part of speech of a word does not correspond to its function in the sentence.2. Compound words, phrases and sentences have similar structure.3.4 Cite examples to demonstrate the generally believed opinion that word Order and functional word are important means in the Chinese language for expressing grammatical meanings.Chinese is an isolating language, as its words do not undergo morphological change when serving different grammatical functions.morphology----the study of morphemes and their different forms, and the way they combine in word formation.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful indivisible units of which a word is made up. Lexicalization :The process of adding words, set phrases, or word patterns to a language – that is, of adding items to a language's lexicon.Words have four types of motivation:1) phonetic motivation, Grammatical motivation, Semantic motivation, philological motivation P 41English is a phoneme language, whose letters do not represent any meaning, while Chinese is a morpheme language, or an ideographic language.Discrete words are separated-united words: Verb-object expressions which have at least one component that cannon stand alone and which can occur either togetheror with an object.Grammatically, most languages have units of five levels: morpheme, word, phrase, clause, and sentence. (P 38)Many scholars now agree that character rather than word is the basic unit of the Chinese language. Comment on this opinion with supporting ideas or examples.(P39)A derivative word is a word which has one free form and one or more bound forms.A compound word is word which consists of more than one free morpheme. (填空)derivation (affixation) Compounding reduplicatio acronym blending What is affixiation in word-building? Is there affixiation in the Chinese language word-building? Why or why not? Explain your opinion with supporting ideas or examples if necessary. (P68)State, with at least 3 examples for each, the five types of word compositions in the Chinese language? (P 76)An acronym is a word formed of the initial letters of several words, for example, WHO stands for World Health Organization.Amerindian, Chinglish, sitcom, psywar are all examples of blending in the English language word formation.Literal translation 直译生态危机(ecocrisis) 同性恋(homo sexuality) 多媒体(mu lt imedia) 软件(sof tw are) 软着陆(sof t land) 快餐(fast food) 超市(supermarket) 绿色食品(green food) 绿卡(green card) 连锁店(chain sto re) 飞碟(flying saucer) 贸易战( trade war)黑色幽默(black humo r) 热线(hot line) 冷战(cold war) 白领(white collar) transliteration 音译尼古丁( nicotine ) , 尼龙( nylon ) ,扑克(poker ) ,布丁(pudding ) , 雷达( radar ) ,三明治(sandw ich) ,色拉( salad) ,沙龙( salon) ,休克( shock) ,沙发( sofa) ,探戈( tango ) ,坦克( tank) ,free(liberal) translation 意译民主(democracy, 音译“德谟克拉西”) 科学(science, 音译“赛恩斯”)按摩(massage, 音译“马杀鸡”)青霉素(penicillin, 音译“盘尼西林”) 电话( telephone, 音译“德律风”)最后通牒(ultimatum , 音译“哀的美敦书”)小提琴(violin, 音译“梵婀玲”) 等。
英汉对比研究期末考试重点汇编
英汉对比研究期末考试重点:第二章刚性与柔性P53.Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputers.现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分,使计算机的体积大大缩小,从而产生了新一代的袖珍式微型计算机。
The kaleidoscope of shifting interests of the nations during the negotiation made it impossible to sort out the “winners” and “losers”.谈判期间,各国的利益变化不断,好像万花筒似的,这就使人难以分辨出究竟谁是“胜者”,谁是“输家”。
A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth, but the majority are so large that hundreds of thousands of earths could be packed inside each and leave room to spare; here and there we come upon a giant star large enough to contain millions of millions of earth.人们所知道的几千个星球并不比地球大多少,但绝大多数的星球却大得足以容下成千上万个地球还绰绰有余;我们到处都能遇见大得足以容纳千千万万个地球的巨星。
P59不到黄河不死心。
One will never stop until one reaches one’s goal./Ambition never dies until all is over.这姑娘长得漂亮,鹅蛋形脸,两眼又深又黑,披着又长又密的头发。
汉英语言对比 期末考试
2011-2012学年第二学期《汉英语言对比》期末考试试题1.英语汉语的差别,可以大致分为八类:刚性与柔性; 聚集与流散; 形合与意合; 物称与人称; 被动与主动; 静态与动态; 抽象与具体; 显性与隐性。
选取其中之一,结合所学内容,按照自己理解,自拟题目,写结课论文一篇,字数不少于1000字。
要求:立论明晰,例证充分,方法合理,结构完整。
或:2.下列是朱自清散文《匆匆》中的一段话和三个译本,试从汉英语言对比角度,简单评述。
要求:字数不得少于150字。
燕子去了,有再来的时候;杨柳枯了,有再青的时候;桃花谢了,有再开的时候。
但是,聪明的,你告诉我,我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢?——是有人偷了他们吧:那是谁?又藏在何处呢?是他们自己逃走了吧:现在又到了哪里呢?我不知道他们给了我多少日子;但我的手确乎是渐渐空虚了。
在默默里算着,八千多日子已经从我手中溜去;像针尖上一滴水滴在大海里,我的日子滴在时间的流里,没有声音,也没有影子。
我不禁汗涔涔而泪潸潸了。
1)Rush (translated by Zhu Chunshen)Swallows may have gone, but there is a time of return; willow trees may have died back, but there is a time of re-greening; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloom again. Now, you the wise, tell me, why should our days leave us, never to return? — If they had been stolen by someone, who could it be? Where could he hide then? If they had made the escape themselves, then where could they stay at the moment?I do not know how many days I have been given to spend, but I do feel my hands are getting empty. Taking stock silently, I find that more than eight thousand days has already slid away from me. Like a drop of water from the point of a needle disappearing into the ocean, my days are dripping into the stream of time, soundless, traceless. Already sweat is starting on my forehead, and tears welling up in my eyes.2)Transient Days (translated by Zhang Peiji)If swallows go away, they will come back again. If willows wither, they will turn green again. If peach blossoms fade, they will flower again. But, tell me, you the wise, why should our days go by never to return? Perhaps they have been stolen by someone. But who could it be and where could he hide them? Perhaps they have just run away by themselves. But where could they be at the present moment?I don't know how many days I am entitled to altogether, but my quota of them is undoubtedly wearing away. Counting up silently, I find that more than 8,000 days have already slipped away through my fingers. Like a drop of water falling off a needle point into the ocean, my days are quietly dripping into the stream of time without leaving a trace. At the thought of this, sweat oozes from my forehead and tears trickle down my cheeks.3)Days Gone By (translated by Zhang Mengjing)When the swallows have gone, there is still time to return; when the poplar and willow trees have become withered, there is still time to see green; when the peach flowers have already faded, there is still time to blossom. But please tell me, the genius, why then have my days gone and never returned? If some people have stolen them, then who are they? And where are they hidden? If they have escaped by themselves, then where are they now?I don't know how many days I have been given, but the in my hands are becoming numbered. Counting silently, eight thousand days have slipped by. Just like water drops a pinpoint dripping slowly into the vast ocean, my days been dripping into the river of time, quietly and invisibly. I can’t help dripping with sweat and weeping many tears.注:格式:5号宋体(英语部分用times new roman),题目用黑体。
英汉语言对比考试复习资料
一、单选题1.英语经历了古英语、______ 和现代英语三个时期。
A、中世纪英语B、早期现代英语C、中古英语D、盎格鲁—撒克逊答案: C2.下列汉语少数民族语言地名英译正确是A、雅鲁藏布江 the Yaluzangbu RiverB、乌鲁木齐 WulumuqiC、呼和浩特 HuhehaoteD、日喀则 Shigatse答案: D3.中国新式标点符号诞生的时间是?A、1921年2月B、1919年4月C、1920年2月D、1919年6月答案: C4.英汉缩略词有哪些不同点?A、还原难度B、简而不明C、省时省力D、不稳定答案: A5.How are you Lennox? Good to see you ______ and about.A、upB、onC、downD、in答案: A6.下列哪一组汉语姓氏来源于官职A、姬,云,龙B、司马,司徒,帅C、秦,韩,赵D、石,陶,巫答案: B7.下列汉字由会意造字法造出的一组是A、明武信林B、拉河山森C、忘想小大D、武木林足答案: A8.“pull one's leg”的译文是______?A、扯后腿B、开玩笑C、赶紧,快点D、阻止某人答案: B二、判断题1.综合语的特征是运用词的形态变化来表达语法关系。
A、正确B、错误答案:正确2.分析语的特征是用语序及虚词来表达语法关系。
A、正确B、错误答案:正确3.“我家的后面有一个很大的园,相传叫作百草园。
”该句最符合英语表达习惯的译文是Behind our house was a great garden commonly known as Hundred-plant Garden.A、正确B、错误答案:正确4.汉语句子流散的原因:缺乏形态变化、固定语序、主题突出特点、主语跳跃A、正确B、错误答案:正确5.She is such a trouble-maker that no one likes to be in the same team with her.该句最符合汉语表达习惯的译文是她是个会制造麻烦的人,没人愿意跟她呆在一组。
语言学常用术语英汉对照表
语言学常用术语英汉对照表语言学常用术语英汉对照表Chapter 1 Introduction to Ling uistics语言学简介1、anthropological linguistics 人类语言学2、applied linguistics应用语言学3、arbitrariness任意性4、petence 语言能力5、putational linguistics计算机语言学6、cultural transmission 文化传递性7、descriptive(grammar) 描写(语法)8、descriptive function描写功能9、design features识别特征10、diachronic linguistics历时语言学11、duality二重性12、displacement不受时空限制得特征13、emotive function表情功能14、expressivefunction表达功能15、general linguisitcs 普通语言学16、ideational function概念功能17、interpersonal function人际功能18、langue语言19、linguistics [li?'gwistiks] 语言学20、morphology 形态学21、mathematical linguistics 数理语言学22、metalinguistic function23、neurologicallinguistics 神经语言学24、phonetics语音学25、phonology 音系学26、pragmatics 语用学27、prescriptive(grammar)规定(语法) 28、psycholinguistics心理语言学29、parole言语30、performance语言运用31、productivity能产性32、poetic function诗学功能33、phatic munion 交感性谈话34、referential function所指功能35、semantics语义学36、social function社会功能37、socio-linguistics 社会语言学38、synchroniclinguistics共时语言学39、syntax句法学40、textual function语篇功能41、Traditional Grammar传统语法Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学1、acousticphonetics声学语音学2、articulatory phonetics发音语音学3、affricate破擦音4、allophone音位变体5、alveolar齿龈音6、auditory phonetics听觉语音学7、aspiration送气8、assimilationrules同化现象9、back vowel后元音10、bilabial双唇音11、broad transcription宽式音标12、central vowel中元音13、close vowel闭元音14、plementarydistribution互补分布15、deletion rules省略规则16、dental齿音17、diphthong双元音18、fricative摩擦音19、front vowel前元音20、glide滑音21、glottal声门音22、hard palate硬腭23、InternationalPhonetics Alphabet国际音标24、intonation语调25、labiodental唇齿音26、liquid流音27、manner ofarticulation发音方式28、minimal pair 最小对立体29、minimalset最小对立组30、monophthong单元音31、narrow transcription严式音标32、nasal鼻音33、nasalcavity鼻腔34、open vowel开元音35、oral cavity口腔36、palatal硬腭37、pharyngealcavity咽腔38、place of articulation发音部位39、phone因素40、phoneme音素41、phonemic contrast音位对立42、rounded vowel元唇元音43、semi-close vowel半闭元音44、semi-openvowel半开元音45、sequential rules序列规则46、segment切分成分47、segmentation切分48、soft palate软腭49、stop塞音50、stress重音51、suprasegmentalfeatures超切分特征52、teeth ridge齿龈53、tone声调54、unrounded vowel非圆唇元音55、uvula小舌56、velar软腭音57、velum软腭58、voicing浊音化Chapter 3 Morphology 形态学1、affix词缀2、allomorph语素变体3、base词基4、bound morpheme黏着语素5、lexicon词汇6、closed classwords封闭词类7、pound words 合成词8、derivation派生;派生过程9、derivational morphem派生语素10、free morpheme自由语素11、inflectionalmorpheme屈折语素12、infinitive marker不定式标记13、morph形素14、morphological rules形态规则15、open classwords开放词类16、root词根17、stem词干Chapter 4Syntax 句法学1、auxiliary助动词2、category范畴3、plement补足语;补充成分4、plement clause补足分句5、coordinationrule并列规则6、coordinate structure并列结构7、deep structure深层结构8、determiner限定词9、head中心词10、head movement中心词移位11、insertion插入12、inversion倒装13、majorlexical categories主要词汇范畴14、matrix clause主句15、minor lexical categories次要词汇范畴16、phrase structure短语结构17、modifier修饰成分18、qualifier后置修饰成分19、specifier标志语20、subcategorization次范畴化21、surface structure表层结构22、syntactic category句法范畴23、trace语迹24、transformation转换Chapter5Semantics语义学1、antonymy反义现象2、argument谓元;变元3、behaviorism行为主义4、co-hyponym并列下义词5、collocationalsynonym搭配同义词6、plementaryantonym互补反义词7、pletehomonym完全同形异义词8、ponential analysis成分分析9、conceptualist view概念论10、contextualism语境主义11、contradition自相矛盾得说法12、dialectal synonym方言同义词13、emotive meaning情感意义14、entailment蕴含15、evaluative meaning评价意义16、gradable antonym层级反义词17、homograph同形异义词18、homonymy同音同形异义关系19、homophone同音异义词20、hyponym下义词21、hyponymy下义关系22、inconsistency自相矛盾23、polysemy多义关系24、polysymous word多义词25、presupposition预设26、predication analysis述谓分析27、predicate谓词28、namingtheory命名论29、no-place predicaiton空位述谓解耦股30、one-placepredication一位述谓结构31、reference(所指)语义32、referent所指物;所指对象33、relational opposite关系反义词34、semantic triangle语义三角35、sense意义36、stylistic synonym语体同义词37、superordinate上坐标词38、symbol符号39、synonym同义词40、synonymy同义关系41、two-place predicaiton二位述谓结构42、three-place predication三位述谓结构Chapter6 Pragmatics语用学1、missives承诺类2、CooperativePrinciple合作原则3、constatives述事话语4、context语境5、conventional implicature规约含义6、declarations宣告类7、directives指令类8、expressives表情类9、illocutionaryact言外功能10、illocutionary point言外之得11、implicature蕴含;含义;会话含义;言外之意12、indirectspeech act间接言语行为13、locutionary act言内行为14、maximofrelation关系准则15、maximof manner方式准则16、maxim of quality质准则17、maximofquantity量准则18、particularized conversational implicature特殊会话含义19、perfomatives行事话语20、perlocutionaryact言后行为21、presupposition前提22、primaryspeechact 主要言语行为23、representatives表述类24、secondary speechact次要言语行为25、sentence meaning句子意义26、speechacttheory言语行为理论27、utterance meaning话语意义Chapter 7 LanguageChange语言变化1、acronyms词首字母缩略词2、back-formation 逆成法3、blending混成法4、borrowing借词5、clipped words截略词6、coinage创新词7、functionalshift功能性变化8、historical linguistics历史语言学9、MiddleEnglish中世纪英语10、Modern English现代英语11、morphologicalchange形态变化12、negation rule否定规则13、Old English古英语14、phonological change音位变化15、semantic change语义变化16、semanticshift语义转移17、syntactic change句法变化Chapter 8 Languageand society语言与社会1、bilingualism双语制2、Black English黑人英语3、creole克里奥尔语4、diglossia双语;双言制5、ethnic dialect种族变体6、field of discourse语场7、gender性别8、idiolect个人变体9、mode ofdiscourse语式10、multilingualism多语制11、pidgin洋泾浜语12、regionaldialect地域方言13、register语域14、sociolect社会变体15、speechmunity言语社团16、speech variety言语变体17、tenor of discourse语旨Chapter 9Language andculture语言与社会1、acculturation 同化过程2、amalgamation混合3、assimilation同化(现象);同化(作用)4、connotativemeaning内涵意义5、colour words颜色词6、culturaloverlap文化重叠7、culturalimperialism文化帝国主义8、denotative meaning外延意义9、linguistic relativity语言相对性10、metaphor隐喻11、Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis萨丕尔——沃尔夫假说12、socialization社会化13、taboo禁忌语14、intercultural munication跨文化交际15、linguisticimperialism语言学中得帝国主义16、linguisticnationalism语言学中得民族主义Chapter 10 Language acquisition语言习得1、aphasia失语症2、behaviorist 行为主义者3、caretaker talk保姆式语言4、cognitivelinguistics认知语言学5、content word实词6、Critical PeriodHypothesis临界期假说7、dysgraphia书写困难8、dyslexia失读症9、feedback反馈10、function element起功能作用成分11、hearing impairment听力受损12、innatist语法天生主义者13、interactionist互动主义者14、LanguageAcquisition Device语言习得机制15、lexicalcontrast词汇对比16、mental retardation智障17、motherese保姆式语言18、over-extension过度扩展19、prototype theory原型理论20、recast修正性重复21、stuttering口吃22、telegraphic speech电报式言语23、under-extension扩展不足24、Universal Grammar普遍语法Chapter 11Second languageacquisition第二语言习得1、affect/social strategies社会策略2、ageofacquisition习得年龄3、cognitivestrategies认知策略4、prehensibleinput可理解性输入5、Constrastive Analysis对比分析6、cross-association互相联想7、Error Analysis错误分析8、foreign language外语9、foreigner talk外国人谈话10、fossilization语言石化(现象)11、Input Hypothesis输入假说12、instrumental motivation工具动机13、intake 纳入14、integrativemotivation综合动机15、interference干扰16、interlanguage中介语17、interlingual errors语际错误;受母语影响得错误18、Intralingual error语内错误19、intrinsic motivation内在动机20、intuition知觉;语感21、learnerlanguage学习者语言22、learning strategies学习策略23、language aptitude语言能力24、languagetransfer语言迁移25、metacognitive strategies元认知策略26、motivation动机27、modified input修改后得输入28、modified interaction变化性得互动29、negative transfer消极迁移;负迁移30、overgeneralization概括过头31、personality人格;性格;个性32、positive transfer积极迁移;正迁移33、resultativemotivation结果动机34、secondlanguage第二语言35、secondlanguage acquisition第二语言习得36、teacher talk教师谈话37、target language目标语Chapter 12Language and the brain 语言与大脑1、acquired dysgraphia习得性书写障碍2、acquired dyslexia习得性失读症3、angular gyrus隅骨4、autopsy studies尸检研究5、brain stem脑干6、Broca’s aphasia布罗卡失语症7、Broca’s area布罗卡区8、bottom-up processing自下而上处理过程cerebrum大脑9、central sulcus中央沟10、cerebellum小脑脑向背侧突出得一个较大得部分,尤与肌肉得共济运动与维持身体平衡有关11、cerebral hemisphere大脑半球12、cohort model交股模型13、putarized Axial Tomography计算机化轴向层面X射线摄影法14、corpus(语言)素材15、corpuscallosum胼胝体16、cortex大脑皮层17、deep dyslexia深层诵读困难18、Dichotic listening studies双耳分听实验19、event-related potential experiment20、eye movementexperiment眼动实验21、fissure裂缝;裂隙22、fluent aphasia流利性失语症23、frontal lobe额叶(大脑半球得前部,其下部位于颅前窝,后界中央沟24、Functional MRI功能磁共振成像25、garden path sentence花园路径句26、global aphasia整体性失语症27、gyrus回28、hierarchical structure层级结构29、late closure principle后封闭原则;晚封闭原则30、lateral fissure侧脑裂31、lateralization侧化32、lesion损害33、lexicaldecision词汇判断;词汇确定法34、lobes叶,身体器官得由表面得沟裂分出得部分35、longitudinalfissure纵裂36、MagneticResonance Imaging磁共振成像37、neuron神经细胞,神经元38、minimalattachment principle最低限度结合原则39、module模块;组块40、non-fluent aphasia失语症41、occipital lobe枕叶大脑半球得后叶,呈三面得锥形, 与前方得顶叶与下方得颞叶没有明显得界限42、parietal lobe顶叶Positron emission Tomogra phy正电子发射X射线层析照相术;计算机辅助正电子发射断层扫描技术43、phologicaldyslexia拼音性失读症44、priming启动45、priming effect启动效应46、priming experiment启动实验47、right earadvantage右耳优势;右耳听力强48、selectional restriction选择限制49、sentenceambiguity句子歧义50、“Sodium Amystal“Test阿米妥纳实验Spoone rism斯本内现象51、splitbrain studies裂脑研究52、sulcus沟53、surface dyslexia浅层诵读困难54、syntactic parser句法处理器55、temporallobe颞叶56、timed-reading experiment限时阅读实验57、top-down processing自上而下处理过程58、Wernicke’s aphasia韦尼克失语症。
英汉语言对比分析期末考试资料 - 副本
一引入1.What Is Language Transfer?谈谈自己的想法并举两个例子Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . Odlin (1989: 27)迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之间的相似和差异而产生的影响。
奥德林Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning.对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
Examples of Negative Transfer:He only eat two meal a day. Morphological transfer (词形迁移)Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese. 在汉语中,名词和动词都没有形态变化。
Shanghai is said to have thirteen million population. Collocation transfer (搭配迁移)The noun renkou, the Chinese equivalent of ‘population’, can have a numerical pre-modifier. Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以用前置数词来修饰。
Chinese EnglishMeaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言(以意统形) Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion(显性联接)Hypotactic形态型语言(以形驭意)left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion狮子型语言right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock孔雀型语言moving point of sight(视点流动)fixed point of sight(视点固定)bamboo-like sentence structure(竹式结构)with different sections linked and yet separated tree-like sentence structure (树式结构)with different parts connected like branches and sub-branches to the trunk lineTopic-Comment Sentence Structure (话题-评论结构)Topic-prominent Language话题突出型语言Subject-Predicate Sentence Structure (主语-谓语结构)Subject-prominent Language主语突出型语言Order of linguistic elements: relatively fixed like bamboo-making (制竹)(语序相对固定)Order of linguistic elements: relatively flexible like block-building (积木)(语序相对灵活)3.中文的竹式结构,英文的树式结构能够举例说明从前这里有一个渔村,村里住着十户人家,这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地为生,生活艰苦,但很安宁。
英汉对比翻译知识点总结
英汉对比翻译知识点总结翻译是一门复杂的艺术,尤其是英汉翻译,因为中英两种语言有着根本的差异。
对于翻译工作者来说,了解和掌握英汉两种语言的特点和规律是非常重要的。
在翻译过程中,需要考虑语言的语法、词汇、文化以及表达方式等方面的差异。
下面将对英汉翻译中的一些常见知识点进行总结和比较。
1.语法结构英汉两种语言的语法结构有很大的差异。
中文语法灵活,句子结构简洁,通常不需要使用冠词、时态、语气等。
而英语语法则更为严谨,句子结构复杂,使用了丰富的时态、语气和冠词等。
在翻译时,需要注意将英文句子中的时态和语气等信息准确地转化为中文,同时也要保持句子结构的自然流畅。
2.词汇中英两种语言的词汇差异也是翻译中需要关注的重点之一。
英语词汇丰富多样,有着丰富的同义词和近义词,而中文的词汇相对简洁,往往需要通过上下文来理解词义。
在翻译时,需要根据上下文和语境来选择合适的词语,保持译文的意思准确清晰。
3.文化背景文化背景是影响翻译质量的重要因素之一。
英汉两种文化有着不同的价值观、习俗、传统等,因此在翻译时需要考虑到文化差异。
有些词语、习惯用语或者成语在中英两种文化中可能有着不同的含义和使用方式,因此需要特别留意,以免产生误解或者歧义。
4.表达方式英语和中文的表达方式也有着一定的差异。
中文语言善于表达抽象意义,通过修饰词和成语来表达情感和意象。
而英语语言更注重直接的表达和逻辑推理。
在翻译时,需要根据原文的表达方式来选择合适的中文表达方式,以保持译文的准确和自然。
5.口语和书面语中英两种语言的口语和书面语也有着不同的风格和表达方式。
英语口语更为活泼自然,词汇量较大,而中文口语则更为简洁直接,词汇量较小。
在翻译时,需要根据文体和语境来选择合适的口语和书面语表达方式,以保持译文的自然流畅。
总之,英汉翻译是一项需要耐心、细心和专业知识的工作。
翻译工作者需要对比英汉两种语言的语法、词汇、表达方式以及文化背景等方面的差异,才能够做出高质量的翻译作品。
英汉对比与翻译期末复习指南
英汉对比与翻译概论期末复习指南Cha. 1一、汉语的注音⏹汉语是象形文字,不具有表音的作用。
⏹历史上曾有过多种为汉字注音的尝试,如:❑直音:午,音五。
❑反切:力,了一切。
∴王力→王了一❑注音字母(1918):ㄅㄆㄇㄈㄉㄊㄋㄌ(bpmfdtnl)❑Wade-Giles (威妥玛–翟理斯式拼音法,简称威氏拼音法, 1867/1912): Mao Tse-tung, Chou Enlai❑汉语拼音(1958/1978):Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai❑2009年初台湾宣布采用汉语拼音二、英语的注音⏹国际音标⏹KK音标⏹韦氏音标Cha. 2一、音译⏹音译法⏹是用一种语言文字写出或读出另一种语言的词或词组的发音而引入吸收新词的一种主要方法。
❑音译法常用来翻译专有名词(人名、地名),但有些外来商品的商标,部分书名、电影、电视剧、戏剧名,科技发明创造,以及某些新生事物所产生的新词语也采用音译法。
❑音译往往是不得已而为之,音译过来的东西往往无法从字面上看出其内涵,有时译文会使读者产生文化隔膜,导致理解上的困难。
⏹全音译:⏹指全部按照英语单词的发音来选择汉字表达的翻译方法。
❑这种译法很有异国情调,给人以新鲜感,时髦感,体现时代精神,紧跟时代潮流。
⏹analgin 安乃近⏹Bisquit 百事吉⏹copy 拷贝⏹Delicious 得利斯⏹Fiyta 飞亚达⏹Kodak 柯达⏹Ford 福特⏹Lactov 乐口福⏹Lucky 乐凯⏹Paloma 百乐满⏹party 派对⏹Polaroid 宝利莱⏹salad 色拉⏹shampoo 香波⏹toast 吐司⏹部分音译部分意译:⏹指在英语名词音译前或后再加上说明性文字,让人们知道该名称的性质是什么。
❑但随着该词的流行和接受程度,意译部分逐渐淘汰,弃而不用。
⏹B owling 保龄球⏹Cookies 曲奇饼⏹Clean & Clear 可伶可俐洗面奶⏹Disco 迪斯科舞⏹Jacket 夹克衫⏹Golf 高尔夫球⏹Good 古德面包⏹Head & Shoulders 海飞丝洗发露⏹Jeep 吉普车⏹More 摩尔香烟⏹Pizza 比萨饼⏹Safeguard 舒肤佳香皂⏹Sardine 沙丁鱼罐头⏹Toffee 太妃糖⏹Top 脱普洗头膏⏹Sony 索尼电器⏹Waltz 华尔兹舞⏹约定俗成的译名不应重新改译,最好尽量保留原译名。
英汉语言对比_华中科技大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
英汉语言对比_华中科技大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.How are you Lennox? Good to see you ______ and about.参考答案:up2.英语的句子书面上以句号、问号或感叹号结尾,句子的界限非常清晰。
参考答案:正确3.古英语词汇在现代英语词汇中无足轻重。
参考答案:错误4.______进入英国,使得英语越来越规范。
参考答案:印刷术5.声母和韵母相同的字、词,其意义往往靠不同的______来区别。
参考答案:声调6.I cannot care less about the result of the interview. 该句的译文是______?参考答案:我一点也不在乎这次面试的结果。
7.汉语的被动式所表达的一般是不如意或不企望的事情参考答案:正确8.I'd do it with pleasure, only that I am too busy. 该句的译文是______?参考答案:我很高兴去做这件事,只是我太忙了做不了。
9.隐喻类似于传统意义上修辞学中的暗喻,指人们用一个具体的概念来理解另一个抽象概念的方式。
参考答案:正确10.英语的结构被动句要比汉语结构被动使用频率高得多。
参考答案:正确11.汉语中的婚姻表达比英语中包含更多的容器隐喻。
参考答案:正确12.“他最近情绪很低落。
"该句的译文是 He's been so ______ lately.参考答案:down13.“望子成龙”的译文是“to hope one's children will ______”。
参考答案:have a bright future14.“pull one's leg”的译文是______?参考答案:开玩笑15.“喜结连理,百年好合。
”该句中包含的婚姻隐喻是______?参考答案:婚姻是连接16.连动结构中所有动词与同一主语构成主谓关系。
英汉语言对比
英汉语 言对比
静态与 动态
形合与 意合
树状与 竹状
主语与主题
试比较以下的汉英句子,你有什么发现?
只要用功读书,就能提高成绩。 If one studies hard enough, one will … 国庆节七天我们第一天全家人北京路购物。 On the first day of the seven-day National Day holiday, our whole family … 刮风了,下雨了。 It is windy and rainy.
主语与主题
现在请大家通过翻译一下的简单句子掌握这一技巧。 1.I would not believe what he said. 他的话,我可不信。 2.I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting. 会上讲了什么,我一点也没记住。 3.He is the best singer. 唱歌,他是最棒的。
形合与意合
思考:汉语也 和英语一样具 有基本句型吗?
形合与意合
在不同语言中,句子内部连接或者外部连接几乎都是用三 中手段:句法手段(Syntactic),词汇手段(Lexical equivalence)和语义手段(Semantic connection)。用前两种手段 连接成为形合(hypotaxis),用后一种手段连接成为意合 (parataxis)。 英语句法结构重形合,句中各个成分的相互结合常用适当 的连接词语,以表示其结构关系。 汉语句法结构重意合,句中各个成分的相互结合多依靠语 义的贯通,语境的映衬,少用连接词语。
英汉语言对比_华中科技大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
英汉语言对比_华中科技大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.“车位已满”的正确英译为______?答案:Occupied2.下列英语词汇中哪一个不是从汉语借入的?答案:tornado3.“True blue will never stain”一句话中“True blue”表示_______答案:忠诚可靠的人4.英语中的拟声词跟汉语的相比,数量______。
答案:更多5.下列哪一个植物词语在英语中象征春天?答案:daisy6.英语姓氏中的前缀O'代表什么含义?答案:某人的后裔7.哪一个选项不是汉语姓氏的来源?答案:体型8."Long time no see."属于哪种借词方式?洋泾浜英语9.下列选项中哪一个词表示“卑劣、胆怯的人”?答案:yellow dog10.“bird dog”一词的意思为_______。
答案:寻找新人才的人、猎头11.“white feather”一词的比喻意义是_______。
答案:胆小12.汉语的大多数的抑扬顿挫是通过_______来实现的。
声调13.“我喜欢徒步,他也喜欢徒步”的正确译文是:_______?答案:I like hiking, so does he.14.We are told that he will come tonight, and if so, our meeting will be heldtomorrow.该句中的替代形式是_______?答案:分句性替代15.英语为______语言,因此需要______重复.答案:形合;避免16.Apple has just luanched its new iPhone and this gadget can be chargedwirelessly. 该句使用的是______变换手法。
答案:上下义词17.To err is human; to forgive, divine.该句中的省略形式是_______?答案:动词省略18.“blue book”的意思是_______。
语言学英汉术语对比
1. 语言的普遍特征:任意性arbitrariness双层构造duality 既由声音和意义构造多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2。
语言的功能:传达信息功能informative人济功能:interpersonal行事功能:Performative表情功能:Emotive应酬功能:Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能metalingual3. 语言学linguistics:包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学phonology形态学Morphology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学pragmatics4. 现代构造主义语言学创始人:Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一:语言与言语language and parole ,语言之语言系统的整体,言语那么只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5. 语法创始人:Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用petence and performance1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain languageb. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.c. we can u se language to refer to something not presentd. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before.2.What is the most important function of language?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived.metallingual3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __a informativeb. phaticc. directived. performative4.The distinction between petence and performance is proposed by __a saussurec. chomskyd. the prague school5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a. saussureb. chomskyc. hallidayd anomymous第二节语音学1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成2.辅音consonant:there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音plete obstruction鼻音nasals破裂音plosives局部阻塞辅音partial obstruction擦音fricatives破擦音affricates等4.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiration5.元音vowel分类标准舌翘位置,舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowel glides1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb. the perception of soundsc. the bination of soundsd. the production of sounds2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __a. the place of articulationb.the obstruction f airstreamc. the position of the tongued. the shape of the lips3. What is the mon factor of the three sounds: p, k ta. voicelessb. spreadc.voicedd.nasal4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a. voicingb. aspirationc.roundnessd. nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?b.nasalc. approximationd. aspiration6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __a. voiced stopb. voiceless stopc. voiced fricatived. voiceless fricative7.p is divverent from k in __a. the manner of articulationb. the shape of the lipsc. the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the palce of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __a. aspirationb.nasalityc. obstructiond. voicing第三节音位学phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别:语音学着重于语音的自然属性,主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音;音位学那么强调语音的社会功能,其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。
语言学概论英汉语法的相同和不同
语言学概论英汉语法的相同和不同英语与汉语在个别方面是有相似性存在的,英语语法学习中可将汉语语法规则作为参考,故而可将一种语言当作另一种语言的学习工具。
然而,值得一提的是学习一种语言时不能将另一种語言的语法完全套用,这是因为英语与汉语在语法上是共性与不同并存的。
鉴于此,本文以两种语言在语法、结构上的差异进行了归纳。
一、英汉两种语言的结构差异(一)英语表达重形合,汉语表达重意合相关数据显示,中国人思维是直觉式,故而在语言表达上对于形式并不是很注重,通常是以语言意义的表达为主。
而汉语语法结构形式相对于英语结构而言,更为灵活多变,而非死板,是语义形语言。
汉语语法变化万千,仅是改变了一个词序便可将句子原本的意思改变。
而汉语词序尽管能够在很大程度上影响到语言的表达,然而汉语却具备了固定的句法成分次序,以主谓宾为主,前面为修饰语、后面为中心语(特殊情调情况除外)。
中国的历史文化十分悠久,汉语从早期开始就对语言意境描述十分关注,句子表达含义十分深远,逐渐也就对形式提出了灵活的要求,对意境提出了语言表达深远的要求,汉语需要借助大量词、短语反复围绕对话题,以此方式渲染语境。
(二)英语强调具体明确,汉语讲究抽象模糊思维密切联系着意识,东方人在认识新事物时多以熟悉事物的联系进行,或是采用含蓄的语言进行深刻含义的表达。
中国哲学中存在告诉你“它不是什么”而非告诉你“是什么”这一现象,而西方却恰好相反[1]。
中国语言中明喻、暗喻等修辞手法时常出现,均为将语言模糊性表现出来,注重点到即止。
《庄子》各章中都有暗喻的运用,文章抽象模糊;《老子》中名言隽语运用在全篇内。
又如古代汉语中的“病”,不但能当作动词也能当作名词,属于意义上的模糊。
而对于英语来说,有着十分明确的表达,能对事物进行具体表达叙述。
主要表现方面包含时态和词的准确应用等两个方面。
可以说,英语中单句与单句具有十分明确的关系。
二、英汉两种语言的语法差异(一)词类的对比英汉两种语言的相同点为:英汉语法词汇中都有形容词、名词、动词、代词、介词、数词、副词、连词等。
英汉对比复习资料
英汉对比复习资料英汉对比复习资料一.综合语与分析语1.运用形态变化来表达语法关系的语言属于综合语。
(拉丁语、德语、、希腊语(p.29)、古英语。
2.不用形态变化而用语序及虚词来表达语法关系的语言属于分析语,如汉语。
3.综合-分析语:现代英语运用遗留下来的形态变化形式、相对固定的词序及丰富的虚词来表达语法关系,因此属综合-分析语4.表达语法意义的三大手段:形态变化、词序、虚词5.(一)、英语有形态变化,汉语没有严格意义的形态变化英语的动词、助动词、情态动词常常结合起来,运用其形态变化,表示动词的时态、语态和语气。
汉语没有这类变化,有时虽可借助一些半独立的词语来表示但多数是隐含在句中或上下文里的,严格地讲,汉语没有形态变化(二)、英语词序比较灵活,汉语词序相对固定。
形态变化与词序的关系:形态变化越多的语言,词序越灵活,反之亦然英汉句子的主要成分一般排列顺序:主-谓-宾(表)SV;SVO;SVP;SV oO; SVOC英语状定主定-状谓-定宾定状(表)汉语定主-状谓-定宾(表)(三)、英汉都有大量的虚词,但各有特点英语的虚词:冠词、介词、助动词、并列连接词、从属连接词等。
汉语的虚词:介词、助词、连词等。
英汉虚词均与实词相对而言,在句中主要起辅助和连接等作用6.英语的语音表意手段主要是语调(intonation)和重音汉语的语音表意还有其他手段,如语调、重读与轻读。
二.刚性与柔性1.英语句型结构的刚性特征(聚集型),汉语句型结构的柔性特征(流散型)2.英语有综合语的特点,受形态约束,其语法具有刚性,没有弹性。
汉语是分析语,不受形态约束,其语法具柔性,富于弹性3.(1)英语基本句型:英语的刚性体现在句子有严谨的主谓结构。
即:名词性短语(NP)+ 动词性短语(VP)。
主语+ 谓语尽管英语句子错综复杂,千变万化,但其主谓结构可以归结为五种基本句型:SV, SVP, SVO, SVoO, SVOC(2)基本句型的扩展手段:增加修饰语、扩展基本句型的成分、基本句型的组合、基本句型的省略、倒装4.英语聚集型句式的成因:(1)聚集句子的手段众多(2)句子成分之间或词语之间必须在人称、数、性和意义等方面保持协调一致的关系5.汉语不受形态约束,无“主谓一致”之刚性要求,具有多样性、复杂性、灵活性等柔性特点,因而句式呈“流散型”。
英汉对比复习试题
1.共时研究和历时研究在英汉对比研究中的作用共时与历时是索绪尔语言学理论中的两个概念,他从符号的任意性出发,得出要区分语言的共时研究和历时研究,前者指研究在某一特定状态中的语言系统,不考虑时间因素;后者指研究语言的历史演变。
英汉对比语言学用的主要是共时的方法,注意其相似点,但更注意不似点,包括此有彼无、此多彼少,尤其是貌同实异的地方,如果可能,则尽量列举,以减少学习和翻译中的错误。
这种对比既可以是单向的,也可使是双向的。
前者以一种语言为参照语,另一种语言为对象语。
研究参照语的某种范畴、某种形式、某种意义等在对象语中如何表达,有何等价物;后者以某种范畴为基点,不分参照语和对象语,两种语言平行对比。
当然,共时对比并不排斥历时对比,因为任何语言从根本上说是不断演变的。
比如,有时在共时研究中为了说明某些问题会追溯到某一语言的历史演变。
2.汉英元音系统的对比1.单元音(1)英语单元音有12 个, 汉语有6 个。
英语单元音数量是汉语的一倍, 这说明英语单元音的音位区划分得更细。
汉语的单元音数量少, 这使得每个单元音承担的功能更多, 包括的音位变体就更多, 分布也更广, 因此代表的区域也就更大。
如英语有3 个央元音, 而汉语只有一个e , 但它却包括5 个变体:/e/měi (美)、/ε/y uē (约)、/ /wēn (温)、/ /gē(哥)、/ /wēng (翁)。
汉语单元音各个变体之间的差异较之于英语也更大。
(2)英语单元音具有汉语单元音所没有的一些区别性特征, 如音长和松紧。
一些单元音的长度可以造成意义的区别, 如/it/ (它)、/i t/(吃)、/ful/(满的)、/fu l/ (傻瓜)、/n t/ (不)、/n t/ (无,零)。
英语在发长元音时, 口腔肌肉紧张,音质平缓;发短元音时, 口腔肌肉松弛。
汉语的单元音不区别音长, 其长度一般介于英语长元音和短元音之间。
(3)汉语与英语单元音系统有许多类似的音,如,英语的[i:] 和汉语的[i]如闭口、非圆唇前元音, 半开半闭、非圆唇中元音, 闭口、圆唇后元音, 半闭圆唇后元音。
上海海事外应期末考试英汉对比知识点
上海海事大学外应英汉对比与翻译期末考试知识要点知识点:1.Contrastive Linguistics is a branch of linguistics that aims at a systematic synchronic description of two (or more) languages in order to determine the similarities and differences between them and to find out the implications of such similarities and differences for language-related activities, such as foreign language teaching, interlingual translation, the compilation of bilingual dictionaries, the study of a particular language, the study of language typology, and the study of language universals.2. Classification of contrastive linguisticsTheoretical vs. Applied contrastive linguistics ← theoretical purposes or for practical purposesMicro-contrastive vs. Macro-contrastive ← linguistics the study object and scopeMicro-contrastive : contrastive studies between languages on the formal/structural level, including phonological contrastive studies, lexical contrastive studies, and grammatical contrastive studies.Macro-contrastive: deals with how people speaking different languages are different or similar in their way of forming a text, how they are different or similar in their use of language as a tool of communication, and how different cultures may affect their use of language, and so on.3. Terium Comparationis, TC(第三对比项/共同对比基础/中间对比项)the common point of departure or reference4. Translation equivalence :(翻译对等项)formal, semantical, pragmatical equivalent4.1 If we are comparing systems and/or structures of linguistic items, we normally take data items that have semantic equivalence and which are as formally close to each other as possible:We must take action before it is too late.我们必须在为时太晚之前采取行动。
英汉语言对比
汉语句子结构呈竹节状,逐节(短语或小句
)展开。汉语的句子可以在同一施事或主题 语之下按逻辑顺序铺陈,虽然小句间有逗号 隔开,但语句的联系仍是紧密的。这样,汉 译时经常由英语的树状转化为汉语的竹节状 。
例如:The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days. [译文] 男孩哭得心都快碎了,当我问及他时,他 说饿极了,有两天没吃了。 从上例可看出,英语十分注重句子的形式和 结构的完整,上面英语句子主干为The boy said ,有5个从句,who, as if, when, that, because等多 个连接成分,形成一个空间构架,犹如“枝叶繁 茂的参天大树”,呈树状。而相应的汉语节节展 开,言简意赅,语意连贯,结构紧凑,呈竹状。
汉:意合 无形态语词的内蕴体现语法和语义信息; 句法结构不完备汉语以名词为中心,只要 表达语义,不管句子是否完备; 无须使用过多连接词等衔接手段,只要达意 即可。
比较以下英汉句子
1. Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him. 跑得了和尚,跑不了庙。 2. Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell. 打死我也不说。 3. Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 谦虚使人进步,骄傲使人落后。 4. If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了,春天还会远吗? 5. We will not attack unless we are attacked. 人不犯我,我不犯人。
汉英语言对比参考答案
汉英语言对比参考答案汉英语言作为世界上使用人数最多的两种语言,各自拥有独特的语言特点和丰富的文化内涵。
本文将从语音、词汇、语法、表达方式等方面对汉英语言进行对比分析,以期对两种语言的异同有一个全面的认识。
一、语音对比汉语属于汉藏语系,其语音系统以声母、韵母和声调为主。
汉语普通话有21个声母、39个韵母和4个声调,声调的变化可以改变词义。
例如,“妈”(mā)、“麻”(má)、“马”(mǎ)、“骂”(mà)。
英语属于印欧语系,其语音系统包括元音和辅音,没有声调的概念。
英语的发音更依赖于元音和辅音的组合,以及重音的分布。
例如,cat (猫)和bat(球棒)发音相似,但意义不同。
二、词汇对比汉语词汇以单音节词为主,每个音节都有意义,词汇的构成往往是通过词根和词缀的组合。
例如,“电”(diàn)可以与“视”(shì)组合成“电视”(diànshì),表示一种视觉媒介。
英语词汇则以多音节词为主,词汇的构成可以是词根、前缀、后缀的组合,也可以是复合词。
例如,“television”(电视)由“tele-”(远的)和“-vision”(视觉)组成,表示通过远距离传输的视觉媒介。
三、语法对比汉语的语法结构相对灵活,词序和虚词的使用是表达语法关系的主要手段。
例如,“我爱你”(Wǒ ài nǐ)和“你爱我”(Nǐ àiwǒ)通过改变词序来表达不同的主宾关系。
英语的语法结构则较为固定,依赖于词序和形态变化来表达语法关系。
例如,“He loves me”和“I love him”通过使用不同的助动词和宾格代词来表达主宾关系。
四、表达方式对比汉语表达往往含蓄,喜欢使用比喻、借代等修辞手法。
例如,“月有阴晴圆缺”(The moon has its phases of darkness and light)通过比喻表达人生的无常。
英语表达则相对直接,喜欢使用明喻和转喻等修辞手法。
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英汉对比语言学Linguistic typology is a subfield of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural and functional features. Its aim is to describe and explain the common properties and the structural diversity of the world's languages. Contrastive linguistics isa branch of linguistics which studies two or more languages with the aimsof discovering their differences and similarities(especially the former) and applying these findings to related areas of study.A language is a system of human communication which consists of units like morphemes, words, sentences, and utterances. It is a system of symbols which combine sounds and meanings together.language and thinkingThe Features of Language1) reflexivity (自反性)2) arbitrariness(任意性)3) duality(双重性)4) displacement (异时异地性)5) productivity (能产性)6) cultural transmission(文化传递性)The relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they represent in the languages of the world is, for the most part, arbitrary . There is no inherent relation between the two.Grammatical characteristics of the Chinese language.1.The part of speech of a word does not correspond to its function in the sentence.2. Compound words, phrases and sentences have similar structure.3.4 Cite examples to demonstrate the generally believed opinion that word Order and functional word are important means in the Chinese language for expressing grammatical meanings.Chinese is an isolating language, as its words do not undergo morphological change when serving different grammatical functions.morphology----the study of morphemes and their different forms, and the way they combine in word formation.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful indivisible units of which a word is made up. Lexicalization :The process of adding words, set phrases, or word patterns to a language – that is, of adding items to a language's lexicon.Words have four types of motivation:1) phonetic motivation, Grammatical motivation, Semantic motivation, philological motivation P 41English is a phoneme language, whose letters do not represent any meaning, while Chinese is a morpheme language, or an ideographic language.Discrete words are separated-united words: Verb-object expressions which have at least one component that cannon stand alone and which can occur either togetheror with an object.Grammatically, most languages have units of five levels: morpheme, word, phrase, clause, and sentence. (P 38)Many scholars now agree that character rather than word is the basic unit of the Chinese language. Comment on this opinion with supporting ideas or examples.(P39)A derivative word is a word which has one free form and one or more bound forms.A compound word is word which consists of more than one free morpheme. (填空)derivation (affixation) Compounding reduplicatio acronym blending What is affixiation in word-building? Is there affixiation in the Chinese language word-building? Why or why not? Explain your opinion with supporting ideas or examples if necessary. (P68)State, with at least 3 examples for each, the five types of word compositions in the Chinese language? (P 76)An acronym is a word formed of the initial letters of several words, for example, WHO stands for World Health Organization.Amerindian, Chinglish, sitcom, psywar are all examples of blending in the English language word formation.Literal translation 直译生态危机(ecocrisis) 同性恋(homo sexuality) 多媒体(mu lt imedia) 软件(sof tw are) 软着陆(sof t land) 快餐(fast food) 超市(supermarket) 绿色食品(green food) 绿卡(green card) 连锁店(chain sto re) 飞碟(flying saucer) 贸易战( trade war)黑色幽默(black humo r) 热线(hot line) 冷战(cold war) 白领(white collar) transliteration 音译尼古丁( nicotine ) , 尼龙( nylon ) ,扑克(poker ) ,布丁(pudding ) , 雷达( radar ) ,三明治(sandw ich) ,色拉( salad) ,沙龙( salon) ,休克( shock) ,沙发( sofa) ,探戈( tango ) ,坦克( tank) ,free(liberal) translation 意译民主(democracy, 音译“德谟克拉西”) 科学(science, 音译“赛恩斯”)按摩(massage, 音译“马杀鸡”)青霉素(penicillin, 音译“盘尼西林”) 电话( telephone, 音译“德律风”)最后通牒(ultimatum , 音译“哀的美敦书”)小提琴(violin, 音译“梵婀玲”) 等。
Comment on the following language phenomena.no zuo no dieYou can you up, no can no BB Tuhaogilivable people mountain people sea zhuangbilityniubilityGDP CBD WTO CCTV NBAEnglish is a typical intonation language while Chinese is a typical tone l anguage. The syllable refers to a sound unit that can be pronounced independently and can be recognized by instinct, usually formed by a vowel with or without one or more consonants. (填空)Syllables in the Chinese language have clear-cut boundaries, and sometimes you can not read them together,while English syllables have no clear boundary and often form liason in speaking and reading.Lexical gap 名词解释That fact that a concept represented by a word in one language may not form a concept in another language can give rise to lexical gap. (P116)Compared with the Chinese language, the English language has a much higher degree of lexicalization? Do you agree to this idea? Justify your argument with supporting examples if necessary.Corresponding words in two languages do not have exactly the same meaning.(P128)Explain with examples at least one cause of lexical gap between the Chinese language and the English language.Translate the following into Chinese, paying attention to the semantic gap between the Chinese character 天and its English equivalences which is caused by different reference meanings. P133蓝天白云。