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16The following was written as a part of an application for a small business loan by a group of developers in the city of Monroe.“A jazz music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise.Currently,the nearest jazz club is65miles away;thus,our proposed club,the C Note,would have the local market all to itself.Plus,jazz is extremely popular in Monroe:over100,000people attended Monroe’s jazz festival last summer,several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe,and the highest-rated radio program in Monroe is‘Jazz Nightly,’which airs every weeknight.Finally,a nationwide study indicates that the typical jazz fan spends close to$1,000per year on jazz entertainment.It is clear that the C Note cannot help but make money.”It is widely held belief that it’s always wise to invest in something welcomed while not easily available in an area.Obviously,the arguer is confident in making satisfactory profit by having a jazz music club in Monroe,where jazz music is prevailing while no relevant club exists.The argument seems sound and convictive at first glance,but I am afraid that there are some flaws in it that undermined the validity.The arguer saw Jazz’s attraction in Monroe,where the highest-rated radio program is Jazz relevant.Hence he straightly declares that a Jazz club will have a good local market there.But nowadays people are busy with their jobs and might not have enough time to patronize clubs as frequently as before.Thanks to the radio and CD sets,everyone can enjoy music anytime,anywhere.For instance,on their way back home,when preparing dinner,or before sleeping.While going clubs,on the other hand,might be something too luxurious for them to afford for lacking of time.A further investigation on how often people of Monroe will go to jazz clubs is needed before the arguer can sweep out the doubt whether the C-note club will have enough customer. Jazz,as any other forms of arts,has its own relative stable group of buffs,who are likely to stick to several artists for a long time,which means people will not turn to another club or artist so easily as try another brand of milk.So if the investors of C-note want to see good reward,what they have to do is much more than just build the club and invite some jazz musicians.If they failed to offer appealing case of musicians to residents of Monroe,I’m afraid the sincere fans will burden to drive65 miles to another club or simpler,just stay at home listening to CDs of their favorite singers.The arguer quotes from a nationwide survey that approximately$1000is spent by a typical buff on jazz entertainments,and he presents it as strong proof that the C-note will have a bright future with the generosity of jazz fans.But it’s rather naïve to believe that considerable part of this$1000will be spent on C-note,because it’s highly possible that invest on Hi-Fi,CDs,music instruments occupy a large part,while spending on going clubs might be just trifles.If the arguer can present with specifieditems of the percentages spent on different kind of jazz consuming,then we can have a more precise picture of the C-note’s future.Anyway,I agree that it’s highly possible that building a jazz club in Monroe will have good rewarding.But further investigation and analysis are needed before the further conclusion and ultimate action.17The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Walnut Grove town newspaper.“Walnut Grove’s town council has advocated switching from EZ Disposal(which has had the contract for trash collection services in Walnut Grove for the past ten years)to ABC Waste, because EZ recently raised its monthly fee from$2,000to$2,500a month,whereas ABC’s fee is still$2,000.But the town council is mistaken;we should continue using EZ.EZ collects trash twice a week,while ABC collects only once.Moreover,EZ--which,like ABC,currently has a fleet of20trucks--has ordered additional trucks.Finally,EZ provides exceptional service:80 percent of respondents to last year’s town survey agreed that they were‘satisfied’with EZ’s performance.”The arguer’s view seems to be sound and convincing at first glance that Walnut Crove town should stick to EZ Disposal rather than turn to ABC Waste even if the former raises its monthly fee for25%because EZ are offering satisfactory service to the town.,which is worth the more money it asks for.However,I’m afraid his argument can hardly bear further consideration since there are several flaws in it.One seemingly overwhelming advantage of EZ Disposal over ABC Waste is that the former collects trash twice a week while the latter,however,only once.The arguer lays such emphasis on it that gives us the impression that EZ offers double service only for a25%rise in price compared to ABC Waste.However,we can hardly find any evidence that it’s not redundant for EZ Disposal to do so.In other word,there might not be so much trash as have to been collected twice a week in Walnut Crove. Especially,if the landfill of Walnut Crove is kept under good condition,without the problem of environment contamination,then collection of once a week is enough, which ironically shows the low efficiency of EZ Disposal.It’s absurd to ask people to pay for the low work efficiency with a reason such as double quantity of work.EZ Disposal’s ordering of additional trucks,on the other hand,is another seemingly powerful reason the arguer present to show EZ will offer better service to the town.But he fails to see the possibility that EZ has to update its trucks,which are old and out of service,rather than add to it’s fleet new trucks.It is unfair if EZ includes this updatingfee into the service price,while the people of Walnut Crove wouldn’t see any more additional improvement in the service it provides than those they deserve.The proportion that80%respondents are satisfied with EZ’s performance seems to be convincing.However,there are questionable factors:Will the respondents still be satisfied even if the price rises25%?Have the respondents got the chance to try ABC Waste’s service and thus gave a fair comparison between the two?The arguer obviously ignored these by only focus on the absolute figure.Everyone likes to get better service on relatively lower price.But when things are not the case,a second consideration with rational analysis,comparison and evaluation is needed to see whether the expensive one really worth it.24The following appeared in a memo from the president of Viva-Tech,a manufacturer of high-tech medical equipment.“In order to reduce costs,we should close some of our existing small assembly plants and build a large central plant.Grandview would be an ideal location for this new plant.First,of the locations that we have considered,Grandview has the largest adult population,so that we will be able to staff our plant quickly and easily.Second,since the average wage earned by workers in Grandview is less than that in the other locations,we should be able to keep production costs st,as an inducement for us to build there,Grandview’s town council has offered to allow us to operate for the first three years without paying city taxes.”Grandview seems to be the best choice as the new location for a large central plant of Viva-Tech in the arguer’s point of view with its sufficient adult population,low average wage level and the three years’taxes free policy offered by the town council.These certainly will be advantages for such industries as massive productivity,which need a lot of labors in low wages.When things come to high-tech industries like Viva-Tech, however,much more important things have to be taken into consideration before making decision on such important things as new plant location.High-Tech industries,unlike traditional industries like iron and steel industry or textiles industry,which need cheap massive labors without special request for high intellectual or complex techniques,look forward to their qualified employees to have specific knowledge.Viva-Tech focuses on the manufacture of high-tech medical equipments. So those without relevant backgrounds in electronically engineering,mechanicalengineering or biotech engineering may not be able to do the highly intellectual jobs. Grandview has largest adult population among the several cities in consideration.Yet we have no idea whether there are enough qualified high-tech workers and engineers, which are crucial to staff the new plant.Low wage is always appealing to employers,which also attracts the arguer to advocate locating the new plant at the low-wage Grandview.Unfortunately he pays much too attention to the cost on personnel while ignores several essential factors: first,low-wage,to some extent,implies low technique level of the city.If Viva-Tech is to set up its new plant there,it will have to spend much more on recruiting high-tech engineers and workers from outside.On the other hand,low wage with large work force may mean the poor transport condition and links with nearby cities.This may well be the drawback when the new central plant is built here by making difficult the convey of materials and products in and out the city.The arguer may insist that,anyway,the three-year tax-free is too attractive an offer to be neglected.It does appeal,yet if we ask why the town council of Grandview can provide so marvelous a policy,which is unlikely to be provided in anywhere else,we can reach the conclusion that,there must be few or even no such high-tech companies in Grandview.This in turn convinces us our assumption of relative low technical level and other disadvantages like poor transportation of the city.In sum,it’s unwise to make rash decision on building the new central plant in Grandview only taking the superficial advantages into account.More detailed survey of the technical level and other important issues should be taken.40The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Excello Food Markets."In90towns where Excello has food markets,natural-food stores specializing in organic food products—products containing no chemical preservatives and made with foods grown without pesticides—have opened nearby as competitors.Surveys of our own customers reveal a growing concern about foods grown using pesticides or preserved with chemicals.Recently our market in Sun City participated in a local food tasting fair,and75percent of the fair goers who visited the Excello booth requested free samples of organic fruit.Such evidence indicates that to increase our profits,we should begin to stock a full line of organic food products in all our markets."At first glance,the arguer’s reasoning seems to be quite sound.According to his conclusion,the profit of his company will be raised if they stock a full line of organic food products in all their markets.But unfortunately,if we make a careful consideration of his evidence,doubt will be cast on this conclusion and apprehension will be heaped on this company’s future performance.First of all,the results of the survey conducted by this company are neither relevant nor convincing.It only implies that customers’concern about foods grown using pesticides or preserved with chemicals is increasing,while it doesn’t necessarily mean that these customers will give up eating these foods and turn to organic foods.They may still have the non-organic foods,since it’s common sense that non-organic foods are usually cheaper than organic foods.Their consideration about price may exceed the concern about whether the food is organic or not.Also,the survey just gives us a description of the customers’psychological characteristics,not their realistic behaviors.As we know,although sometimes,behavior may totally reflect people’s psychological state,in most of the cases,one’s behavior is affected by many other factors.Therefore when we try to get a conclusion about one’s behavior just from his or her psychological preference,we should always be aware of making mistakes.In this case,the customers in the survey may still purchase non-organic foods under the influence of other unforeseeable factors.When we probe into the result of the food testing fair,we may find even bigger flaws in it.Firstly,it was only carried out in Sun City,but the arguer applies its result to all the company’s markets while doesn’t show us whether Sun City is a representative market of the whole markets.Secondly,it is noticed that those samples of organic fruit is offered for free,not for sale.So we have every reason to be doubtful about that if these foods are on sale,whether there are still so many people choose to buy them. Thirdly,the method of the statistics used in this case also arouses skepticism.It only tells us75percent of the fair goers requested the sample,while doesn’t mention a word about what proportion of the whole citizen in this city the fair goers stand for?If the fair goers only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole city,we should not be so sure about the conclusion that the Sun City is an organic-food-loving market.After pointing out so many obvious flaws in the argument,now we can say that the reasons used to support the conclusion cannot be relied on.Before any real commercial actions are taken,the company has to better its evaluations of the situation of its markets.More detailed and reliable surveys should be taken if the company wants to make out a profitable plan and avoid undesirable risks.更多GRE写作资料下载：GRE作文全攻略第二版下载GRE-Issue题目大纲-教育类大纲..06红宝核心词汇GRE-Issue题目大纲-政治大纲GRE-Issue题目大纲-科技大纲GRE写作-Issue题目大纲-历史大纲GRE-Issue题目大纲-文化艺术大纲GRE-Issue题目大纲-通用顺序GRE-Issue题目大纲-人与社会大纲GRE-Issue题目大纲-sentencesgre-Issue分类下载gre写作经典200句GRE作文电子书2.0版（基本囊括所有GRE作文资料）GRE AW ISSUE所有高频题详细提纲新东方张雷冬老师的argument课堂笔记完美重排版gre写作必背单词和短语下载武汉新东方GRE作文——主讲：童玲gre写作--Issue高频题优秀习作汇总下载gre-Issue分类下载gre写作经典200句Argument题库所有242道题目的分析中文argument必备资料（经典精华强化版）GRE issue分类argument分析写作替换词GRE AW ISSUE所有高频题详细提纲下载Issue官方主题范文60篇GRE写作电子书（内含名师讲义，写作方法，提纲等）/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=2290106年至今GRE作文机经频率统计/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=22900E-rater原理分析及建议/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=22855关于GRE作文题库以及题号改变的完全总结/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=22850GRE作文战略级别指导/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=23355GRE作文拿高分的八个必须/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=23373GRE备考资料-GRE写作Issue论据库/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=23448GRE写作分类高频机经./bbs/viewthread.php?tid=23480GRE作文常见误区总结/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=2357752The following appeared in a memo to the human resources manager at Baobob Inc.,a large architectural firm."Several well-known,retired architects were interviewed in Architecture Today about changes in the field.Only one had earned a college degree in architecture.All others had come into the field at an early age by serving apprenticeships that required them to work under the direct supervision of an experienced architect.Several of the colleges that we recruit from report that many promising architecture students leave school early in their undergraduate career. Therefore,because finding talented architecture graduates is becoming more difficult,Baobob Inc.should start an aggressive apprenticeship program and hire students who express an interest in architecture directly out of high school rather than wait for them to get out of college."In this argument,the arguer recommends that Baobob Inc.,a large architectural firm, should start an aggressive apprenticeship program and hire students who have interests in architecture directly out of high school.This recommendation is based on the inquiry that in the several well-known,retired architects who were interview in Architecture Today,only one has a college degree in architecture.In addition,he cites the report of several architecture colleges,which said many promising architecture students leave school before graduate.The argument suffers from several critical fallacies.First,the arguer fails to take into account that the society in which the famous architects live is different from today.The main one is that the society is developed rapidly during the later of the20th centuray,especially during the past twenty years, so the level of life,education and technology have go up a big step.For example,it is well known that in the early days going to high school was luxurious and only wealth people could afford the high fees.But today there are so many high colleges that almost everyone has an opportunity to make a further study only if you can pass the entrance examination.That the architects mentioned in the argument rarely have college degree may contribute to the lack of high colleges and funds,not because that without a college degree is helpful for them to be well known in the circle of architect. Second,the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization.In the argument,the arguer cites the report that many promising architecture student leave school early before graduate,but it is doesn’t mention how they work after leaving school and how many of them has developed into excellent architects.In addition the arguer does not provide evidences that the graduate architectural students are less competent than the undergraduate ones.It does not come to the conclusion that without a college degree is beneficial for the architects while with one will damper the graduate architects reaching to the success.To sum up,starting an aggressive apprenticeship program and hiring students who express an interest in architecture directly out of high school rather than waiting for them to get out of college does not promise to be helpful.To strength the argument,the arguer should have to provide the providence that the graduated students are less excellent than the undergraduate ones.To better valuate the recommendation,we would need more information that the college degree will be a debacle to the success.61The following appeared in a report by the School District of Eyleria."Nationally,the average ratio of computers to students in kindergarten through grade12(K-12) is1:cators indicate that this is very good ratio.This means that across the country,all students have access to and can use computers daily in their classrooms.In Eyleria's K-12 schools,the ratio of computers to students is1:7.This number is sufficient to ensure that all of Eyleria's students,by the time they graduate from high school,will be fully proficient in the use of computer technology.Thus,there is no reason to spend any of the schools'budget on computers or other technology in the next few years."Conclusion of this argument is that schools of Eyleria should no more spend budget on computers or other technology in the next few years.The author’s reason is solely that there is high ratio of computer using within students in national average or even in Eyleria.The argument is unconvincing because it commits several fallacies like cited below.Firstly,the conclusion that“all students have access to and can use computers daily in their classrooms”is not based upon sufficient evidences.All we could know from the argument is that the average ratio of computer using in k-12students may be high,but the author has never quoted other students’conditions besides k-12ones,nor has he/she ever dropped a word into the trend of using computer.How could he/she know that other students also attach importance in using computer just as k-12ones?We may imagine that if the ratio of students to computer,who are in the grade besides k-12,is much lower than the k-12average,then the conclusion will be weaken. Secondly,the ratio of computers to students in Eyleria,which is1:7,is apparently lower than national average ratio,which is1:5.From this fact we could realize that the popularization of computer in Eyleria is not so well developed as the average.The arguer has never concerned about what is the criteria of depending whether the ratio is“good”,as he/she says.And there also exists a doubtful point,that as time goes by, the computer technology and the learning surroundings or conditions of which may change a lot,how could we draw a conclusions that the students will keep on with their enthusiasm of learning or using computer and being fully proficient in it,when theypass from k-12to high school?Apparently,here lacks of convincing points.Thirdly,given that the common use of computer in Eyleria does exist and does have its tendency to increase in the future,the situation of other fields of technology remains unknown because the author has never refer to these.While this may be the same as computer in some cases,it is equally possible that only few categories of knowledge has attract educators’attentions,and some may need to be well developed.In sum,the author makes many logical errors,thus his opinion is highly unacceptable. If he/she had taken the above problems into account more seriously and incisively,the argument would be better.73The following appeared in a memo from a manager of a car dealership."Ten years ago,long-term car leasing became available in our country of Mohilia as an alternative to outright car ownership,and leasing has steadily risen in popularity.For each of the last five years,the number of people leasing new cars has surpassed the number buying new cars.The average age of cars driven in Mohilia is six years;hence,if new car leases again outnumber purchases this year,it is likely that the majority of drivers will be driving leased,not individually owned,cars.Therefore,we should change the focus of our business from selling cars to leasing them."In this argument,the arguer advocates that his company should shift the focus of their business from selling cars to leasing cars.To support the argument,the arguer assumes that long-term car leasing has steadily risen in popularity in his country of Mohilia.Meanwhile,to support the recommendation,he assumes that the majority of drivers will be driving leased instead of individually owned cars if new car leases again outnumber purchases this year.However,this argument suffers from several critical fallacies though it seems logical at first glance.The main problem in this argument is that the fact that the number leasing news cars business surpassing buying new cars does not necessarily imply a steady increase of car leasing business.The arguer cites that the number of people leasing new cars has surpassed the number buying new cars and again the new car leases outnumber purchases this year.Although these statistics has justified that car leasing business inthis Mohilia is prosperous,there is no guarantee that new car leases is rising.The arguer’s assumption of rising in car leasing business is completely unfounded.Another point worth considering is that the arguer fails to take into account profit factor that would lend support to the decision he made.Even if the new car leasing business will see a boom shortly,no evidence show that this business is profitable for his company.It is possible that running a car selling business would be more lucrative compared with car leasing for this company.It is equally possible that his company is not experienced in car leasing business and is not guaranteed to overshoot other rivals in this field,or share certain proportion of the market at least.As it stands,the argument is not convincing and the decision should be reconsidered. To strengthen the argument,the arguer would have to provide more evidence that car leasing is assuredly rising.To better evaluate the decision,he should demonstrate that car leasing is profitable for this company in the long run.79The following appeared in a magazine for the trucking industry."The Longhaul trucking company was concerned that its annual accident rate(the number of accidents per mile driven)was too high.It granted a significant pay increase to its drivers and increased its training standards.It also put strict limits on the number of hours per week each driver could drive.The following year,its trucks were involved in half the number of accidents as before the changes were implemented.A survey of other trucking companies found that the highest-paid drivers were the least likely to have had an accident.Therefore,trucking companies wishing to reduce their accident rate can do so simply by raising their drivers'pay and limiting the overall number of hours they drive."The arguer suggests that trucking companies should simply raise their drivers’pay and limit the overall number of hours they drive to reduce their accident rate.To support his recommendation,the arguer cites an example of the Longhual trucking company successfully reducing its annual accident rate and a survey of other truckingcompanies that the highest-paid drivers were the least likely to have had an accident. However,simply by raising drivers’pay and limiting the overall number of hours they drive might be far from being effective in reducing the accidents.To begin with,it might be true,as the survey indicates,that higher-paid drivers were less likely to have an accident,but it does not follow that the higher pay is the causal of less risk to have accidents.The arguer might have ignored other factors that have some correlation or causal relation with less likelihood to have an accidents,such as what have been mentioned:higher training standards,strict limits on the number of hours per week each driver could drive,and etc.Or else not mentioned in the argument,for example,the highest-paid drivers are senior drivers who are skillful in driving and have more experience.In addition,admittedly,the Longhual trucking company might reach a success in decrease its annual accident rate to50percent by granting three effective measures, but the annual accident rate might not decrease to an ideal degree.To reduce its annual accident rate to an ideal degree,more actions should be carried out,such as limiting the continuous driving hours to prevent drivers from being too tired.As we all know,tiredness is a significant cause of accident.What’s more,situations in different company differ greatly,so that,each company should take different measures against its own problem which mainly cause the high accident rates rather than simply raising drivers’pay and limiting the overall number of driving hours.Consequently,for lack of some details of the Longhaul trucking company and the survey,the arguer’s suggestion is not acceptable.More factors should be taken into account in reducing the annual accidents according to the feature of different trucking company.88The following appeared in a newsletter about health published in the country of Sauria. "According to Sauria's leading nutritional experts,a diet high in complex carbohydrates,and low in fat is optimal for good health and longevity.Because this was the diet of the people who lived in ancient Sauria,one would expect them to have had long and healthy lives.Yet the mummified remains of Sauria's ruling classes from two to three thousand years ago show theexistence of many medical problems among the ancient Saurians,including dental problems, elevated blood pressure,obesity,heart disease,and early mortality.Clearly,the diet of the ancient Saurians was responsible for these problems.The high incidence of high blood pressure,obesity,and heart disease in Sauria today even among those who have tried low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets further proves that Sauria's leading nutritional experts are wrong."By considering the low-fat,high-carbohydrate diets of the ancient Saurians and the variety of medical problems of them,the author arrives at the conclusion that nutritional experts are totally wrong to recommend people to apply such a diet as effective way to ensure good health and longevity.What’s more,the author insists that the high incidence of high blood pressure,obesity and heart disease actually stem from this diet.Plausible as it may seem,the author’s argument leaves much to be questioned.As we all know,all lives are evolving and so are human beings.Both the environment and the physical situation have changed a lot from ancient Sauria to present.Although mummified remains of ancient Sauria’s people show the existence of many medical problems much like what are prevailing today in Sauria,the author ignores the fact that these mummies were among the ruling classes in lifetime.This means that they were able to get more than sufficient nutrition,which may have led to their healthy problems.The average people of ancient Sauria,however,might not have been so lucky as to have meat and fish in everyday life,and consequently their diets were really the same as the one recommended by expert today.If they had been made into mummies,we might have found that they were free from high blood pressure,obesity, heart disease and other problems caused by high-fat,low carbohydrate diet.The existence of mortality in ancient Sauria,which has largely diminished today,also proves that the medical condition of ancient Sauria is poor.And this limitation may account for a large portion of diseases assaulted ancient Sauria.Although the average life span of ancient Saurians might not been very long,it must not have been the fault of this low-fat,high carbohydrate diet.And the author also makes a lethal mistake by reverting the relationship between cause and result.He/she tries to convince us that it is this low-fat,high-carbohydrate diet that causes those healthy problems modern Saurians have today.Yet if we think otherwise,it is much more possible that those who have been struck by those disease are trying to improve their health by applying this low-fat,high-carbohydrate diet.After a period of low-fat diet,these people may have seen ameliorations of their health,their blood pressure decreased,their weights go down and so does heart attack rate.The improvements of life standard also bring troubles to modern Saurians.It may be easier for normal modern Saurians to get as much as possible high-fat food than the ruling classes ancient Saurians and therefore it is quite natural that they will suffer the same diseases as those ancient riches.A low-fat,high-carbohydrate diet must be helpful to see to this condition.。
2020年1月3日GRE北美机经
2020年1月3日GRE北美机经1.3顺序 VQVQV作文：issue是The greatness of individuals is decided only by the people live after them, not by their comtemparoriesargument是说一个学校应该建更多宿舍因为按现在趋势学生数N年以后会增加N倍 (具体数字不记得了) 另外town的房租升高学生更愿意住宿舍多建立新宿舍会吸引更多的学生语文：填空什么的不记得了有几道关于太阳系的阅读有红松鼠灰松鼠诗歌什么美国西班牙建筑的 Blue音乐的数学：-1/2，(-1/2)^1, (-1/2)^2, (-1/2)^3 的range是多少xy=20， x+y有几个答案一个盒子里有10个红球 8个篮球一次取一个不放回取出来两个是两种颜色的概率一个高h，长9，宽6的长方体和一个高g,直径10的圆柱体积相等，问h和g的关系还有两组数比较标准差的一个正整数是200的factor 不是100的factor 是5的倍数不是25的倍数答案40数学不难，就是有些题目比较长，概率题也不多。
报告完毕。
VQVQV数学：问有两个数能够被6除余下来1，问你这个数除3余下来等于多少盒子里有6个黑珠子，10个白珠子，问你取两个有两种颜色的几率图标题第二部分很繁琐，给了一个表格，第一列是工作的种类，第二列是the rank of the number of job openings, 第三列是average salary, 第四列是接下来一年的the rank of the number of job openings. 问你salary 的rank 比第二列的rank多的工作种类有多少个三位数既能被4整除又能被3整除的数字有多少个其他的考了一个01 02 的mirror 的作文：The primary goal of the advancement of technology is to enhance the efficiency of people so that people can have more leisure time.Argument：A村为了improve 道路安全，将speed limit 下降从45 到35，不过还是有很多reported accident 而且很多人还是超速。
GRE官方钦定北美GRE满分范文
GRE官方钦定北美GRE满分范文下面是一篇GRE官方给出满分的ARGUMENT范文，我们来一起赏析，看看它为何能scored six (先读文章，再看我的点评)The following appeared as part of an article in a daily newspaper:"Most companies would agree that as the risk of physical injury occurring on the job increases, the wages paid to employees should also increase. Hence it makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace safer: they could thus reduce their payroll expenses and save money."Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.北美GRE范文首段This argument states that it makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace safer because by making the workplace safer then lower wages could be paid to employees. This conclusion is based on the premise that as the list of physical injury increases, the wages paid to employees should also increase. Howeveer, there are several assumptions that may not necessarily apply to this argument. For example, the costs associated with making the workplace safe must outweigh the increased payroll expenses due to hazardous conditions. Also, one must look at the plausability of improving the work environment. And finally, because most companies agree that as the risk of injury increases so will wages doesn\'t necessarily mean that the all companies which have hazardous work environments agree.北美GRE作文范文中间段1The first issue to be addressed is whether increased labor costs justify large capital expenditures to improve the work environment. Clearly one could argue that if making the workplace safe would cost an exorbitant amount of money in comparison to leaving the workplace as is and paying slightly increased wages than it would not make sense to improve the work environment. For example, if making the workplace safe would cost $100 million versus additional payroll expenses of only $5,000 per year, it would make financial sense to simply pay the increased wages. No business or business owner with any sense would pay all that extra money just to save a couple dollars and improve employee health and relations. To consider this, a cost benefit analysis must be made. I also feel that although a cost benefit analysis should be the determining factor with regard to these decisions making financial sense, it may not be the determining factor with regard to making social, moral and ethical sense.北美GRE范文中间段2the work environment. This is not the case. Companies look at other considerations such as the negative social ramifications of high on-job injuries. For example, Toyota spends large amounts of money improving its environment because while its goal is to be profitable, it also prides itself on high employee morale and an almost perfectly safe work environment. However, Toyota finds that it can do both, as by improving employee health and employee relations they are guaranteed a more motivated staff, and hence a more efficient staff; this guarantees more money for the business as well as more safety for the employees.北美GRE写作范文中间段3Finally one must understand that not all work environments can be made safer. For example, in the case of coal mining, a company only has limited ways of making the work environment safe. While companies may be able to ensure some safety precautions, they may not be able to provide all the safety measures necessary. In other words, a mining company has limited ability to control the air quality within a coal mine and therefore it cannot control the risk of employees getting blacklung. In other words, regardless of the intent of the company, some jobs are simply dangerous in nature.北美GRE范文末端In conclusion, while at first it may seem to make financial sense to improve the safety of the work environment sometimes it truly does not make financial sense. Furthermore, financial sense may not be the only issue a company faces. Other types of analyses must be made such as the social ramifications of an unsafe work environment and the overall ability of a company to improve that environment (i.e。
新GRE 北美范文精析 Argument 12 范文精析
Argument 1212、Fifteen years ago, Omega University implemented a new procedure that encouraged students to evaluate the teaching effectiveness of all their professors. Since that time, Omega professors have begun to assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by 30 percent. Potential employers, looking at this dramatic rise in grades, believe that grades at Omega are inflated and do not accurately reflect student achievement; as a result, Omega graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University. To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should terminate student evaluation of professors.In this memo Omega University's dean points out that Omega graduates are less successful in getting jobs than Alpha University graduates, despite the fact that during the past 15 years the overall grade average of Omega students has risen by 30%. The dean also points out that during the past 15 years Omega has encouraged its students, by way of a particular procedure, to evaluate the effectiveness of their professors. The dean reasons that this procedure explains the grade-average increase, which in turn has created a perception among employers that Omega graduates are less qualified for jobs. On the basis of this line of reasoning the dean concludes that to enable Omega graduates to find better jobs Omega must terminate its professor-evaluation procedure. This argument contains several logical flaws, which render it unconvincing.A threshold problem with the argument involves the voluntary nature of the evaluation procedure. The dean provides no evidence about the or percentage of Omega students who participate in the procedure. Lacking such evidence it is entirely possible that those numbers are insignificant, in which case terminating the procedure is unlikely to haveany effect on the grade average of Omega students or their success in getting jobs after graduation.The argument also assumes unfairly that the grade-average increase is the result of the evaluation procedure--rather than some other phenomenon. The dean ignores a host ofother possible explanations for the increase--such as a trend at Omega toward higher or higher quality instruction or facilities. Without ruling out all other possible explanations for the grade-average increase, the dean cannot convince me that by terminating the evaluation procedure Omega would curb its perceived grade inflation let alone help its graduates get jobs.Even if the evaluation procedure has resulted in grade inflation at Omega, the dean's claim that grade inflation explains why Omega graduates are less successful than Alpha graduates in getting jobs is unjustified. The dean overlooks a myriad of other possible reasons for Omega's comparatively poor job-placement record. Perhaps Omega's career services are inadequate; or perhaps Omega's curriculum does not prepare students for the job market aseffectively as Alpha's. In short, without accounting for other factors that might contribute to Omega graduates' comparative lack of success in getting jobs, the dean cannot justify the claim that if Omega curbs its grade inflation employers will be more likely to hire Omega graduates. 这段话的内容太重复了这个描述不够清晰直接说有调查错误 就好了the survey cited by the author is not reliable. 这篇文章的数据有很多问题，比如30%和average这个因果关系的梳理很好这两个原因列举 的很好划线部分是 让步攻击部分，即使上面这个逻辑 错误不存在，那么 后面这个也有问题Finally, even if the dean can substantiate all of the foregoing assumptions, the dean's assertion that Omega must terminate its evaluation procedure to enable its graduates to find better jobs is still unwarranted, in two respects. First, the dean ignores other possible ways by which Omega can increase its job-placement record--for example, by improving its publicrelations or career-counseling services. Second, the dean unfairly equates "more" jobs with "better" jobs. In other words, even if more Omega graduates are able to find jobs as a resultnot necessarily be better ones.In sum, the dean's argument is unpersuasive as it stands. To strengthen it the dean must provide better evidence that the increase in grade average is attributable to Omega's professor-evaluation procedure, and that the end result is a perception on the part of employers that Omega graduates are less qualified for jobs than Alpha graduates. To better assess the argument I would need to analyze 15-year trends in (l) the percentage of Omega students participating in the evaluation procedure, (2) Omega's admission standards and quality of education, and (3) Omega's emphasis on job training and career preparation. I would also need to know what other means are available to Omega for enabling its graduates to find better jobs. 这是一个非常不明显的偷换概念 -- 可以不做攻击结尾段有些太长了 如果时间有限，那么solutions是可以不写的。
gre作文北美范文
gre作文北美范文英文回答：Well, when it comes to the issue of whether or not students should be required to take the GRE for admission to graduate school, I believe there are both pros and cons to consider. On the one hand, the GRE provides a standardized way for admissions committees to compare applicants from different academic backgrounds. It can also serve as a way for students to showcase their academic abilities and potential for success in a graduate program. For example, when I was applying to graduate school, my GRE scores helped to offset a lower GPA and demonstrate my readiness for the rigors of a graduate program.On the other hand, some argue that the GRE is not a true measure of a student's potential for success in graduate school. They claim that it places too much emphasis on test-taking skills rather than actual academic ability. In addition, the cost and time commitment requiredto prepare for and take the GRE can be a burden for some students, especially those from underprivileged backgrounds. For instance, I have a friend who struggled with standardized tests and felt that her GRE scores did not accurately reflect her true academic potential.Overall, I think that the decision of whether or not to require the GRE for graduate school admissions should be made on a case-by-case basis. Some programs may find the GRE to be a useful tool for evaluating applicants, while others may place more emphasis on other aspects of the application, such as letters of recommendation or writing samples. Ultimately, the goal should be to identify themost qualified and capable students for admission, and the GRE is just one of many factors to consider in that process.中文回答：对于是否应该要求学生参加GRE以获得研究生入学资格的问题，我认为有利有弊。
新GRE 北美范文精析 Argument 54. 范文精析
54、Humans arrived in the Kaliko Islands about 7,000 years ago, and within 3,000 years most of the large mammal species that had lived in the forests of the Kaliko Islands had become extinct. Yet humans cannot have been a factor in the species' extinctions, because there is no evidence that the humans had any significant contact with the mammals. Further, archaeologists have discovered numerous sites where the bones of fish had been discarded, but they found no such areas containing the bones of large mammals, so the humans cannot have hunted the mammals. Therefore, some climate change or other environmental factor must have caused the species' extinctions. In this argument the speaker concludes that humans could not have been a factor in the extinction of large mammal species in the Kaliko islands 3,000 years ago. To justify this conclusion, the speaker points out that no evidence exists that humans hunted or had other significant contact with these mammals. The speaker also points out that while archeologists have found bones of discarded fish in the islands, they have not found any discarded mammal bones there. For three reasons, this evidence lends little credibility to the speaker's argument. First, the argument concludes too hastily that humans could not have had any significant contact with these mammals. In relying on the lack of physical evidence such as bones, the speaker overlooks the possibility that humans exported mammals--particularly their bones--during this time period. Without ruling out this alternative explanation for the disappearance of these species from the islands, the speaker cannot justify the conclusion that humans were not a factor in their extinction from the islands. Secondly, the argument relies on the assumption that without significant contact with these other species humans could not have been a factor in their extinction. But the speaker provides no evidence that this is the case. Moreover, perhaps humans drove these other species away from their natural habitat not by significant contact but merely by intruding on their territory. Or perhaps humans consumed the plants and animals on which these species relied for their subsistence. Either scenario would explain how humans could have been a factor in the extinction of these species despite a lack of significant contact. Thirdly, the speaker assumes that the bones of fish that archeologists have found discarded on the island were discarded by humans, and not by some other large mammal. However, the speaker provides no evidence to substantiate this assumption. Given other possible explanations for these discarded fish bones, this evidence in itself lends little credible support to the speaker's theory about the extinction of large species of mammals.In conclusion, the argument is unconvincing as it stands. To strengthen it, the speakermust rule out the possibility that humans exported the bones of these other species. To betterevaluate the argument, we would need more information about the diet of humans and ofthe now-extinct mammals during that time period; particularly, we would need to knowwhether those other mammals also fed on the fish whose discarded bones have been foundon the islands. introduction部分有这两句话就够了这段的攻击不够清晰 作者其实想攻击的是因果关系 因为猎杀，所以没有关系这段是攻击偷换概念，没有明显的联系，不代表没有联系这两个理由都比较合理这个是因果错误鱼骨头不一定是人丢弃的，所以没有找到大型哺乳动物的骨头说明不了任何问题文章整体语言表达流畅但是对逻辑错误的攻击不是特别到位 - 建议大家要从两个细节上来证明作者的逻辑不够清晰同时，对逻辑错误的选择也不是最优的，与其攻击鱼骨头的来源，不如攻击鱼骨头和大型哺乳动物的比较错误：由于骨头特点的不一样，所以人们可能会丢弃鱼骨头，但是会拿大型动物的骨头做武器，或盖房子，所以找不到这篇文章结构是大家需要学习的重点，但是正如我们上课讲到的，逻辑是大家需要提升的重点，所以我们会找出文章中所以的逻辑有点和缺点。
GRE作文北美范文-关于艺术作品的真实性
4月份首轮GRE测试已结束，同学们需进入下轮GRE备考中，备考GRE首先要选择好的资料，GRE北美范文对备考GRE写作有一定的指导作用，下面为大家整理了最完整版的GRE北美范文，主要是关于GRE ISSUE作文范文，供大家应用。
"Imaginative works such as novels, plays, films, fairy tales, and legends present a more accurate and meaningful picture of human experience than do factual accounts. Because the creators of fiction shape and focus reality rather than report on it literally, their creations have a more lasting significance."
2024年GRE范文精讲北美GRE范文精讲
2024年GRE范文精讲：北美GRE范文精讲GRE作为北美地区研究生入学考试之一，是全球多所顶尖大学的研究生入学申请必备考试之一。
在2024年的GRE考试中，各位考生需要掌握的范围不仅包括基础的数学运算和英语语法知识，还需要对一些热门话题有深刻的了解和思考。
本篇文章将帮助各位考生精讲2024年北美GRE范文，希望能够帮助你顺利通过GRE考试。
Issue Essay2024年GRE考试的Issue Essay题目如下："Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. Students should take courses such as philosophy, history and literature, regardless of their majors. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?"这个Issue Essay写作题目，主要是考察考生对高等教育的理解和对多元化知识的重视。
以下是一份优秀范文：Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. While students often enter college with a particular major in mind, they may not have a well-rounded education or the necessary skills to succeed in their future careers if they only take classes in their field. Thus, I strongly agree with the statement that a student’s education and training should encompass a range of disciplines, including such subjects as philosophy, history, and literature.First and foremost, a broad array of course work provides students with a more comprehensive worldview. In college courses, students who hold differing viewpoints are often interacting for the first time. The liberal arts classes provide a platform for them todiscuss differences in a respectful manner and gain a perspective on cultures and viewpoints from instructors and classmates who they may never have otherwise met. This will help a student broaden their perspective and will help create well-rounded individuals.Secondly, courses outside a student’s major often have a strong academic connection to that major. For example, philosophy isclosely tied to the field of computer science. In the area ofartificial intelligence, there are significant debates about the ethics of using such technology. Studying philosophy can help computer students understand the responsible ways of practice for technology. Enrolling in various classes may help build specific skills and provide a wider range of knowledge that will be useful in their future careers.Finally, courses outside the student's field of study may challenge them in ways that they had not previously experienced. When a course is introduced, students have to learn new skills and adapt to newmethods. This may increase their science skills by introducing problem-solving methods that are different from those they have been taught to use before. In this way, they are trained and equipped for tackling difficult challenges in real life situations later on.In conclusion, despite the potential of a narrower focus for a specialised major, mandatory coursework outside of the chosen field of study serves to increase the breadth of knowledge, allow for a more integrated prespective on important academic concepts and to also provide an opportunity for students to challenge themselveswith new experiences. Therefore, each student should mandatory take a variety of diverse courses outside of their declared major. Argument Essay2024年GRE考试的Argument Essay题目如下："According to a recent report, cheating among college and university students is on the rise. However, Groveton College has successfully reduced student cheating by adopting an honor code, which calls for students to agree not to cheat in their academic endeavors and to notify a faculty member if they suspect that others have cheated. Groveton's honor code replaced a system in which teachers closely monitored students. Under that system, teachers reported an average of thirty cases of cheating per year. In the first year that the honor code was in place at Groveton, students reported twenty-one cases of cheating; five years later, this figure had dropped to fourteen. Moreover, in a recent survey, a majority of Groveton students said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place than without. Thus, all colleges and universities should adopt honor codes similar to Groveton's in order to decrease cheating among students."这个Argument Essay写作题目，主要是考察考生对“荣誉制度”对于减少学生作弊的看法和理解。
gre北美范文满分范文
gre北美范文满分范文下面是一篇GRE官方给出满分的ARGUMENT范文，我们来一起赏析，看看它为何能scored six (先读文章，再看我的点评)The following appeared as part of an article in a daily newspaper:"Most companies would agree that as the risk of physical injury occurring on the job increases, the wages paid to employees should also increase. Hence it makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace safer: they could thus reduce their payroll expenses and save money."Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.北美GRE范文首段This argument states that it makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace safer because by making the workplace safer then lower wages could be paid to employees. This conclusion is based on the premise that as the list of physical injury increases, the wages paid to employees should also increase. Howeveer, there are several assumptions that may not necessarily apply to this argument. For example, the costs associated with making the workplace safe must outweigh the increased payroll expenses due to hazardous conditions. Also, one must look at the plausability of improving the work environment. And finally, because most companies agree that as the risk of injury increases so will wages doesn\'t necessarily mean that the all companies which have hazardous work environments agree.北美GRE作文范文中间段1The first issue to be addressed is whether increased labor costs justify large capital expenditures to improve the work environment. Clearly one could argue that if making the workplace safe would cost an exorbitant amount of money in comparison to leaving the workplace as is and paying slightly increased wages than it would not make sense to improve the work environment. For example, if making the workplace safe would cost $100 million versus additional payroll expenses of only $5,000 per year, it would make financial sense to simply pay the increased wages. No business or business owner with any sense would pay all that extra money just to save a couple dollars and improve employee health and relations. To consider this, a cost benefitanalysis must be made. I also feel that although a cost benefit analysis should be the determining factor with regard to these decisions making financial sense, it may not be the determining factor with regard to making social, moral and ethical sense.北美GRE范文中间段2This argument also relies on the idea that companies solely use financial sense in analysing improving the work environment. This is not the case. Companies look at other considerations such as the negative social ramifications of high on-job injuries. For example, Toyota spends large amounts of money improving its environment because while its goal is to be profitable, it also prides itself on high employee morale and an almost perfectly safe work environment. However, Toyota finds that it can do both, as by improving employee health and employee relations they are guaranteed a more motivated staff, and hence a more efficient staff; this guarantees more money for the business as well as more safety for the employees.北美GRE写作范文中间段3Finally one must understand that not all work environments can be made safer. For example, in the case of coal mining, a company only has limited ways of making the work environment safe. While companies may be able to ensure some safety precautions, they may not be able to provide all the safety measures necessary. In other words, a mining company has limited ability to control the air quality within a coal mine and therefore it cannot control the risk of employees getting blacklung. In other words, regardless of the intent of the company, some jobs are simply dangerous in nature.北美GRE范文末端In conclusion, while at first it may seem to make financial sense to improve the safety of the work environment sometimes it truly does not make financial sense. Furthermore, financial sense may not be the only issue a company faces. Other types of analyses must be made such as the social ramifications of an unsafe work environment and the overall ability of a company to improve that environment (i.e。
新GRE 北美范文精析 Argument 44 范文精析
Argument 44、Over the past year, the Crust Copper Company (CCC) has purchased over 10,000 square miles of land in the tropical nation of West Fredonia. Mining copper on this land will inevitably result in pollution and, since West Fredonia is the home of several endangered animal species, in environmental disaster. But such disasters can be prevented if consumers simply refuse to purchase products that are made with CCC's copper unless the company abandons its mining plans.The author of this newsletter excerpt concludes that if consumers refuse to buy products made with Consolidated Copper Company (CCC) copper the company will eventually abandon its mining plans in the nation of West Fredonia, thereby preventing pollution and an "environmental disaster" in that country. To justify this conclusion the author points out that CCC has recently bought more than a million square miles of land in West Fredonia, and that West Fredonia is home to several endangered animal species. I find this argumentspecious on several grounds.First, the author provides no evidence that the West Fredonia land that CCC has acquired amounts to a significant portion of land inhabited by animal species, or thatCCC's land is inhabited by endangered animal species at all. Nor does the author provide clear evidence that CCC's mining activities are of the type that might cause pollution, the extinction of animal species, or any other environmental damage. Lacking such evidence theauthor simply cannot convince me that CCC must abandon its plans in order that such damage be prevented.Secondly, even assuming CCC's planned mining activities in West Fredonia will causepollution and will endanger several animal species, it is nevertheless impossible to assess the author's broader contention that CCC's activities will result in "environmental disaster,'' atleast without an agreed-upon definition of that term. If by "environmental disaster" the author simply means some pollution and the extinction of several animal species, then the claim would have merit; otherwise, it would not. Absent either a clear definition of the term or dear evidence that CCC's activities would carry grave environmental consequences by any reasonable definition, the author's contention that CCC's activities will result in environmental disaster is simply unjustified.Thirdly, the author's position that environmental disaster is "inevitable" absent the prescribed boycott precludes the possibility that other measures can be taken to prevent CCC from carrying out its plans, or to offset any harm that CCC causes should it carry out its plans. Yet the author fails to provide assurances that no other means of preventing the predicted disaster are available. Lacking such evidence the author cannot reasonably conclude that the proposed boycott is needed to prevent that disaster.Finally, even if the prescribed boycott is needed to prevent pollution and environmental disaster in West Fredonia, the author assumes too hastily that the boycott will suffice for these purposes. Perhaps additional measures would be required as well. For instance, perhaps consumers would also need to boycott other companies that pollute West Fredonia's environment. In short, without any evidence that the recommended course of action will be enough to prevent the predicted problems, the author's conclusion remains dubious at best. In sum, as it stands the argument is wholly unpersuasive. To bolster it the author mustshow that CCC's planned mining activities on its newly acquired land will pollute and will 似是而非的这个点抓的很好可以当做条件错误 来攻击 即使开采了，也不一定会导致环境破坏这里的攻击不够到位 可以说开采的方式比较环保 也可以说开采的能源和当地环境关系不大，不会在当地生产，没有waste的产生这段话是对上一段的 递进，可以不写这两段其实 说的点是一样的 都是在讨论othersolutions 我们还可以攻击可行性 --我们真的 可以抵制吗？ 所有人都愿意吗？相关产品会不会太多？threaten endangered animal species. The author must also define "environmental disaster''and show that the inevitable results of CCC's activities, absent the proposed boycott, wouldmeet that definition. To better assess the argument it would be useful to know what othermeans are available for preventing CCC from mining in West Fredonia or, in the alternative,for mitigating the environmental impact of those mining activities. A/so useful would be anyinformation about the likelihood that the boycott would be effective in accomplishing itsintended objectives.整体评价：1. 整篇文章作者的语言表达并没有很经验，但是贵在表意清晰2. 在攻击细节方面，有两段中心段落的攻击内容是类似的，这个在考试中要尽量避免3. 中心句在文章中至关重要，我们在写作的过程中要在中心句中清晰描述我们想要攻击的逻辑错误。
2020新GRE 北美范文精析 Argument 范文精析- 9篇
3、Over the past two years, the number of shoppers in Central Plaza has been steadily decreasing while the popularity of skateboarding has increased dramatically. Many Central Plaza store owners believe that the decrease in their business is due to the number of skateboard users in the plaza. There has also been a dramatic increase in the amount of litter and vandalism throughout the plaza. Thus, we recommend that the city prohibit skateboarding in Central Plaza. If skateboarding is prohibited here, we predict that business in Central Plaza will return to its previously high levels.This editorial concludes that the city should ban skateboarding from its downtown Central Plaza in order to attract visitors to that area, to return the area to its "former glory,"and to make it "a place where people can congregate for fun and relaxation." To justify this conclusion the editorial points out that skateboarders are nearly the only people one sees anymore at Central Plaza, and that the Plaza is littered and its property defaced. The editorialalso points out that the majority of downtown merchants support the skate boarding ban. This argument is flawed in several critical respects. First, the editorial's author falsely assumes that a ban on skateboarding is both necessary and sufficient to achieve the three stated objectives. Perhaps the city can achieve those objectives by other means as well--for example, by creating a new mall that incorporates an attractive new skateboard park. Even if banning skateboarders altogether is necessary to meet the city's goals, the author has not shown that this action by itself would suffice. Assuming that the Plaza's reputation is now tarnished, restoring that reputation and, in turn, enticing people back to the Plaza might require additional measures--such as removing litter and graffiti, promoting the Plaza to the public, or enticing popular restaurant or retail chains tothe Plaza. Secondly, the editorial assumes too hastily that the Plaza's decline is attributable to theskateboarders--rather than to some other phenomenon. Perhaps the Plaza's primary appeal in its glory days had to do with particular shops or eateries, which were eventually replaced by less appealing ones. Or perhaps the crime rate in surrounding areas has risen dramatically, for reasons unrelated to the skateboarders' presence at the Plaza. Without ruling out these and other alternative explanations for the Plaza's decline, the editorial's author cannot convince me that a skateboard ban would reverse that decline. Thirdly, the editorial's author might be confusing cause with effect--by assuming that the skateboarders caused the abandonment of the Plaza, rather than vice versa. It is entirely possible that skateboarders did not frequent the Plaza until it was largely abandoned —andbecause it had been abandoned. In fact this scenario makes good sense, since skateboarding is most enjoyable where there are few pedestrians or motorists to get in the way.that the ban would be effective in achieving the city's objectives. Admittedly, perhaps these merchants would be more likely to help dean up the Plaza area and promote their businesses were the city to act in accordance with their preference. Yet lacking any supporting evidence the author cannot convince me of this. Thus the survey amounts to scant evidence at best that the proposed ban would carry the intended result.Finally, the author recommends a course of action that might actually defeat the city's objective of providing a fun and relaxing place for people to congregate. In my experience 这个概括给满分这个部分可以删掉，没有逻辑意义be attributed to 有效地搭建了因果关系，这个词组大家可以放心使用这两段的内容有点雷同 虽然在攻击的重点上一样，但是都针对滑滑板和商场的，我们可以考虑只写一个infer可以用来 体现assumption 这类 写作要求的key words这段没有足够多的攻击细节大家在考试的时候只需要选3个逻辑错误就够了但是每个逻辑错误的点要全面，足够insightfulalike, more so than many other types of ambiance. Without considering that continuing to allow skateboarding--or even encouraging this activity--might achieve the city's goal more effectively than banning the activity, the author cannot convincingly conclude that the ban would be in the city's best interests.In sum, the argument is a specious one. To strengthen it, the editorial's author must provide dear evidence that skateboarding, and not some other factor, is responsible for the conditions marking the Plaza's decline. The author must also convince me that no alternative means of restoring the Plaza are available to the city, and that the proposed ban by itself would suffice to attract tourists and restore the Plaza to its former glory. Finally, to better assess the argument it would be useful to know the circumstances under which the downtown merchants would be willing to help the city achieve its objectives.3、Over the past two years, the number of shoppers in Central Plaza has been steadily decreasing while the popularity of skateboarding has increased dramatically. Many Central Plaza store owners believe that the decrease in their business is due to the number of skateboard users in the plaza. There has also been a dramatic increase in the amount of litter and vandalism throughout the plaza. Thus, we recommend that the city prohibit skateboarding in Central Plaza. If skateboarding is prohibited here, we predict that business in Central Plaza will return to its previously high levels.This editorial concludes that the city should ban skateboarding from its downtown Central Plaza in order to attract visitors to that area, to return the area to its "former glory,"and to make it "a place where people can congregate for fun and relaxation." To justify this conclusion the editorial points out that skateboarders are nearly the only people one sees anymore at Central Plaza, and that the Plaza is littered and its property defaced. The editorialalso points out that the majority of downtown merchants support the skate boarding ban. This argument is flawed in several critical respects. First, the editorial's author falsely assumes that a ban on skateboarding is both necessary and sufficient to achieve the three stated objectives. Perhaps the city can achieve those objectives by other means as well--for example, by creating a new mall that incorporates an attractive new skateboard park. Even if banning skateboarders altogether is necessary to meet the city's goals, the author has not shown that this action by itself would suffice. Assuming that the Plaza's reputation is now tarnished, restoring that reputation and, in turn, enticing people back to the Plaza might require additional measures--such as removing litter and graffiti, promoting the Plaza to the public, or enticing popular restaurant or retail chains tothe Plaza. Secondly, the editorial assumes too hastily that the Plaza's decline is attributable to theskateboarders--rather than to some other phenomenon. Perhaps the Plaza's primary appeal in its glory days had to do with particular shops or eateries, which were eventually replaced by less appealing ones. Or perhaps the crime rate in surrounding areas has risen dramatically, for reasons unrelated to the skateboarders' presence at the Plaza. Without ruling out these and other alternative explanations for the Plaza's decline, the editorial's author cannot convince me that a skateboard ban would reverse that decline. Thirdly, the editorial's author might be confusing cause with effect--by assuming that the skateboarders caused the abandonment of the Plaza, rather than vice versa. It is entirely possible that skateboarders did not frequent the Plaza until it was largely abandoned —andbecause it had been abandoned. In fact this scenario makes good sense, since skateboarding is most enjoyable where there are few pedestrians or motorists to get in the way.that the ban would be effective in achieving the city's objectives. Admittedly, perhaps these merchants would be more likely to help dean up the Plaza area and promote their businesses were the city to act in accordance with their preference. Yet lacking any supporting evidence the author cannot convince me of this. Thus the survey amounts to scant evidence at best that the proposed ban would carry the intended result.Finally, the author recommends a course of action that might actually defeat the city's objective of providing a fun and relaxing place for people to congregate. In my experience 这个概括给满分这个部分可以删掉，没有逻辑意义be attributed to 有效地搭建了因果关系，这个词组大家可以放心使用这两段的内容有点雷同 虽然在攻击的重点上一样，但是都针对滑滑板和商场的，我们可以考虑只写一个infer可以用来 体现assumption 这类 写作要求的key words这段没有足够多的攻击细节大家在考试的时候只需要选3个逻辑错误就够了但是每个逻辑错误的点要全面，足够insightfulalike, more so than many other types of ambiance. Without considering that continuing to allow skateboarding--or even encouraging this activity--might achieve the city's goal more effectively than banning the activity, the author cannot convincingly conclude that the ban would be in the city's best interests.In sum, the argument is a specious one. To strengthen it, the editorial's author must provide dear evidence that skateboarding, and not some other factor, is responsible for the conditions marking the Plaza's decline. The author must also convince me that no alternative means of restoring the Plaza are available to the city, and that the proposed ban by itself would suffice to attract tourists and restore the Plaza to its former glory. Finally, to better assess the argument it would be useful to know the circumstances under which the downtown merchants would be willing to help the city achieve its objectives.。
GRE北美Argument范文 连锁店销售的保健食品
GRE北美Argument范文连锁店销售的保健食品下面为大家介绍了新GRE北美写作Argument范文，主要关于连锁店销售的保健食品的信的相关内容，同学们可适当进行参考，以便更充分地准备GRE考试！更多GRE考试资料，请咨询小马过河GRE频道电话400-0123-267！新GRE写作范文：Argument 1The following appeared in a memorandum written by the vice president of Nature's Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products."Previous experience has shown that our stores are most profitable in areas where residents are highly concerned with leading healthy lives. We should therefore build our next new store in Plainsville, which has many such residents. Plainsville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs. The local health club, which nearly closed five years ago due to lack of business, has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full. We can even anticipate a new generation of customers: Plainsville's schoolchildren are required to participate in a 'fitness for life' program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age."In this memo the vice president of Nature's Way CNW), a chain of stores selling health food and health-related products, recommends opening a store in Plamesville. To support this recommendation the vice president cites the following facts about Plainesville: (1) sales of exercise shoes and clothing are at all-time highs; (2) the local health club is more popular than ever; and (3) the city's schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness program. Close scrutiny of each of these facts, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the recommendation.First, strong sales of exercise apparel do not necessarily indicate that Plainesville residents would be interested in NW's products, or that these residents are interested in exercising. Perhaps exercise apparel happens to be fashionable at the moment, or inexpensive compared to other types of clothing. For that matter, perhaps the stronger-than-usual sales are due to increasing sales to tourists. In short, without mlmg out other possible reasons for the strong sales the vice president cannot convince me on the basis of them that Plainesville residents are exercising regularly, let alone that they would be interested in buying the sorts of food and other products that NW sells.Secondly, even if exercise is more popular among Plainesville residents than ever before, the vice president assumes further that people who exercise regularly are also interested in buying health food and health-related products. Yet the memo contains no evidence to support this assumption. Lacking such evidence it is equally possible that aside from exercising Plainesville residents have little interest in leading a healthy lifestyle. In fact, perhaps as a result of regular exercise they believe they are sufficiently fit and healthy and do not need a healthy diet.Thirdly, the popularity of the local health club is little indication that NW will earn a profit from a store in Plainesville. Perhaps club members live in an area of PlamesviUe nowhere near feasible sites for a NW store. Or perhaps the dub's primary appeal is as a singles meeting place, and that members actually have little interest in a healthy lifestyle. Besides, even if the club's members would patronize a NW storethese members might be insufficient in number to ensure a profit for the store, especially considering that this health club is the only one in Plainesville.Fourth, the fact that a certain fitness program is mandatory for Plainesville's schoolchildren accomplishes nothing toward bolstering the recommendation. Many years must pass before these children will be old enough to make buying decisions when it comes to food and health-related products. Their habits and interests might change radically over time. Besides, mandatory participation is no indication of genuine interest in health or fitness. Moreover, when these children grow older it is entirely possible that they will favor an unhealthy lifestyle--as a reaction to the healthful habits imposed upon them nOW.Finally, even assuming that PlamesviUe residents are strongly interested in eating health foods and health-related products, the recommendation rests on two additional assumptions: (1) that this interest will continue in the foreseeable future, and (2) that PlainesviUe residents will prefer NW over other merchants that sell similar products. Until the vice president substantiates both assumptions I remain unconvinced that a NW store in PlainesviUe would be profitable.In sum, the recommendation relies on certain doubtful assumptions that render it unconvincing as it stands. To bolster the recommendation the vice president must provide dear evidence--perhaps by way of a local survey or study--that PlainesviUe residents who buy and wear exercise apparel, and especially the health club's members, do in fact exercise regularly, and that these exercisers are likely to buy health foods and health related products at a NW store. To better assess the recommendation, I would need to know why Plainesville's health club is nonular, and whv Plainesville does not contain more health clubs. I would also need to know what competition NW might face in PlainesviUe.小马过河编辑为大家整理了新GRE考试中写作部分的一些素材，主要是一篇北美GRE Argument作文范文，供各位新GRE考生进行参考。
最新关于GRE出国考试作文范例
最新GRE出国考试作文最新关于GRE出国考试作文范例GRE出国考试写作:GRE出国考试作文范例Too much emphasis is placed on the development of reading skills in elementary school. Many students who are discouraged by the lonely activity of reading turn away from schoolwork merely because they are poor readers. But books recorded on audiocassette tape provide an important alternative for students at this crucial stage in their education, one the school board should not reject merely because of the expense involved. After all, many studies attest to the value of allowing students to hear books read aloud; there is even evidence that students whose parents read to them are even more likely to become able readers. Thus, hearing books on tape can only make students more eager to read and to learn. Therefore, the school board should encourage schools to buy books on tape and to use them in elementary education.In this argument, the writer claims that elementary schools place too much emphasis on the development of reading skills; therefore books on audiocassette should be provided as an alternative method of learning. The arguer attempts to substantiate the conclusion by citing studies that show the value of allowing students to hear books read aloud; including evidence that students whose parents read to them are even more likely to become better readers. This argument ultimately fails as it suffers from several critical fallacies.First of all, the writer flatly states, without any supporting evidence whatsoever, that many students are discouraged by the lonely activity of reading, then continues on in the same sentenceto state that students turn away from schoolwork solely because they are poor readers. Students often read to themselves or to the other students in a classroom situation - hardly a lonely activity. Additionally, this argument puts the effect before the cause - inviting the circular logic that students stop trying to learn to read because they are poor readers. Following this argument to its logical conclusion, because they are poor readers, they should not try to learn how to improve their reading. This absurd argument is analogous to saying that a new student should never start to learn in the first place, because he or she knows nothing.。
GRE-北美范文4
"In any academic area or professional field, it is just as important to recognize the limits of our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire new facts and information."Does recognizing the limits of our knowledge and understanding serve us equally well as acquiring new facts and information, as the speaker asserts? While our everyday experience might lend credence to this assertion, further reflection reveals its fundamental inconsistency with our Western view of how we acquire knowledge. Nevertheless, a careful and thoughtful definition of knowledge can serve to reconcile the two.On the one hand, the speaker's assertion accords with the everyday experience of working professionals. For example, the sort of book I knowledge that medical, law, and business students acquire, no matter how extensive, is of little use unless these students also learn to accept the uncertainties and risks inherent in professional practice and in the business world. Any successful doctor, lawyer, or entrepreneur would undoubtedly agree that new precedents and challenges in their fields compel them to acknowledge the limitations of their knowledge, and that learning to accommodate these limitations is just as important in their professional success as knowledge itself.Moreover, the additional knowledge we gain by collecting more information often diminishes-sometimes to the point where marginal gains turn to marginal losses. Consider, for instance, the collection of financial-investment information. No amount of knowledge can eliminate the uncertainty and risk inherent in financial investing. Also, information overload can result in confusion, which in turn can diminish one's ability to assimilate information and apply it usefully. Thus, by recognizing the limits of their knowledge, and by accounting for those limits when making decisions, investment advisors can more effectively serve their clients.On the other hand, the speaker's assertion seems self-contradictory, for how can we know the limits of our knowledge until we've thoroughly tested those limits through exhaustive empirical observation--that is, by acquiring facts and information. For example, it would be tempting to concede that we can never understand the basic forces that govern all matter in the universe. Yet due to increasingly precise and extensive fact-finding efforts of scientists, we might now be within striking distance of understanding the key laws by which all physical matter behaves. Put another way, the speaker's assertion flies in the face of the scientific method, whose fundamental tenet is that we humans can truly know only that which we observe. Thus Francis Bacon, who finest formulated the method, might assert that the speaker is fundamentally incorrect.How can we reconcile our experience in everyday endeavors with the basic assumption underlying the scientific method? Perhaps the answer lies in a distinction between two types of knowledge--one which amounts to a mere collection of observations (i.e., facts and information), the other which is deeper and includes a realization of principles and truthsunderlying those observations. At this deeper level "knowledge" equals "under-standing": how we interpret, make sense of, and find meaning in the information we collect by way of observation.In the final analysis, evaluating the speaker's assertion requires that we define "knowledge,'' which in turn requires that we address complex epistemological issues best left to philosophers and theologians. Yet perhaps this is the speaker's point: that we can never truly know either ourselves or the world, and that by recognizing this limitation we set ourselves free to accomplish what no amount of mere information could ever permit."The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."I fundamentally agree with the speaker's first contention, for unless we embrace the concept of "individual responsibility" our notions of moral accountability and human equality, both crucial to the survival of any democratic society, will wither. However, I strongly disagree with the second contention--that our individual actions are determined largely by external forces. Although this claim is not entirely without support, it runs contrary to common sense and everyday human experience.The primary reason that individual responsibility is a necessary fiction is that a society where individuals are not held accountable for their actions and choices is a lawless one, devoid of any order whatsoever. Admittedly, under some circumstances a society of laws should carve out exceptions to the rule of individual responsibility--for example, for the hopeless psychotic who has no control over his or her thoughts or actions. Yet to extend forgiveness much further would be to endanger the social order upon which any civil and democratic society depends.A correlative argument for individual responsibility involves the fact that lawless, or anarchist, states give way to despotic rule by strong individuals who seize power. History informs us that monarchs and dictators often justify their authority by claiming that they are preordained to assume it--and that as a result they are not morally responsible for their oppressive actions. Thus, any person abhorring despotism must embrace the concept of individual responsibility.As for the speaker's second claim, it flies in the face of our everyday experiences in making choices and decisions. Although people often claim that life's circumstances have "forced" them to take certain actions, we all have an infinite number of choices; it's just that many of our choices are unappealing, even self-defeating. Thus, the complete absence of free WIU would seem to be possible only in the case of severe psychosis, coma, or death. Admittedly, the speaker's second contention finds support from "strict determinist"philosophers, who maintain that every event, including human actions and choices, is physically necessary, given the laws of nature. Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics lend some credence to this position, by suggesting that these determining physical forces include our own individual genetic makeup. But, the notion of scientific determinism opens the door for genetic engineering, which might threaten equality in socioeconomic opportunity, and even precipitate the development of a "master race." Besides, since neither free will nor determinism has been proven to be the correct position, the former is to be preferred by any humanist and in any democratic society.In sum, without the notion of individual responsibility a civilized, democratic society would soon devolve into an anarchist state, vulnerable to despotic rule. Yet, this notion is more than a mere fiction. The idea that our actions spring primarily from our free will accords with common sense and everyday experience. I concede that science might eventually vindicate the speaker and show that our actions are largely determined by forces beyond our conscious control. Until that time, however, I'll trust my intuition that we humans should be, and in fact are, responsible for our own choices and actions."Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated."I fundamentally agree with the proposition that students must take courses outside their major field of study to become "truly educated." A contrary position would reflect a too narrow view of higher education and its proper objectives. Nevertheless, I would caution that extending the proposition too far might risk undermining those objectives.The primary reason why I agree with the proposition is that "me" education amounts to far more than gaining the knowledge and ability to excel in one's major course of study and in one's professional career. True education also facilitates an understanding of one- self, and tolerance and respect for the viewpoints of others. Courses in psychology, sociology, and anthropology all serve these ends. "True" education also provides insight and perspective regarding one's place in society and in the physical and metaphysical worlds. Courses in political science, philosophy, theology, and even sciences such as astronomy and physics can help a student gain this insight and perspective. Finally, no student can be truly educated without having gained an aesthetic appreciation of the world around us--through course work in literature, the fine arts, and the performing arts.Becoming truly educated also requires sufficient mastery of one academic area to permit a student to contribute meaningfully to society later in life. Yet, mastery of any specific area requires some knowledge about a variety of others. For example, a political-science student can fully understand that field only by understanding the various psychological, sociological,and historical forces that shape political ideology. An anthropologist cannot excel without understanding the social and political events that shape cultures, and without some knowledge of chemistry and geology for performing field work. Even computer engineering is intrinsically tied to other fields, even non-technical ones such as business, communications, and media.Nevertheless, the call for a broad educational experience as the path to becoming truly educated comes with one important caveat. A student who merely dabbles in a hodgepodge of academic offerings, without special emphasis on any one, becomes a dilettante lacking enough knowledge or experience in any single area to come away with anything valuable to offer. Thus in the pursuit of true education students must be careful not to overextend themselves--or risk defeating an important objective of education.In the final analysis, to become truly educated one must strike a proper balance in one's educational pursuits. Certainly, students should strive to excel in the specific requirements of their major course of study. However, they should complement those efforts by pursuing course work in a variety of other areas as well. By earnestly pursuing a broad education one gains the capacity not only to succeed in a career, but also to find purpose and meaning in that career as well as to understand and appreciate the world and its peoples. To gain these capacities is to become "truly educated.""People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does."The speaker asserts that because teamwork requires cooperative effort, people are more motivated and therefore more productive working in teams than working individually as competitors. My view is that this assertion is true only in some cases. If one examines the business world, for example, it becomes clear that which approach is more effective in motivating people and in achieving productivity depends on the specific job.In some jobs productivity dearly depends on the ability of coworkers to cooperate as members of a team. For businesses involved in the production of products through complex processes, all departments and divisions must work in lock-step fashion toward productroll-out. Cooperative interaction is even essential in jobs performed in relative isolation and in jobs in which technical knowledge or ability, not the ability to work with others, would seem to be most important. For example, scientists, researchers, and even computer programmers must collaborate to establish common goals, coordinate efforts, and meet time lines. Moreover, the kinds of people attracted to these jobs in the first place are likely to be motivated by a sense of common purpose rather than by individual ambition.In other types of jobs individual competition, tenacity, and ambition are the keys to productivity. For example, a commissioned salesperson's compensation, and sometimestenure and potential for promotion as well, is based on comparative sales performance of coworkers. Working as competitors a firm's individual salespeople maximize productivity-in terms of profit--both for themselves and for their finny. Key leadership positions also call, above all, for a certain tenacity and competitive spirit. A firsts founding entrepreneur must maintain this spirit in order for the firm to survive, let alone to maximize productivity. Moreover, in my observation the kinds of people inclined toward entrepreneurship and sales in the first place are those who are competitive by nature, not those who are motivated primarily by a sense of common purpose.On balance, however, my view is that cooperation is more crucial for an organization'slong-term productivity than individual competition. Even in jobs where individual competitiveness is part-and-parcel of the job, the importance of cooperation should not be underestimated. Competition among sales people can quickly grow into jealousy, back stabbing, and unethical behavior all of which are counterproductive. And even the most successful entrepreneurs would no doubt admit that without the cooperative efforts of their subordinates, partners, and colleagues, their personal visions would never become reality. In sum, individual competitiveness and ambition are essential motivating forces for certain types of jobs, while in other jobs it is a common sense of mission that motivates workers to achieve maximum productivity. In the final analysis, however, the overall productivity of almost every organization depends ultimately on the ability of its members to cooperate as a team."Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, film, advertising, and television because contemporary culture has much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past."The speaker asserts that the curriculum of colleges and universities should emphasize popular culture--music, media, literature, and so forth rather than literature and art of the past, for the reason that the former is more relevant to students. I strongly disagree. Although courses in popular culture do play a legitimate role in higher education, formal study of the present culture at the expense of studying past cultures can undermine the function of higher education, and ultimately provide a disservice to students and to society. Admittedly, course work in popular culture is legitimate and valuable for three reasons. First, popular culture is a mirror of society's impulses and values. Thus, any serious student of the social sciences, as well as students of media and communications, should take seriously the literature and art of the present. Secondly, in every age and culture some worthwhile art and literature emerges from the mediocrity. Few would disagree, for example, that the great modem-jazz pioneers such as Charlie Parker and Thelonious Monk, and more recently Lennon and McCartney, and Stevie Wonder, have made just as lasting a contribution tomusic as some of the great classical musicians of previous centuries. Thirdly, knowledge of popular films, music, and art enables a person to find common ground to relate to other people. This leads to better communication between different subcultures. Nevertheless, emphasizing the study of popular culture at the expense of studying classical art and literature can carry harmful consequences for students, as well as for society. Without the benefit of historical perspective gamed through the earnest study of the art and literature of the past, it is impossible to fully understand, appreciate, and critique literature and art of the present. Moreover, by approaching popular culture without any yardstick for quality it is impossible to distinguish mediocre art from worthwhile art. Only by studying the classics can an individual develop fair standards for judging popular works. Besides, emphasis on the formal study of popular culture is unnecessary. Education in popular culture is readily available outside the classroom---on the Internet, through educational television programming, and through the sorts of everyday conversations and cross-talk that occur at water coolers and in the coffee houses of any college campus.In sum, while the study of popular literature and art can be worthwhile, it has to be undertaken in conjunction with an even greater effort to learn about the literature and art of the past. In the absence of the latter, our universities will produce a society of people with no cultural perspective, and without any standards for determining what merits our attention and nurtures society."A person's own habits and attitudes often limit that person's freedom more than do restrictions imposed by others."I strongly agree with the contention that we often limit our own freedom through our habits and attitudes. By limiting our own freedom, we often serve our own interests. And as we learn this lesson, we cultivate certain attitudes and habits--particularly in our relationships with others--by which we apply that lesson, and which continue throughout life.To appreciate that from an early age we ingrain in ourselves habits that serve to constrain our freedom, one need look no further than the neighborhood playground. Even without adult supervision, a group of youngsters at play invariably establish mutually agreed-upon rules of conduct--whether or not a sport or game is involved. Children learn that without any rules for behavior the playground bully usually prevails. Thus our habit of making choices that constrain our own freedom stems from our desire to protect our own interests, and it begins at an early age.This habit of making choices that constrain our own freedom continues into our adult lives. As we mature, most of us develop the attitude that monogamous relationships are preferable to polygamous ones--thus our habit of entering into exclusive pair-bonding relationships. During our teens we agree to "go steady," then as adults we voluntarily enterinto marriage contracts. As we enter the working world, we carry these attitudes and habits with us. We eagerly engage in exclusive employment relationships---with the attitude that the security of steady income is preferable to the "freedom" of not knowing where our next paycheck will come from. Even people who prefer self-employment to job security quickly develop the attitude that the only way to preserve their autonomy is to constrain themselves in terms of their agreements with clients and customers, and especially in terms of how they use themselves.Those who disagree that we tend to restrict our own freedom through our habits and attitudes involving personal and employment relationships might cite the often-heard complaint about life's circumstances leaving one with "no choice." One complaining person might feel trapped in a job or a marriage, by their boss or partner. Another complainant might blame his or her spendthrift habits on enticing advertisements, the pressure to appear successful, and so forth. However, people in situations such as these are not actually at the mercy of others. Instead, they have a significant degree of personal freedom, but simply choose one alternative over others that might be less appealing or evenself-defeating. For example, almost every person who blames someone else for being trapped in a job is simply choosing to retain a certain measure of financial security. The choice to forego this security is always available, although it might carry unpleasant consequences.That through our attitudes we serve to constrain our own freedom is evident on a societal level as well. Just as children at a playground quickly develop the habit of imposing rules and regulations on themselves, as a society we do the same. After all, in a democracy our system of laws is an invention of the people. For example, we insist on being bound by restrictions for opera cling motor vehicles, for buying and selling both real and personal property, and for making public statements about other people. Without these restrictions, we would live in continual fear for our physical safety, the security of our property, and our personal reputation and dignity. Thus most of the rules and regulations we claim are imposed on us we have ultimately imposed on ourselves, as a society, in order to protect ourselves.In the final analysis, in contenting that our habits and attitudes "often" serve to restrict our freedom more than restraints that others place on us do, the statement does not even go far enough. Despite our occasional sense that others are restricting our choices, on both an individual and a societal level we are ultimately the ones who, through our attitudes and habits, limit our own freedom."In any realm of life---whether academic, social, business, or political---the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be super ceded by simpler, moreimmediate options."I agree with the speaker insofar as that a practical, pragmatic approach toward our endeavors can help us survive in the short ten. However, idealism is just as crucial if not more so--for long-term success in any endeavor, whether it is in academics, business, or political and social reform.When it comes to academics, students who we would consider pragmatic tend not to pursue an education for its own sake. Instead, they tend to cut whatever corners are needed to optimize their grade average and survive the current academic term. But, is this approach the only way to succeed academically? Certainly not. Students who earnestly pursue intellectual paths that truly interest them are more likely to come away with a meaningful and lasting education. In fact, a sense of mission about one's area of fascination is strong motivation to participate actively in class and to study earnestly, both of which contribute to better grades in that area. Thus, although the idealist-student might sacrifice a high overall grade average, the depth of knowledge, academic discipline, and sense of purpose the student gains will serve that student well later in life.In considering the business world it might be more tempting to agree with the speaker; after all, isn't business fundamentally about pragmatism--that is, "getting the job done" and paying attention to the "bottom line"? Emphatically no. Admittedly, the everyday machinations of business are very much about meeting mundane short-term goals: deadlines for production, sales quotas, profit margins, and so forth. Yet underpinning these activities is the vision of the company's chief executive--a vision which might extend far beyond mere profit maximization to the ways in which the firm can make a lasting and meaningful contribution to the community, to the broader economy, and to the society as a whole. Without a dream or vision--that is, without strong idealist leadership--a firm can easily be cast about in the sea of commerce without dear direction, threatening not only the firm's bottom line but also its very survival.Finally, when it comes to the political arena, again at first blush it might appear that pragmatism is the best, if not the only, way to succeed. Most politicians seem driven by their interest in being elected and reelected--that is, in surviving--rather than by any sense of mission, or even obligation to their constituency or country. Diplomatic and legal maneuverings and negotiations often appear intended to meet the practical needs of the parties involved--minimizing costs, preserving options, and so forth. But, it is idealists-not pragmatists--who sway the masses, incite revolutions, and make political ideology reality. Consider idealists such as America's founders, Mahatma Gandhi, or Martin Luther King. Had these idealists concerned themselves with short-term survival and immediate needs rather than with their notions of an ideal society, the United States and India might still be British colonies, and African-Americans might still be relegated to the backs of buses.In short, the statement fails to recognize that idealism--keeping one's eye on an ultimate prize--is the surest path to long-term success in any endeavor. Meeting one's immediate needs, while arguably necessary for short-term survival, accomplishes lilted without a sense of mission, a vision, or a dream for the long term."The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives." The speaker alleges that studying history is valuable only insofar as it is relevant to our daily lives. I find this allegation to be specious. It wrongly suggests that history is not otherwise instructive and that its relevance to our everyday lives is limited. To the contrary, studying history provides inspiration, innumerable lessons for living, and useful value-clarification and perspective--all of which help us decide how to live our lives.To begin with, learning about great human achievements of the past provides inspiration. For example, a student inspired by the courage and tenacity of history's great explorers might decide as a result to pursue a career in archeology, oceanography, or astronomy. This decision can, in turn, profoundly affect that student's everyday life--in school and beyond. Even for students not inclined to pursue these sorts of careers, studying historical examples of courage in the face of adversity can provide motivation to face their own personal fears in life. In short, learning about grand accomplishments of the past can help us get through the everyday business of living, whatever that business might be, by emboldening us and lifting our spirits.In addition, mistakes of the past can teach us as a society how to avoid repeating those mistakes. For example, history can teach us the inappropriateness of addressing certain social issues, particularly moral ones, on a societal level. Attempts to legislate morality invariably fail, as aptly illustrated by the Prohibition experiment in the U.S. during the 1930s. Hopefully, as a society we can apply this lesson by adopting a more enlightened legislative approach toward such issues as free speech, criminalization of drug use, criminal justice, and equal rights under the law.Studying human history can also help us understand and appreciate the mores, values, and ideals of past cultures. A heightened awareness of Cultural Revolution, in turn, helps us formulate informed and reflective values and ideals for ourselves. Based on these values and ideals, students can determine their authentic life path as well as how they should allot their time and interact with others on a day-to-day basis.Finally, it might be tempting to imply from the speaker's allegation that studying history has little relevance even for the mundane chores that occupy so much of our time each day, and therefore is of little value. However, from history we learn not to take everyday activities and things for granted. By understanding the history of money and banking we can transform an otherwise routine trip to the bank into an enlightened experience, or a visit to。
新GRE 北美范文精析 Issue 49 范文精析
49 Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own.Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.Do we learn more from people whose ideas we share in common than from those whoseclaims so, for the reason that disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning. I concede that undue discord can impede learning. Otherwise, in my view we learn far more from discourse and debate with those whose ideas we oppose than from people whose ideas are in accord with our own. Admittedly, under some circumstances disagreement with others can becounterproductive to learning. For supporting examples one need look no further than a television set. On today's typical television or radio talk show, disagreement usually manifests itself in meaningless rhetorical bouts and shouting matches, during which opponents vie to have their own message heard, but have little interest either in finding common ground with or in acknowledging the merits of the opponent's viewpoint. Understandably, neither the combatants nor the viewers learn anything meaningful. In fact, these battles only serve to reinforce the predispositions and biases of all concerned. The end result is that learning isimpeded. Disagreement can also inhibit learning when two opponents disagree on fundamental assumptions needed for meaningful discourse and debate. For example, astudent of paleontology learns little about the evolution of an animal species under current study by debating with an individual whose religious belief system precludes the possibility of evolution to begin with. And, economics and finance students learn little about the dynamics of a laissez-faire system by debating with a socialist whose view is that a centrv2ized power should control all economic activity.Aside from the foregoing two provisos, however, I fundamentally disagree with the speaker's claim. Assuming common ground between two rational and reasonable opponentswilling to debate on intellectual merits, both opponents stand to gain much from that debate. Indeed it is primarily through such debate that human knowledge advances, whether at the personal, community, or global level.At the personal level, by listening to their parents' rationale for their seemingly oppressive rules and policies teenagers can learn how certain behaviors naturally carry certain undesirable consequences. At the same time, by listening to their teenagers concerns about autonomy and about peer pressures parents can learn the valuable lesson that effective parenting and control are two different things. At the community level, through dispassionate dialogue an environmental activist can come to understand the legitimate economic concerns of those whose jobs depend on the continued profitable operation of a factory. Conversely, the latter might stand to learn much about the potential public health price to be paid by ensuring job growth and a low unemployment rate. Finally, at the global level, two nations with opposing political or economic interests can reach mutually beneficial agreements by striving to understand the other's legitimate concerns for its national security, its political sovereignty, the stability of its economy and currency, and so forth.In sum, unless two opponents in a debate are each willing to play on the same field and by the same rules, I concede that disagreement can impede learning. Otherwise, reasoneddiscourse and debate between people with opposing viewpoints is the very foundation upon 对于这种特殊题型 我们一定要claim和 reason都讨论以claim为主ours = our ideas 这个小词用的很好otherwise后面是作者的主要观点 -- 为了避免喧宾夺主，建议大家先写主要观点，再写让步的部分centralized 这段的论述重点不够 突出 我们可以写：如果人们不是本着相互 学习的开放态度，而 是为了反驳而反驳，或者固执己见，那么 discuss就是没有意义 的这些动词的选用都很到位however后面引出了自己的主体观点作者使用范围拆分支持了自己的观点 但是问题是自己的支持 段落只有一段略显单薄 同时3个层次在一段里面 论述的深刻程度也不够unless是一个高分作文的 高频词总而言之 总的来说which human knowledge advances. Accordingly, on balance the speaker is fundamentally correct.。
新GRE 北美范文精析 Argument 4 范文精析
4、Of the two leading real estate firms in our town —Adams Realty and Fitch Realty —Adams Realty is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents; in contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago I listed my home with Fitch, and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams Realty.The author of this argument claims that Adams Realty is superior to Fitch Realty. To support this claim the author cites certain statistics about the number and working hours of the firms' agents, and the number and sales prices of homes sold by the two firms. The authoralso cites anecdotal evidence involving her own experience with Fitch and Adams. Close scrutiny of this evidence reveals that it lends little credible support for the author's assertion.The author bases her claim partly on the fact that Adams has more agents than Fitch, and that many of Fitch's agents work only part-time. However, the author provides no evidence that the quality of a real-estate firm is directly proportional to the number of its agents or the number of hours per week that its agents work. Lacking such evidence, it isequally possible that a smaller firm is more effective than a larger one, and that a part-time agent is more effective than a full-time agent. Besides, the author does not provide anyinformation about how many Adams agents work part-time. To further support her claim the author cites the fact that Adams sold more propertieslast year than Fitch. However, the author overlooks the possibility that last year's sales volume amounted to an aberration, and that in most other years Adams has actually sold fewer properties than Fitch. Moreover, the disparity in sales volume can readily be explained by factors other than the comparative quality of the two firms. Perhaps Adams serves a densergeographic area, or an areawhere turnover in home-ownership is higher for reasonsto Adams' effectiveness. Or perhaps sales volume is higher at Adams simply because it employs more agents, and each Adams agent actually sells fewer homes onaverage than each Fitch agent does. Without ruling out such alternative explanations for the disparity in sales volume, the author cannot defend the conclusion that based on this evidencethat Adams is superior to Fitch. In further support of her claim the author points out that the average sales price of a home sold by Adams is greater than the average price of a home sold by Fitch. However, thisevidence shows only that the homes that Adams sells are more valuable on average than the ones that Fitch sells, not that Adams is more effective in selling homes than Fitch. Moreover, it is possible that a few relatively high-priced or low-priced properties skewed these averages, rendering any conclusions about the comparative quality of the two firms based on theseaverages unfair. For additional support the author points out that it took Fitch Realty considerable longer to sell one of the author's homes than it took Adams Realty to sell another one of her homes ten years earlier. However, this disparity is explainable by other plausible factors, such as changing economic conditions during that ten-year period, or a difference in the desirability of the two properties. Without establishing that all other factors affecting the speed of a sale 一段中规中矩的开头如果大家写，可以更为 简练作者开始攻击偷换概念 be proportional to也可以用来攻击因果错误这个细节并不重要，大家在考试的时候最好选一个其他的攻击细节，比如福利待遇或管理水平等这个语言不是很准确，不是更多的，而是更贵，然后我们可以展开攻击平均值这个问题这个语言表达可以 学习语言亮点这两段合在一起 因为文章中没有体现more 这个攻击细节应该 是可能只有一个house 比较贵或者房子的户型 不一样additional在这里有表连接的作用这个攻击细节说的太泛泛了 我们需要把这个细节进一步细化were essentially the same for the two homes, the author cannot rely on this limited anecdotal evidence to support her claim.In conclusion, the author's evidence lends little credible support to her claim. To persuade me that Adams is better than Fitch, the author would need to provide clear evidence that individual Adams agents are more effective in selling homes than individual Fitch agents, and that the disparity in home sales and sales price is attributable to that difference. Finally, to better evaluate the author's claim we would need more information comparing the percentage of agents working part-time at Fitch versus Adams. We would also need more information about the comparative attractiveness of the author's two homes, and the extent to which the residential real-estate market changed during the decade between the sales of these two homes. conclusion部分的语言很好，但是内容有些 多，对于时间比较 紧张的同学来讲， 可以进行删减。
GRE作文北美范文
Issue 208"The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people."This statement generalizes unfairly that the way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and their society's values. In my view, while in certain respects the habits and customs of a people are accurate indicators of their attitudes and values, in other respects they are not.Turning first to the way people look and dress, certain aspects of the outward appearance of a culture's people do inform us of their ideas, attitudes, and values. A society whose members tend to be obese might place a high value on indulgence and pleasure, and a low value on physical health. A general preference for ready-made, inexpensive clothing might indicate a preference for practicality or for saving rather than spending. And, a society whose members prefer to wear clothing that is traditional and distinct to that society is one that values tradition over modernization. In other respects, however, the way people look and dress is not a function of their attitudes and values but rather their climatic and work environment. I n harsh climates people bundle up, while in hot, humid climates they go with few clothes. In developed nations people dress for indoor work and their skin appears pink and supple, while in agrarian cultures people dress for outdoor work and appear weather-beaten.I turn next to the way people act. The habits, rituals and lifestyles of a culture often do provide accurate signals about its values. For instance, a society characterized by over-consumption is clearly one that values comfort and convenience over a healthy environment. And, a society whose members behave in a genteel, respectful, and courteous manner toward one another is one which values human dignity, while a society of people who act in a hateful manner toward others clearly places a low value on respect for others and on tolerance of other people's opinions and beliefs. In other respects, however, the way people behave can belie their attitudes and values. Forinstance, a society whose members tend to work long hours might appear to place a high value on work for its own sake, when in reality these work habits might be born of financial necessity for the se people, who would prefer more leisure time if they could afford it.Finally, the statement overlook s a crucial distinction between free societies and oppressed ones. Free societies, such as contemporary America, are characterized by a panoply of rituals, behaviors, and manners of dress among its members. Such diversity in appearances surely indicates a society that places a high value on individual freedoms and cultural diversity.Accordingly, it might seem that a society whose members share similar rituals, ways of dressing, and public behaviors places a low value on individual freedoms and cultural diversity. However, any student of modern Communism and Fascism would recognize cultural homogeneity as an imposition on society's members, who would happily display their preference for individuality and diversity but for their oppressors.To sum up, while the statement has merit, it amounts to an unfair generalization. The way that people look, dress, and act is often bred of necessity, not of attitude or values. And in oppressed societies people's customs and habits belie their true attitudes and values in any event.。
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gre北美范文百度云GRE北美范文那是以前的名字，现在叫《GRE官方题库范文精讲》
原价：48.00元
作者:（美）斯图尔特（Stewart，M.A）编著
出版社：西安交通大学出版社
出版日期：xx-9-1
ISBN：9787560529547
字数：835000
页码：392
版次：1
装帧：平装
开本：16开
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内容提要
本书提供200多道GRE作文真题及其范文，精讲其中的近100篇，并分析总结了Issue和Argument高分写作技巧，指导你立竿见影地提高作文成绩。
同时还帮助你揣摩评卷人的心理，使你真正做到知己知彼，百战不殆。
GRE写作备考方略；GRE写作的建议与禁忌；Issue特征、要则与写作流程；Argument逻辑错误及应对策略；GRE写作评分、成绩通知和成绩评估。
如果你说的是当当网之类的网上书店里的《GRE官方题库范围精讲》和《GRE北美范文精选》，那么我可以很负责任的告诉你，是新版和旧版的区别，同样的原著作者，同样的题目和范文，只不过改版后价格提高了。
GRE还好，似乎有些补充，GMAT的那套书连页码都是一样的，一篇不差，价格贵了20块左右。
本书提供200多道GRE作文真题及其范文，精讲其中的近100篇，并分析总结了Sssue和Argument高分写作技巧，指导你立竿见影地提高作文成绩。
同时还帮助你揣摩评卷人的心理，使你真正做到知已知彼，百战不殆。
·GRE写作备考方略
·GRE写作的建议与禁忌
·Issue特征、要则与写作流程
·Argumrnt逻辑错误及应对策略
·GRE写作评分、成绩通知和成绩评估
参考资料：
建议买一本吧，我也买了呢，我不喜欢看电子版的
觉得别扭，不如自己买一本，想看的时候可以随时拿出来看
比较方便的，而且电子版伤害视力
网上有正版的也不是很贵，二三十块吧
盗版的比较便宜但可能有错误，淘宝卖那种翻印的，据说质量不错
而且没有错误，买的人很多，适合学生的说，
希望对你有用
以前考过的前辈们都说那本书是必备的
我也是6g,这个问题我问过 ___教写作的张雷冬老师，他说这两本没有区别，我不信，又问他真的一点区别都没有吗？他说内容上一点区别都没有。
所以应该就是新旧版的关系，我个人推荐你买GRE官方题库范围精讲，因为这个是新的，北美那本虽然经典，但是现在已经不出了，除了影印版就是旧书。
旧书都很难找了，影印版质量没保障啊。
GRE官方题库范文精讲
斯图尔特 stewart 西安交通大学出版社
xx-9-1出版
范文本来就没有写完啊，他只是挑选了有代表性的题目写，很多题目都是同类型的，买书的话也是只有百来道题目的。
GRE官方题库范文精讲
斯图尔特 (Mark Alan Stewart.J.D.)、修锐、张雷东
西安交通大学出版社 (xx-09出版)
模板,内容仅供参考。