语言学试卷1-8汇总(考试)
语言学考试试题
Model 1I. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration if it is necessary.1. macrolinguistics::_______________________2. compound:_____________________________3. Reference: _____________________________4. Idiolect:________________________________5. Minimal pair:___________________________6. Competence:___________________________7. Diglossia: _____________________________8. Sound assimilation:______________________9. Arbitrariness:___________________________10. Semantic shift:_________________________II. Indicate the following statements true or false.1. Language use is both systematic and non-systematic, subject to external as well as to internalvariation.2. Corpus is a collection of texts input into a computer. Language corpora make it possible for material developers to select authentic, natural and typicallanguage.3. Mistakes often occur when learners fail to perform their competence.4. Root is understood in terms of meanings while syem is understood with emphasis on affix. Sometimes a linguistic element is both a root and stem.5. All instances of NP--movement are related to changinga sentence from the active voice to the passivevoice.6. Word lays in the central position in language comprehension because of its extremely important role in transmitting the meaning.7. A perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.8. The cohort model is a supposed doctrine dealing with the spoken word recognition, whose process features that the first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a set or cohort of word candidates that are consistent with theinput.9. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can not be dissected into meaning components, called semantic feature.10. Word recognition can be viewed in terms of recognition of spoken words and printed ones.III. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word that begins with the letter given.1. “ Words are names of labels for things.” This view is called n______ theory in semantic studies.2. We call the relation between “animal” and “cow” ash______.3. Members that can be grouped under the same superordinate are called c______.4. In general, language a_____ refers to children’s development of their mother tongue, that is, the one language used by the community where the children are brought up.5. The description of a language development at some point in time is s______ study.6. Linguistic potential is similar to Sausssure’s “langue” and Chomsky’s “c_____’.7. There are two very important phonological rules in English : the a_____ rule and the d_____.8. The view that b_____ is the source of human language and cognition goes back over 2000 years.9. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l_____.10. G______ marking in Old English was not always related to the sex of the reference concerned.VI. Mark the choice that would best complete the statement.1. The semantic components of the word" husband" can be expressed as______.A. + animate, + human, + male, -adultB. + animate, + human, -male, -adultC.+ animate, + human, + male, + adultD. + animate, - human, + male, -adult2. Saussure is a (n)_______ linguist.A. AmericanB. BritishC. SwissD. Russian3. What is the meaning relationship between the two words " vegetable/tomato" ?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy4. The study of language development over a period of time is generally called ______ linguistics.A. appliedB. synchronicC. comparativeD. diachronic5. Linguists give priority to the spoken language not the written language because_______.A. vocal sounds are derived from writing systemsB. speech precedes writing everywhere in the worldC. we have recording devices to study speechD. spoken language precedes written language only in Indo-European languages6. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as________.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal7. The theory that language arose from instinctive emotional cries, expressive of pain or joy has been called the _________ theory.A. yo-he-hoB. pooh-poohC. contactD.sing-song8. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [ t ]9. Morphemes that represent “tense, “number”, “gender”, “case” and so forth are called _____ morphemes.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational10. Which of the following is not of the major lexical categories?A. verbB. determinerC. adjectiveD. noun11. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ], then the next sound must be a ______.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel12. There are ______morphemes in the word “boyish”.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four13. In English “-ise” and “-tion” are called ______.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. free morphemes14. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity?A. single/marriedB. lend/borrowC.hot/cold. D. old/young15. Which of the following languages is most pragmatic by nature?A. ChineseB. JapaneseC.English D. French16. Probably the most widespread and familiarethnic variety of the English language is _____.A. British EnglishB. American EnglishC. Black EnglishD. Australian17. ______ in a person’s speech, or writing, usually ranges ona continuum from casual to formal according to the type of communicative context.A. Stylistic variationB. Ideolectal variationC. Social variationD. Regional variation18. By studying sound correspondences from many languages, European linguists eventually claimed that most of the languages of____ belonged to the same Indo-European language family.A. Europe and northern part of IndiaB. Europe and northern part of AsiaC. Europe and Persia and northern part of IndiaD. Europe and Persia19. Which of the following goes along best with London School?A. FirthB. BloomfieldC. SaussureD. Sapir20. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls onthe___ element, while the ____ element receives the secondary stress.A. first…secondB. second…firstC. any…anyD. none of aboveV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary.1. How can a linguist make his analysis of language as scientific as possible?2. What arc the design features of language?3. What is displacement as a design feature of language?4. The following are some well-known ambiguous sentences in syntactic studies of language Can you disambiguate them?(1) The chicken is too hot to eat.(2) Flying planes can be dangerous.5. What organs are involved in speech production?KeysI. 1. It is a broad conception of linguistic enquiry, includingpsychological, cultural, social, computational, literary, foreignlanguage teaching, cognitive etc.2. It refers to the words that consist of more than one lexicalmorpheme or the way to joint two separate words to produce asingle form, such as classroom, mailbox, fingerprint, sunburn.3. Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world;it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.4. Every speaker has his or her own pet words and expressions and special way of conveying ideas. Therefore withinone linguistic community, there are all sorts of differences amongindividual speakers. We call this phenomenon as idiolect.5. Two sound combinations identical in every way except inone sound element that occurs in the same position in the string.6. “Competence” refers to the ideal user’s knowledge of rulesof his language, that is, of its sound structure, its words and itsgrammatical rules. Competence enables a speaker to produce andunderstand verbal expressions. A speaker’s competence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological andsocial factors.7. Diglossia is a sociolinguistic situation in which two verydifferent varieties of language co – exist in a speech community,each serving a particular social function and used for a particularsituation.8. Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connectedspeech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced byother sounds, Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence eachother and are replaced by a third sound which is different from boththe original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.9. Arbitrariness is one of the features of human language. It says that language is a sign of sophistication only humans are capable of. Animals cannot establish artificial /learned means to express themselves.10. It is a process of semantic change in which a word loses itsformer meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related, meaning.II. 1.T 2.T 3.T 4. T 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F TIII. 1. naming 2. hyponymy 3. co-hyponyms 4.acquisiton 5. synchronic petence 7.assimilation; deletion 8.brain 9. lateralization 10.genderIV. 1.C 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.A 9.A10.B 11.D 12.B 13.B 14.A 15.A 16.C 17.B18.C 19.A 20.AV. 1. He should base his linguistic study on the systematic investigation of authentic language data. No serious linguistic conclusion is reached until after the linguist has done the following three things: observing the way language is actually used, formulating some hypotheses, and testing these hypotheses against linguistic facts to prove their validity. During the whole process of his research, a linguist usually follows four principles: exclusiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity.2. As far as the book is concerned, five features have been discussed. They respectively are: Arbitrariness; Creativity; Duality; Displacement; Cultural transmission3. No animal can “talk” about things removed from the immediate situation. A dog can never purposefully phonetically/vocally tell its owner what happened three days before.4. There are two meanings to ex. (1): (a) The chicken meat is too hot, so it cannot be eaten at the moment; (b) The chicken feels so hot (maybe after some intense aerobic exercises ) that it cannot start eating and needs to calm down first.The ambiguity of ex. (2) comes from “flying planes”. It can be deciphered as “the planes that is flying”, or “to fly planes”.5. Quite a few human organs are Involved in the production of speech: the lungs, the trachea (or windpipe), the throat, the nose, and the mouth.The pharynx, mouth, and nose form the three cavities of the vocal tract. Speech sounds are produced with an air-stream as their sources of energy. In most circumstances, the air-stream comes from the lungs. It is forced out of the lungs and then passes through the bronchioles and bronchi, a series of branching tubes, into the trachea. Then the air is modified at various points in various ways in the larynx, and in the oral and nasal cavities: the mouth and the nose are often referred to, respectively, as the oral cavity and the nasal cavity.。
语言学考试题库及答案
语言学考试题库及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的最小意义单位是：A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 短语答案：C2. 语言学中，研究语言的结构和规律的学科是：A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 应用语言学D. 结构语言学答案：D3. 语言的语音系统包括：A. 音位和音节B. 音素和音节C. 音素和音位D. 音节和音位答案：C4. 下列哪个选项不是语言的交际功能？A. 表达情感B. 传递信息C. 娱乐消遣D. 记录历史答案：D5. 语言的词汇系统包括：A. 基本词汇和一般词汇B. 基本词汇和古语词汇C. 一般词汇和古语词汇D. 基本词汇和新词新义答案：D6. 语言的语法系统主要研究：A. 词的构成B. 句子的构成C. 词和句子的构成D. 词、短语和句子的构成答案：D7. 语言的语用功能主要研究：A. 语言的形式B. 语言的意义C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案：C8. 语言的修辞功能主要涉及：A. 语言的准确性B. 语言的清晰性C. 语言的生动性D. 语言的逻辑性答案：C9. 语言的演变主要受到哪些因素的影响？A. 社会变迁B. 技术进步C. 人口迁移D. 所有以上因素答案：D10. 语言的标准化通常包括：A. 语音标准化B. 词汇标准化C. 语法标准化D. 所有以上因素答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言是一种__________的社会现象。
答案：符号系统2. 语言的语音单位包括音素、音节和__________。
答案：音位3. 语言的词汇系统由__________词汇和一般词汇构成。
答案：基本4. 语言的语法单位包括词、短语和__________。
答案：句子5. 语言的交际功能包括表达思想、传递信息、__________和娱乐消遣。
答案：表达情感6. 语言的语用功能主要研究语言的__________和语境的关系。
答案：使用7. 语言的修辞功能主要涉及语言的__________和表达效果。
英语语言学试题(1)及答案
英语语言学试题（1）I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A、 prescriptiveB、 sociolinguisticC、 descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、 mouthB、 lipsC、 tongueD、 vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、 bound morphemeB、 bound formC、 inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、 coordinatorB、 particleC、 prepositionD、 subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike."A、 is synonymous withB、 is inconsistent withC、 entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、 semanticsB、 pragmaticsC、 sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A、 elaborationB、 simplificationC、 external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、 Lingua francaB、 CreoleC、 PidginD、 Standard language9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、 learningB、 competenceC、 performanceD、 acquisitionII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ .13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d___ the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c______period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, I ______is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)( )21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.( )22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.( )23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( )24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only. ( )25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.( )26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( )27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.( )28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.( )29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.( )30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.语言学试题(1)参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains. 29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→ /faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an OldEnglish word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
语言学试题及答案
语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的最小意义单位是：A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C2. 以下哪个选项属于语言的词汇变化？A. 词义的扩展B. 词义的缩小C. 词义的转移D. 以上都是答案：D3. 语言学中，研究语言的生理基础的分支学科是：A. 语音学B. 社会语言学C. 神经语言学D. 心理语言学答案：C4. 语言的语法结构中，句子的基本单位是：A. 词B. 短语C. 从句D. 句子答案：A5. 以下哪个选项不属于语言的交际功能？A. 表达情感B. 传递信息C. 娱乐消遣D. 记录历史答案：D6. 语言学中，研究语言在社会中如何使用和变化的分支学科是：A. 社会语言学B. 历史语言学C. 心理语言学D. 神经语言学答案：A7. 语言的语用学研究的是：A. 语言的物理属性B. 语言的社会属性C. 语言的意义和使用D. 语言的历史发展答案：C8. 以下哪个选项是语言的语音变化？A. 音位的变化B. 音节的变化C. 音素的变化D. 以上都是答案：D9. 语言学中，研究语言与思维关系的分支学科是：A. 心理语言学B. 社会语言学C. 神经语言学D. 认知语言学答案：D10. 以下哪个选项是语言的词汇创新？A. 新词的产生B. 旧词的消失C. 词义的演变D. 以上都是答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的音位变化通常包括音位的______、______和______。
答案：增加、减少、替换2. 语言的词汇变化可以通过______、______和______等方式实现。
答案：创造新词、借用外来词、词义演变3. 语言的语法结构中，______是构成句子的基本单位。
答案：词4. 语言的交际功能包括______、______和______等。
答案：表达思想、传递信息、表达情感5. 语言学中，______是研究语言的物理属性的分支学科。
答案：语音学6. 语言的语用学关注的是语言的______和______。
语言学考试题及答案英语
语言学考试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，其主要研究对象是：A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案：B2. 语音学是语言学的一个分支，它主要研究：A. 语言的社会功能B. 语言的物理属性C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的语义内容答案：B3. 下列哪项是语义学的研究范畴？A. 语音的产生B. 词汇的意义C. 句子的构造D. 语言的演变答案：B4. 语言的语法规则包括：A. 词汇的选择B. 句子的构造C. 语调的运用D. 语言的起源答案：B5. 社会语言学主要关注语言与：A. 个人心理B. 社会结构C. 语言的演变D. 文化传承答案：B6. 心理语言学研究的是：A. 语言与社会的关系B. 语言与心理的关系C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言与物理的关系答案：B7. 语言的产生和发展与人类的哪项能力密切相关？A. 逻辑思维B. 语言模仿C. 抽象思维D. 社会交往答案：D8. 语言的方言是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言之间的相似性C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A9. 语言的标准化是指：A. 语言的简化B. 语言的统一C. 语言的规范化D. 语言的创新答案：C10. 语言的借词是指：A. 从其他语言借用的词汇B. 同一语言内部的词汇C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学、__________和心理语言学。
答案：社会语言学2. 语言的最小意义单位是__________。
答案：语素3. 语言的音位是__________的最小单位。
答案：语音4. 语言的词汇包括基本词汇和__________。
答案：派生词汇5. 语言的句法结构包括词法和__________。
答案：句法6. 语言的语用学研究的是语言的__________。
答案：使用7. 语言的方言差异可能导致__________。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating withexamples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain orinsertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
自学考试《语言学概论》章节试题及答案汇总
自学考试《语言学概论》章节试题及答案汇总导言&第一章一、选择：1. 在印度，传统语文学研究的文化经典主要是( B )。
A. 训诂学B. 宗教典籍C. 《圣经》D. 音韵学2.下列关于语言的功能表述中，不正确的是( C )。
A. 语言的功能是客观存在的B. 语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能C. 语言的人际互动功能是语言的本质D. 语言思维功能的生理基础是大脑3.( C )是人类社会信息传递第一性的、最基本的手段。
A. 身势B. 旗语C. 语言D. 文字4.思维方式的差异更多的体现在不同语言在表达思想时( A )方面的特点。
A. 语法B. 词汇C. 语音D. 句法5.儿童语言的习得的临界期是在( A )。
A. 十一二岁B. 三四岁C. 八九岁D. 十三四岁二、填空：1.语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能。
2.语言是人类社会信息传递第一性的最基本的手段。
3. 语言是说话者和听话者交际互动的工具。
4. 独词句的出现和从独词句到双词句，这是孩子学话中的关键的两步。
5.孩子最早的智力活动就是学话。
三、判断：1.语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能。
( √ )2.旗语是建立在语言基础上的再编码形式。
( × )3.语言是人类社会信息传递第一性的、最基本的手段。
( √ )4.独词句的出现和从独词句到双词句，这是孩子学话中的关键的两步。
( √ )5.思维的普遍性决定语言的普遍性。
( × )导言&第一章答案：选择： 1.B 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.A填空： 1.信息传递2.最基本3.语言4.独词句5.学话判断： 1. √2. ×语言改为文字3. √4. √5. ×思维改为语言;语言改为思维第二章选择题1、语言系统的组成规则主要表现为( B)A、系统的二层性B、结构的层次性C、结构的二层性D、系统的层次性2、人类语言和其他动物的交际方式的本质区别(A )A、单位的明晰性B、开拓性C、结构的层次性D、发展性3、语言符号和语言符号进入组合之后最大的特点是( A)A、可论证性B、任意性和可论证性C、随意性D、随意性和可论证性4、早在先秦时期，我国的(C )就提出了著名的“约定俗成”的观点。
语言学考试题
语言学考试题一、选择题1. 下列哪个是语言学的基本研究对象？A. 数字B. 文字C. 语言D. 音乐2. 哪位学者提出了语言功能理论？A. #德维特B. 萨普尔斯C. 赫尔德D. #哈尔德格尔3. 语言学的分类方法通常可以分为几大类？A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 24. “语言符号”中包括哪些要素？A. 声音B. 符号C. 拼写D. A、B5. 在语法范畴中，“动宾关系”是指什么？A. 主语和谓语之间的语法关系B. 主语和宾语之间的语法关系C. 宾语和谓语之间的语法关系D. 主语和动词之间的语法关系二、填空题6. 语言学中研究音素的学科是---。
7. 没有逻辑意义的音节称为---。
8. 语音学的基本单位是---。
9. 下列哪个不是语言学的分支学科？10. 一种语言中声母、韵母和声调三者综合的组合称为---。
三、简答题11. 请简要说明音韵学和语音学的区别。
12. 什么是“方言”，方言和语言的关系是什么？13. 什么是语法，语法的作用是什么？14. “文字和语言的关系”是语言学中一个重要问题，请简述你对这个问题的理解。
15. 请简要介绍语言学的研究方法有哪些？四、论述题16. 语言是人类最重要的交流工具之一，请说明语言对个体和社会的重要性。
17. 语言学的发展历程是怎样的？过去、现在和未来的语言学会有怎样的发展趋势？18. 请解释语言与文化之间的关系，并谈谈语言多样性对世界文化的重要影响。
以上便是本次语言学考试题的全部内容，请同学们认真地完成每一道题目，祝大家取得优异的成绩！。
英语语言学linian试题及答案
英语语言学linian试题及答案英语语言学试题及答案1. 语言学的主要分支有哪些？答案：语言学的主要分支包括语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、心理语言学、神经语言学、计算语言学等。
2. 请解释“语言习得”和“语言学习”的区别。
答案：语言习得是指儿童在成长过程中自然掌握母语的能力，而语言学习则是指在学校或其他正式环境中有意识地学习第二语言或外语。
3. 什么是语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”？答案：深层结构是指句子的内在意义和逻辑关系，而表层结构则是指句子的外在形式，即我们实际听到或说出的句子。
4. 请列举至少三种不同的语言变异现象。
答案：语言变异现象包括地域变异（方言）、社会变异（社会方言）、时间变异（历史方言）等。
5. 什么是转换生成语法？答案：转换生成语法是由诺姆·乔姆斯基提出的语言学理论，它认为所有人类语言都遵循一套普遍的语法规则，而这些规则可以通过转换规则从深层结构转换到表层结构。
6. 请解释“语码转换”和“语码混合”的概念。
答案：语码转换是指在不同语言或方言之间切换使用，而语码混合则是指在同一句话中混合使用两种或两种以上的语言或方言。
7. 语言学中“语料库”的作用是什么？答案：语料库是语言学研究中用来收集和分析自然语言数据的大型数据库，它可以帮助研究者进行语言模式、语言变化和语言使用等方面的研究。
8. 请简述“语言相对性假设”。
答案：语言相对性假设，也称为萨丕尔-沃尔夫假设，认为一个人的思维方式受到其母语的影响，即语言的结构决定了思维的结构。
9. 什么是“语言的普遍语法”？答案：语言的普遍语法是指所有人类语言共有的一套基本语法规则，这些规则是语言能力的基础，由诺姆·乔姆斯基提出。
10. 请解释“语境”在语言交际中的作用。
答案：语境是指语言交际发生的环境，包括物理环境、社会环境和心理环境等。
语境对语言的理解和使用有重要影响，它可以帮助解释语言的模糊性，提供语言交流的背景信息。
专八语言学试题【答案版本】
1. F. de. Saussure is a (n) __________linguist.A. AmericanB. BritishC. SwissD. RussianSwiss linguist. The founder of structural linguistics, he declared that there is only an arbitrary relationship between a linguistic sign and that which it signifies. The posthumously published collection of his lectures,Course in General Linguistics (1916), is a seminal work of modern linguistics.索绪尔，费迪南德·德：(1857-1913) 瑞士语言学家，结构主义语言的创始人，他声称在语言符号和其所指含义之间仅有一种模糊的关系。
他死后，他的讲演集出版为《普通语言学教程》（1916年），是现代语言学的开山之作2.N. Chomsky is a(n) ______linguist.Canadian B. American C. French D. SwissAmerican linguist who revolutionized the study of language with his theory of generative grammar, set forth inSyntactic Structures (1957).乔姆斯基，诺阿姆：(生于1928) 美国语言学家，他在《句法结构》（1957年）一书中所阐述的关于生成语法的理论曾使语言学研究发生突破性进展3.___________is the study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference totheir distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.A.PhonologyB. Lexicography 词典编纂C. lexicology词典学D.Morphology词态词态学音位学研究的是一种语言的整个语音系统及其分布，包括某一特定语言里的语音和音位分部和结合的规律。
现代语言学自考题-8_真题-无答案
现代语言学自考题-8(总分100,考试时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠDirections: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices **pletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets.1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a **munity.A. performance B. parole C. langue D. competence2. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ______.A. palatal B. alveolar C. bilabial D. dental3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) ______.A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. free form4. The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called ______ relations.A. linear B. hierarchical C. semantic D. grammatical5. A word with several meanings is a ______.A. synonymy B. polysemic word C. co-hyponym D. complete hyponym6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of ______.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. quality B. quantity C. relation D. manner7. ______ involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments.A. Apocope B. Epenthesis C. Metathesis D. Assimilation8. No two speakers of the same language or ______ use their language or ______ in exactly the same way.A. variety, dialect B. variation, dialect C. dialect, idiolect D. dialect, dialect9. The motor area within the brain is responsible for ______.A. speech production B. comprehension of speech C. converting a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa D. physical articulation of utterances.10. Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's telegraphic speech stage.A. the copula verb "be" B. inflectional morphemes C. function words D. content wordsPART TWOⅡDirections: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.1. P relates the study of language to psychology.2. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and are therefore consonants.3. I morphemes are those morphemes that show various grammatical relations or categories such as number, tense and case.4. Words and phrases are organized according to the syntactic c they belong to.5. That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c antonyms.6. D tries to get the hearer to do something.7. The deletion of a word final vowel segment is called a ______.8. One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of s words and expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.9. Genie's case not only confirms the critical period hypothesis, but also the view that human's language a device is independent of other intellectual abilities.10. Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and t language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.ⅢDirections: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.1. In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.A. 正确B. 错误2. In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.A. 正确B. 错误3. Theoretically speaking, a compound can be a combination of two words of any parts of speech.A. 正确B. 错误4. Since a compound is a word, **ponents can not be written separately.A. 正确B. 错误5. Every utterance occurs in a particular spatiotemporal situation, the **ponents of which include the place and time of the utterance.A. 正确B. 错误6. Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.A. 正确B. 错误7. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its regional background.A. 正确B. 错误8. Wernicke's work strengthened Broca's claim that left hemispheric structures are essential for speech.A. 正确B. 错误9. Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance.A. 正确B. 错误10. The grammatical errors that occur in second language acquisition can all be explained by mother tongue interference.A. 正确B. 错误ⅣDirections: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate.1. place of articulation2. complementary antonyms3. registers4. linguistic taboo5. sentence stress6. grammaticality7. diphthong8. fricative9. hyponymy10. toneⅤDirections: Answer the following questions.1. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.2. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.。
语言学练习题
语言学概论练习题(上）语言学概论练习题目录1 引言2语言的本质3语言的起源和发展4语音5语义6词汇7语法8语用9 文字10语言学的应用第一章绪论一、名词解释。
（每题1分）语言学普通语言学索绪尔乔姆斯基：韩礼德：哥本哈根学派：美国描写语言学派：二、用学过的语言学理论解释下列观点正确与否。
（每题2分）1. 语言学在现代科学体系中是领先学科和关键学科。
2.历史比较语言学的出现，结束了传统语言学的时代，从此，传统语言学的理论和方法也就不再起任何作用。
3.应用语言学就是语言的应用学。
4.语言研究的历史比较法和静态描写法是互不相干的两种研究方法。
5.结构主义语言学的重要研究方法是静态描写法，它也是结构主义语言学唯一的研究方法。
6.共时语言学和历时语言学区分的角度不同，研究的重点各异，所以可以也必须截然分开。
7.现代语言学的发展使语言研究从语言系统过渡到语言使用，也就是现代语言学不再进行语言系统的研究。
8.索绪尔语言学理论的出现是语言学发展的一个转折点。
9.语文学阶段就是指语言学发展史上以语言和文学为主要研究对象的阶段。
10.语言学只要有理论即可，不需要方法，更不需要方法的进步。
11.历史比较语言学的出现标志着语言学科的独立。
三、单项选择。
（每题0．5分，不答不给分，答错倒扣分）1．传统语言学时期主要是指语文学和（）两个时期。
A．历史比较语言学B．结构主义语言学C．转换生成语言学D．现代语言学2．历史比较语言学出现在（）。
A．19世纪中叶B．20世纪初C．19世纪初D．20世纪中叶3．（）被认为是现代语言学的奠基人。
A．洪堡特B．索绪尔C．吕叔湘D．马建忠4．狭义的应用语言学主要是以（）为研究对象。
A．语言教学问题B．双语教学C．对外汉语教学D．计算语言学5．语言学的特殊研究方法是静态描写法和（）。
A．统计法B．调查法C．历史比较法D．分布分析法6．宏观语言学主要研究语言的（）。
A．结构要素B．社会功能C．句法结构D．语法结构7．综合各种语言的研究成果，一般地研究人类语言的语言学叫（）A．历史语言学B．比较语言学C．描写语言学D．普通语言学8．语言学概论课属于（）的入门课。
(完整word版)《语言学纲要》试题库
绪论、第一章、第二章一、名词解释1．语言学2．语言5．文言文6．符号7．符号形式8．符号的任意性9．语言符号10．组合关系11．聚合关系二、填空1．__________、________ 、________________ 具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。
2．__________ 是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章称为__________。
3．__________ 、__________ 、__________ 是我国传统的语文学.4．研究语言的结构，主要是研究__________、____________ 、__________ 三个部分.5．运用语言传递信息的过程,可以分为________、________ 、_________ 、__________ 、__________ 五个阶段.6．语言是人类社会的______________，而且也是思维的______________.7．在一定条件下，身体姿势等伴随动作还可以离开语言独立完成交际任务.例如汉民族点头表示____________，摇头表示____________,送别时挥手表示______________，____________表示欢迎，咬牙切齿表示_____________,手舞足蹈表示____________。
8．人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性____________。
9．汉语的“哥哥”、“弟弟”，英语用________________表示，汉语的“舅舅、姨父、姑父、叔叔、伯伯”，英语用______________表示。
10．英语可以直接用数词修饰名词,汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个_____.11．儿童最早的智力活动就是学习_________。
12．任何符号，都是由和两个方面构成的。
13．一个符号，如果没有_______,就失去了存在的必要，如果没有_______，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。
语言学概论测试题
第一阶段测试卷考试科目:《语言学概论》第一章至第三章第二节（总分100分）时间：90分钟学习中心（教学点）批次：层次：专业：学号：身份证号：姓名：得分：一、填空题（本题共16个空，每空1分，共16分）1.中国的传统语文学统称“小学”，包括文字、音韵和。
2._______、________、_______具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。
3.在18世纪末19世纪初，印度传统与希腊-罗马传统相结合，形成了一个统一的印欧语研究传统，产生了____________语言学。
4.运用语言传递消息的过程，可以分为、发送、传递、接收和五个阶段。
5.语言的构造可以概括为以语音为形式，以________为内容，由_______和语法构成的系统。
6.语言符号是音和义的结合体，声音是语言符号的。
7.语言这种层级装置，运转靠的是___________关系和___________关系。
8. 性和性是语言符号的两大特点。
9. 一种语言中的句子数量是无限的，可构成句子的语言材料和是有限的，所以人类能够掌握语言。
10.音素可分元音和辅音两大类，其区别的根本点是发音时气流在口腔中。
二、判断题（本题共12小题，每题2分，共24分）1.个人来说，学话的过程实际上就是认识世界的过程，思维发展的过程。
（）2.当事物一旦成为他事物的符号，其本身价值就不复存在。
（）3.无产阶级和资产阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。
（）4.语言符号具有任意性特点，就是说我们平时说话用什么样的语音代表什么样的意义是自由的，不受任何约束。
（）5．拼音文字字母表音都按照“一个音对应一个字母，一个字母对应一个音”的原则。
（）6.国际音标中有些符号由两个字母组成。
（）7．语言是人类特有的，动物没有语言。
（）8．音素是从语音的社会属性角度划分出来的。
（）9.语言是文化信息的载体。
（）10.辅音发音时声带不振动。
（）11.现代社会，沟通的方式很多，语言的重要性日渐削弱。
语言学试卷18汇总(考试)
Translate the following terms from English into Chinese.把下列术语翻译成中文1.duality of structure _________结构的二元性_______________2.General Linguistics ________普通语言学________________3.voiceless consonant _________清辅音_______________plementary distribution ________互补分布________________5.free morpheme ________自由词素________________6.immediate constituent ________直接成份________________ponential Analysis ________成份分析________________8.American Structuralism ________美国结构主义________________9.zero morph _________零语子_______________10.structural ambiguity _________结构歧义_______________11.productivity _________多产性______________12.linguistic competence __________语言能力______________13.manner of articulation _________发音方法_______________14.intonation language _________语调语言_______________15.allophone __________音位变体______________16.inflectional morpheme _________曲折语素_______________17.phrase marker __________短语标记______________18.denotation __________指示______________19.Systemic-Functional Grammar __________系统功能语法______________20.bound morpheme __________粘着语素______________21.cultural transmission __________文化传播______________22.Descriptive Linguistics __________描写语言学______________23.derivational morpheme ___________派生词素_____________24.consonant ___________辅音_____________25.tone language ___________声调语言_____________26.empty morph ___________虚语子_____________27.syntax ___________语法_____________plementary antonym ___________互补反义词_____________29.mode of discourse ____________话语方式____________30.free variation _______自有变异_________________31.displacement __________取代______________32.paradigmatic relation __________集合体关系______________33.voiced consonant __________浊辅音______________34.minimal pair __________极小对______________35.phoneme __________音位______________36.lexical ambiguity __________词法的歧义性______________37.connotation __________内涵______________nguage acquisition device __________语言习得机制______________39.constituency __________选区______________40.alien __________相异______________41.design feature __________设计特点______________42.Theoretical Linguistics __________理论语言学______________43.diphthong __________双元音______________44.contrastive distribution __________对立分布______________45.translation-loan __________借译词______________46.ultimate constituent __________主要成分______________47.relational opposite __________关系对立词______________48.genre __________类型______________49.dependency __________从属______________50.denizen __________居民______________51.arbitrariness __________任意______________52.linguistic performance ___________语言行为_____________53.vowel ___________元音_____________54.free variation ___________自由变异_____________55.derivational morpheme _________派生词素_______________56.surface structure __________表层结构______________57.mode of discourse ___________话语方式_____________58.gradable antonym __________分级反义词______________59.Innateness Hypothesis __________天赋假说______________plementary antonym __________互补反义词______________61.interchangeability _______可交换性_________________62.syntagmatic relation ________结构关系________________63.pure vowel _________纯元音_______________64.intonation language _________语调语言_______________65.bound morpheme __________粘着语素______________66.linguistic competence __________语言能力______________67.deep structure __________深层结构______________68.semantic field __________语义场_____________69.context of situation ___________情境语境_____________70.manner of articulation ___________发音方法_____________71.discreteness ___________组件_____________72.Applied Linguistics _________应用语言学_______________73.immediate constituent __________直接成分______________74.place of articulation __________发音部位______________75.phoneme ___________音位；音素_____________76.zero morph _________零语子_______________77.structural ambiguity __________结构歧义______________78.hyponymy __________上下位关系______________79.tenor of discourse ___________语旨_____________ponential Analysis __________成分分析______________Answer the following questions.回答一下问题1.What are the differences between grammatical competence and pragmatic competence?2.What is the difference between free morphemes and bound morphemes? Illustrate it with examples.3.What are the three syntactic relations? Illustrate them with examples.4.What does it mean to say that language is arbitrary? Illustrate it with examples.5.What is the difference between tone languages and intonation languages? Illustrate it with examples.6.Explain the differences between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes in terms of both function and position.7.What does it mean to say that language is a system? Illustrate it with examples.8.What is the difference between an empty morph and a zero morph? Illustrate it with examples.9.What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure? Illustrate them with examples.10.What does it mean to say that language is symbolic? Illustrate it with examples.11.What is a morpheme? Illustrate the relationship between morphemes, morphs, and allomorphs with examples.12.What are the three general types of antonyms? And how do they differ from each other?13.What are the three sub-branches of phonetics? How do they differ from each other?14.What does Semantic Filed Theory mainly propose? Illustrate it with examples.15.What is the difference between segmental features and supra-segmental features? What are the supra-segmentalfeatures in English?16.What are the design features of languages?17.How does denotation differ from connotation? Illustrate their difference with examples.18.Why do we say “absolute synonyms are rare or even non-existent”? Illustrate it with examples.19.What does it mean to say that language is dual-structured?20.What does compounding mean? Illustrate with examples the differences between hyphenated compounds, solidcompounds and open compounds?21.What are the essential factors for determining sentence meaning? Illustrate them with examples.22.How does a diachronic description of a language differ from a synchronic description of a language? Illustrate theirdifference with examples.23.What are the three conditions for forming a minimal pair? Illustrate it with examples.24.What does clipping mean in morphology? Illustrate with examples the difference between back clipping, frontclipping, front and back clipping, and phrase clipping.Practical work.Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions：写对应于每一个下面语音描述的符号Example: a voiceless velar plosive [k]1) a voiced bilabial plosive __ [b] ____2) a voiceless labiodental fricative __ [f] ____3) a voiced bilabial nasal __ [ m ] ____4) a high front unrounded vowel __[ i ]___5) a voiced bilabial glide __[w]____6) a voiceless dental fricative __[θ]____7) a voiced labiodental nasal __[ŋ] ____8) a mid central unroudned vowel ___[ə:] ___9) a voiced velar plosive __ /g/ ____10) a voiceless alveolar fricative _[θ:]_____11) a voiced alveolar liquid __ ____12) a mid back rounded vowel __[ɔ:] ____13) a voiced dental fricative __[ ð ] ____14) a voiceless alveo-palatal affricative __ / ʃ /____15) a voiced post-alveolar liquid __ /ʒ/ ____16) a high back rounded vowel __ [u] ____17) a voiceless bilabial plosive ___[p]___18) a voiced alveolar fricative __[s]____19) a voiceless post-alveolar affricate __ [t̠ʃ] ____20) a low front unrounded vowel __[a]____21) a voiceless alveo-palatal fricative __t____22) a voiced post-alveolar affricate __[z]____23) a voiceless palatal plosive __[c]____24) a mid front unrounded vowel _[ε]___25) a voiceless alveolar plosive __ [t] ____26) a voiced alveolar nasal ______27) a voiced palatal glide ______28) a low central unrounded vowel __Λ____29) a voiced alveo-palatal fricative __x____30) a voiceless dental fricative __[θ]____31) a voiced alveo-palatal affricate ______32) a low back rounded vowel _[ɔ]_____Divide the following words into separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next:Example: bookshelf = book + shelf1)manly = man+ly2)encourage = en+cour+age3)placement = place+ment4)agreement = agree+ment5)affixes =6)footprint = foot+print7)underestimation= under+estimation8)disapproval = dis+approval9)gentleman = gentle+man10)entertainment = enter+tain+ment11)entitle = en+title12)reread =re+read13)unfit = un+fit14)waterbed = water+bed15)disorderly = dis+order+ly16)unsuccessful = un+success+ful17)structural = structural18)sweeten = sweet+en19)marker = mark+er20)decided = decid+ed21)exciting = excit+ing22)greenhouse = green+house23)disgraceful = dis+grace+ful24)enlargement = en+large+ment25)informed =inform+ed26)amazing = amaz+ing27)advanced =advance+ed28)enrich =en+rich29)deafen =deaf+en30)undergo = un+dergo31)irregularly = ir+regular+ly32)decoded = decod+ed33)incorrect = in+correct34)undo = un+do35)weekly = week+ly36)functional =func+tion+al37)illiterate = ill+iterate38)sleepwalk = sleep+walk39)unmanly = un+man+ly40)befriended = be+friend+ed41)disobey = dis+oney42)rewrite = re+write43)yearly = year+ly44)troublesome = trouble+some45)talented = talent+ed46)lookout = look+out47)boyishness = boy+ish+ness48)disappearance = dis+appear+ance49)supervise = super+vise50)costly = cost+ly51)inspiring = inspire+ing52)prescription =pre+scrip+tion53)threaten = threat+en54)overlook = over+look55)undesirable = un+desir+able56)irreplaceable = ir+re+place+able57)eatable = eat+able58)amusement = amuse+ment59)monthly = month+ly60)generalize =generalize61)logical =logic+al62)grandfather = grand+father63)incorruptible = in+corrupt+ible64)reenactment =re+enact+mentMatch the names of linguistic figures in column A with the schools or theories or works of linguistics in column B:Column A Column B1)Saussure ( d ) a. Systemic-Functional Grammar2)Halliday ( a ) b. The London School3)Firth ( b ) Grammar4)Chomsky ( c ) d. The Founder of Structuralism系统功能语法（Systemic-functional Grammar）由英国语言学家韩礼德（Halliday）伦敦学派是以长期在伦敦大学的东方与非洲研究学院教授语音学与语言学并于1944 年成为英国第一任语言学教授弗斯(Firth)为首的语言学派换-生成语法（Transformational-generative grammar，简称TG）是美国语言学家Column A Column B5)Chomsky ( c ) a. American Structuralism6)Bloomfield ( a ) b. Relational Grammar7)Lamb ( b ) c. Syntactic Structures8)Perlmutter and Postal ( d ) d. Stratificational GrammarColumn A Column B9)Chomsky ( b ) a. The Prague School10)Mathesius ( a ) b. Aspects of The Theory of Syntax11)Malinowski ( d ) c. Case Grammar12)Fillmore ( c ) d. Coral Gardens and Their MagicColumn A Column B13)Chomsky ( b ) a. American Structuralism14)Firth ( d ) b. The Minimalist Program15)Bloomfield ( a ) c. The Distinctive Feature Theory16)Jakobson ( c ) d. The Founder of the London SchoolColumn A Column B17)Chomsky ( c ) a. Montague Grammar18)Hjelmslev ( d ) b. Lexical-Functional Grammar19)Montague ( a ) c. The Innateness Hypothesis20)Brasnan & Kaplan ( b ) d. The Copenhagen SchoolColumn A Column B21)Chomsky ( b ) a. The Copenhagen School22)Jakobson ( d ) b. Language Acquisition Device23)Mathesius ( c ) c. Communicative Dynamism24)Hjelmslev ( a ) d. The Distinctive Feature TheoryColumn A Column B25)Chomsky ( d ) a. The Founder of the London School26)Halliday ( c ) b. The Founder of Structuralism27)Firth ( a ) c. Systemic-Functional Grammar28)Saussure ( b ) d. The Extended Standard TheoryColumn A Column B29)Chomsky ( b ) a. Coral Gardens and Their Magic30)Hjelmslev ( d ) b. The Classical Theory31)Jakobson ( c ) c. The Distinctive Feature Theory32)Malinowski ( a ) d. The Copenhagen SchoolDraw the deep structure phrase markers for the following two sentences:1)John is attending the class.2)Mary could have seen the film.3)Mary is chasing the dog.4)John could have read the book.5)Tom is eating an orange.6)Nancy could have done her homework.7)Johnson is reading a book.8)David could have finished his homework.9)David is singing a song.10)Tim could have told the truth.11)Tim is playing the piano.12)Johnson could have stolen the wallet.13)Nancy is playing the badminton.14)Mary could have seen the poster.15)George is doing his homework.16)David could have read the novel.。
叶徐本《语言学纲要》试题库(一)第一部分答案
绪论、第一章、第二章一、名词解释1．语言学 2．编码 3．解码 4．语言 5．文言文 6．符号 7．符号形式 8．符号的任意性 9．语言符号 10．组合关系 11．聚合关系语言学：语言学是以人类语言作为研究对象的学科，研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展及其在社会生活中的运用以及语言研究成果的应用问题,等等。
分理论语言学和应用语言学两个领域.编码：说话人为了表达某一信息，首先需要在语言中寻找有关的词语，并按照语言的语法规则编排起来,这就是语言的编码；说话人力求编码清晰、明确、避免失误。
解码：说话人的发音器官所发出的声音通过空气等通道传递，到达听话人的一方，听话人发音器官就开始运转，接受信息，将它还原成说话人所要表达的意思，这个过程成为编码。
语言学借用信息论的传播模式，把人通过语言进行交际表述为“编码—-发送——传递——接收——解码”五个阶段。
语言：语言是一个音义结合的符号系统，是人类独有的、最重要的交际工具，同时也是思维工具。
文言文：文言是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章称为文言文。
符号：就是指代某种事物的标记，记号，它是由一个社会的全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的标记和记号.符号形式：任何一种标记都要有一定的外在形式，这就是符号形式，它是符号存在的基础，比如语言符号的形式是声音或文字，红灯绿灯是交通符号的形式等。
符号的任意性:任意性是语言符号的本质特征之一。
其含义是:语言符号的音义联系并非是本质的，必然的，而是由社会成员共同约定的,一种意义为什么要用这个声音形式，而不用那种声音形式，这中间没有什么道理可言，完全是偶然的、任意的。
语言符号和客观事物之间也没有必然联系。
语言符号:特定语言系统中作为音义结合体的语言单位称为语言符号。
与一般符号相比，语言符号的主要特点是：音义结合的任意性、能指的线性特征、所指组合的层次性等等。
语言的层级体系：语言的层级体系:语言的底层是一套音位，一种语言的音位的数目虽然只有几十个，却能构成数目众多的组合。
语言学试卷1-8汇总(考试)
Translate the following terms from English into Chinese. 把下列术语翻译成中文1.duality of structure_________结构的二元性 _______________2.General Linguistics________普通语言学 ________________3.voiceless consonant_________清辅音 _______________plementary distribution________互补分布 ________________5.free morpheme________自由词素 ________________6.immediate constituent________直接成份 ________________ponential Analysis________成份分析 ________________8.American Structuralism________美国结构主义 ________________9.zero morph_________零语子 _______________10.structural ambiguity_________结构歧义 _______________11.productivity_________多产性 ______________12.linguistic competence__________语言能力 ______________13.manner of articulation_________发音方法 _______________14.intonation language_________语调语言 _______________15.allophone__________音位变体 ______________16.inflectional morpheme_________曲折语素 _______________17.phrase marker__________短语标记 ______________18.denotation__________指示 ______________19.Systemic-Functional Grammar__________系统功能语法 ______________20.bound morpheme__________粘着语素 ______________21.cultural transmission__________文化传播 ______________22.Descriptive Linguistics__________描写语言学 ______________23.derivational morpheme___________派生词素 _____________24.consonant___________辅音 _____________25.tone language___________声调语言 _____________26.empty morph___________虚语子 _____________27.syntax___________语法 _____________plementary antonym___________互补反义词 _____________29.mode of discourse____________ 话语方式 ____________30.free variation_______自有变异 _________________31.displacement__________取代 ______________32.paradigmatic relation__________集合体关系 ______________33.voiced consonant__________浊辅音 ______________34.minimal pair__________极小对 ______________35.phoneme__________音位 ______________36.lexical ambiguity__________词法的歧义性 ______________37.connotation__________内涵 ______________nguage acquisition device__________语言习得机制 ______________39.constituency__________选区 ______________40.alien__________相异 ______________41.design feature__________设计特点 ______________42.Theoretical Linguistics__________理论语言学 ______________43.diphthong__________双元音 ______________44.contrastive distribution__________对立分布 ______________45.translation-loan__________借译词 ______________46.ultimate constituent__________主要成分 ______________47.relational opposite__________关系对立词 ______________48.genre__________类型 ______________49.dependency__________从属 ______________50.denizen__________居民 ______________51.arbitrariness__________任意 ______________52.linguistic performance___________语言行为 _____________53.vowel___________元音 _____________54.free variation___________自由变异 _____________55.derivational morpheme_________派生词素 _______________56.surface structure__________表层结构 ______________57.mode of discourse___________话语方式 _____________58.gradable antonym__________分级反义词 ______________plementary antonym__________互补反义词 ______________61.interchangeability_______可交换性 _________________62.syntagmatic relation________结构关系 ________________63.pure vowel_________纯元音 _______________64.intonation language_________语调语言 _______________65.bound morpheme__________粘着语素 ______________66.linguistic competence__________语言能力 ______________67.deep structure__________深层结构 ______________68.semantic field__________语义场 _____________69.context of situation___________情境语境 _____________70.manner of articulation___________发音方法 _____________71.discreteness___________组件 _____________72.Applied Linguistics_________应用语言学 _______________73.immediate constituent__________直接成分 ______________74.place of articulation__________发音部位 ______________75.phoneme___________音位；音素 _____________76.zero morph_________零语子 _______________77.structural ambiguity__________结构歧义 ______________78.hyponymy__________上下位关系 ______________79.tenor of discourse___________语旨 _____________ponential Analysis__________成分分析 ______________Answer the following questions.回答一下问题1.What are the differences between grammatical competence and pragmatic competence?2.What is the difference between free morphemes and bound morphemes? Illustrate it with examples.3.What are the three syntactic relations? Illustrate them with examples.4.What does it mean to say that language is arbitrary? Illustrate it with examples.5.What is the difference between tone languages and intonation languages? Illustrate it with examples.6.Explain the differences between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes in terms of both function and position.7.What does it mean to say that language is a system? Illustrate it with examples.8.What is the difference between an empty morph and a zero morph? Illustrate it with examples.9.What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure? Illustrate them with examples.10.What does it mean to say that language is symbolic? Illustrate it with examples.11.What is a morpheme? Illustrate the relationship between morphemes, morphs, and allomorphs with examples.12.What are the three general types of antonyms? And how do they differ from each other?13.What are the three sub-branches of phonetics? How do they differ from each other?14.What does Semantic Filed Theory mainly propose? Illustrate it with examples.15.What is the difference between segmental features and supra-segmental features? What are the supra-segmentalfeatures in English?16.What are the design features of languages?17.How does denotation differ from connotation? Illustrate their difference with examples.18.Why do we say “ absolutesynonyms are rare or even non-existent ”? Illustrate it with examples.19.What does it mean to say that language is dual-structured?20.What does compounding mean? Illustrate with examples the differences between hyphenated compounds, solidcompounds and open compounds?21.What are the essential factors for determining sentence meaning? Illustrate them with examples.22.How does a diachronic description of a language differ from a synchronic description of a language? Illustrate theirdifference with examples.23.What are the three conditions for forming a minimal pair? Illustrate it with examples.24.What does clipping mean in morphology? Illustrate with examples the difference between back clipping, front clipping,front and back clipping, and phrase clipping.Practical work.Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions：写对应于每一个下面语音描述的符号Example: a voiceless velar plosive[k]1) a voiced bilabial plosive__ [b] ____2) a voiceless labiodental fricative__ [f] ____3) a voiced bilabial nasal__ [ m ]____4) a high front unrounded vowel__[ i ]___5) a voiced bilabial glide__[w]____6) a voiceless dental fricative__[θ]____7) a voiced labiodental nasal__ [?] ____8) a mid central unroudned vowel___[ ?:]___9) a voiced velar plosive__ /g/____10) a voiceless alveolar fricative_ [θ:]11) a voiced alveolar liquid__ ____12) a mid back rounded vowel__[?:] ____13) a voiced dental fricative__[ e ]____14) a voiceless alveo-palatal affricative__ / ?/ ____15) a voiced post-alveolar liquid__ /?/ ____16) a high back rounded vowel__ [u]____17) a voiceless bilabial plosive___[p]___18) a voiced alveolar fricative__[s]____19) a voiceless post-alveolar affricate__ [ ?] ____20) a low front unrounded vowel__[a]____21) a voiceless alveo-palatal fricative__t____22) a voiced post-alveolar affricate__[z]____23) a voiceless palatal plosive__[c]____24) a mid front unrounded vowel_[ε]___25) a voiceless alveolar plosive__ [t]____26) a voiced alveolar nasal______27) a voiced palatal glide______28) a low central unrounded vowel__Λ____29) a voiced alveo-palatal fricative__x____30) a voiceless dental fricative__[θ]____31) a voiced alveo-palatal affricate______32) a low back rounded vowel_[ ?]_____Divide the following words into separate morphemes by placing a “ +”between each morpheme and the next:1)manly = man+ly2)encourage = en+cour+age3)placement =place+ment4)agreement = agree+ment5)affixes =6)footprint = foot+print7)underestimation= under+estimation8)disapproval= dis+approval9)gentleman = gentle+man10)entertainment = enter+tain+ment11)entitle = en+title12)reread =re+read13)unfit = un+fit14)waterbed = water+bed15)disorderly = dis+order+ly16)unsuccessful = un+success+ful17)structural = structural18)sweeten = sweet+en19)marker = mark+er20)decided = decid+ed21)exciting = excit+ing22)greenhouse = green+house23)disgraceful = dis+grace+ful24)enlargement = en+large+ment25)informed =inform+ed26)amazing = amaz+ing27)advanced =advance+ed28)enrich =en+rich29)deafen =deaf+en30)undergo = un+dergo31)irregularly = ir+regular+ly32)decoded = decod+ed33)incorrect = in+correct34)undo = un+do35)weekly = week+ly36)functional =func+tion+al37)illiterate = ill+iterate38)sleepwalk = sleep+walk39)unmanly = un+man+ly40)befriended = be+friend+ed41)disobey = dis+oney42)rewrite = re+write43)yearly = year+ly44)troublesome = trouble+some45)talented = talent+ed46)lookout = look+out47)boyishness = boy+ish+ness48)disappearance = dis+appear+ance49)supervise = super+vise50)costly = cost+ly51)inspiring = inspire+ing52)prescription =pre+scrip+tion53)threaten = threat+en54)overlook = over+look55)undesirable = un+desir+able56)irreplaceable = ir+re+place+able57)eatable = eat+able58)amusement = amuse+ment59)monthly = month+ly60)generalize =generalize61)logical =logic+al62)grandfather = grand+father63)incorruptible = in+corrupt+ible64)reenactment =re+enact+mentMatch the names of linguistic figures in column A with the schools or theories or works of linguistics in column B:Column A Column B1)Saussure ( d) a. Systemic-Functional Grammar2)Halliday( a) b. The London School3)Firth( b ) c.Transformational-Generative Grammar4)Chomsky ( c) d. The Founder of Structuralism系统功能语法（Systemic-functional Grammar）由英国语言学家韩礼德（Halliday ）伦敦学派是以长期在伦敦大学的东方与非洲研究学院教授语音学与语言学并于1944年成为英国第一任语言学教授弗斯(Firth) 为首的语言学派换 -生成语法（ Transformational-generative grammar，简称 TG ）是美国语言学家乔姆斯基Column A Column B5)Chomsky( c) a. American Structuralism6)Bloomfield( a) b. Relational Grammar7)Lamb( b ) c. Syntactic Structures8)Perlmutter and Postal( d) d. Stratificational GrammarColumn A Column B9)Chomsky( b) a. The Prague School10)Mathesius( a) b. Aspects of The Theory of Syntax11)Malinowski( d) c. Case Grammar12)Fillmore( c) d. Coral Gardens and Their MagicColumn A Column B13) Chomsky( b ) a. American Structuralism14)Firth( d) b. The Minimalist Program15)Bloomfield( a) c. The Distinctive Feature Theory16)Jakobson( c) d. The Founder of the London SchoolColumn A Column B17)Chomsky( c) a. Montague Grammar18)Hjelmslev( d) b. Lexical-Functional Grammar19)Montague( a) c. The Innateness Hypothesis20)Brasnan & Kaplan( b ) d. The Copenhagen SchoolColumn A Column B21)Chomsky( b) a. The Copenhagen School22)Jakobson( d) b. Language Acquisition Device23)Mathesius( c) c. Communicative Dynamism24)Hjelmslev( a ) d. The Distinctive Feature TheoryColumn A Column B25)Chomsky ( d) a. The Founder of the London School26)Halliday( c) b. The Founder of Structuralism27)Firth( a ) c. Systemic-Functional Grammar28)Saussure ( b ) d. The Extended Standard TheoryColumn A Column B29)Chomsky( b) a. Coral Gardens and Their Magic30)Hjelmslev( d) b. The Classical Theory31)Jakobson( c ) c. The Distinctive Feature Theory32)Malinowski( a) d. The Copenhagen SchoolDraw the deep structure phrase markers for the following two sentences:1)John is attending the class.2)Mary could have seen the film.3)Mary is chasing the dog.4)John could have read the book.5)Tom is eating an orange.6)Nancy could have done her homework.7)Johnson is reading a book.8)David could have finished his homework.9)David is singing a song.10)Tim could have told the truth.11)Tim is playing the piano.12)Johnson could have stolen the wallet.13)Nancy is playing the badminton.14)Mary could have seen the poster.15)George is doing his homework.16)David could have read the novel.17)。
(完整版)语言学考试试题及其答案
一、填空１５%1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。
2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助•••交际工具。
3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。
4、英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。
5、语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理•角度分析它的表现形式（传递过程），从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。
6、是否能够独立（自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。
7、现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。
8、具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。
9、语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。
10、我国宪法（１９８２年）第１９条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。
二、单项选择题（本大题共26小题，每题1分）1、下列关于“语言”和“言语”的表述中，不正确的一项是【】A.语言是社会的，言语是个人的B.语言是主要的，言语是从属的C.语言是抽象的，言语是具体的D.语言是书面的，言语是口头的答案：D2、下列关于一般语汇总体特点的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.构词能力强B.使用范围窄C.产生历史长D. 大多很稳定答案：B 解析：根据词在语汇系统中的重要程度，可以分为基本语汇和非基本语汇（一般语汇）两大类。
ACD三项都属于基本语汇的特点。
3、区分“单纯词”和“合成词”所依据的是【】A.词的音节数量B.词的语素数量C.词的音形关系D.词的地位用途4、语法规则的“系统性”是指【】A.对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B.相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C.语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D.语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢答案：C 解析：ABD三项分别对应的是语法规则的“抽象性”、“递归性”、“稳定性”。
5、语音的四个物理要素中，区别不同的意义起着最为重要的作用的是【】A、音高B、音强C、音长D、音色6、元音和辅音本质区别是【】A、元音的发音可以延长，辅音不可以B、元音发音响亮，辅音不响亮C、元音发音时气流不受阻，辅音一定受阻D、发元音时，发音器官的各个部分均衡紧张；辅音则不然7、[ε]的发音特征是【】A、舌面前高不圆唇B、舌面后高不圆唇C、舌面前半高不圆唇D、舌面前半低不圆唇8、下列关于语义民族性的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.词义上的民族特点并不明显B.词的多义化不受民族特点的制约C.不同的民族语言在词的理性意义上并无差异D.不同的民族语言在词的非理性意义上会有所不同答案：D解析：不同民族对客观事物的认识不同，因而语义的民族特点也不同，词的多义化也会受制约，非理性意义也会有所不同，比如汉语中“狗”字常含贬义，像“走狗”；可在英语里，“dog”常含褒义，像“a lucky dog”（幸运儿）。
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Translate the following terms from English into Chinese.把下列术语翻译成中文1.duality of structure _________结构的二元性_______________2.General Linguistics ________普通语言学________________3.voiceless consonant _________清辅音_______________plementary distribution ________互补分布________________5.free morpheme ________自由词素________________6.immediate constituent ________直接成份________________ponential Analysis ________成份分析________________8.American Structuralism ________美国结构主义________________9.zero morph _________零语子_______________10.structural ambiguity _________结构歧义_______________11.productivity _________多产性______________12.linguistic competence __________语言能力______________13.manner of articulation _________发音方法_______________14.intonation language _________语调语言_______________15.allophone __________音位变体______________16.inflectional morpheme _________曲折语素_______________17.phrase marker __________短语标记______________18.denotation __________指示______________19.Systemic-Functional Grammar __________系统功能语法______________20.bound morpheme __________粘着语素______________21.cultural transmission __________文化传播______________22.Descriptive Linguistics __________描写语言学______________23.derivational morpheme ___________派生词素_____________24.consonant ___________辅音_____________25.tone language ___________声调语言_____________26.empty morph ___________虚语子_____________27.syntax ___________语法_____________plementary antonym ___________互补反义词_____________29.mode of discourse ____________话语方式____________30.free variation _______自有变异_________________31.displacement __________取代______________32.paradigmatic relation __________集合体关系______________33.voiced consonant __________浊辅音______________34.minimal pair __________极小对______________35.phoneme __________音位______________36.lexical ambiguity __________词法的歧义性______________37.connotation __________内涵______________nguage acquisition device __________语言习得机制______________39.constituency __________选区______________40.alien __________相异______________41.design feature __________设计特点______________42.Theoretical Linguistics __________理论语言学______________43.diphthong __________双元音______________44.contrastive distribution __________对立分布______________45.translation-loan __________借译词______________46.ultimate constituent __________主要成分______________47.relational opposite __________关系对立词______________48.genre __________类型______________49.dependency __________从属______________50.denizen __________居民______________51.arbitrariness __________任意______________52.linguistic performance ___________语言行为_____________53.vowel ___________元音_____________54.free variation ___________自由变异_____________55.derivational morpheme _________派生词素_______________56.surface structure __________表层结构______________57.mode of discourse ___________话语方式_____________58.gradable antonym __________分级反义词______________59.Innateness Hypothesis __________天赋假说______________plementary antonym __________互补反义词______________61.interchangeability _______可交换性_________________62.syntagmatic relation ________结构关系________________63.pure vowel _________纯元音_______________64.intonation language _________语调语言_______________65.bound morpheme __________粘着语素______________66.linguistic competence __________语言能力______________67.deep structure __________深层结构______________68.semantic field __________语义场_____________69.context of situation ___________情境语境_____________70.manner of articulation ___________发音方法_____________71.discreteness ___________组件_____________72.Applied Linguistics _________应用语言学_______________73.immediate constituent __________直接成分______________74.place of articulation __________发音部位______________75.phoneme ___________音位；音素_____________76.zero morph _________零语子_______________77.structural ambiguity __________结构歧义______________78.hyponymy __________上下位关系______________79.tenor of discourse ___________语旨_____________ponential Analysis __________成分分析______________Answer the following questions.回答一下问题1.What are the differences between grammatical competence and pragmatic competence2.What is the difference between free morphemes and bound morphemes Illustrate it with examples.3.What are the three syntactic relations Illustrate them with examples.4.What does it mean to say that language is arbitrary Illustrate it with examples.5.What is the difference between tone languages and intonation languages Illustrate it with examples.6.Explain the differences between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes in terms of both function and position.7.What does it mean to say that language is a system Illustrate it with examples.8.What is the difference between an empty morph and a zero morph Illustrate it with examples.9.What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure Illustrate them with examples.10.What does it mean to say that language is symbolic Illustrate it with examples.11.What is a morpheme Illustrate the relationship between morphemes, morphs, and allomorphs with examples.12.What are the three general types of antonyms And how do they differ from each other13.What are the three sub-branches of phonetics How do they differ from each other14.What does Semantic Filed Theory mainly propose Illustrate it with examples.15.What is the difference between segmental features and supra-segmental features What are the supra-segmentalfeatures in English16.What are the design features of languages17.How does denotation differ from connotation Illustrate their difference with examples.18.Why do we say “absolute synonyms are rare or even non-existent” Illustrate it with examples.19.What does it mean to say that language is dual-structured20.What does compounding mean Illustrate with examples the differences between hyphenated compounds, solidcompounds and open compounds21.What are the essential factors for determining sentence meaning Illustrate them with examples.22.How does a diachronic description of a language differ from a synchronic description of a language Illustrate theirdifference with examples.23.What are the three conditions for forming a minimal pair Illustrate it with examples.24.What does clipping mean in morphology Illustrate with examples the difference between back clipping, frontclipping, front and back clipping, and phrase clipping.Practical work.Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions：写对应于每一个下面语音描述的符号Example: a voiceless velar plosive [k]1) a voiced bilabial plosive __ [b] ____2) a voiceless labiodental fricative __ [f] ____3) a voiced bilabial nasal __ [ m ] ____4) a high front unrounded vowel __[ i ]___5) a voiced bilabial glide __[w]____6) a voiceless dental fricative __[θ]____7) a voiced labiodental nasal __ [?] ____8) a mid central unroudned vowel ___[ :] ___9) a voiced velar plosive __ /g/ ____10) a voiceless alveolar fricative _[θ:]_____11) a voiced alveolar liquid __ ____12) a mid back rounded vowel __[?:] ____13) a voiced dental fricative __[ e ] ____14) a voiceless alveo-palatal affricative __ / ? /____15) a voiced post-alveolar liquid __ /?/ ____16) a high back rounded vowel __ [u] ____17) a voiceless bilabial plosive ___[p]___18) a voiced alveolar fricative __[s]____19) a voiceless post-alveolar affricate __ [t??] ____20) a low front unrounded vowel __[a]____21) a voiceless alveo-palatal fricative __t____22) a voiced post-alveolar affricate __[z]____23) a voiceless palatal plosive __[c]____24) a mid front unrounded vowel _[ε]___25) a voiceless alveolar plosive __ [t] ____26) a voiced alveolar nasal ______27) a voiced palatal glide ______28) a low central unrounded vowel __Λ____29) a voiced alveo-palatal fricative __x____30) a voiceless dental fricative __[θ]____31) a voiced alveo-palatal affricate ______32) a low back rounded vowel _[]_____Divide the following words into separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next:Example: bookshelf = book + shelf1)manly = man+ly2)encourage = en+cour+age3)placement = place+ment4)agreement = agree+ment5)affixes =6)footprint = foot+print7)underestimation= under+estimation8)disapproval = dis+approval9)gentleman = gentle+man10)entertainment = enter+tain+ment11)entitle = en+title12)reread =re+read13)unfit = un+fit14)waterbed = water+bed15)disorderly = dis+order+ly16)unsuccessful = un+success+ful17)structural = structural18)sweeten = sweet+en19)marker = mark+er20)decided = decid+ed21)exciting = excit+ing22)greenhouse = green+house23)disgraceful = dis+grace+ful24)enlargement = en+large+ment25)informed =inform+ed26)amazing = amaz+ing27)advanced =advance+ed28)enrich =en+rich29)deafen =deaf+en30)undergo = un+dergo31)irregularly = ir+regular+ly32)decoded = decod+ed33)incorrect = in+correct34)undo = un+do35)weekly = week+ly36)functional =func+tion+al37)illiterate = ill+iterate38)sleepwalk = sleep+walk39)unmanly = un+man+ly40)befriended = be+friend+ed41)disobey = dis+oney42)rewrite = re+write43)yearly = year+ly44)troublesome = trouble+some45)talented = talent+ed46)lookout = look+out47)boyishness = boy+ish+ness48)disappearance = dis+appear+ance49)supervise = super+vise50)costly = cost+ly51)inspiring = inspire+ing52)prescription =pre+scrip+tion53)threaten = threat+en54)overlook = over+look55)undesirable = un+desir+able56)irreplaceable = ir+re+place+able57)eatable = eat+able58)amusement = amuse+ment59)monthly = month+ly60)generalize =generalize61)logical =logic+al62)grandfather = grand+father63)incorruptible = in+corrupt+ible64)reenactment =re+enact+mentMatch the names of linguistic figures in column A with the schools or theories or works of linguistics in column B:Column A Column B1)Saussure ( d ) a. Systemic-Functional Grammar2)Halliday ( a ) b. The London School3)Firth ( b ) c.Transformational-Generative Grammar4)Chomsky ( c ) d. The Founder of Structuralism系统功能语法（Systemic-functional Grammar）由英国语言学家韩礼德（Halliday）伦敦学派是以长期在伦敦大学的东方与非洲研究学院教授语音学与语言学并于1944 年成为英国第一任语言学教授弗斯(Firth)为首的语言学派换-生成语法（Transformational-generative grammar，简称TG）是美国语言学家乔姆斯基Column A Column B5)Chomsky ( c ) a. American Structuralism6)Bloomfield ( a ) b. Relational Grammar7)Lamb ( b ) c. Syntactic Structures8)Perlmutter and Postal ( d ) d. Stratificational GrammarColumn A Column B9)Chomsky ( b ) a. The Prague School10)Mathesius ( a ) b. Aspects of The Theory of Syntax11)Malinowski ( d ) c. Case Grammar12)Fillmore ( c ) d. Coral Gardens and Their MagicColumn A Column B13)Chomsky ( b ) a. American Structuralism14)Firth ( d ) b. The Minimalist Program15)Bloomfield ( a ) c. The Distinctive Feature Theory16)Jakobson ( c ) d. The Founder of the London SchoolColumn A Column B17)Chomsky ( c ) a. Montague Grammar18)Hjelmslev ( d ) b. Lexical-Functional Grammar19)Montague ( a ) c. The Innateness Hypothesis20)Brasnan & Kaplan ( b ) d. The Copenhagen SchoolColumn A Column B21)Chomsky ( b ) a. The Copenhagen School22)Jakobson ( d ) b. Language Acquisition Device23)Mathesius ( c ) c. Communicative Dynamism24)Hjelmslev ( a ) d. The Distinctive Feature TheoryColumn A Column B25)Chomsky ( d ) a. The Founder of the London School26)Halliday ( c ) b. The Founder of Structuralism27)Firth ( a ) c. Systemic-Functional Grammar28)Saussure ( b ) d. The Extended Standard TheoryColumn A Column B29)Chomsky ( b ) a. Coral Gardens and Their Magic30)Hjelmslev ( d ) b. The Classical Theory31)Jakobson ( c ) c. The Distinctive Feature Theory32)Malinowski ( a ) d. The Copenhagen SchoolDraw the deep structure phrase markers for the following two sentences:1)John is attending the class.2)Mary could have seen the film.3)Mary is chasing the dog.4)John could have read the book.5)Tom is eating an orange.6)Nancy could have done her homework.7)Johnson is reading a book.8)David could have finished his homework.9)David is singing a song.10)Tim could have told the truth.11)Tim is playing the piano.12)Johnson could have stolen the wallet.13)Nancy is playing the badminton.14)Mary could have seen the poster.15)George is doing his homework.16)David could have read the novel.。