国际经济学翻译

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什么是国际经济学

什么是国际经济学




国际经济学的发展概况
• 国际贸易理论的发展 • 国际金融理论的发展
国际贸易理论的发展 (1)
• • • 1.重商主义者以其错误的财富观为基础,推论出“奖出限入”的贸易政策。 2.1776年,亚当· 斯密(Adam Smith)在《国富论》(The Welth of Nations)中,系统阐述了分工 和自由经济的观点,批判了重商主义的财富观和贸易观,提出了国际贸易的绝对优势理论(Theory of Absolute Advantage)。 3.1817年,大卫· 李嘉图(David Ricardo)在《政治经济学及赋税原理》(The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation)一书中,进一步发展了亚当· 斯密的理论,正确地提出和论证了国 际贸易的比较优势原理(Law of Comparative Advantage),确立了其后贸易理论发展的方向。后 来的学者都将国际贸易研究的重点放在比较优势原理上,不断探索决定比较优势的各种因素。 4.穆勒(l)、马歇尔(Alfred Marshall)和艾奇沃思(F.Y.Edgeworth)等,集中研究了 贸易条件的决定问题。 5.1919年,赫克歇尔(E.F.Heckscher)在《对外贸易对收入分配的影响》(The Effect of Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income)一文中,首先论述了各国要素禀赋构成与贸易形态之间的关系, 以及贸易对各国收入分配的影响,提出了要素禀赋差异是决定国际分工和贸易的基础的观点。其后, 他的学生俄林(Bertil Ohlin)在1933年出版的《区际贸易与国际贸易》(Interregional and International Trade)一书中,进一步阐述和发挥了赫克歇尔的要素禀赋理论。因而后来人们又称要 素禀赋理论为赫克歇尔——俄林理论(Heckscher-Ohlin Theory,简称H—O理论)。 6.1936年,哈伯勒(G.Haberler)在《国际贸易理论》(Theory of International Trade)一书中, 用机会成本理论(Opportunity Cost Theory)解释了比较优势原理,在贸易理论的模型化方面作出 了实质性的贡献。此外,勒纳(A.P.Lerner)、里昂惕夫(W.Leontief)、米德(J.E.Meade)、 萨缪尔逊(P.A.Samuelson)等人将一般均衡分析的新古典模型与赫克歇尔和俄林的要素禀赋理论 融为一体,最终形成了国际贸易理论的标准模型。可以说,这一标准化的贸易模型,就是新古典学派 一般均衡理论在国际贸易研究中的具体应用。 7.1951年,里昂惕夫首次运用投入产出方法对H—O理论进行了经验检验,发现美国作为世界上资 本最丰富的国家,其出口部门是劳动密集型的,而进口替代部门则是资本密集型的,这就与H—O理 论预测的贸易模式相反,这就是著名的“里昂惕夫之谜”(The Leontief Paradox)。 8.20世纪70年代末80年代初,以克鲁格曼(P.R.Krugman)和赫尔普曼(E.Helpman)为代表的 一批经济学家,提出了所谓“新贸易理论”(New Trade Theory)。新贸易理论认为,除要素禀赋 差异外,规模经济亦是国际贸易的原因和贸易利益的另一个独立决定因素。

国际经济学考试题目中文翻译

国际经济学考试题目中文翻译

1。

为什么国家进行国际贸易的一个主要的原因是因为:A一些国家倾向于生产一件事,而其他生产其他东西B。

所有贸易国之间的资源分布并不均匀C。

贸易提高机会累积利润D。

利率是不相同的所有贸易国2。

专业化结果的一个主要优势:A。

经济的大规模生产B。

专业的国家垄断行为C。

规模较小的生产运行造成单位成本较低D。

支付给外国工人的高工资3。

商品和服务国际贸易有时被用来作为替代为以下除外:A。

国际资本流动B。

国际劳工运动的C。

同样的商品和服务的国内生产D。

不同的商品和服务的国内生产4。

如果一个国家有一个开放的经济体系,这意味着国家:A。

允许私人资本的所有权B.具有灵活的汇率机制C。

具有固定的汇率D。

与其他国家进行贸易5。

国际贸易,迫使国内企业而言变得更加具有竞争力:A。

推出新产品B。

产品设计和质量C。

产品价格D。

以上所有6,国际自由贸易的运动是最有可能产生短期的失业问题在哪些行业?A。

其中有既不进口也不出口的行业B。

进口竞争行业C。

行业销售到国内和国外买家D。

只出售给外国买家的产业7。

国际贸易的基本思想是:A .出口超过进口B .进口超过出口C .资源更多的移动比是国际货物D .资源较少比移动国际货物8。

论点自由贸易有时被忽视的政客,因为:A:最大限度地提高国内效率不认为是重要的B .最大化消费者福利可能不是一个主要优先C .有健全的经济原因使一个经济孤立于其他国家D .经济学家倾向于高度保护国内市场9。

多少物理输出工人在一小时的工作取决于?A:工作动机和技能B .技术,厂房,设备使用C.如何简单的产品制造D .上述所有10。

量最大的贸易与美国近年来已进行了:A .加拿大B .德国C.墨西哥D .联合王国11外国竞争往往会增加:A .加强国内通胀压力B诱导每人时会输出为国内工人C .制约国内工人的工资D .增加利润国内进口竞争产业12。

__________的能力是一个企业或行业,在自由和公平的市场条件,设计,生产,和销售的商品和服务,更好的和/或更便宜比其他公司/行业。

国际经济学名词解释

国际经济学名词解释

自给自足的相对均衡价格(equilibrium-relative modity price in isolation):在生产和消费那一点上一国生产可能性曲线和社会无差异曲线公切线的斜率。

贸易条件下的相对均衡价格(equilibrium-relative modity price with trade):两国贸易平衡时贸易双方共同的均衡价格。

不完全分工(inplete specialization):一国并不是花费所有的资源和技术生产其具有比较优势的产品,而是同时生产一部分不具有比较优势的产品。

提供曲线(offer curve):反映了一国为了进口的某一需要的商品数量而愿意出口的商品数量。

它具备了需要和供给两方面的因素。

贸易条件(terms of trade):一国出口商品的价格和进口商品价格的比值。

在两国条件下,一国的贸易条件是另一国贸易条件的倒数。

在不止两种商品的贸易世界中,贸易条件是指一国出口商品价格指数和进口商品价格指数的比值。

要素密集度(factor intensities):是指生产一个单位某种产品所使用的生产要素的组合比例。

在资本与劳动两种生产要素的情形下,要素的密集度就是指生产一单位该产品所使用的资本-劳动比率。

要素丰裕度(factor abundance):要素丰裕度是一国的资源拥有状况,即一国的要素禀赋状况。

派生需求(derived demand):对一种生产要素的需求来自(派生自)对另一种产品的需求,其中该生产要素对这一最终产品会作贡献。

赫克歇尔-俄林定理(Hechscher-Ohlin theorem):一国应该出口该国相对便宜和丰裕的要素密集型的产品,进口该国相对昂贵和稀缺的要素密集型的产品。

要素比例或要素禀赋理论(factor-proportions or factor-endowment theory):一国应该出口该国相对便宜和丰裕的要素密集型的产品,进口该国相对昂贵和稀缺的要素密集型的产品。

国际经济学 英文

国际经济学 英文

国际经济学英文English:International economics is the study of how countries interact with each other in terms of trade, finance, and international investment. It examines the impact of international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund, on global economic development, and the role of governments in shaping international economic policies. International economics also explores the effects of globalization, exchange rate fluctuations, and trade agreements on national economies, as well as the implications of economic integration and cooperation among countries. This field of study helps to understand the complexities of cross-border transactions and the interconnectedness of different economies, and provides insights into the potential benefits and challenges of international economic interactions.中文翻译:国际经济学是研究国家在贸易、金融和国际投资方面如何相互联系的学科。

国际经济学英文第七版克鲁格曼英文经济名词翻译

国际经济学英文第七版克鲁格曼英文经济名词翻译

国际经济学英文第七版克鲁格曼英文经济名词翻译Key Terms of International EconomicsChapter3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage Comparative advantage 比较优势Absolute advantage 绝对优势Opportunity cost 机会成本Production possibility frontier 生产可能性边界Unit labor requirement 单位产品劳动投入Relative price 相对价格Relative demand curve相对需求曲线Relative supply curve 相对供给曲线Relative wage 相对工资Relative quantity 相对产量Ricardian model 李嘉图模型Pauper labor argument 贫民劳动论Nontraded goods 非贸易商品Chapter 4 Resources and Trade: the Heckscher-Ohlin Model Abundant factor 丰裕要素Biased expansion of production 偏向性生产扩张Equalization of factor prices 要素价格均等化Factor abundance 要素丰裕度Factor intensity 要素密集度Scarce factor 稀缺要素Leontief paradox 里昂惕夫悖论land-intensive 土地密集型Labor-intensive劳动密集型the ratio of 2 factor prices 要素价格比Wage-rental ratio 工资-租金比Land-labor ratio ,the ratio of land to labor 土地劳动比Chapter 5 The standard Trade ModelBiased growth 偏向性增长Export-biased growth 出口偏向性增长Immiserizing growth 贫困化增长Import-biased growth 进口偏向性增长Isovalue line等价值线Marginal propensity to spend边际消费倾向Terms of trade贸易条件Transfers of income转移支付Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and international TradeDumping 倾销External economies of scale外部规模经济Imperfect competition 不完全竞争Interindustry trade 产业间贸易Intraindustry trade 产业内贸易Internal economies of scale内在规模经济Monopolistic competion垄断竞争Reciprocal dumping 相互倾销Increasing return 报酬递增Chapter 7 The Instruments of Trade policyad valorem tariff从价税Specific tariff从量税Consumer surplus消费者剩余Producer surplus生产者剩余Production distortion loss生产扭曲损失Consumption distortion loss消费扭曲损失Effective rate of protection有效保护率Efficiency loss效率损失Export restraint出口限制Export subsidy出口补贴Import quota进口配额Voluntary export restraint自愿出口限制Local content requirement国产化程度要求nontariff barriers非关税避垒Quota rent配额租金Chapter 8 National Income Accounting and the Balance of Payments The Balance of Payment AccountsCurrent accountFinancial accountCapital accountChapter 9 Exchange Rates and the Foreign Exchange Market:An Asset ApproachAppreciation升值Arbitrage套汇、套利Depreciation贬值Exchange rate汇率Forward exchange rate远期汇率Interest parity condition利率平价条件Rate of appreciation升值率Rate of depreciation贬值率Real rate of return实际收益率Spot exchange rate即期汇率Vehicle currency载体货币Foreign exchange外汇Chapter 10 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange ratesMoney Supply 货币供给Money Demand 货币需求Short-Run Price Rigidity 短期价格粘性Long-run Price Flexibility 长期灵活价格permanent increase in the U.S. money supply 货币供给永久性增长overshooting 超调Chapter 11 Price Levels and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run Law of one price 一价定律Nominal exchange rate 名义汇率Nominal interest rate 名义利率Purchasing power parity 购买力平价Real appreciation实际升值Real depreciation 实际贬值Real exchange rate 实际汇率Relative PPP相对购买力平价Market rigidity市场刚性Price rigidity价格刚性Price stickiness价格粘性Chapter 12 Output and the Exchange Rate in the Short Run Aggregate demand 总需求Fiscal policy 财政政策J-curve J曲线Real exchange rate 实际汇率Real appreciation 实际升值Real depreciation 实际贬值Chapter 13 Fixed, Floating Exchange Rate and Policies Effects Sterilization冲销Sterilized foreign exchange intervention冲销性外汇干预Devaluation法定贬值Revaluation法定升值Clean float 清洁浮动Dirty float 肮脏浮动Capital flight 资本抽逃Chapter 14 The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas optimumcurrency areas 最优货币区Monetary efficiency gain 货币效率收益Economic integration 经济一体化Floating exchange rate 浮动汇率Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率。

名词解释-英文-国际经济学

名词解释-英文-国际经济学

Absolute Advantage:the greater efficiency that one nation may have over another in the production of a commodity。

Comparative Advantage:A country has a comparative advantage in producing a goods if the opportunity cost of producing that goods in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries。

The terms of trade is the relative price at which two countries trade goods. Terms of trade =export price index/ import price indexSmall Country EffectIf a small nation trade with a very large nation according to its comparative advantage, the small nation can achieve complete labor specialization in production, and the large nation can not。

The terms of trade must be the relative price of the large nation in autarky。

Because the small nation is very small,it can’t affect the supply and demand for any product of the large nation。

经济学英语词汇大全了解经济学理论与经济现象的专业术语

经济学英语词汇大全了解经济学理论与经济现象的专业术语

经济学英语词汇大全了解经济学理论与经济现象的专业术语经济学是一门研究人类在稀缺资源下进行资源配置和决策的社会科学。

在经济学领域,有许多专业术语用于描述不同的理论和经济现象。

以下是一份经济学英语词汇大全,将帮助你更好地了解经济学理论和经济现象。

一、宏观经济学术语1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): 国内生产总值,用于衡量一个国家或地区在一定时间内生产的全部最终商品和服务的市场价值。

2. Inflation: 通货膨胀,衡量物价持续上涨的速度。

3. Unemployment Rate: 失业率,某国或地区的劳动力中未有工作的比例。

4. Fiscal Policy: 财政政策,指政府通过调整税收和支出来影响经济发展的政策。

5. Monetary Policy: 货币政策,指央行通过调整货币供应量和利率来控制通胀和经济增长的政策。

二、微观经济学术语1. Supply and Demand: 供求关系,描述市场上商品和服务的供给和需求关系,决定价格和数量。

2. Price Elasticity of Demand: 需求的价格弹性,衡量消费者对价格变化的敏感程度。

3. Utility: 效用,消费者对商品或服务的满意程度。

4. Market Failure: 市场失灵,指市场机制无法有效配置资源的情况,需要政府干预。

5. Opportunity Cost: 机会成本,指做出某个选择而放弃的最好的替代选择。

三、国际经济学术语1. Trade Deficit: 贸易逆差,指一个国家或地区的进口超过出口的差额。

2. Exchange Rate: 汇率,用于衡量一种货币与其他货币之间的相对价值。

3. Tariff:关税,进口商品需要缴纳的税费。

4. Comparative Advantage: 比较优势,指某国在生产某种商品或服务上相对于其他国家的优势。

5. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): 外商直接投资,指投资者将资金投资到其他国家的生产或商业项目中。

国际经济学名词解释

国际经济学名词解释

1.绝对优势(Absolute advantage)如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多,那么,这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。

2.比较优势(Comparative advantage)如果一个国家在本国生产一种产品的机会成本(用其他产品来衡量)低于在其他国家生产该产品的机会成本的话,则这个国家在生产该种产品上就拥有比较优势。

3.贸易所得(gains from trade)贸易所得是指一个国家从国际贸易活动中获得的利益。

一个国家通过参与国际分工与自由贸易,能够获得诸多利益。

4.机会成本(opportunity cost)机会成本是指引一种选择而放弃的最优替换物或是去最好机会的价值5.充裕要素(abundant factor)充裕要素是指一个国家供给相对多的生产要素6.要素价格(factor prices)是指每一单位的生产要素在一定时期内给所有者带来的收入。

(生产要素主要有四种:劳动力、土地、资本和企业家才能)7.生产可能性边界的偏向性扩张(biased expansion of production possibilities)是指生产可能性边界在一个方向上扩张的幅度大于在另一个方向上扩张的幅度8.要素价格均等化(equalization of factor prices)是指各国的生产要素价格将因国际贸易而趋于相等。

9.特定要素(specific factor)是指只能用于特定部门的生产而不能再不同生产部门之间自由流动的生产要素10.偏向型增长(biased growth)是指生产可能性边界在一个方向上扩张的幅度大于在另一个方向上扩张的幅度的一种经济增长方式。

11.边际支出倾向(marginal propensity to spend)是指增加的消费在增加的收入中所占的比例。

12.福利恶化型增长(immiserizing growth)是指一国整体福利水平恶化的经济增长方式,是发展中国家的出口偏向型增长在严格假定下可能出现的一种极端情形。

国际经济学中英名词解释

国际经济学中英名词解释

国际经济学中英名词解释Absolute advantage: The greater efficiency that one nation may have over another in the production of a commodity. This was the basis for trade for Adam Smith.绝对优势:一国在生产一种产品上比另一国家有更大的有效性。

这是亚当·斯密自由贸易理论的基础。

Absolute purchasing-power parity theory: Postulates that the equilibrium exchange rate is equal to the ratio of the price levels in the two nations. This version of the PPP theory can be very misleading. 绝对购买力平价理论:假设平衡汇率等于两国的价格水平之比,这一购买力平价理论的解释是不被接受的。

Ad valorem tariff: A tariff expressed as a fixed percentage of the value of a traded commodity.从价税:一种表示为贸易商品价值的一个固定百分比的税。

Arbitrage: The purchase of a currency in the monetary center where it is cheaper for immediate resale in the monetary center where it is more expensive in order to make a profit.套利:在某货币较便宜的货币中心购买该货币,立即在另一较贵的货币中心卖掉此货币以谋利的行为。

Robert J. Carbaugh著的《国际经济学》第一至第十章关键概念术语和小结的中文翻译

Robert J. Carbaugh著的《国际经济学》第一至第十章关键概念术语和小结的中文翻译
3、在重商主义学派看来,贵金属储备代表了一国的财富。重商主义学派主张政府应该实行贸易管制,以限制进口和促进出口。一国只有牺牲贸易伙伴的利益才能获得贸易收益,因为在给定时间点上,世界财富存量是固定的,而且不能所有国家同时出现贸易顺差。
4、斯密对重商主义的贸易观点提出了挑战。他认为通过自由贸易,投入要素的国际专业化分工能够增加世界产出,这些产品可由各贸易国共同分享。所有国家能够同时享有贸易收益。斯密认为每个国家都将发现专门生产本国具有绝对优势的商品是有利的。
11、当两国生产多种商品时,比较优势的运作要求将商品按照比较成本的高低分成等级。每个国家都出口比较优势最强的商品,同时进口比较优势最弱的商品。当国际贸易涉及多个国家时,本国可能会发现参与多边贸易是有利的。
12、按照比较优势原理,竞争会迫使高成本的生产者退出一个行业。然而在现实中,重组一个行业会花费很长时间,因为高成本的生产者通常会维持老化工厂的生产能力。退出壁垒是指使延缓退出成为高成本生产者理性反应的各种成本。
劳动价值论
边际转换率
重商主义
部分专业化
价格流转学说 生产可能性曲线
贸易条件
贸易三角
贸易可能性曲线
1、现在贸易理论主要关注贸易基础、贸易方向和贸易收益的决定因素。
2、当前对世界贸易模式的解释是基于经济思想史的丰富遗产。重商主义以及亚当斯密和大卫李嘉图是现代贸易理论的先驱。
5、李嘉图认为,即使一国同他国的相比在两种商品的生产上都处于绝对劣势地位,互利贸易也是可能的。生产率低的国家应当专门生产并出口具有比较优势的商品。
6、现代贸易理论认为:如果在无贸易条件下,两个国家生产两种产品的比较成本(价格)不同,两国就都能从国际贸易中获利。贸易收益来自于国际劳动分工以及专业化带来的生产和消费水平的提高。

《国际经济学》(双语)试卷1参考答案

《国际经济学》(双语)试卷1参考答案

《国际经济学》(双语)试卷1参考答案Ⅰ. Explain the following terms (30 points, 3 points/term)parative advantage:A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries(3 points).2.Specific factors model: It assumes an economy that produces two goods and the labor is a mobile factor that can move between sectors, other factors are assumed to be specific, that is, they can be used only in the production of particular goods(3 points).3.Heckscher-Ohlin theory: it is also referred to as the factor-proportions theory, the theory emphasizes the interplay between the proportions in which different factors of production are available in different countries and the proportions in which they are used in producing different goods(3 points).4.Leontief paradox: the United States would be an exporter of capital-intensive goods and an importer of labor-intensive goods. Surprisingly, however, this was not the case, the economist Leontief found that U.S. exports were less capital-intensive than U.S. imports. This result is known as the Leontief paradox. It is the single biggest piece of evidence against the factor-proportions theory(3 points).5.Official international reserves: Official international reserves are foreign assets held by central banks as a cushion against national economic misfortune. At one time official reserves consisted largely of gold, but today central banks' reserves include substantial foreign financial assets, particularly U.S. dollar assets such as Treasury bills(3 points).6.The official settlements balance: the official settlements balance or the balance of payments. This balance is the sum of the current account balance, the capital account balance, the nonreserve portion of the financial account balance, and the statistical discrepancy, and it indicates the payments gap that official reserve transactions need to cover(3 points).7.Foreign exchange option: A foreign exchange option gives its owner the right to buy or sell a specified amount of foreign currency at a specified price at any time up to a specified expiration date. The other party to the deal, the option's seller, is required to sell or buy the foreign currency at the discretion of the option's owner, who is under no obligation to exercise his right(3 points).8.Interest parity condition: The condition that the expected returns on deposits of any twocurrencies are equal when measured in the same currency is called the interestparity condition. It implies that potential holders of foreign currency deposits view them all as equally desirable assets.9.Fisher effect: This long-run relationship between inflation and interest rates is called the Fisher effect. Fisher effect tells us that all else equal, a rise in a country's expected inflation rate will eventually cause an equal rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer. Similarly, a fall in the expected inflation rate will eventually cause a fall in the interest rate(3 points).10.Long run analysis: The long run analysis of an economic event allows for the complete adjustment of the price level (which may take a long time) and for full employment of all factors of production(3 points).II. Single-Choice Questions(15 points, 1.5points/Question)1. b2. d3. c4. a5. b6. a7. d8. a9. c 10. aⅢ.Questions and problems(40 points, 8 points/Question)1.What are the three types of international transaction recorded in the balance of payments(8 points)?Answer: the three types of international transactions are current account, financial account and capital account(3 points). Transactions that involve the export or import of goods or services and therefore enter directly into the current account. Transactions that involve the purchase or sale of financial assets. An asset is any one of the forms in which wealth can be held, such as money, stocks, factories, or government debt. The financial account of the balance of payments records all international purchases or sales of financial assets. Certain other activities resulting in transfers of wealth between countries are recorded in the capital account(5 points).2. In the United States where land is cheap, the ratio of land to labor used in cattle rising is higher than that of land used in wheat growing. But in more crowded countries, where land is expensive and labor is cheap, it is common to raise cows by using less land and more labor than Americans use to grow wheat. Can we still say that raising cattle is land intensive compared with farming wheat? Why or why not(8 points)?Answer: The definition of cattle growing as land intensive depends on the ratio of land to labor used in production, not on the ratio of land or labor to output(3 points). The ratio of land to labor in cattle exceeds the ratio in wheat in the United States, implying cattle is land intensive in the United States. Cattle is land intensive in other countries too if the ratio of land to labor in cattle production exceeds the ratio in wheat production in that country. The comparison between another country and the United States is less relevant for answering the question(5 points).3. Suppose the dollar interest rate and the pound sterling interest rate are the same, 5 percent per year. What is the relation between the current equilibrium $/£ exchange rate and its expected future level? Suppose the expected future $/£ exchange rate, $1.52 per pound, remains constant as Britain's interest rate rises to 10 percent per year. If the U.S. interest rate also remains constant, what is the new equilibrium$/£ exchange rate(8 points)?Answer: The current equilibrium exchange rate must equal its expected future level since, with equality of nominal interest rates, there can be no expected increase or decrease in the dollar/pound exchange rate in equilibrium(3 points). If the expected exchange rate remains at $1.52 per pound and the pound interest rate rises to 10 percent, then interest parity is satisfied only if the current exchange rate changes such that there is an expected appreciation of the dollar equal to 5 percent. This will occur when the exchange rate rises to $1.60 per pound (a depreciation of the dollar against the pound) (5 points).4. What are the real exchange rate and nominal exchange rate, and their differences(8 points)?Answer: the real exchange rate is the relative price of two output baskets, nominal exchange rate is the relative price of two currencies(3 points).The real exchange rate between two countries' currencies is a broad summary measure of the prices of one country's goods and services relative to the other's. the prediction of PPP is that real exchange rates never change, at least not permanently. Real exchange rates are defined, however, in terms of nominal exchange rates and price levels(5 points).5:Give a example to explain foreign exchange swap(8 points).Answer: foreign exchange swap is a spot sale of a currency combined with a forward repurchase of the currency(3 points). For example, a multinational company has just received $1 million from sales and knows it will have to pay those dollars to a California supplier in three months. The company's asset-management department would meanwhile like to invest the $1 million in Swiss francs. A three-month swap of dollars into Swiss francs may result in lower brokers' fees than the two separate transactions of selling dollars for spot Swiss francs and selling the Swiss francs for dollars on the forward market(5 points).Ⅳ.An economy can produce good 1 using labor and capital and good 2 using labor and land. The total supply of labor is 100 units.The marginal product of labor production are70 0.69 0.49 800.66 0.46 900.63 0.43 1000.60 0.40Questions: a. Suppose that the price of good 2 relative to that of good 1 is 2. Determine graphically the wage rate and the allocation of labor between the two sectors (5 points).b. Suppose that the relative price of good 2 falls to 1. Determine the wage rate and the allocation of labor between the two sectors (5 points).c. Calculate the effects of the price change on the income of the specific factors in sectors 1 and 2(5 points).Answer: a. With the assumption that labor is freely mobile between sectors, it will move from the low-wage sector to the high-wage sector until wages are equalized. So in equilibrium, the wage rate is equal to the value of labor ’s marginal product.2/122211=⨯=⨯P P P MPL P MPLThe abscissa of point of intersection illustrated above should be at L1=30. The labor allocation between the sectors is L1=30 and L2=70. The wage rate is 0.98(5 points). b. The relative decline in the price of good 2 caused labor to be reallocated: labor is drawn out of production of good 2 and enters production of good 1 (L1=60, L2=40). And the wage rate is equal to 0.74(5 points).c. With the relative price change from P2/P1=2 to P2/P1=1, the price of good 2 has fallen by 50 percent, while the price of good 1 has stayed the same. Wages have fallen too, but by less than the fall in P2 (wages fell approximately 25 percent). Thus, the real wage relative to P2 actually rises while real wage relative to P1 falls. Hence, to determine the welfare consequence for workers, the information about their consumption shares of good 1 and good 2 is needed(5 points).。

国际经济学名词解释

国际经济学名词解释

1.国际经济学:是研究稀缺资源在世界范围内的最优配置,以及在此过程中发生的经济活动和经济关系的一门经济学学科。

2.生产可能性曲线:为了考察有限资源条件下,资源在不同产品间的分配可能性问题。

3.社会无差异曲线:反映能使社会或者国家获得同等满足程度的两种商品的不同组合。

4.机会成本:为增产一单位的某产品所必需放弃的其他产品的数量5.生产者剩余:生产者愿意接受的价格和实际价格之差6.绝对优势理论:两国相互出口其具有绝对优势的产品,进口绝对劣势的产品,对两国都有利7.比较优势理论:两国相互出口其具有比较优势的产品,贸易后对两国都有利8.要素禀赋:指一国所拥有的两种生产要素的相对比例。

这是一个相对概念,与其拥有的生产要素绝对数量无关9.要素密集度:指生产某种产品所投入两种生产要素的比例10.H-O定理:根据比较优势原则,一国出口密集使用其丰富要素的产品,进口密集使用其稀缺要素的产品11.H-O-S定理(要素价格均等化理论):国际贸易会使各国同质要素获得相同的相对收入与绝对收入,即国际贸易的结果会使贸易间的要素价格趋向均等。

12.罗伯津斯基定理:在商品相对价格不变的前提下,某一要素的增加会导致密集使用该要素部门的生产增加13.悲惨增长:是指随着贸易的进行,一国进口需求导致贸易条件恶化,贸易条件恶化导致的转移至他国的利益,使得一国总体福利水平下降14.特定要素:是指一种要素的用途通常仅限于某一部门,而不适于其它部门的需要15.重叠需求理论:两国之间贸易关系的密切程度是由两国的需求结构与收入水平决定的16.消费者行为假设:假设在一国之内,不同收入阶层的的消费者偏好不同,收入越高的消费者就越偏好奢侈品,收入越低的消费者就越偏好必需品17.产业间贸易:即工业品与初级产品或资本密集型产品与劳动密集型产品之间的贸易18.规模经济:指在产出的某一范围内,平均成本随着产出的增加而递减19.规模收益递增:是指一种纯粹的技术特征,它指生产过程中产出增加的比例大于要素投入增加的比例20.外部规模经济:是指产业规模经济,即某一产业大量的企业集中在一个晓得国家或者集中在一个国家的一个地区,出现较大的产业规模,能提高效率,降低成本,增加收入21.先行优势:在发展初期“领先一步”的优势,由于规模经济的存在,转化为成本上的优势,从而限制了“后来者”的进入22.关税:是一国政府从自身的经济利益出发,依据本国的海关法和海关税则,对通过其关境的进出口商品所征收的税赋23.名义保护率:是指某种进口商品进入一国关境时海关根据海关税则所征收的关税税率24.有效保护率:当关税是唯一的贸易保护工具时,我们把关税对某一特定部门的净效应当作关税壁垒,也包括进来时,那么这种净效应叫做有效保护率25.进口配额:一国政府为保护本国工业,规定在一定时期内对某种商品的进口数量,或对进口金额加以限制。

InternationalEconomicsII国际经济学

InternationalEconomicsII国际经济学

International Economics, 8e (Krugman) II Chapter 12 National Income Accounting and the Balance of Payments1) A country's gross national product (GNP) isA) the value of all final goods and services produced by its factors of production and sold on the market in a given time period.B) the value of all intermediate goods and services produced by its factors of production and sold on the market in a given time period.C) the value of all final goods produced by its factors of production and sold on the market in a given time period.D) the value of all final goods and services produced by its factors of production and sold on the market.E) the value of all final goods and services produced by its factors of production, excluding land, and sold on the market in a given time period.Answer: A2)The CA is equal toA) Y - (C - I + G).B) Y + (C + I + G).C) Y - (C + I + G).D) Y - (C + I - G).E) None of the above.Answer: A3)For open economies,A) S = I.B) S = I + CA.C) S = I - CA.D) S > I + CA.E) S < I + CA.Answer: B4)A U.S. citizen buys a newly issued share of stock in England, paying for his order with a check, which the British company deposits in its own U.S. bank account in New York. How is this transaction accounted for in the balance of payments?A) financial account, U.S. asset exportB) current account, U.S. service importC) current account, British good exportD) financial account, British asset importE) financial account, U.S. asset importAnswer: A5) The earnings of a Spanish factory with British ownersareA) counted in Spain's GDP.B) are part of Britain's GNP.C) are counted in Britain's GDP.D) are part of Spain's GNP.E) Only A and B.Answer: E6)"The Balance of payments is always balanced." Discuss.Answer: True. Every international transaction automatically enters the balance of payments twice, once as a credit and once as a debit.Current account + financial account + capital account = 07) "The balance of payments accounts seldom balance in practice." Discuss.Answer: True. The main reasons are due to the fact that data collected or received from different sources may differ in coverage, accuracy, and timing. In addition, data on services are not reliable as well as data from the financial account. Moreover, accurate measurements of international interest and dividend receipts areparticularly difficult.8)Fill in the following table:Answer:Chapter 13 Exchange Rates and the Foreign Exchange Market: An Asset Approach1)How many British pounds would it cost to buy a pair of American designer jeans costing $45 if the exchange rate is 1.80 dollars per British pound?A) 10 British poundsB) 25 British poundsC) 20 British poundsD) 30 British poundsE) 40 British poundsAnswer: B2) An appreciation of a country's currency,A) decreases the relative price of its exports and lowers the relative price of its imports.B) raises the relative price of its exports and raises the relative price of its imports.C) lowers the relative price of its exports and raises the relative price of its imports.D) raises the relative price of its exports and lowers therelative price of its imports.E) None of the above.Answer: D3) Which major actor is at the center of the foreign exchange market?A) corporationsB) central banksC) commercial banksD) non-bank financial institutionsE) None of the above.Answer: C4) What is the expected dollar rate of return on euro deposits with today's exchange rate at $1.10 per euro, next year's expected exchange rate at $1.166 per euro, the dollar interest rate at 10%, and the euro interest rate at 5%?A) 10%B) 11%C) -1%D) 0%E) None of the above.Answer: B5) What is the expected dollar rate of return on dollar deposits with today's exchange rate at $1.10 per euro, next year's expected exchange rate at $1.165 per euro, the dollar interest rate at 10%, and the euro interest rate at 5%?A) 10%B) 11%C) -1%D) 0%E) None of the above.Answer: A6)If the dollar interest rate is 10 percent, the euro interest rate is 6 percent, and the expected return on dollar depreciation against the euro is 4 percent, thenA) an investor should invest only in dollars.B) an investor should invest only in euros.C) an investor should be indifferent between dollars and euros.D) It is impossible to tell given the information.E) All of the above.Answer: C7)Discuss the effects of a rise in the interest rate paid byeuro deposits on the exchange rate.Answer: There are two effects to consider. If we make the unrealistic assumption that the expected exchange rate will not change, then a rise in the interest rate paid by Euro deposits causes the dollar to depreciate. However, if the expected exchange rate were to rise, then the current exchange rate would also rise. (See figure 13-6 from the text.)8) Calculate the interest rate in the euro zone if interest parity condition holds, for the following 15 cases: Answer:Chapter 14 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates1)Money includesA) currency.B) checking deposits held by households and firms.C) deposits in the foreign exchange markets.D) Both A and B.E) A, B, and C.Answer: D2)The aggregate money demand depends onA) the interest rate.B) the price level.C) real national income.D) All of the above.E) Only A and C.Answer: D3)Using a figure describing both the U.S. money market and the foreign exchange market, analyze the effects of a temporary increase in the European money supply on the dollar/euro exchange rate.Answer: An increase in the European money supply will reduce the interest rate on the euro and thus will cause the schedule of the expected euro return expresses in dollars to shift down, causing a reduction in the dollar/euro exchange rate, i.e., an appreciation of the U.S. Dollar. The euro depreciates against the dollar. The U.S. money demand and money supply are not going to be affected, and thus the interest rate in the U.S. will remain the same.4) A permanent increase in a country's money supplyA) causes a more than proportional increase in its price level.B) causes a less than proportional increase in its pricelevel.C) causes a proportional increase in its price level.D) leaves its price level constant in long-run equilibrium.E) None of the above.Answer: C5)After a permanent increase in the money supply, A) the exchange rate overshoots in the short run.B)the exchange rate overshoots in the long run.C) the exchange rate smoothly depreciates in the short run.D) the exchange rate smoothly appreciates in the short run.E) None of the above.Answer: A6)"Although the price levels appear to display short-run stickiness in many countries, a change in the money supply creates immediate demand and cost pressures that eventually lead to future increase in the price level." Discuss.Answer: The statement is true. The pressures come from three main sources: excess demand for output and labor; inflationary expectations; and, raw material prices.7)The long run effects of money supply change:A) ambiguous effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, a proportional change in the price level's long-run value in the opposite direction.B)proportional effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, a proportional change in the price level's long-run value in the same direction.C) no effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, a proportional change in the price level's long-run value in the same direction.D) no effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, no change in the price level's long-run value.E) ambiguous effect on the long-run values of the interest rate or real output, A disproportional change in the price level's long-run value in the same direction.Answer: CChapter 15 Price Levels and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run1)Under Purchasing Power Parity,A) E$/E = PUS/PE.B) E$/E = PE/PES.C) E$/E = PUS + PE.D) E$/E = PUS - PE.E) None of the above.Answer: A2)Assuming relative PPP, fill in the table below: Answer:3) Under PPP (and by the Fisher Effect), all else equal,A) a rise in a country's expected inflation rate will eventually cause a more-than proportional rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer in order to accommodate for the higher inflation.B) a fall in a country's expected inflation rate will eventually cause an equal rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer.C) a rise in a country's expected inflation rate will eventually cause an equal rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer.D) a rise in a country's expected inflation rate will eventually cause a less than proportional rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer to accommodate the rise in expected inflation.E) None of the above.Answer: C4)Describe the chain of events leading to exchange rate determination for the following cases:(a) An Increase in U.S. money supply(d) Increase in growth rate of U.S. money supply(c) Increase in world relative demand for U.S. products(d) Increase in relative U.S. output supplyAnswer: Chain of events leading to exchange rate determination:E= ∈/$q× (P us/P E)∈/$Increase in U.S. money supply: Pus rises in proportion to the money supply; q remains the same. All dollar prices will rise (including dollar price of euro).Increase in growth rate of U.S. money supply: Inflation rate, dollar interest rate, Pus, E, rises in proportion to Pus.Increase in world relative demand for U.S. products: E falls, and q does as well.Increase in relative U.S. output supply: Dollar depreciates, lowers relative price ofU.S. output, rise in q, effect on E is not clear since q and Pus work in opposite directions.5)Which of the following statements is the mostaccurate?A) Relative PPP is not a reasonable approximation to the data.B) Relative PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data but often performs poorly.C) Relative PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data.D) PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data.E) PPP is sometimes a reasonable approximation to the data but usually performs poorly.Answer: B6) Interest rate differences between countries depend onA) differences in expected inflation, but not on expected changes in the real exchange rate.B) differences in expected changes in the real exchange rate, but not on expected inflation.C) neither differences in expected inflation, nor on expected changes in the real exchange rate.D) differences in expected inflation and nothing else.E) differences in expected inflation, and on expected changes in the real exchange rate.Answer: E8) What is the real exchange rate between the dollar and the euro equal to?Answer:Let,∙Real dollar/euro exchange rate =q∈/$∙Nominal exchange rate =E∈/$∙Price of an unchanging basket in US = Pus∙Price of an unchanging basket in Europe = PEThen,q= (∈/$E× P E)/Pus∈/$A rise in the real dollar/euro exchange rate is called a real depreciation of the dollar against the euro, a fall in purchasing power of the dollar.A fall in the real dollar/euro exchange rate is called a real appreciation of the dollar against the euro, a rise in purchasing power of the dollar.Chapter 16 Output and the Exchange Rate in the Short Run1)A country's domestic currency's real exchange rate, q, is best described byA) the price of similar goods in the same market.B) the price of the domestic basket in terms of the foreignone.C) the price of a domestic basket.D) the price of the foreign basket in terms of the domestic basket.E) the price of different goods baskets in the same market.Answer: D2)Fill in the following table:Answer:3) How does a rise in real income affect aggregate demand?A) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↑implies CA ↓implies AD ↓, but Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑by moreB) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↓implies CA ↓implies AD ↓, but Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑by moreC) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↑implies CA ↑implies AD ↑, and Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑D) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↑implies CA ↓implies AD ↓, but Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑by lessE) Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies Im ↓implies CA ↓implies AD ↓, but Y ↑implies Yd ↑implies C ↑implies AD ↑by lessAnswer: A4)The aggregate demand for home input can be written as a function of:I. Real exchange rate.II. Government spending.III. D isposable income.A) I onlyB) III onlyC) I and IIID) II and IIIE) I, II, and IIIAnswer: E5) In the short-run, any rise in the real exchange rate, EP /P, will causeA) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputB) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputC) a downward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputD) an downward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputE) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function but leaves output intactAnswer: B6) In the short-run, any fall in EP/P, regardless of its causes, will causeA) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputB) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputC) a downward shift in the aggregate demand function and an expansion of outputD) an downward shift in the aggregate demand function and a reduction in outputE) an upward shift in the aggregate demand function but leaves output intactAnswer: D7) In the short-run, a temporary increase in the money supplyA) shifts the AA curve to the right, increases output and depreciates the currency.B) shifts the AA curve to the left, increases output and depreciates the currency.C) shifts the AA curve to the left, decreases output and depreciates the currency.D) shifts the AA curve to the left, increases output and appreciates the currency.E) shifts the AA curve to the right, increases output and appreciates the currency.Answer: A8)If the economy starts in long-run equilibrium, a permanent fiscal expansion will causeA) an increase in exchange rate, E.B) a decrease in exchange rate, E.C) an increase in output, Y.D) a decrease in output, Y.E) shifting of the AA curve up and to the right. Answer: BChapter 17 Fixed Exchange Rates and Foreign Exchange Intervention1) A central bank's international reserves includeA) any gold that it owns.B) any silver that it owns.C) any gold that it owns and foreign and domestic assets.D) any silver that it owns and foreign and domestic assets.E) only foreign and domestic assets.Answer: C2)A balance sheet for the central bank of Pecunia is shown below:Central Bank Balance SheetAssets LiabilitiesForeign assets $1,000 Deposits held by private banks $500Domestic assets $1,500 Currency in circulation $2,000Please write the new balance sheet if the bank sells $100 worth of foreign bonds for domestic currency. Answer:Central Bank Balance SheetAssets LiabilitiesForeign assets $900 Deposits held by private banks $500Domestic assets $1,500 Currency in circulation $1,9003)If the central bank does not purchase foreign assets when output increases but instead holds the money stock constant, can it still keep the exchange rate fixed at Eo? Please explain with the aid of a figure.Answer:No, the rise in output leads to an excess demand for money. If the central bank does not increase supply to meet this demand, the domestic interest rate would rise above the foreign rate, R*. This higher rate of return (and given expectations in the foreign exchange market) would cause the exchange rate to fall below Eo.4)Under fixed exchange rate, in general,A) the domestic and foreign interest rates are equal, R = R .B) R = R+ (Ee - E)/E.C) There is no relation between the fixed exchange rate and the interest rates both foreign and domestic.D) E is equal to one.E) None of the above.Answer: A5) A balance of payments crisis is best described asA) a sharp change in interest rates sparked by a change in expectations about the level of imports.B) a sharp change in foreign reserves sparked by a change in expectations about the future exchange rate.C) a sharp change in interest rates sparked by a change in expectations about the level of exports.D) a sharp change in foreign reserves sparked by a change in expectations about the level of imports.E) None of the above.Answer: B6) Use a figure to illustrate the ineffectiveness of monetary policy to spur on an economy under a fixed exchange rate.Answer:The initial equilibrium rests at point 1. If the central bank wishes to use monetary policy to increase output from Y1 to Y2, then they might buy domestic assets and shift the AA curve outward. However, the central bank must maintain a fixed exchange rate E0, so would have to sell foreign assets for domestic currency, returning the economy to point 1.7)Use a figure to explain the potential effectiveness of fiscal policy to spur on the economy under a fixed exchange rate.Answer:With an aim toward increasing output, the government could use fiscal policy to shift the DD curve outward. The central bank will have to take steps to maintain a fixed exchange rate E0, among the options is buying foreign assets with money, to shift the AA schedule outward until the equilibrium at point 3 is reached。

国际经济学

国际经济学

第二章1.绝对优势(absolute advantage)是指,一国如果在某种产品上具有比别国高的劳动生产率,该国在这一产品上就具有绝对优势2.绝对优势理论(absolute advantage theory)的主要内容可以概括为:在两国生产两种商品的情况下,其中一国在一种商品的生产中具有较高效率,另一国在另一种商品的生产中具有较高效率,则两国在不同商品的生产上分别拥有绝对优势,此时如果两国根据各自的绝对优势进行专业化分工,并相互进行交换,双方均能从中获益。

3.比较优势(Comparative Advantage)是指,一国在所有商品上的劳动生产率都要低于另一国,即所有商品的生产均处于绝对劣势,但是相对劣势较小的商品较之那些相对劣势较大的商品而言,即具有比较优势。

4.比较优势原理(law of comparative advantage):即使一国在两种商品的生产上较之另一国都处于劣势即无绝对优势),两个国家也有可能进行互利贸易。

一个国家可以专门生产、出口它的绝对劣势相对小一些的商品(这是其有比较优势的商品),同时进口其绝对劣势相对大的商品(这是其有比较劣势的商品)。

计算题:假设本国生产1单位食品需要6单位劳动,生产1单位服装需要8单位劳动;外国生产1单位食品需要2单位劳动,生产1单位服装需要4单位劳动。

(1)哪国在食品生产上具有比较优势?哪国在服装生产上具有比较优势?为什么?(2)列举一个双方愿意进行互惠贸易的交换比率,并计算本国与外国的贸易获利分别是多少?解:(1)外国在生产食品上具有比较优势,本国在服装生产上具有比较优势。

外国生产食品的成本为本国的1/3倍,服装的成本为本国的1/2倍,相比较,生产食品的成本更低,优势更大;而本国生产服装的成本为外国的2倍,生产食品的成本为外国的3倍,相比较,服装的成本更低,优势更大(2)外国所能接受的食品国际价格底线:12f≤6c本国所能接受的食品国际价格底线:4f≤3c即6c≤12f≤9c,若交换比例为12f:8c,则外国获利2单位服装,本国获利1单位服装。

国际经济学全文翻译

国际经济学全文翻译

第2章现代贸易理论的基础现代贸易理论试图回答如问题:(1)贸易基础(basis for trade)由什么构成--即国与国之间为什么要进和出口某些商品?(2)商品在世界市场按什么样的贸易条件(terms of trade)(相对价格)进行交换?(3)从生产和消费方面来看,国际贸易收益(gains from internationa1 trade)是什么?本章将首先毓要回顾现代贸易理论的发展历史,然后介绍分析国际贸易影响时用到的理论工具,进而探讨这些问题。

现代贸易理论的发展历史现代贸易理论是经济思想进化的产物。

重商主义以及后来的亚当·斯密和人卫·李嘉图的著作都为现代贸易理论提供了框架。

重商主义在1500-1800年间,欧洲出现了一批关注国家建设的学者。

按照重商主义(mercantists)的观点,一个吲家如何管理它的国内和国际事务以提高自身的利益,是建设国家的中心问题,而拥有一个强大的对外贸易部门则是该问题的答案。

如果一个国家能够实现贸易顺差(出口超过进口的剩余),就可以得到世界其他国家支付的黄金和白银。

这种收入将增加消费,提高国内的产出和就业水平。

为了促成贸易顺差,重商主义学派主张政府进行贸易管制,并建议采用关税、配额和其他商业政策将进口限制在最低水平,以保护一个国家的贸易地位。

进入18世纪,重商主义的经济政策受到了强烈的攻击。

根据大卫·休谟的价格流转学说(price-specie-口ow doctrine),贸易顺差只可能是短期的,会随着时间的推移自动消除。

为说明这一点,假定英国获得了贸易盈余,导致黄金和白银流入。

由于这些贵金属构成了英国货币供给的一部分,它们的流入会增加流通中的货币数量,从而使得英国的物价水平相对于其贸易伙伴的而言比较高。

物价水平的上升会激励英国居民购买外国生产的商品,同时英国的出口额会降低。

结果是,该国的贸易盈余最终将自动消除。

休谟的价格流转机制表明,重商主义的政策最多只能带来短期的经济优势。

国际经济学题

国际经济学题

国际经济学题一、名词解释1.支出变动政策(Expenditure-changing policies)是指改变商品和服务总需求水平的政策。

这些商品和服务既包括本国生产的商品和服务,也包括进口的商品和服务。

2.支出转移政策(Expenditure-switching policies)是指改变需求方向的政策,使得需求在国内产品和进口产品之间进行转移。

3.马歇尔-勒纳条件(Marshall-Lerner condition)如果贬值国家对进口产品的需求弹性与国外对该国出口产品的需求弹性之和大于1,贬值将改善贸易平衡;如果需求弹性之和小于1,贬值将会使贸易平衡恶化;如果需求弹性之和等于1,贸易平衡不会得到改善,也不会遭到破坏。

4.出口配额(Export quotas)是由出口国家政府或者产业实施的出口销售限制措施。

5.国内补贴(Domestic subsidy)是指提供给进口竞争产品生产者的补贴。

6.有效关税率(Effective tariff rate)是指与自由贸易的情况相比,在现存的关税结构下,国内生产活动(增加值)增加的程度。

7.要素价格均等化(Factor-price equalization)自由贸易趋向于使得每个国家的廉价要素变得越来越贵,而昂贵要素则变得越来越便宜。

8.生产可能性曲线(Production possibilities schedule)是指当所有投入要素都得到最有效利用时,一国所能生产的两种商品的各种数量组合。

9.经济一体化(Economic integration)是对国际贸易支付和要素流动取消限制的一个过程。

10.贸易转移效应(Trade-diversion effect)是指区域贸易联盟的形成所产生的福利损失。

当关税同盟外的低成本供应商的出口被同盟内部的高成本供应商所取代时,就发生了贸易转移效应。

二、简述题1.进口替代战略进口替代战略:发展工业的目的主要是支持国内市场,不考虑对外贸易的重要性,它要求广泛运用贸易壁垒,保护国内产业免受进口竞争,是内向型的。

国际经济学(双语)-第4章

国际经济学(双语)-第4章

4.2 Tariffs
Conclusion when material inputs or intermediate products enter a country at a very low duty while the final imported commodity is protected by a high duty, the result tends to be a high protection rate for the domestic producers. The nominal tariff rate on finished goods thus understates the effective rate of protection. But should a tariff be imposed on imported inputs that exceeds that on the finished good, the nominal tariff rate on the finished product would tend to overstate its protective effect.
Infant Industry Argument
This argument contends that for free trade to be meaningful, trading countries should temporarily shield their newly developing industries from foreign competition.
国际经济学(双语)-第4章
Chapter 4 Tariffs and Nontariff Barriers

国际经济学考试题目中文翻译

国际经济学考试题目中文翻译

国际经济学考试题目中文翻译国际经济学是研究国家间经济关系以及全球经济系统的学科。

它涵盖了贸易、汇率、国际金融、经济发展等领域,并且对广泛的国际经济问题进行了深入研究。

对于经济学学生来说,国际经济学考试是测试他们对这一学科知识的理解和应用的重要环节。

以下是一道国际经济学考试题目的中文翻译,帮助你更好地理解并回答该题。

题目:考虑到全球化和自由贸易的发展,国家之间的经济关系日益紧密。

请分析并讨论以下问题:1. 自由贸易的优点和缺点;2. 跨国公司对国际经济的影响;3. 保护主义政策对国际贸易的影响。

正文:随着全球化趋势的加剧和自由贸易的普及,国家间经济关系变得更加紧密。

自由贸易有其独特的优点和缺点,而跨国公司的兴起对国际经济产生了深远的影响,同时保护主义政策也对国际贸易造成了一定的影响。

首先,自由贸易具有多方面的优点。

首先是资源的有效配置。

通过自由贸易,不同国家可以根据各自的比较优势进行专业化生产,从而提高效率,实现资源的最优配置。

其次是提升消费者福利。

自由贸易能够提供更加广泛和多样的产品选择,满足消费者的多样化需求,降低消费者的价格支出。

此外,自由贸易还能够促进技术进步和创新,通过知识和技术的交流,加速技术的转移和发展。

然而,自由贸易也存在一些缺点。

首要是失业的风险。

自由贸易可能导致一些传统产业的萎缩和就业的不稳定,尤其是那些无法与外国竞争的行业。

此外,自由贸易也可能导致国内产业结构的变动,从而影响国内的工业布局和经济结构。

其次是不平等的问题。

自由贸易可能加剧富裕和贫困之间的差距,使一些弱势群体更加边缘化,这需要政府采取措施来解决不平等问题。

其次,跨国公司对国际经济产生了重要影响。

跨国公司通过投资和生产活动的全球化,促进了国际贸易的发展,推动了技术和资金的流动,并且为国家的经济增长和就业提供了机会。

同时,跨国公司也引入了新的管理模式和生产技术,提高了生产效率和质量标准。

然而,跨国公司也面临着一些问题,例如税务和监管的挑战,以及与本地企业和劳工的关系等。

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国际经济学原毅军编审高等教育出版社全书中文翻译第2章现代贸易理论的基础现代贸易理论试图回答如问题:(1)贸易基础(basis for trade)由什么构成--即国与国之间为什么要进和出口某些商品?(2)商品在世界市场按什么样的贸易条件(terms of trade)(相对价格)进行交换?(3)从生产和消费方面来看,国际贸易收益(gains from internationa1 trade)是什么?本章将首先毓要回顾现代贸易理论的发展历史,然后介绍分析国际贸易影响时用到的理论工具,进而探讨这些问题。

现代贸易理论的发展历史现代贸易理论是经济思想进化的产物。

重商主义以及后来的亚当·斯密和人卫·李嘉图的著作都为现代贸易理论提供了框架。

重商主义在1500-1800年间,欧洲出现了一批关注国家建设的学者。

按照重商主义(mercantists)的观点,一个吲家如何管理它的国内和国际事务以提高自身的利益,是建设国家的中心问题,而拥有一个强大的对外贸易部门则是该问题的答案。

如果一个国家能够实现贸易顺差(出口超过进口的剩余),就可以得到世界其他国家支付的黄金和白银。

这种收入将增加消费,提高国内的产出和就业水平。

为了促成贸易顺差,重商主义学派主张政府进行贸易管制,并建议采用关税、配额和其他商业政策将进口限制在最低水平,以保护一个国家的贸易地位。

进入18世纪,重商主义的经济政策受到了强烈的攻击。

根据大卫·休谟的价格流转学说(price-specie-口ow doctrine),贸易顺差只可能是短期的,会随着时间的推移自动消除。

为说明这一点,假定英国获得了贸易盈余,导致黄金和白银流入。

由于这些贵金属构成了英国货币供给的一部分,它们的流入会增加流通中的货币数量,从而使得英国的物价水平相对于其贸易伙伴的而言比较高。

物价水平的上升会激励英国居民购买外国生产的商品,同时英国的出口额会降低。

结果是,该国的贸易盈余最终将自动消除。

休谟的价格流转机制表明,重商主义的政策最多只能带来短期的经济优势。

重商主义学派从静态的视角分析世界经济,这也是他们遭到攻击的一个原因。

在重商主义学派看来,如果将世界经济看做一块蛋糕的话,那么蛋糕的大小是固定不变的。

这意味着一个国家的贸易收益来自于其贸易伙伴的牺牲,并不是所有国家都能同时从国际贸易中获益。

这种观点受到了1776年亚当·斯密出版的《国富论》(Wea1thof Nations)的挑战。

根据斯密(1723~1790)的观点,世界经济这块蛋糕的大小并不是固定的。

国际贸易允许各国之间进行专业化和劳动分工,这将提高各国国内生产率的一般水平,并增加世界产出。

因此,斯密的动态贸易观点认为,通过自由贸易,贸易双方能够同时享有较高的生产和消费水平。

下一部分将对斯密的贸易理论做进一步解释。

进行国际贸易的原因:绝对优势古典经济学家亚当·斯密是自由贸易(free trade)(开放市场)的主要倡导者,认为自由贸易能够促进国际劳动分工。

通过自由贸易,各个国家可以集中生产他们能生产的成本最低的商品,并随之获得劳动分工的收益。

在肯定了国家间的商品流动取决于成本差异这一观点的同时,斯密试图解释,为什么不同国家的生产成本会存在差别。

斯密认为,投入要素的生产率是决定生产成本的主要因素。

这种生产率的基础是自然优势(natura1 advantage)和后天通过学习习得优势(acquired advantage)。

前者与气候、土壤和矿产资源等因素有关,而后者则包括特殊的技能和技术。

斯密证明,如果在一种产品的生产上拥有某种自然优势或习得优势,一个国家将能够以较低的成本生产这种商品,并变得比他的贸易伙伴越来越具有竞争力。

斯密对竞争优势决定因素的分析是从市场的供给方面来考虑的。

斯密的成本概念以劳动价值论(1abor theory of va1ue)为基础,该理论假定,在每个国家中,劳动是惟。

一的生产要素,并且是同质的(质量相同),而且一种商品的成本或价格只取决于生产该种商品所需的劳动数量。

例如,如果美国生产1码布比英国用的劳动少,美国的生产成本就会较低。

斯密的贸易理论是绝对优势原理(princip1e of abso1ute advantage):在一个由两个国家、两种产品构成的世界中,当一个国家在一种商晶的生产上具有绝对成本优势(即生产单位产品使用的劳动较少),而另一个国家具有生产另一种商品的绝对成本优势时,国际贸易和专业化将是有益的。

为了使世界得益于国际劳动分工,每个国家必须在一种商品的生产上比其贸易伙伴更有效率。

一个国家将进口那些处于绝对成本劣势地位的商品,并出口那些自己拥有绝对成本优势的商品。

一个数字的例子可以帮助我们说明绝对优势原理。

如表2-1所示,假定美国工人在一小时内能生产5瓶酒或20码布,而英国工人能生产15瓶酒或10码布。

显然,美国在布匹的生产上具有绝对优势;其产布1:人的生产率(每工时的产量)高于英国,因此成本较低(生产1码布需要较少的劳动)。

同样的道理,英国在生产酒方面也具有绝对优势。

根据斯密的理论,通过专门生产成本较低的商品,同时进口生产成本较高的商品,每个国家都能够获得好处。

因为遵循绝对优势原理的专业化分工提高了世界资源的使用效率,世界产出将会增加、而增加的产出又会通过贸易在两园间分配。

进行国际贸易的原因:比较优势根据斯密的理论,若要进行互利贸易,就得要求每个国家至少在一种商品的生产上成本最低,并因此能够向其贸易伙伴出口这种商品。

但是,如果+个国家生产所有商品都比他的贸易伙伴更有效率,情况文会怎样呢?大卫李嘉图(1772-1823年)发现了斯密理论的不严谨之处,并在此基础上又提出了一个原理,说明即使一个国家生产所有商品都是绝对高效率,互利贸易也能发生。

和斯密一样,李嘉图也比较强调市场供给方,并认为两国间因自然和后天习得的优势而导致的成本差异是贸易的直接原因。

斯密强调的是国家间绝对成本差异的重要性,与此不同,李嘉图强调的是比较(相对)成本差异。

因此,李嘉图的贸易理论被称为比较优势原理(princip1e of comparative advantage)。

事实上,如表2-2所示,一个国家通常会由于自然优势和习得优势而形成比较优势。

根据李嘉图的比较优势原理,即使一个国家在两种商品的生产上都有绝对成本优势,互利贸易也能够进行。

低效率国家应该专门生产并出口其效率低得相对较少(绝对劣势最小)的商品,高效率国家则应专门生产并出日其效率相对高得较多(绝对优势最大)的商M。

为r理解绝对优势和比较优势的区别,我们来看一下主要棒球联赛本垒打冠军马克·麦格维尔(Mark McGwire)的情况。

麦格维尔不仅在打棒球上有绝对优势,在别的活动卜也可能比大多数人做得好。

例如,麦格维尔割草可能比任何园艺工人都快,因此在草坪维护方面也有绝对优势。

然而,仅仅因为麦格维尔割草快,他就应该去割草吗?显然,麦格维尔不应该去维护草坪,而是应该集中精力去打他最有绝对优势的本垒打。

与此相似,美国生产纺织品和计算机软件的效率可能都比其他国家更高,尽管如此,美国最好还是从中国进13廉价的衬衫,帮助微软公司向全世界出口软件。

为了说明比较优势原理,李嘉图在如下假设的基础上建立了一个简化的模型:1.世界由两个国家构成,每个国家都仅使用一种投入要素生产两种商品。

2.在每个国家中,劳动是惟一的投入要素(劳动价值论)。

每个国家拥有固定的劳动禀赋,并且劳动力是充分就业的和同质的。

3.劳动町以在一个国家的不同产业间自由移动,但是不能在两个国家间移动。

4.两国的技术水平是固定的。

不同国家可以使用不同的技术,但是一个国家中生产同一种商品的所有企业使用的是同一种方法。

.5.成本不随产量变化,并且同劳动使用量成比例。

6.所有市场都是完全竞争市场。

因为没有任何一个生产者或消费者的规模大到能够影响整个市场的程度,所有经济个体都是价格接受者。

不同国家的产品质量相同,意味着每类产品中的每个单位产品质量也都相同。

企业可以自由进入和退出一个产业,每件产。

锅的价格等于产品的边际生产成本。

7.两国间进行自由贸易,即不存在政府设置的贸易壁垒。

8.运输成本为零。

因此,只要两种产品在各自的国内价格相同,那么对消费者而言购买本国产品还是进口产品是无差别的。

9.利润最大化是企业制定生产决策的目标,而消费者则通过制定消费决策来追求满意感的最大化。

10.不存在货币错觉,即消费者进行消费选择和企业制定生产决策时,均考虑到了所有的价格行为。

11.贸易是平衡的(出口必须能够补偿进11),因此两国间不存在货币流动。

美国制造业中的哪个产业比较优势最高呢?上表列出了美国各部门的比较优势,这是通过各部门净出口(出口减进口)占全国进出口的比率来计算的。

这个比率的取值在1(比较优势最高)到一1(比较劣势最高)之间。

一个行业比较优势率的绝对值相对另一行业的越高,那么该行业的比较优势就越明显(比较劣势越小)。

一个行业比较优势率的高低如果不同其他行业相比就没有意义。

当然,保护主义壁垒的存在在某种程度上歪曲了自由贸易状态下的比较优势率。

如上表所示,1998年,在按照比较优势率排列的美国制造行业中,民用飞机的比较优势率最高;能源和钢铁的比较劣势率最高。

尽管这些排序町以,并且确实随着经济状况的变化而发生变动,但短期内不太可能发牛改变。

表2-3说明了一个国家在两种商品的生产上都有绝对优势时,李嘉图的比较优势原理是如何发挥作用的。

假定美国[人每小时能生产40瓶酒或40码布,而英国工人只能生产20瓶酒或10码布。

按照斯密的绝对优势原理,由于美国生产两种商品的效率都高于英国,因此就无法进行互利的专业化分工和贸易。

然而,李嘉图的比较优势原理关注的是,美国产布的效率是英国的4倍(40/10=4),而产酒的效率仅是英国的两倍(40/20=2)。

因此,美国在布的生产上比在酒的生产上更有绝对优势,英国在酒的生产上比在布的生产上绝对劣势更小。

每个国家应当专门生产并出具有比较优势的商品--美国产布,英国产酒。

由专业化获得的产出收益将通过贸易在两个国家间分配。

从美国在20世纪80年代和90年代间的贸易模式可以看出,美国对日本的贸易出现了巨大的贸易赤字(进口超过出口)。

一些宿命者似乎认为,H本几乎在所有商品的生产上都比美国更有效率。

一些人预言,来自日本的大量进口将降低美国的产业化程度,并使之变成一个快餐馆国家,这似乎在暗示,美国在任何商品的生产上都没有比较优势。

一个国家可能在所有商品的生产上都没有绝对优势,但不可能一个国家在任何一种商品的生产上都具有比较优势,而其他国家在所有商品的生产上都处于相对劣势。

这是因为比较优势取决于相对成本。

正如我们所知,一个在所有商品的生产上都处于绝对劣势的国家会发现,专门生产其绝对劣势最小的商品是有利的。

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