语言学概论期末复习重点练习题

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《语言学概论》期末检测试题3套含答案(大学期末复习资料).doc

期末试卷一一、单项选择题（每小题1分，总计20分）1.关于“语言”的定义，下列说法不正确的一项是（）A.语言是一种社会现象B.语言就是人们说出来的话C.语言的客观存在形式首先是有声的口头语言D.语言是一个符号系统2.从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（）A.音渡B.音素C.音位D.音节3.在一种语言内部划脑言时，最主要的依据是（）A.语法B.语义C.语音D.词汇4.从词的构造方式看，汉语“健儿” 一词属于（）A.单纯词B.派生词C.复合词D.简缩词5.下列各个汉语词语中的“子”是词根语素的是（）A.笼子B.鸽子C.瓜子D.日子6.下列关于语法的表述中，不正确的一项是（）A.语法是关于词的构成变化和词构成词组和句子的规则B.语法是说本族语的人的直觉知识和约定习惯C.语法是与语音、语汇等要素互不相关的规则D.语法是与语音、语汇等相比变化较慢的现象7.下列关于词义模糊性的表述中，正确的一项是（）A.词义所指范围边缘区域模糊，中心区域明确B.词义所指范围边缘区域明确，中心区域模糊C.词义所指范围边缘区域、中心区域都模糊D.词义所指范围边缘区域可能模糊8.“哈巴狗”和“狮子狗”指的是同一种狗，二者在词义上的主要差别是（）A.理性意义不同B.语体色彩不同C.形象色彩不同D.语气意义不同9.下列各项中，含有降级述谓结构的是（）A.他申请去北京进修B.你去请他比较好C.他取下了挂在墙上的地图D.他害怕老师批评他10.下列各项中，甲和乙之间是预设关系的是（）A.（甲）他有一件西服（乙）他有一件衣服B.（甲）他的西服破了（乙）他有一件西服C.（甲）那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》一一（乙）那个人借给他一本《红楼梦》D.（甲）那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》一一（乙）那个学生借给他一本书11.1956年我国推行汉字简化方案，将繁体字改成简体字，这属于（）A.正字法改革B.字符类型改革C.文字类型改革D.字符类型和文字类型改革12.汉语中的“基因”来自英语的gene,从该词产生的方式看，“基因”属于（A.纯粹音译词B.音译兼意译词C.意译词D.仿译词13.从语言的发展演变来看，语汇系统中最不易发生变化的是（）A.通用语汇B.常用语汇C.基本语汇D.专用语汇14.关于社会方言的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是（）A.社会方言大多是在语言的相互接触中形成的B.社会方言是随着社会的社群分化而产生的C.一种语言的内部有可能形成社会方言D.一种方言的内部有可能形成社会方言15.关于共同语的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是（）A.并不意味着方言分歧已经消失B.并不意味着方言分歧将会扩大C.并不意味着方言最终将被取代D.并不意味着语言已经实现统一16.关于语言规范化的推行，下列说法不正确的一项是（）A.主要由权威机构提出具体的规范意见B.主要由权威机构强制推行C.主要通过教育机构、大众传媒等渠道向社会推行D.主要是一个积极引导社会公众自觉遵守的过程17.关于语言获得的原因，下列学说中偏重于内部条件解释的是（）A.模仿说B.天赋说C.强化说D.刺激反应说18.社会语言学属于（）A.理论语言学B.广义应用语言学C.普通语言学D.狭义应用语言学19.汉语中的：“了、着、过”在古代具有实实在在的词汇意义，到现代变成只表语义的助词，这属于（）A.异化B.类化C.新语法范畴的形成D.实词虚化20.下列语言中属于粘着语的是（）A.苗语B.越南语C.俄语D.日语二、多项选择（每个小题3分，共30分）1.根据舌位的高低，元音可分为（）A.高兀音B.央元音C.半高元音D.半低元音E.低元音2.下列汉字的读音中多包含有辅音［飞］的有（）A.男B.拉C.拿D.拦E.驴3.下列词中带有前缀的是（%1老鼠%1画家%1阿姨%1超越%1超现实主义4.下列词组叫，带双宾语的是（）%1托你一件事%1托你办件事%1请你办这件事%1借你五元钱%1给你一本书5.下列语素中，属于枯着语素的是（）%1宏%1伟%1大%1楼%1机6.卞列语言单位中，属于派生词的是（）%1律师%1鸟儿%1老婆%1苦头%1文学家7.下列词中，处于同一个语义场的词是（）%1桌子%1椅子%1沙发%1柜子%1鞋子8.下列语言属于印欧语系的是（）%1法语%1英语%1德语%1阿拉伯语%1维吾尔语9.汉语属于（）%1汉藏语系%1汉语族%1屈折语%1孤立语%1粘着语10.下列文字中属于表意文字的是（）%1汉字%1中美洲的马雅文字%1古埃及的圣书字%1我国纳西族的东巴文%1古印度的法卢文三、判断题（每题2分，共20分）1.符号有视觉符号、听觉和触觉符号三种，语言是一种视觉符号。

语言学概论复习题

语言学概论复习题一、语言的本质语言是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具。

它具有以下几个本质特征：1、任意性语言符号的形式和意义之间的关系是任意的，即语言符号的音和义之间没有必然的、本质的联系。

例如，“狗”这个词在汉语中读作“gǒu”，而在英语中是“dog”，不同的语言用不同的声音来表示相同的概念。

2、线条性语言符号只能一个接一个依次出现，在时间的线条上绵延，不能在空间的面上铺开。

这意味着我们说话时必须按照一定的顺序来表达，比如“我吃饭”不能说成“饭吃我”。

3、系统性语言是一个由各种要素和单位构成的复杂系统。

语音、词汇、语法等各个部分相互关联、相互制约，共同构成了语言的整体。

4、社会性语言是社会的产物，它随着社会的产生而产生，随着社会的发展而发展。

不同的社会群体可能会有不同的语言变体，如地域方言、社会方言等。

二、语音语音是语言的物质外壳，是语言符号的声音形式。

1、语音的物理属性包括音高、音强、音长和音色。

音高决定声调，音强影响重音，音长影响语调，音色则是区分不同音素的重要依据。

2、元音和辅音元音发音时气流不受阻碍，声道畅通；辅音发音时气流受到一定的阻碍。

元音和辅音在发音部位和发音方法上都有所不同。

3、音位音位是能够区别意义的最小语音单位。

音位变体是同一个音位在不同语音环境中的具体表现形式。

4、语音的组合和变化包括音节的结构、语流音变等。

常见的语流音变有同化、异化、弱化、脱落等。

三、词汇词汇是语言的建筑材料。

1、词的构成包括单纯词和合成词。

单纯词由一个语素构成，如“天”“地”；合成词由两个或两个以上的语素构成，如“火车”“美丽”。

2、词义词义包括概念意义和附加意义。

概念意义是词义的核心，附加意义包括感情色彩、语体色彩、形象色彩等。

3、词义的演变词义的演变主要有词义的扩大、缩小和转移。

例如，“江”原指长江，现在泛指江河，这是词义的扩大。

4、词汇的发展词汇的发展主要通过新词的产生、旧词的消亡和词义的变化来实现。

《语言学概论》期末考试复习题及参考答案

1 / 7语言学概论复习题（课程代码262316）一、单项选择题1.1.音高取决于（音高取决于（）A.A.发音体振动的振幅发音体振动的振幅B. B.发音体振动的频率发音体振动的频率C.C.发音体振动的持续时间发音体振动的持续时间D. D.共鸣器的形状共鸣器的形状2.2.北京话“慢”单念时读北京话“慢”单念时读北京话“慢”单念时读[man][man][man]，但“慢慢儿”却有人读做，但“慢慢儿”却有人读做，但“慢慢儿”却有人读做[mai [mai mar]mar]，前一音节的语，前一音节的语流音变现象是（）A.A.同化同化B.B.异化异化C. C.弱儿弱儿D. D.增音增音3.3.英语“worker”中的“英语“worker”中的“英语“worker”中的“--er”是（）A.A.构词语素构词语素B. B.构形语素构形语素C.C.虚词语素虚词语素D. D.词根语素词根语素4.4.下列汉语词语中的“儿”不属于词根语素（实义语素）的是（下列汉语词语中的“儿”不属于词根语素（实义语素）的是（）A.A.健儿健儿B. B.女儿女儿C.C.少儿少儿D. D.花儿花儿5.“吓唬”和“恐吓”在非理性意义上的主要差别是（）A.语气意义不同B.感情色彩不同C.语体色彩不同D.形象色彩不同6.“老王说服了小李”中“老王”是行为的施事，“小李”是行为的受事，这种意义是（）A.语汇意义B.语法意义语法意义C.语境意义D.蕴含意义7.语言成分的借用，最常见、最突出的是（）A.词语的借用B.语音成分的借用C.词缀的借用D.语法结构的借用语法结构的借用8.下列几种类型的社会方言中，具有排他性的是（）A.行话B.黑话C.官腔官腔D.贵族语言9.下列辅音音素都是塞音的一组是（）A.[d, l]B.[b, k]C.[p, n]D.[t, v]10. 从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（）A.音位B.音素音素C.音节音节D.音渡音渡11.英语“students”中的“-s”是（）A.虚词语素B.词根语素词根语素C.构形语素D.构词语素构词语素12.下列现象中不属于词法手段的是（）A.虚词B.重叠重叠C.轻重音轻重音D.词形变化13.下面词组中，结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是（）A.年轻漂亮/朴素大方B.我们大家我们大家/首都北京C.铁路民航/工人农民D.贯彻执行/讨论研究14.下列成对的词语中，属于相对反义词的一组是（）A.成功—失败B.合法—非法懒惰非法 C.本地—外地 D.勤劳—懒惰一句歧义的主要原因是（）15.造成“北京人多”一句歧义的主要原因是（不同的句法结构关系一词多义 B.不同的句法结构关系A.一词多义不同的层次构造C.不同的语义结构关系D.不同的层次构造下列关于语言起源的表述中，正确的一项是（）16.下列关于语言起源的表述中，正确的一项是（语言产生于人类对外界各种声音的摹仿A.语言产生于人类对外界各种声音的摹仿语言产生于人们的相互约定B.语言产生于人们的相互约定语言是人类有意识地在短时间内创造出来的C.语言是人类有意识地在短时间内创造出来的语言是人类在长期进化发展过程中创造出来的D.语言是人类在长期进化发展过程中创造出来的17．在儿童学会说话的过程中，“双词阶段”标志着儿童产生的语言能力是（标志着儿童产生的语言能力是（）．语汇能力 C．语法能力D．语义能力A．语音能力B．语汇能力18．下列关于区别特征的表述中，不正确的一项是（．下列关于区别特征的表述中，不正确的一项是（）A．音位是通过区别特征相互区别的B．区别特征完全取决于语音的自然属性C．音位的辨义功能由区别特征负担D．区别特征通常都表现为二项对立mpu],这种语流音变现象是[miæmpu],19．北京话“面”单念时读作[miæ[miæn],n],但“面包”却读作[miæ（）A．弱化B．增音C．同化D．异化．下列各组中，三个复合词构词类型不一致的一组是（）20．下列各组中，三个复合词构词类型不一致的一组是（A．席卷耳鸣地震B．打倒切断推翻．发光散热出气D．天地欢乐爱好C．发光．下列各组词，吸收外来成分的手段存在不一致的情况的一组是（）21．下列各组词，吸收外来成分的手段存在不一致的情况的一组是（法兰西 B．沙拉咖啡麦当劳A．丹麦挪威法兰西立邦漆 D．香波克隆好莱坞好莱坞C．卡车．卡车啤酒立邦漆（层次分析法）的表述，不正确的一项是（）22．下列关于“直接组成成分分析法”（层次分析法）的表述，不正确的一项是（A．从最大的词组开始逐层切分，一直切分到词为止B．从最小的词开始逐层组合，一直组合到词组为止C．分析时要依据两条原则：“成结构”和“有意义”D．分析时采用的方法是“先分主干”和“后添枝叶”是（）23．“汽车”和“卡车”是（．近义词A．上下位词B．同义词C．等义词D．近义词．判断两种话是不同语言还是同一种语言的不同方言应该主要参考（）24．判断两种话是不同语言还是同一种语言的不同方言应该主要参考（A．相互理解程度B．语言结构的差异程度C．共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D．是否属于同一个国家单项选择题答案:1、B 2B2、、B 3B3、、A 4A4、、D 5D5、、C 6C6、、B 7B7、、A 8A8、、B 9B9、、B 10B 10、、A 1111、、C 12C 12、、A 13A 13、、B 14B 14、、D 15D 15、、D 16D 16、、D 17D 17、、C 18C 18、、B 19B 19、、C 20C 20、、A 21 21、、D 22D 22、、D 23D 23、、A 24A 24、、C二、多项选择题1.从发音机制上看，一个舌面元音的特征取决于（） A.舌位的高低舌位的高低B.舌位的前后舌位的前后C.嘴唇的圆展嘴唇的圆展D.声带振动不振动声带振动不振动E.送气不送气送气不送气送气不送气 2.下列汉语复合词在构词方式上属于支配式的有（） A.视力视力B.司机司机司机C.写作写作写作D.食物食物E.护膝护膝护膝 3．从声音产生方面分析，音质的不同取决于（）A ．发音体不同B ．发音体振动频率不同．发音体振动频率不同C ．发音体振动幅度不同D ．发音的方法不同E ．共鸣器形状不同4．在汉．在汉语普通话中，下列各组三个合成词的结构类型完全一致的有（语普通话中，下列各组三个合成词的结构类型完全一致的有（） A ．老虎老鼠老人B ．瓜子女儿奔头C ．第一初八阿姨D ．记者画家教员E ．房子花儿布头5、下列句子有歧义的是（、下列句子有歧义的是（）A 甲方在今年为乙方培养四个实验室工作人员。

(完整)《语言学概论》期末题库

《语言学概论》期末题库一、选择题(每小题2分，共60分。

)1．下列词组只有( ）没有歧义。

A.两个朋友送的花瓶 B。

折断了猎人的枪C。

看打球的小女孩 D.发现了敌人的哨兵2．语法上所谓“体”的范畴是指( ）。

A．用词的形态变化表示动作进行的状态 B．口语体C．书面体 D．用词的形态变化表示待人接物的状态3．我们在念“老虎"时，通常要把“老”念成阳平,这种变化叫做( )。

A．同化B．异化C．弱化D．脱落4．下列各组词其构词类型都属于复合词的是（）A．领导大街 reader B．国家月球 railwayC．老师刷子 unlike D．考虑作家 classmate5．俄语、汉语、日语三种语言所属的语法结构类型按次序是( ) A．粘着语—屈折语-孤立语B．屈折语—粘着语-孤立语C．孤立语-屈折语-粘着语D．屈折语-孤立语—粘着语6．与“春光明媚”结构相同的组合是（ )A．阳光的温暖 B．马上开始 C．太阳出来。

D．农民和工人7．“年龄”和“岁数”在非理性意义上的主要差别是（)A．感情色彩不同 B．语体色彩不同C．形象色彩不同 D．语气意义不同8．语言中发展演变速度最快的是（)A．语法规则B．音位系统C．一般语汇 D．基本语汇9．英语名词后面加上s或es，这种变化属于语法范畴中的（ )变化。

A。

性 B.数 C.格 D。

体10．下列说法，只有（）正确.A．振幅越大,声音就越弱。

B．振幅越大,声音就越长.C．频率越大，声音就越低.D．频率越大,声音就越高。

11．关于元音和辅音的区别的描述，（）是正确的.A．元音发音时间短暂，辅音发音时间较长。

B．辅音发音响亮，元音发音不响亮.C．发辅音气流受阻,发元音气流不受阻.D．发元音和辅音发音器官的各个部位均衡紧张.12．下列各组元音区别的描述，( )是错误的。

A．[i]和［y］的区别是舌位前后不同。

B．［u］和[o］的区别是舌位高低不同。

C．[a］和[ɑ］的区别是舌位前后不同。

语言学概论复习重点题目(附答案)

Linguistics:I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets1. ( ) The study of language as a whole is often called __________ linguistics.A. particularB. generalC. ordinaryD. generative2. ( ) __________ can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.A. PhonesB. SoundsC. PhonemesD. Speech sounds3. ( ) The two clauses in a __________ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A. simpleB. completeC. complexD. coordinate4. ( ) The goal of __________ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among avariety of speech communities and indifferent social situations.A. psycholinguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. historical linguisticsD. general linguistics5. ( ) A __________ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highestposition.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle6. ( ) The open, back and long vowel is __________.A.［ɑ：］B.［ɔ：］C.［ə：］D.［u:］7. ( ) Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable extent __________.A. regular but not systematicB. irregular and systematicC. regular and systematicD. irregular but systematic8. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on the __________ investigation of language data.A. symbolicB. systemicC. systematicD. system9. ( ) __________ are sometimes called “semivowels”.A. vowelsB. fricativeC. glidesD. nasals10. ( ) __________ is a typical tone language.A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. American English11. ( ) A sentence is considered __________ when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind ofnative speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical12. ( ) The number of the lexical items in the minor lexical categories is __________ and no new membersare allowed for.A. largeB. smallC. limitlessD. fixed13. ( ) Human beings are the only species that learns and acquires language__________ explicit instruction.A. withB. withoutC. withinD. through14. ( ) According to F. de Saussure, __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language15. ( ) Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the __________ properties of the stream of sounds which aspeaker issues.A. oralB. mentalC. physicalD. recorded16. ( ) __________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.A. PhonologyB. PhoneticsC. MorphologyD. Phonemics17. ( ) __________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.A. BroadB. DetailedC. WideD. Narrow18. ( ) The word “motel”is formed via word formation rule of __________.A. clippingB. blendingC. acronymD. coinage19. ( ) If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct”behavior, i.e., to tell people what theyshould say and what they should not say, it is said to be __________.A. productiveB. arbitraryC. prescriptiveD. creative20. ( ) __________, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second elementreceives secondary stress.A. OrthographicallyB. PhoneticallyC. SemanticallyD. Syntactically21. ( ) __________ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. LexicologyD. Coordination22. ( ) __________ is a kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.A. AbbreviationB. AcronymC. ClippingD. Blending23. ( ) Those that affect the syntactic category and the meaning of the root as well are __________.A. stemsB. affixesC. suffixesD. prefixes.24. ( ) __________ refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to theroots, stems, or words.A. DerivationB. CompoundingC. BlendingD. Back formation25. ( ) Since the phonetic contrast between /k/ in the word “kill”and /k/ in the word “coal”is not adistinctive one, the two /k/-s are only __________.A. phonemesB. phonesC. segmentsD. allophones26. ( ) When /p/ and /b/ occur in the same environments and distinguish meaning, they are in __________.A. minimal pairB. minimal setC. phonemic contrastD. complementary distribution27. ( ) __________ at the end of stems can modify the meaning of the original word and in many caseschange its part of speech.A. RootsB. PrefixesC. SuffixesD. Free morphemes28. ( ) As /k/ in the word “came”and /g/ in the word “game”are said to form a distinctive opposition inEnglish, they are __________.A. soundsB. phonemesC. allophonesD. varieties29. ( ) The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are __________ sounds.A. consonantalB. voicedC. vowelD. voiceless30. ( ) __________ are added to an existing form to create a word, which is a very common way to createnew words in English.A. Inflectional affixesB. Free morphemeC. Derivational affixesD. Stems31. ( ) __________ is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires anew, sometimes related meaning.A. Semantic narrowingB. Semantic broadeningC. Semantic borrowingD. Semantic shift32. ( ) __________ studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication.A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. LexicologyD. Phonetics33. ( ) Stress in English is used to __________ semantically important words.A. signalB. stand outC. identifyD. single34. ( ) __________ refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.A. Sound assimilationB. Internal borrowingC. ElaborationD. Rule simplification35. ( ) A compound word consists of __________.A. two or more than two wordsB. two morphemesC. two root morphemesD. two or more morphemes36. ( ) Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords37. ( ) “alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above38. ( )The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. morphemicD. semanticII. Directions: Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.1. English is an i__________ language.2. The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called p__________.3. IPA stands for International Phonetic A__________.4. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s__________ features.5. C__________ is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.6. P__________ studies language in relation to the mind.7. Human capacity for language has a g______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.8. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d__________.9. P__________ is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language.10. F__________ morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.11. B__________ is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.12. An English speaker and Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutuallyintelligible. This is a case of c__________ transmission.13. C__________ distribution means that the allophones of the same phoneme always occur in differentphonetic environments.14. Affixes like “im-”, “il-”, “un-”, “-tion”, “-or”, “-hood”, are called d______ affixes.15. The two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, one s__________ the other.16. Modern linguistics gives priority to the s__________ form of language.17. A bound r__________ can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.18. Language is p_____ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.19. P_________ occur at the beginning of a word and suffixes at the end.20. Historical linguists are concerned with the historical d__________ of languages and the processes involvedin language change.21. Linguistics is generally defined as the s__________ study of language.22. D__________ means that language can be used to refer to things which present or not present, real orimagined matters in the past, present , or future, or in faraway places.23. The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is l__________.24. Lying across the glottis are the v__________ cords, which are not really cords or strings as the nameindicates, but two membranes.25. S_________ is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies the social significance of language variation andlanguage use in different speech communities including regional, ethnic and social groups.26 I__________ affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number,degree, and case.27. A d__________ study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.28. In terms of morphemic analysis, c__________ can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes morethan two words to create new words.29. An acronym is a word created by combining the i__________ letters of a number of words.30 The description of a language as it changes through time is a d__________ study.31. The study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society is known as s__________.32. O__________, a compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen in between, or as twoseparate words.33. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they arecollectively known as i__________.34. The long vowels are all t__________ vowels and the short vowels are l__________ vowels.35. A s__________ community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or aparticular variety of language.36. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in thesame place in the strings, the two words are said to form a m__________ pair.37. Language is a system of a__________ vocal symbols used for human communication.38. Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a f__________ verb or averb phrase.39. Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k__________ of the rules of his language.40. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______________ .41. M_____________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules bywhich words are formed.42. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.43. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.44. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.45. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.46. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.47.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.48. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.49. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.1. ( ) Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, but sometimes prescriptive.2. ( ) Distinctive features are the same to any language.3. ( ) One of the clauses in a coordinate sentence is subordinate to the other.4. ( ) In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct object usuallyprecedes the verb.5. ( ) The most vigorous and on going change in the historical development of a language is the change in itsvocabulary.6. ( ) SLA stands for second language acquisition.7. ( ) The writing system of any language is always a later invention, used to record the speech.8. ( ) Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.9. ( ) The root of a word is the smallest meaningful unit of language.10. ( ) Historical linguistics studies language change.11. ( ) Language is a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.12. ( ) A synchronic study of language is a historical study.13. ( ) The structure of words is not governed by rules.14. ( ) Epenthesis is a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or a vowel sound to the middle of aword.15. ( ) Language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages.16 ( ) Phonology is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all thesounds that occur in the world's languages.17. ( ) Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress andsentence stress.18. ( ) WH movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.19. ( ) Morphology and syntax study the same aspect of language.20. ( ) Stress is a relative notion; only words with two or more syllables can be said to have word stress, andmonosyllabic words can not be said to have word stress.21. ( ) Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.22. ( ) Language change is different from the change in the grammar.23. ( ) An acronym is a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.24. ( ) Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a native language.25. ( ) The ultimate objective of language is to create grammatically well formed sentences.26. ( ) Suffixes, in contrast with prefixes, are added to the end of stems.27. ( ) Sound assimilation refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.28. ( ) It is the property of arbitrariness that provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide rangeof things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.29. ( ) When language users use it to convey information, thoughts and feelings from one person to anotheror as an attempt to control each other's behavior, we think that language is now functioning as a means of intrapersonal communication.30. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.31. ( ) The location of one of the suprasegmental features in English —stress does distinguish meaning.32. ( ) Most English words are closed categories because the number of the lexical items in these categoriesis fixed and no new members are allowed for, so they are known as major lexical categories.33. ( ) Language as the most important tool for human communication is both an open system and a closedsystem as well. It is closed because its forms in terms of sentences are regular, stable and context free.It is open because of its being variable, and context sensitive.34. ( ) What any individual speaker says within the same speech community is known as idiolect.35. ( ) A coordinate sentence contains two clauses which hold unequal status, that is, with one subordinatingthe other.36. ( ) It seems that with the help of language people may “think”better, and here it is believed thatlanguage is exerting its function of interpersonal communication.37. ( ) General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicablein any linguistic study.38. ( ) Languages vary in the order of the subject, the verb and the object.39. ( ) The distinction between Saussure's langue and Chomsky's competence lies in that the former is amatter of social conventions while the latter emphasizes the property of the mind of each individual.40. ( ) Words are the smallest unit of language that can not be broken down into even smaller components.41. ( ) Blending is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.42. ( ) Phonetics deals with how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning.43. ( ) Linguistic performance is essentially a social phenomenon but not a context dependent behavior.44. ( ) There are actually many other communicative systems rather than human language that are also rulegoverned.45. ( ) Morphology is divided into three sub-branches: inflectional morphology, lexical morphology andderivational morphology.46. ( ) In some sense we may use the term diachronic linguistics instead of historical linguistics.47. ( ) The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.48. ( ) Both phonology and phonetics are studies of sound though they have different emphases.49. ( ) Generally speaking, the standard language is more effective in expressing ideas than any other dialectcoexisting with it.50. ( ) Major lexical categories are open categories.51. ( ) The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of gender markings only.52. ( ) In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spokenform for a number of reasons.53. ( ) Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.54. ( ) The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning ofa compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.55. ( ) Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English andAmerican English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.56. ( ) Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic worldof experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.57. ( ) Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.58. ( ) In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physicalworld of experience.IV. Explain the following terms briefly:1. Design feature: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.2. Synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.3. Diachronic: study of a language is carried through the course of its history.4. Prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language use.5. Descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.6. Arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.7. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.8. Displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space, at the moment of communication.9. Creativity(创造性): one design feature of human language ,by creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its reccursiveness.10.C ompetence: competence means the language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.11. Performance: according to Chomsky, performance means the actual use of language in concrete situations.12. Langue: According to Saussure, langue refers to the linguistic competence of the speaker.13. Parole: According to Saussure, parole refers to the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances).14. Consonant: Consonants are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.15．Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds.16．Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. 17．Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; while, the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.18. P hone: the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. It’s a phonetic unit or segment.19. Phoneme: A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a phoneme. It’s a basic unit in phonological analysis. It is not any particular sound, but an abstract segment. In actual speech, a phoneme is realized phonetically as a certain phone. (the sound type in the mind) The phoneme is the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit.20. Allophone: the phones which are versions of one phoneme are referred to as the allophones of that phoneme.21. Minimal pairs: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment, which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.22. V owel: are sound segments produced without such obstruction, so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.23. Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.24. Assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. There are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it regressive assimilation; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is know as progressive assimilation.25. Phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages. What it studies includes the organs of speech, transcription, classification of speech sounds etc.26. Intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English, which has four basic types of intonation known as the four tones: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone and the rise-fall tone.27. Suprasegmental: aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principle suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.28. Morpheme: The smallest meaningful components at the lowest level of a word are called morphemes, such as “man”, “-ly”, “teach” “-er”, “dark”, and “-en” in “manly”, “teacher” and “darken”. The meaning morphemes convey may be of two kinds: lexical meaning such as “man”, “-ly”, “teach”, “-er” and grammatical meaning such as “-e s”, “-ed”, and “-ing” in “teaches” “ played” and “raining”.29. Grammatical words: words expressing grammatical meanings, such conjunction, prepositions, articles and pronouns.30. Open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs.31. Affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).32. Root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.33. Compounds: Compounds are compound morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes, such as classroom, blackboard, snow-white, etc.34. Bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to, e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”35. Blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words. 36. Loanword: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in some cases, to the phonological system of the new language that they enter.37. Syntax is the study of how words combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences.38. Constituent: a term used in structural analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit.39. Immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.40. Endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole. Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.41. Eexocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.42. Category: parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate, etc.43. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.44. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de -contextualised.45. Reference:Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience46. Synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.V. Questions:1. What are the major functions of language?Language function means the use of language to communicate, to think, etc. Language functions include informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function.2. Describe the four design features of language with examples.3. State briefly how consonants are classified.Three parameters are involved in classifying a consonant/ Consonants are classified according to the following three parameters:①place of articulation: place in the mouth where obstruction occurs: bi-labial, labio-dental, alveolar, etc②manners of articulation: ways in which articulation can be accomplished: plosive, fricative, nasal, etc③state of vocal cords: if the vocal cords vibrate or not: voiced and voiceless consonants.3. How are simple vowels classified?There are four ways to classify simple vowels:① According to the height of tongue raising: high, middle, low②According to the position of the highest part of the tongue: front, central, back③According to the shape of the lips (the degree of lip-rounding): rounded, unrounded。

聊城大学成人教育《语言学概论》期末考试复习题及参考答案

姓名年级专业层次教学单位代码··················密···················封·····················线··················语言学概论练习题一、填空1.在发音器官中，唇、舌头、软腭、小舌、声带等是能够活动的，叫做____发音器官，上齿、齿龈、硬腭等是不能活动的，叫做____发音器官。

2.语法结构虽然花样繁多，但可以归纳为少数的类型。

一般把世界上的语言分为 ____、____ 、____ 、____ 四种类型。

3.语言的词汇有一个核心，这就是____。

4.世界上独立形成的古老的文字体系都是 ____文字，即兼有____ 、____ 两种方法的文字。

5.____和____是语言发展的两大特点。

6．辅音的发音特点是由____、____两个方面决定的。

7．音位变体可分_ __和__ _两类。

8．常见的语流音变主要有____、____、____、____四种，例如汉语的"豆腐"，实际音质是[toufu],但人们说话时常说成[touf]，这种现象是____。

语言学概论复习题及参考答案

《语言学概论》课程复习资料一、单项选择题：1.抽象思维的能力和灵活的发音能力相结合，表现为 [ ]A.聪明的才智B.潜在的能力C.人类的语言能力D.超级智慧2.语言是一种 [ ]A.自然现象B.个人现象C.社会现象D.正常现象3.语法的组合规则包括 [ ]A.词法和句法B.构词法和语法范畴C.句法和形态D.内部屈折和词序4.在语言学中，“pidgin”这个单词是指 [ ]A.鸽子B.洋泾浜C.商业D.外来语5.英语的 beer,汉语译为“啤酒”，这种类型的外来词叫做 [ ]A.音译B.意译C.音译加意译D.仿译6.把现代汉语第三人称代词写成“他”、“她”。

[ ]A.表示性的范畴B.表示格的范畴C.并不是表示性的范畴D.表示体的范畴7.汉藏语系诸语言表示语法关系多用( )，这是它们在结构类型上的共同特点之一。

[ ]A.声调B.重音C.词序和虚词D.词的形态变化8.现代汉语的“葡”和“玻” [ ]A.两个都是词B.两个都不是词C.前一个是词，后一个不是词D.后一个是词，前一个不是词9.藏语、维吾尔语、法语三种语言所属的语法结构类型按次序是 [ ]A.粘着语—屈折语—孤立语B.孤立语—粘着语—屈折语C.孤立语—屈折语—粘着语D.屈折语—孤立语—粘着语10.[p‘]、[t‘]、[k‘]三个音素的区别是( )不同。

[ ]A.发音方法B.清浊C.发音部位D.送气与否11.英语的重音是一种 [ ]A.音质音位B.非音质音位C.时位D.音位变体12.“雪花”和“花钱”的两个“花”的关系是 [ ]A.一词多义B.同音词C.同义词D.反义词13.词和句子都是 [ ]A.符号B.顺序C.符号的序列D.音标14.在社会变动较大或政治斗争激烈时，语言各构成要素中变化最大的是 [ ]A.语音B.词汇C.语法D.词义15.英语里的 football,汉语译为“足球”，这种类型的外来词叫做 [ ]A.音译词B.借词C.仿译词D.音译加意译16.词干 [ ]A.就是词根B.不是词根，但只能由词根构成C.可以由词根和词缀构成，不包括词尾D.由词根、词尾、词缀构成17.语言本身的性质和特点表现为 [ ]A.语言是人类最重要的交际工具B.语言是符号系统C.语言是思维工具D.语言是一种特殊的社会现象18.元音和辅音最本质的区别是 [ ]A.声带是否振动B.是否均衡紧张C.时间延续久暂D.气流是否受阻19.“拿一把锁把门锁上。

语言学概论复习

语言学概论复习语言学概论课程期末复习题型与习题一、单项选择：共10小题，每小题1分，共10分1. 《普通语言学教程》的作者是（索绪尔）。

Ａ、乔姆斯基Ｂ、布龙菲尔德Ｃ、萨丕尔Ｄ、索绪尔2. 下面错误的一个说法是（）Ａ、思维可以不依赖于语言Ｂ、语言对思维有固定和改造作用Ｃ、思维是语言的服务对象Ｄ、思维中的概念与语言中词不是一对一的3. 在时间线条的某一位置上，可以相互替换的语言符号之间的关系是（）。

Ａ、组合关系Ｂ、聚合关系Ｃ、层级关系Ｄ、表里关系4. 普通话的“好”，用国际音标记为（）。

Ａ、〔hao〕Ｂ、〔xau〕Ｃ、〔hau〕Ｄ、〔xao〕5. 汉语“他在读书”的“他”（）Ａ、不表示人称的语法范畴Ｂ、表示人称的语法范畴Ｃ、表示格的语法范畴Ｄ、表示数的语法范畴6. 广义地说，汉语动词词尾“着”、“了”、“过”属于语法范畴中的（）Ａ、时范畴Ｂ、态范畴Ｃ、体范畴Ｄ、数范畴7. 下列概念不属于语用范畴的术语是（）。

Ａ、预设Ｂ、主语Ｃ、话题Ｄ、焦点8. 下列属于同音词现象的是（）。

Ａ、兵（兵器、士兵）Ｂ、青（青色、年青）Ｃ、花（花朵、花费）Ｄ、pen（“羽毛”、“笔”）9. 下列不属于汉语借词的是（）。

Ａ、电话Ｂ、摩托Ｃ、啤酒Ｄ、葡萄10. 确定语言之间具有亲属关系的主要依据是（）。

Ａ、系统的语音对应关系Ｂ、地理上临近Ｃ、语言使用者的民族相同Ｄ、有相同的语法结构11. 描写语言学、规范语言学、比较语言学的分类角度是（）。

Ａ、语言结构部门的范围不同Ｂ、语言存在的时间范围不同Ｃ、语言学与其它科学联系方式不同Ｄ、研究语言的操作方法不同12. 与国际音标[ x ]对应的汉语音素是（）。

Ａ、y Ｂ、k C、h Ｄ、c13. 音位是从（）角度划分出来的最小语音单位。

Ａ、物理属性Ｂ、生理属性 C、心理属性Ｄ、社会属性14. 语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是（）。

Ａ、音素Ｂ、义素 ??Ｃ、语素Ｄ、音位15. 下列诸现象中属于构词现象的是（）。

语言学概论复习题

《语言学概论》期末考试复习题一、填空题。

1．语言的底层是___一套音位___，语言的上层是___音意结合的符号和符号序列____。

2．北京话〔ts、ts`、s〕聚合成群依据的区别特征是__塞擦音___。

3．具有“受一定条件限制、时间性、地区性”三个明显特点的是_语音__演变的规律。

4．新事物、新概念的出现，要求语言必须丰富其__词汇___，而人们思维的愈加细密，则要求语言改进__语法__。

5.根据语素在词中的不同作用，一般把词根和词缀叫作构词语素，把词尾叫作构形语素。

6．__历史比较语言学___的建立，使语言学摆脱了过去的附庸地位，成为一门独立发展的科学。

7．语言符号的形式是__声音___，语言符号的内容是__意义__。

8．语言发展有两个特点：_渐变性__和_不平衡性___。

9．文字起源于__图画和契刻___。

10．中国、印度和希腊—罗马是语言学的三大发源地。

11．洋泾浜和混合语都是语言接触的一些特殊形式。

.12．声音具有音高__、_音重__、__音长__、_音质__这四种声学特征。

13．基本词汇有三个特点：_全民常用__、__稳固__、_有构词能力__。

14．词汇的发展变化大致包括_ 新词产生和旧词消亡__、_词语的替换____、_词义的演变__。

15．借词虽然音义都借自外语，但语音、语法上还得服从本族语言的结构规则。

16汉字的简化和整理异体字，属于文字的改进。

17. 语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是组合关系和聚合关系。

18.词汇系统的演变具体表现在词义的扩大、缩小、_____转移___。

19.文字学、音韵学和训诂学是我国传统的语文学。

20. “金陵”现称“南京”，“戏子”现称“演员”，这种变化是词语的替换。

二、选择题1.一般说来，新词、古词、方言词、行业词和外来词等（）。

A.属于一般词汇B.属于基本词汇C.有的属于基本词汇，有的属于一般词汇D.有时属于基本词汇，有时属于一般词汇2.口腔中最为灵活的发音器官是（）。

语言学概论期末考试复习题及参考答案

语言学概论（八）期末考试复习题及参考答案一、单选题1.（2分）语言符号的任意性是指A.语言符号可以任意使用和创造B.绝大多数语言符号的能指和所指之间没有必然的理据关系C,可以任意使用语言符号绐事物命名D∙语言符号的能指和所指可以任意改变参考答案：B2.（2分）下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的•组是A.image1..pngB.image2.pngC.image3.pngD.Image4.png参考答案：B3.（2分）“汽车”和“轿车”是A.上下位词B.同义词C.等义词D.近义词参考答案，A4.（2分）下列几种社会方言中，具有排他性的一项是A.阶级习惯语B.行话C隐语D.学生腔参考答案：C5.（2分）下列关于亲属语言的表述中，不正确的项是A亲属语言是社会完全分化的产物B∙亲属语言之间具有历史同源关系C.语言亲属关系有亲疏远近的分别D.亲属语言间不存在语音对应关系参考答案：D6..（2分）“老郎鼓励我考大学”是A.生谓诃组B.兼语词组C.连动词组D.复句词组参考答案，B7.12分）目前己知的最古老的拼音文字是一A.古埃及文字8.占希腊文字C腓尼基文字D∙中国的甲骨文参考答案：C9.（2分）划分词类的最本质的标准是A.分布标准8.意义标准C.形态标准D逻辑标准参考答案，A9.（2分）外语学习中的后期阶段被称为A.中介语阶段B.目标语阶段C低平期D高原期参考答案I D10.（2分）英语“students"中的"∙s"是.A.虚词语素B∙词根语素C.构形语素D.构词语素参考答案：C11.（2分）认为“思维和语言各自发展,二者没仃关系”的学者不包括A.古希腊哲学家柏拉图B.法国哲学家迪卡尔C.英国哲学家座布斯D.苏联语言学家马尔参考答案：D12.（2分）以卜.不属于语言学的三大发源地的是A.中国B.埃及C.印度D希腊•罗马参考答案，B13.（2分）下列语言学流派中桀中研究语言本体的流派是A.功能语言学B∙社会语言学C认知语言学D.结构语言学春考答案：D14.（2分）下面词组中,结构类型与其他各组不同的•组是A.年轻漂亮/朴素大方B.我们大家/首都北京C.民航大厦/工人农民D.贯彻执行/讨论研究辨考答案：C15.（2分）关于语言获得的原因，卜列学说中偏重于内部条件解择的一项是A.天赋说B.摹仿说C强化说D剌激反应说参考答案；A16.（2分）传统上把汉字的单纯字符称为A偏旁B笔画C记号D.独体字参考答案，D17.（2分）北京话“面”单念时读作但“面包”却读作［mi?mpau）,这种语流音变现象是A溺化B.增音C同化D.异化春考答案：C18.（2分）汉语中的词类（词的语法分类）可以首先分出的两个大类是一A.基本词和非基本词B.实诃和虚词C.典型词和兼类词D.体词和谓词参考答案：B19.（2分）目前对于语言和思维的关系，比较一致的观点是A.有什么样的思维，就有什么样的语言B∙有什么样的语言，就有什么样的思维C思维对语言有•定影响，但更重要的是语言决定思维D.语言对思维有一定影响,但更重要的是思维决定语言参考答案，D20.（2分）听觉上最自然、最容易分辨的最小语音单位是A.音素B.国i音C音位D.音节参考答案：D21.（2分）首先提出“能指”和“所指”这对概念的语言学家是A洪堡特B.索绪尔D.萨丕尔分考答案：B22.（2分）判断两种话是不同语言还是同一种语言的不同方言应该主要参考A.相互理解程度B.语言结构的差异程度C.共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D∙地域临近程度参考答案，C23.（2分）语言符号具有可变性的根本原因在丁语言符号的A.任意性B.强制性C离散性D.系统性参考答案：A24.（2分）下列各项中，谓词和变元之间属于动作与结果关系的是A.写黑板B.打篮球C.织毛衣D.寄包裹参考答案，C25.（2分）从词的构造类型上看，汉语“动人”一词属于A.单纯词B.复合词D.简缩词参考答案：B26.（2分）语法的演变之所以比语汇缓慢，是因为A语法规则比较简单B.语法规则数量较少C.语法规则具有强制性D∙语法规则具有抽象性参考答案IC27.（2分）构形语素属于A.虚词语素B.词根语素C.自由语素D.黏若语素参考答案：D28.（2分）下列各组中,三个复合词构词类型不一致的一组是A.席卷耳鸣地震B.打倒切断推翻C发光散热出气D.天地欢乐爱好弁考答案：A29.（2分）在语言谱系分类的层级体系中,域大的类别是一A.语族B.语支C.语系D∙语群参考答案，C30.（2分）从语音的社公功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是A.音位B.音素C.音节D.各渡参考答案：B31.（2分）人类语言和动物的交际方式A.完全一致B.有根本区别C有•定的差别D∙基本一样参考答案：B32.（2分）“我知道你很聪明。

语言学概论期末复习重点练习题

语言学概论练习题（一）导言一、填空1.语言学的三大发源地是。

2.语言学是世纪成为独立的学科的，其标志是。

3.现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家的。

4.中国“小学”的主要研究内容是。

5.关于语言的一般规律的理论研究被称为语言学。

6.语言学是和联系的桥梁。

二、判断正误1.语文学主要是研究古代的口语和书面语。

2.语言有自身结构的独立性，与系统之外的社会环境没有关系。

3.理论语言学是研究语言一般规律的，不受具体语言研究影响。

4.研究语言每个子系统在不同时期所发生的变化及其变化中不同子系统的关联就是共时语言学。

5.语言学是一门既古老又年轻充满活力的科学。

6.语言形式和内容的关系是语言研究的根本问题。

三、思考题1.为什么说语言学是自然科学和人文科学的桥梁？第一章一、填空1.语言的功能包括功能和功能。

2.语言的社会功能包括功能和功能。

3.在各种信息传递形式中，是第一性的、最基本的手段。

4.人的大脑分为左右两个半球，语言功能及计数、推理能力等由半球掌管，音乐感知、立体图形识别等能力由半球制约。

5.儿童语言习得一般经过阶段和阶段，这是儿童学话的关键两步。

二、判断正误1.文字是建立在语言基础上的再编码形式。

2.书刊上的话语不具有人际互动功能。

3.抽象思维要以语言为形式依托。

4.聋哑人不会说话，所以不具备抽象思维的能力。

5.不同语言结构的差异体现出思维方式的不同。

三、思考题1.为什么说语言是一种特殊的社会现象？2.为什么说语言是人类最重要的信息传递手段？第二章一、填空1.说出的话语句子是无限的，但无限多的句子都是由有限的和组装起来的。

2.符号包括和两个方面，二者不可分离。

3.语言符号的意义是对它指代的一类的概括。

4.语言符号的和，是语言符号的基本性质。

5.语言符号系统是一种，这种装置靠和来运转。

6.语言系统二层性的一大特点是层的最小单位一定少于层的最小单位。

7. 和是语言系统中的两种根本关系。

8.动物无法掌握人类的语言，从生理基础看是不具有和。

语言学概论期末复习综合练习题-

语言学概论期末复习综合练习题一、选择题说明：每题只有一个正确答案，请将正确答案的字母序号填到题中括号里。

1．下列说法只有( )是正确的。

A、哥本哈根学派是美国描写语言学的三大学派之一B、哥本哈根学派是社会语言学的三大学派之一C、哥本哈根学派是转换一生存语言学的三大学派之一D．哥本哈根学派是结构主义语言学的三大学派之一2．汉字是典型的意音文字，这里的“音”是指( )。

A、音位B，音素C、音节D．音质3．下列说法只有( )是正确的。

A、组合规则是潜在的，储存于人们的脑子中B．有些语素可以小于一个音节C、语法范畴包括词序变化形成的语法意义D．划分汉语词类的标准是形态4．下列说法只有( )是正确的。

A、两个民族接触，必然发生语言融合B．语言发展的不平衡性主要指元音变化比辅音快C、语言发生融合，不同的民族要形成杂居局面D．双语现象的最后结果必然是语言融合5．“戏子”、“厨子”等词语在现代汉语中改用“演员”、“炊事员”，这种变化是( )。

A、词义的消亡B．词语的替换C．词义的演变D、词语的消亡6．下列说法只有( )是正确的。

A、符号的意义比符号的形式更加重要B．C吾言和文字是人类最重要的交际工具C .从音位到语素是语言分层装置里最关键的接合部D．古人研究浯言，主要是研究口语，重视语言的现实运用7．有甲乙两个声波图．甲声波比乙声波振动次数少，乙声声波比甲声波振幅小，因此( ) A．甲声音低，乙声音弱H．甲声音高，乙声音弱C．甲声音低。

乙声音强1)．甲卞菏弱，乙声音低8．下列说法只有( )是正确的。

A、“红色”和“黑色”是绝对反义同B．“老”和“少”是绝对对立的反义词C“高”与“矮”这对反义词具有：非此即彼的关系D．反义词“长”和“短”具有相对性’9.下列说法( )说明汉字与汉语是基本适应的。

A．汉字表示音节，和语素特点比较一致B．汉字是意音文字，表示语素的音和义C汉字是非拼音的文字，记录汉语方便D．汉字的结构特点与语素的特点完全一致10.下列各组词语，只有( )全是借词。

语言学概论期末考试复习要点

• A．席卷耳鸣地震 B．打倒切断推翻
• C．发光散热出气 D．天地欢乐爱好
• 11．下列汉语词语中的“儿”不属于词根语素（实义语素）的是（ D） • A.健儿 B.女儿 C.少儿 D.花儿 • 12．语法规则的“抽象性”是指（A ） • A．对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括 • B．相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用 • C．语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释 • D．语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢 • 13．语法现象可以分成“核心语法现象”和“外围语法现象”，其中
• 6．听觉上最自然、最容易分辨的最小语音单位是（ D ）
• A.音素 B.音位 C.音渡 D.音节
• 7．下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的一组是( B )
• A.[m，n]
B.[k，x]
C.[p，d]
D.[s, v]
• 8．北京话“慢”单念时读[man]，但“慢慢儿”却有人读做 [mai mar]，前一音节的语流音变现象是（ B ）
• A．笔画 B．字符 C．偏旁 D．部首
• 22．把句子分成“单句”和“复句”，这种分类是（ D ）
• A.句子的句型类 B.句子的句式类
• C.句子的功能类 D.句子的简繁类
• 23．“吓唬”和“恐吓”在非理性意义上的主要差别是（C）
• A.语气意义不同 B.感情色彩不同
• C.语体色彩不同 D.形象色彩不同
语法范畴中的（ C ） • Ａ.时范畴Ｂ.态范畴Ｃ.体范畴Ｄ.数范畴 • 4．音素i和u的不同是由（ D ）决定的 • A．音高 B．音重 C．音长 D．音质 • 5．在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，具有某种相同
作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（ D ） • Ａ.转换关系Ｂ.组合关系 • Ｃ.层级关系Ｄ.聚合关系

滨州学院语言学概论期末复习题及参考答案

2023年下学期语言学概论（考试课）复习资料、多项选择题1元音[A]是。

(1分）A前元音B.央元音C低元音D不圆唇元音答案：BCD2非音质要素是指(1分）A.音色B音高C音强D音长答案：BCD3.固定词组的显著特点是。

(1分）A来源的多样性B运用的普遍性C.结构的定型性D意义的完整性答案：CD4常见的附加意义有。

(1分）A感情意义B.比喻义C语体意义D联想意义答案：ACD5依据句子的表述功能，可以将句子分为。

(1分）A.陈述句B疑问旬C祈使句D感叹句答案：ABCD6.同基本词汇相比，一般词汇的特点是。

(1分）A多义性B.不一定是全民常用的，使用的范围和复现的频率不及基本词汇C.缺乏历史稳固性，发展变化较快D数量庞大，成分庞杂答案：BCD7词典的编纂的三个步骤分别是。

(1分）A.选词B.注释C编排D检索答案：ABC8语义场的类别有(1分）A联想义场B同义义场C反义义场D多义义场答案：ABCD9词义引申的途径是(1分）A夸张B比喻C拟人D借代答案：BD10语义历史演变的原因是(1分）A语音的发展B社会生活的发展变化C人的认识能力的提高D语言单位内部的矛盾答案：BCD11语言和言语的联系是。

(1分）A语言存在千言语之中，言语是语言存在的形式。

B语言是对言语的规范。

C语言和言语都具有个人因素。

D语言是从言语中概括出来的，没有言语就无所谓语言。

答案：ABD12普遍语言发展规律的特点是(1分）A突变性B多样性C渐变性D参差性答案：CD13造成语音音质不同的原因有(1分）A发音体不同B发音方法不同C发音时间长短不同D共振腔的形状不同答案：ABD14诀定每个辅音的特性的是(1分）A气流的强弱B形成阻碍的具体部位C具体的发音方法D是否形成阻碍答案：BC15常见的表达语法结构意义的语法手段有。

(1分）A选词B词序C.虚词D词形变化答案：ABCD16人与人在语言交际中要遵守合作原则，合作原则包括。

(1分）A量的准则B质的准则C相关准则D方式准则答案：ABCD17诀定辅音发音不同的是。

语言学概论期末考试试题

语言学概论期末考试试题一、名词解释（每题 5 分，共 20 分）1、语言语言是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具，是一种音义结合的符号系统，由语音、词汇和语法构成。

它具有任意性、线条性、系统性等特点，能够传递信息、表达思想、交流感情。

2、语素语素是语言中最小的音义结合体，是构词的基本单位。

根据能否单独成词，语素可分为成词语素和不成词语素。

3、语法范畴语法范畴是由词的变化形式所表示的语法意义的概括。

常见的语法范畴包括性、数、格、时、体、态、人称等。

4、社会方言社会方言是社会内部不同年龄、性别、职业、阶级、阶层的人们在语言使用上表现出来的一些变异，是言语社团的一种标志。

二、填空题（每题 2 分，共 20 分）1、现代语言学之父是________。

2、语言的功能包括________、＿_______、＿_______等。

3、世界上使用人数最多的语言是________，使用范围最广的语言是________。

4、音素分为________和________两大类。

5、基本词汇具有________、＿_______、＿_______等特点。

6、句子按语气可分为________、＿_______、＿_______、＿_______四类。

7、文字的发展经历了________、＿_______、＿_______三个阶段。

8、语言演变的特点有________、＿_______、＿_______。

9、借词也叫________，是指一种语言从外族语言中借入的词。

10、汉语属于________语系，英语属于________语系。

三、选择题（每题 2 分，共 20 分）1、下列语言中属于粘着语的是（）A 汉语B 英语C 日语D 俄语2、下列音素中属于元音的是（）A pB mC uD f3、“黑板”这个词属于（）A 单纯词B 合成词C 派生词D 复合词4、“他跑得很快”中“得”的作用是（）A 表示可能B 表示程度C 表示结果D 表示趋向5、下列句子中属于主谓谓语句的是（）A 他身体很好。

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