机械英文外文翻译一种新的电动葫芦驱动起重机
起重类英语
起重设备标准术语（英汉）[ 2008-2-11 14:39:00 | By: winking ]轻小起重设备^Series lifting equipments千斤顶^jack螺旋千斤顶^Screw jack齿条千斤顶^Rack-pinion jack液压千斤顶^Hydraulic jack滑车^Pulley block起重葫芦^Hoist手拉葫芦^Chain block手扳葫芦^Lever block钢丝绳手扳葫芦^Rope lever block环链手扳葫芦^Chain lever block电动葫芦^Electric hoist气动葫芦^Pneumatic hoist绞车（卷扬机）^winch钢丝绳手扳葫芦^Drum hoist环链手扳葫芦^Friction hoist电动葫芦^Capstan气动葫芦^Underslung monorail system绞车（卷扬机）^crane桥架型起重机^Overhead type crane桥式起重机 ^Overhead travelling crane门式起重机 ( 龙门起重机 ) Portal bridge crane (gantry crane)半门式起重机 ( 半龙门起重机 )^Semi-portal brid ge crane缆索型起重机^Cable type crane缆索起重机 ^Cable crane门式缆索起重机^Portal cable crane臂架型起重机^Jib type crane门座起重机 ^Portal slewing crane半门座起重机^Semi-portal slewing crane塔式起重机 ^Tower crane铁路起重机 ^Railway crane流动式起重机 ^Mobile crane浮式起重机 ^Floating crane甲板起重机^Deck crane桅杆起重机 ^Derrick crane悬臂起重机^Cantilever crane柱式悬臂起重设备^Pillar jib crane臂上起重机^Wall crane自行车式起重机^Walking crane吊钩起重机^Hook crane抓斗起重机^Grabbing crane电磁起重机^Magnet crane冶金起重机 ^llurgy crane堆垛起重机 ^Stacking crane集装箱起重机 ^Container crane安装起重机^Erection crane救援起重机^Salvage crane固定式起重机^Fixed base crane运行式起重机^Traveling crane自行式起重机^Self-propelled crane 拖行式起重机^Trailer crane爬升式起重机^Climbing crane便携式起重机^Portable crane随车起重机^Lorry crane辐射式起重机^Radial crane手动起重机^Manual crane电动起重机^Electric crane液压起重机^Hydraulic crane内燃起重机^Diesel crane蒸汽起重机^Steam crane回转起重机^Slewing crane全回转起重机^Full-circle slewing crane非全回转起重机^Limited slewing crane非回转起重机^Non-slewing crane支承起重机^Supported crane悬挂起重机^Underslung crane车间起重机^Workshop crane机器房起重机^Machine house crane仓库起重机^Warehouse crane贮料场起重机^Storage yard crane建筑起重机^Building crane工程起重机^Construction crane港口起重机 ^Port crane船厂起重机^Shipyard crane船台起重机^Shipway crane船坞起重机^Dock crane舾装起重机^Crane for finishing shipguilding 坝顶起重机^Dam crane船上起重机^Shipboard crane升降机^Lift elevator带回转臂架的桥式起重机^Overhead crane with sle wing jib带回转小车的桥式起重设备^Overhead crane with slewing crab单主梁桥式起重机^Single girder overhead crane 双梁桥式起重机^Double girder overhead crane 同轨双小车桥式起重机^Overhead crane with doubl e trolley on the same rails异轨双小车桥式起重机^Overhead crane with doubl e trolley on the diferent rails挂梁桥式起重机^Overhead crane with carrier-bea m电动葫芦桥式起重机^Overhead crane with clectri c hoist带导向架的桥式起重机^Overhead crane with guide d beam柔性吊挂桥式起重机^Overhead crane with loose s uspend梁式起重机^Overhead crane with simple girder 吊钩桥式起重机^Overhead crane with hook抓斗桥式起重机^Overhead crane with grab电磁桥式起重机^Overhead crane with magnet二用桥式起重机^purpose overhead crane三用桥式起重机^purpose overhead crane通用桥式起重机^General purpose overhead crane专用桥式起重机^Special overhead crane冶金桥式起重机^Overhead crane for llurgic pian ts防爆桥式起重机^Overhead explosion-proof crane 绝缘桥式起重机^Overhead isolation crane桥式堆垛起重机手动桥式起重机^Manual overhead c rane电动桥式起重机^Electric overhead crane液压桥式起重机^Hydraulic overhead crane司机室操纵桥式起重机^Cab-operated overhead cra ne地面操纵桥式起重机^Floor-controlled overhead c rane远距离操纵桥式起重机^Remote-controlled overhea d crane跨度^S起重机高度^H起重机宽度^B Crane width小车轨距^K大车（起重设备）基距^W小车基距^W c缓冲器高度^ Buffer height主梁底面位置^ Position of bottom plan of main girder司机室底面位置^ Position of bottom plan of cab 主钩上极限位置^ Main hook approach to cane rai l top副钩上极限位置^ Auxiliary hook approach to can e rail top主钩左极限位置^ Main hook approach to cane rai l top left side主钩右极限位置^ Main hook approach to center o f crane rail right side副钩左极限位置^ Auxiliary hook approach to cen ter of crane rail left side副钩右极限位置^ Auxiliary hook approach to cen ter of crane rail right side司机室水平位置^ Distance between cab and rail 司机室底长^ Bottom length of cab起重机轨道中心至起重机外缘距离^ Dimension from rail center to crane edge主梁上拱度^camber。
起重工具 英文作文
“Cranes and Lifting Tools”Cranes and lifting tools are essential equipment in various industries, facilitating the movement of heavy objects with efficiency and safety. Here are key aspects to understand about cranes and lifting tools:1.Types of Cranes: There are different types of cranes suited for various applications, such astower cranes used in construction for lifting materials to great heights, mobile cranes for versatility on different job sites, and overhead cranes installed in factories for moving heavy components within a confined space.ponents and Mechanisms: Cranes consist of several key components including the boom(the arm that lifts loads), counterweights for stability, and the hook or lifting attachment.They operate using hydraulic systems, cables, or chains driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines.3.Safety Considerations: Safety is paramount in crane operations. Operators must be trainedand certified to operate specific types of cranes. Safety protocols include load capacity limits, regular inspections of equipment, and adherence to established lifting procedures to prevent accidents and ensure workplace safety.4.Applications: Cranes are utilized across industries such as construction, manufacturing,shipping ports, and logistics. They are indispensable for tasks ranging from building skyscrapers and assembling heavy machinery to loading and unloading cargo containers from ships.5.Technological Advancements: Modern cranes increasingly incorporate advancedtechnologies such as computerized controls, remote operation capabilities, and sensors for monitoring load weights and equipment conditions. These innovations enhance precision, efficiency, and safety in lifting operations.6.Environmental Impact: The use of cranes can impact the environment through noise pollution,emissions from engine-powered cranes, and habitat disturbance during construction activities. Efforts are made to mitigate these impacts through quieter equipment and adherence to environmental regulations.7.Maintenance and Service: Regular maintenance is crucial to ensure cranes function optimallyand safely. This includes lubrication of moving parts, inspection of hydraulic systems, and replacing worn-out components. Scheduled servicing helps prevent breakdowns and extends the lifespan of the equipment.8.Economic Importance: Cranes play a pivotal role in economic development by enabling large-scale construction projects and efficient cargo handling in logistics chains. Their ability to handle heavy loads swiftly contributes to productivity and competitiveness in industries reliant on timely delivery of goods and services.By understanding these aspects of cranes and lifting tools, stakeholders can make informed decisions regarding their use, maintenance, and integration into operational processes. Effective management of crane operations ensures both operational efficiency and safety in diverse industrial settings.。
起重机文献翻译 高考翻译 机械翻译中英对照
起重机文献翻译高考翻译机械翻译国内双钩同步起吊电动葫芦发展综述Development Overview of Domestic Double-hook Synchronous Hoisting Electric Hoist于晓东1吴英年2Y u Xiaodong1Wu Yingnian2摘要：分析了国内生产的几种双钩同步电动葫芦结构与功能，重点介绍了HT型双钩同步电动葫芦的功能特点与应用，指出了产品研制应创新使其具有长远生命力。
Abstract:This paper analyzes the structures and functions of several domestic-made double-hook synchronous hoisting electric hoists, emphasizes the function and characteristics of HI type double-hook synchronous hoisting electric hoist and points out that product development should be innovative as to make long-term vitality.关键词：双钩同步电动葫芦；功能；结构；应用；发展Keywords: double-hook synchronous hoisting electric hoist; function; structure; application; development2.起重机用钢丝绳标准的选择Crane Wire Ropes Standard Selection陈立Chen Li3.斗轮堆取料机在头部激振下的动态响应Dynamic Response of Bucket Wheel Stacker Reclaimer underHead Shock Excitation王俊华张光宇高翔孔涛Wang Junhua Zhang Guangyu Gao Xiang Kong Tao摘要：分析斗轮堆取料机的实际工程特点，对其进行有限元建模并进行模态和谐响应分析，以了解斗轮堆取料机轮斗头部在滚筒或斗轮激振力作用下垂直方向的动态特性。
工程起重机中英文翻译对照
工程起重机中英文翻译对照To gain a certificate of competency for a cabin controlled bridge or gantry crane you must pass anassessment for a Bridge and gantry crane certificate conducted by an assessor registered by the Workcover Authority.Before taking the assessment you must obtain a log book and learn the competencies required to pass theassessment. Applicants must be at least 18 years old to gain a certificate.It is illegal to operate a cabin controlled bridge or gantry crane without a Bridge and gantry cranecertificate or a log book (under the supervision of a certificated driver).A cabin controlled bridge or gantry crane driver must know:●how to safely operate a bridge or gantry crane●how to detect any mechanical faults●about slinging loads,sheaves and drums,rope terminations,anchors andattachmentsIt is the responsibility of the applicant to make sure that a bridge or gantry crane of the correct class isavailable for the assessment at their workplace or has permission to use a crane at another location.If you operate this type of crane and sling loads in connection with the operation of this type of crane you will require a Dogging certificate in addition to being competent in its operation. See A guide for dogging available from the WorkCover Authority.桥梁合格证书起重机和龙门起重机为了获得一个龙门式起重机的合格证书，你必须通过操作龙门起重机进行评估，然后由劳保局注册管理局评估而得到的证书。
机械方面(葫芦起重机方向)英语专业词汇
英尺：feet (ft) 1英尺=12英寸=0.3048米磅：lb (s) 1磅=0.9072斤环链葫芦：chain hoist 低（超低）净空小车：（Extra）short headroom trolley双钩葫芦：dual chain hoist 非标准设计：off—standard solution防爆环链葫芦：Explosion-protected chain hoists 吊钩：hook吊眼：eye 刚性固定：rigid suspension 手推小车：push trolley电动小车：electric trolley 悬挂式导链座：suspension(directly at the )chain guide 起升：hoisting 行走：travel 型号：type 安全起重量：S.W.L.固定式：stationary 转弯小车：articulated trolley 控制器：control控制电压：control voltages 人体工程学：ergonomic 控制手电门：control pendant插拔式连接手电门：plug-and-socket connection 接触器：contacter链条：chain 镀锌: galvanised 转向轮：return sheaves 最小磨损：minimum wear最长使用寿命：long service life 与……一致：in accordance with链条驱动：chain drive 链轮：sprocket 悬挂式轴承：over-mounted shaft bearing封闭式：enclosed 导链座：chain guide 自润滑：self-lubricating 耐磨：wear-resistant 硬化处理：case-hardened 制动器：brake 低维护：low-maintenance木含石棉：asbestos-free 电磁式制动器：electro magnetic disc brake技术参数：technical parametres 钢丝绳电动葫芦：wire rope hoist工作级别：FEM class 起重量：Max. load capacity 起升高度：Max. lifting height小车速度：trolley speed 接电持续率：duty factor 手电门：control pendant防护等级：Hoist IP class 温度：Ambient temperature 绝缘等级：Insulated class供电电压：power supply 控制电压：control voltage 发布日期：issue date传真：FAX facsimile 描述及规格：description & specification计量单位：Unit of messurement 单价：Net price 授权代表：authorized representative超长尺寸制动力矩：oversized braking torque 封闭：enclosed 蒸汽：vapeur单速：single-speed Ⅳ级电机：four-pole version输出齿轮：output gear通风部件：ventilation unit终端电阻：termination resistor机架接口：rack interface卡架电缆：bus cable system 盖板：cover for canal solt管槽：Canal solt 模块槽：module solt 盖板：cover for module solt传感器电缆：measuring transducer connecting 功率放大电缆：servo amplifier system电源模块：power supply system 驱动轴：EC-motor system 齿轮器：planetary传感器：measuring transducer 控制卡：tightening controller 卡架：card rack货架类重型/中型/轻型仓储货架：heaver/mid/light-duty shelf 悬臂货架：cantilever racking悬挂式起重机suspension crane弱性梁：flexible beam 刚性的：ridig 封闭型轨道：enclosed track自立式的：free standing 球窝：ball and socket 净空高度：headroom安全工作负荷：S.W.L. safe working load校正：calibration 二期项目：phaseⅡproject 公积金：accumulation fund违约金：penalty 住房公积金：housing accumulation fund 报销：apply for reimbursement 标的物：the subject matter of the contract must be good. 违约：default/break an engagement法人：legal entity 法人代表：legal person/representative 争议：dispute/ controversy/ issue To submit a dispute to arbitration.将争议进行仲裁。
起重机中英文对照外文翻译文献
起重机中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献中英⽂对照外⽂翻译(⽂档含英⽂原⽂和中⽂翻译)Control of Tower Cranes WithDouble-Pendulum Payload DynamicsAbstract：The usefulness of cranes is limited because the payload is supported by an overhead suspension cable that allows oscilation to occur during crane motion. Under certain conditions, the payload dynamics may introduce an additional oscillatory mode that creates a double pendulum. This paper presents an analysis of this effect on tower cranes. This paper also reviews a command generation technique to suppress the oscillatory dynamics with robustness to frequency changes. Experimental results are presented to verify that the proposed method can improve the ability of crane operators to drive a double-pendulum tower crane. The performance improvements occurred during both local and teleoperated control.Key words：Crane , input shaping , tower crane oscillation , vibrationI. INTRODUCTIONThe study of crane dynamics and advanced control methods has received significant attention. Cranes can roughly be divided into three categories based upontheir primary dynamic properties and the coordinate system that most naturally describes the location of the suspension cable connection point. The first category, bridge cranes, operate in Cartesian space, as shown in Fig. 1(a). The trolley moves along a bridge, whose motion is perpendicular to that of the trolley. Bridge cranes that can travel on a mobile base are often called gantry cranes. Bridge cranes are common in factories, warehouses, and shipyards.The second major category of cranes is boom cranes, such as the one sketched in Fig. 1(b). Boom cranes are best described in spherical coordinates, where a boom rotates aboutaxes both perpendicular and parallel to the ground. In Fig. 1(b), ψis the rotation aboutthe vertical, Z-axis, and θis the rotation about the horizontal, Y -axis. The payload is supported from a suspension cable at the end of the boom. Boom cranes are often placed on a mobile base that allows them to change their workspace.The third major category of cranes is tower cranes, like the one sketched in Fig. 1(c). These are most naturally described by cylindrical coordinates. A horizontal jib arm rotates around a vertical tower. The payload is supported by a cable from the trolley, which moves radially along the jib arm. Tower cranes are commonly used in the construction of multistory buildings and have the advantage of having a small footprint-to-workspace ratio. Primary disadvantages of tower and boom cranes, from a control design viewpoint, are the nonlinear dynamics due to the rotational nature of the cranes, in addition to the less intuitive natural coordinate systems.A common characteristic among all cranes is that the pay- load is supported via an overhead suspension cable. While this provides the hoisting functionality of the crane, it also presents several challenges, the primary of which is payload oscillation. Motion of the crane will often lead to large payload oscillations. These payload oscillations have many detrimental effects including degrading payload positioning accuracy, increasing task completion time, and decreasing safety. A large research effort has been directed at reducing oscillations. An overview of these efforts in crane control, concentrating mainly on feedback methods, is provided in [1]. Some researchers have proposed smooth commands to reduce excitation of system flexible modes [2]–[5]. Crane control methods based on command shaping are reviewed in [6]. Many researchers have focused on feedback methods, which necessitate the addition necessitate the addition of sensors to the crane and can prove difficult to use in conjunction with human operators. For example, some quayside cranes have been equipped with sophisticated feedback control systems to dampen payload sway. However, the motions induced by the computer control annoyed some of the human operators. As a result, the human operators disabled the feedback controllers. Given that the vast majority of cranes are driven by human operators and will never be equipped with computer-based feedback, feedback methods are not considered in this paper.Input shaping [7], [8] is one control method that dramatically reduces payload oscillation by intelligently shaping the commands generated by human operators [9], [10]. Using rough estimates of system natural frequencies and damping ratios, a series of impulses, called the input shaper, is designed. The convolution of the input shaper and the original command is then used to drive the system. This process is demonstrated with atwo-impulse input shaper and a step command in Fig. 2. Note that the rise time of the command is increased by the duration of the input shaper. This small increase in the rise time isnormally on the order of 0.5–1 periods of the dominant vibration mode.Fig. 1. Sketches of (a) bridge crane, (b) boom crane, (c) and tower crane.Fig. 2. Input-shaping process.Input shaping has been successfully implemented on many vibratory systems including bridge [11]–[13], tower [14]–[16], and boom [17], [18] cranes, coordinate measurement machines[19]–[21], robotic arms [8], [22], [23], demining robots [24], and micro-milling machines [25].Most input-shaping techniques are based upon linear system theory. However, some research efforts have examined the extension of input shaping to nonlinear systems [26], [14]. Input shapers that are effective despite system nonlinearities have been developed. These include input shapers for nonlinear actuator dynamics, friction, and dynamic nonlinearities [14], [27]–[31]. One method of dealing with nonlinearities is the use of adaptive or learning input shapers [32]–[34].Despite these efforts, the simplest and most common way to address system nonlinearities is to utilize a robust input shaper [35]. An input shaper that is more robust to changes in system parameters will generally be more robust to system nonlinearities that manifest themselves as changes in the linearized frequencies. In addition to designing robust shapers, input shapers can also be designed to suppress multiple modes of vibration [36]–[38].In Section II, the mobile tower crane used during experimental tests for this paper is presented. In Section III, planar and 3-D models of a tower crane are examined to highlight important dynamic effects. Section IV presents a method to design multimode input shapers with specified levels of robustness. InSection V, these methods are implemented on a tower crane with double-pendulum payload dynamics. Finally, in Section VI, the effect of the robust shapers on human operator performance is presented for both local and teleoperated control.II. MOBILE TOWER CRANEThe mobile tower crane, shown in Fig. 3, has teleoperation capabilities that allow it to be operated in real-time from anywhere in the world via the Internet [15]. The tower portion of the crane, shown in Fig. 3(a), is approximately 2 m tall with a 1 m jib arm. It is actuated by Siemens synchronous, AC servomotors. The jib is capable of 340°rotation about the tower. The trolley moves radially along the jib via a lead screw, and a hoisting motor controls the suspension cable length. Motor encoders are used for PD feedback control of trolley motion in the slewing and radial directions. A Siemens digital camera is mounted to the trolley and records the swing deflection of the hook at a sampling rate of 50 Hz [15].The measurement resolution of the camera depends on the suspension cable length. For the cable lengths used in this research, the resolution is approximately 0.08°. This is equivalent to a 1.4 mm hook displacement at a cable length of 1 m. In this work, the camera is not used for feedback control of the payload oscillation. The experimental results presented in this paper utilize encoder data to describe jib and trolley position and camera data to measure the deflection angles of the hook. Base mobility is provided by DC motors with omnidirectional wheels attached to each support leg, as shown in Fig. 3(b). The base is under PD control using two HiBot SH2-based microcontrollers, with feedback from motor-shaft-mounted encoders. The mobile base was kept stationary during all experiments presented in this paper. Therefore, the mobile tower crane operated as a standard tower crane.Table I summarizes the performance characteristics of the tower crane. It should be noted that most of these limits areenforced via software and are not the physical limitations of the system. These limitations are enforced to more closely match theoperational parameters of full-sized tower cranes.Fig. 3. Mobile, portable tower crane, (a) mobile tower crane, (b) mobile crane base.TABLE I MOBILE TOWER CRANE PERFORMANCE LIMITSFig. 4 Sketch of tower crane with a double-pendulum dynamics.III. TOWER CRANE MODELFig.4 shows a sketch of a tower crane with a double-pendulum payload configuration. The jib rotates by an angle around the vertical axis Z parallelto the tower column. The trolley moves radially along the jib; its position along the jib is described by r . The suspension cable length from the trolley to the hook is represented by an inflexible, massless cable of variable length 1l . The payload is connected to the hook via an inflexible, massless cable of length 2l . Both the hook and the payload are represented as point masses having masses h m and p m , respectively.The angles describing the position of the hook are shown in Fig. 5(a). The angle φrepresents a deflection in the radial direction, along the jib. The angle χ represents a tangential deflection, perpendicular to the jib. In Fig. 5(a), φ is in the plane of the page, and χ lies in a plane out of the page. The angles describing the payload position are shown in Fig. 5(b). Notice that these angles are defined relative to a line from the trolley to the hook. If there is no deflection of the hook, then the angleγ describes radial deflections, along the jib, and the angle α represents deflections perpendicular to the jib, in the tangential direction. The equations of motion for this model were derived using a commercial dynamics package, but they are too complex to show in their entirety here, as they are each over a page in length.To give some insight into the double-pendulum model, the position of the hook and payload within the Newtonian frame XYZ are written as —h q and —p q , respectivelyWhere -I , -J and -K are unit vectors in the X , Y , and Z directions. The Lagrangian may then be written asFig. 5. (a) Angles describing hook motion. (b) Angles describing payload motion.Fig. 6. Experimental and simulated responses of radial motion.(a) Hook responses (φ) for m 48.01=l ，(b) Hook responses for m 28.11=lThe motion of the trolley can be represented in terms of the system inputs. The position of the trolley —tr q in the Newtonian frame is described byThis position, or its derivatives, can be used as the input to any number of models of a spherical double-pendulum. More detailed discussion of the dynamics of spherical double pendulums can be found in [39]–[42].The addition of the second mass and resulting double-pendulum dramatically increases the complexity of the equations of motion beyond the more commonly used single-pendulum tower model [1], [16], [43]–[46]. This fact can been seen in the Lagrangian. In (3), the terms in the square brackets represent those that remain for the single-pendulum model; no —p q terms appear. This significantly reduces the complexity of the equations because —p q is a function of the inputs and all four angles shown in Fig. 5.It should be reiterated that such a complex dynamic model is not used to design the input-shaping controllers presented in later sections. The model was developed as a vehicle to evaluate the proposed control method over a variety of operating conditions and demonstrate its effectiveness. The controller is designed using a much simpler, planar model.A. Experimental V erification of the ModelThe full, nonlinear equations of motion were experimentally verified using several test cases. Fig.6 shows two cases involving only radial motion. The trolley was driven at maximum velocity for a distance of 0.30 m, with 2l =0.45m .The payload mass p m for both cases was 0.15 kg and the hook mass h m was approximately 0.105 kg. The two cases shown in Fig. 6 present extremes of suspension cable lengths 1l . In Fig. 6(a), 1l is 0.48 m , close to the minimum length that can be measured by the overhead camera. At this length, the double-pendulum effect is immediately noticeable. One can see that the experimental and simulated responses closely match. In Fig. 6(b), 1l is 1.28 m, the maximum length possible while keeping the payload from hitting the ground. At this length, the second mode of oscillation has much less effect on the response. The model closely matches the experimental response for this case as well. The responses for a linearized, planar model, which will be developed in Section III-B, are also shown in Fig. 6. The responses from this planar model closely match both the experimental results and the responses of the full, nonlinear model for both suspension cable lengths.Fig. 7. Hook responses to 20°jib rotation:(a) φ (radial) response;(b) χ (tangential) response.Fig. 8. Hook responses to 90°jib rotation:φ(radial) response;(b) χ(tangential) response.(a)If the trolley position is held constant and the jib is rotated, then the rotational and centripetal accelerations cause oscillation in both the radial and tangential directions. This can be seen in the simulation responses from the full nonlinear model in Figs. 7 and 8. In Fig. 7, the trolley is held at a fixed position of r = 0.75 m, while the jib is rotated 20°. This relatively small rotation only slightly excites oscillation in the radial direction, as shown in Fig. 7(a). The vibratory dynamics are dominated byoscillations in the tangential direction, χ, as shown in Fig. 7(b). If, however, a large angular displacement of the jib occurs, then significant oscillation will occur in both the radial and tangential directions, as shown in Fig. 8. In this case, the trolley was fixed at r = 0.75 m and the jib was rotated 90°. Figs. 7 and 8 show that the experimental responses closely match those predicted by the model for these rotational motions. Part of the deviation in Fig. 8(b) can be attributed to the unevenness of the floor on which the crane sits. After the 90°jib rotation the hook and payload oscillate about a slightly different equilibrium point, as measured by the overhead camera.Fig.9.Planardouble-pendulummodel.B.Dynamic AnalysisIf the motion of the tower crane is limited to trolley motion, like the responses shown in Fig. 6, then the model may be simplified to that shown in Fig. 9. This model simplifies the analysis of the system dynamics and provides simple estimates of the two natural frequencies of the double pendulum. These estimates will be used to develop input shapers for the double-pendulum tower crane.The crane is moved by applying a force )(t u to the trolley. A cable of length 1l hangs below the trolley and supports a hook, of mass h m , to which the payload is attached using rigging cables. The rigging and payload are modeled as a second cable, of length 2l and point mass p m . Assuming that the cable and rigging lengths do not change during the motion, the linearized equations of motion, assuming zero initial conditions, arewhere φ and γ describe the angles of the two pendulums, R is the ratio of the payload mass to the hook mass, and g is the acceleration due to gravity.The linearized frequencies of the double-pendulum dynamics modeled in (5) are [47]Where Note that the frequencies depend on the two cable lengths and the mass ratio.Fig. 10. Variation of first and second mode frequencies when m l l 8.121=+.。
中英文文献翻译-起重机介绍
附录外文文献原文：The Introduction of cranesA crane is defined as a mechanism for lifting and lowering loads with a hoisting mechanism Shapiro, 1991. Cranes are the most useful and versatile piece of equipment on a vast majority of construction projects. They vary widely in configuration, capacity, mode of operation, intensity of utilization and cost. On a large project, a contractor may have an assortment of cranes for different purposes. Small mobile hydraulic cranes may be used for unloading materials from trucks and for small concrete placement operations, while larger crawler and tower cranes may be used for the erection and removal of forms, the installation of steel reinforcement, the placement of concrete, and the erection of structural steel and precast concrete beams.On many construction sites a crane is needed to lift loads such as concrete skips, reinforcement, and formwork. As the lifting needs of the construction industry have increased and diversified, a large number of general and special purpose cranes have been designed and manufactured. These cranes fall into two categories, those employed in industry and those employed in construction. The most common types of cranes used in construction are mobile, tower, and derrick cranes.1.Mobile cranesA mobile crane is a crane capable of moving under its own power without being restricted to predetermined travel. Mobility is provided by mounting or integrating the crane with trucks or all terrain carriers or rough terrain carriers or by providing crawlers. Truck-mounted cranes have the advantage of being able to move under their own power to the construction site. Additionally, mobile cranes can move about the site, and are often able to do the work of several stationary units.Mobile cranes are used for loading, mounting, carrying large loads and for work performed in the presence of obstacles of various kinds such as power lines and similar technological installations. The essential difficulty is here the swinging of the payload which occurs during working motion and also after the work is completed. This applies particularly to the slewing motion of the crane chassis, for which relatively large angular accelerations and negative accelerations of the chassis are characteristic. Inertia forces together with the centrifugal force and the Carioles force cause the payload to swing as a spherical pendulum. Proper control of the slewing motion of the crane serving to transport a payload to the defined point with simultaneous minimization of the swings when theworking motion is finished plays an important role in the model.Modern mobile cranes include the drive and the control systems. Control systems send the feedback signals from the mechanical structure to the drive systems. In general, they are closed chain mechanisms with flexible members [1].Rotation, load and boom hoisting are fundamental motions the mobile crane. During transfer of the load as well as at the end of the motion process, the motor drive forces, the structure inertia forces, the wind forces and the load inertia forces can result in substantial, undesired oscillations in crane. The structure inertia forces and the load inertia forces can be evaluated with numerical methods, such as the finite element method. However, the drive forces are difficult to describe. During start-up and breaking the output forces of the drive system significantly fluctuate. To reduce the speed variations during start-up and braking the controlled motor must produce torque other than constant [2,3], which in turn affects the performance of the crane.Modern mobile cranes that have been built till today have oft a maximal lifting capacity of 3000 tons and incorporate long booms. Crane structure and drive system must be safe, functionary and as light as possible. For economic and time reasons it is impossible to build prototypes for great cranes. Therefore, it is desirable to determinate the crane dynamic responses with the theoretical calculation.Several published articles on the dynamic responses of mobile crane are available in the open literature. In the mid-seventies Peeken et al. [4] have studied the dynamic forces of a mobile crane during rotation of the boom, using very few degrees of freedom for the dynamic equations and very simply spring-mass system for the crane structure. Later Maczynski et al. [5] studied the load swing of a mobile crane with a four mass-model for the crane structure. Posiadala et al. [6] have researched the lifted load motion with consideration for the change of rotating, booming and load hoisting. However, only the kinematics were studied. Later the influence of the flexibility of the support system on the load motion was investigated by the same author [7]. Recently, Kilicaslan et al. [1] have studied the characteristics of a mobile crane using a flexible multibody dynamics approach. Towarek [16] has concentrated the influence of flexible soil foundation on the dynamic stability of the boom crane. The drive forces, however, in all of those studies were presented by using so called the metho d of ……kinematics forcing‟‟ [6] with assumed velocities or accelerations. In practice this assumption could not comply with the motion during start-up and braking.A detailed and accurate model of a mobile crane can be achieved with the finite element method. Using non-linear finite element theory Gunthner and Kleeberger [9] studied the dynamic responses of lattice mobile cranes. About 2754 beam elements and 80 truss elements were used for modeling of the lattice-boom structure. On this basis a efficient software for mobile crane calculation––NODYA has been developed. However, the influences of the drive systems must be determined by measuring on hoisting of the load[10], or rotating of the crane [11]. This is neither efficient nor convenient for computer simulation of arbitrary crane motions.Studies on the problem of control for the dynamic response of rotary crane are also available. Sato et al. [14], derived a control law so that the transfer a load to a desired position will take place that at the end of the transfer of the swing of the load decays as soon as possible. Gustafsson [15] described a feedback control system for a rotary crane to move a cargo without oscillations and correctly align the cargo at the final position. However, only rigid bodies and elastic joint between the boom and the jib in those studies were considered. The dynamic response of the crane, for this reason, will be global.To improve this situation, a new method for dynamic calculation of mobile cranes will be presented in this paper. In this method, the flexible multibody model of the steel structure will be coupled with the model of the drive systems. In that way the elastic deformation, the rigid body motion of the structure and the dynamic behavior of the drive system can be determined with one integrated model. In this paper this method will be called ……complete dynamic calculation for driven “mechanism”.On the basis of flexible multibody theory and the Lagrangian equations, the system equations for complete dynamic calculation will be established. The drive- and control system will be described as differential equations. The complete system leads to a non-linear system of differential equations. The calculation method has been realized for a hydraulic mobile crane. In addition to the structural elements, the mathematical modeling of hydraulic drive- and control systems is decried. The simulations of crane rotations for arbitrary working conditions will be carried out. As result, a more exact representation of dynamic behavior not only for the crane structure, but also for the drive system will be achieved. Based on the results of these simulations the influences of the accelerations, velocities during start-up and braking of crane motions will be discussed.2.Tower cranesThe tower crane is a crane with a fixed vertical mast that is topped by a rotating boom and equipped with a winch for hoisting and lowering loads (Dickie, 990). Tower cranes are designed for situations which require operation in congested areas. Congestion may arise from the nature of the site or from the nature of the construction project. There is no limitation to the height of a high-rise building that can be constructed with a tower crane. The very high line speeds, up to 304.8 mrmin, available with some models yield good production rates at any height. They provide a considerable horizontal working radius, yet require a small work space on the ground (Chalabi, 1989). Some machines can also operate in winds of up to 72.4 km/h, which is far above mobile crane wind limits.The tower cranes are more economical only for longer term construction operations and higher lifting frequencies. This is because of the fairly extensive planning needed for installation, together with the transportation, erection and dismantling costs.3. Derrick cranesA derrick is a device for raising, lowering, and/or moving loads laterally. The simplest form of the derrick is called a Chicago boom and is usually installed by being mounted to building columns or frames during or after construction (Shapiro and Shapiro, 1991).This derrick arrangement. (i.e., Chicago boom) becomes a guy derrick when it is mounted to a mast and a stiff leg derrick when it is fixed to a frame.The selection of cranes is a central element of the life cycle of the project. Cranes must be selected to satisfy the requirements of the job. An appropriately selected crane contributes to the efficiency, timeliness, and profitability of the project. If the correct crane selection and configuration is not made, cost and safety implications might be created (Hanna, 1994). Decision to select a particular crane depends on many input parameters such as site conditions, cost, safety, and their variability. Many of these parameters are qualitative, and subjective judgments implicit in these terms cannot be directly incorporated into the classical decision making process. One way of selecting crane is achieved using fuzzy logic approach.Cranes are not merely the largest, the most conspicuous, and the most representative equipment of construction sites but also, at various stages of the project, a real “bottleneck” that slows the pace of the construction process. Although the crane can be found standing idle in many instances, yet once it is involved in a particular task ,it becomes an indispensable link in the activity chain, forcing at least two crews(in the loading and the unloading zones) to wait for the service. As analyzed in previous publications [6-8] it is feasible to automate (or, rather, semi-automate) crane navigation in order to achieve higher productivity, better economy, and safe operation. It is necessary to focus on the technical aspects of the conversion of existing crane into large semi-automatic manipulators. By mainly external devices mounted on the crane, it becomes capable of learning, memorizing, and autonomously navigation to reprogrammed targets or through prêt aught paths.The following sections describe various facets of crane automation:First, the necessary components and their technical characteristics are reviewed, along with some selection criteria. These are followed by installation and integration of the new components into an existing crane. Next, the Man –Machine –Interface (MMI) is presented with the different modes of operation it provides. Finally, the highlights of a set of controlled tests are reported followed by conclusions and recommendations.Manual versus automatic operation: The three major degrees of freedom of common tower cranes are illustrated in the picture. In some cases , the crane is mounted on tracks , which provide a fourth degree of freedom , while in other cases the tower is “telescope” or extendable , and /or the “jib” can be raised to a diagonal position. Since these additional degrees of freedom are not used routinely during normal operation but rather are fixed in a certain position for long periods (days or weeks), they are not included in the routineautomatic mode of operation, although their position must be “known” to the control system.外文文献中文翻译：起重机介绍起重机是用来举升机构、抬起或放下货物的器械。
中英文对照的起重机词汇大全
起重EOT crane 电动桥式起重机jib crane 悬臂式起重机truck crane 汽车式起重机abutment crane 台座起重机; 高座起重机ammunition crane 重炮装弹机anchor crane 起锚吊车angle crane 斜座起重机; 三角架起重机antiswing crane 防摆动起重机arm crane 挺杆起重机; 横臂起重机arm of crane 吊车臂articulated hydraulic crane 关节液力起重机Babcok and Wilcox type luffingcrane巴韦型俯仰起重机balance crane 平衡起重机; 平衡式起重机bank crane 岸边起重机bar crane 杆式起重机bar iron crane 铁条起重机barge crane 船式起重机; 浮吊; 浮式起重机beam crane 单梁起重机black-necked crane 黑颈鹤block crane 钢锭起重机block setting crane 钢块起重机boat crane 吊艇起重机boom crane 吊杆起重机; 桁梁起重机; 臂式起重机; 伸臂起重机boom derrick crane 支臂桅杆起重机bow charging crane 船头装货起重机bracket crane 悬臂吊车breakdown crane 拆卸起重机; 应急起重机; 救险吊车; 救险吊车breakdown crane ( 铁路的) 事故起重机breakdown crane wagon 事故起重车bridge crane 桥式吊车; 桥式起重机bucket crane 料罐起重机; 吊斗起重机building crane 建筑起重机cable crane 索道起重机; 缆索起重机camera crane 摄像机升降架; 照相机三脚架cantilever crane 悬臂吊车cantilever walking crane 壁装移动式悬臂起重机canton crane 轻便落地吊车capping crane 加盖起重机cargo crane 船货起重机; 码头起重机carrying capacity of crane 吊车起重能力cast house crane 出铁场吊车; 炉前吊车caterpillar crane 履带起重机; 履带式起重机centre casting crane 铸坑起重机chain block crane 链滑车起重机charging and drawing crane 装卸吊车charging crane 装卸机; 加料吊车; 加料机; 加料起重机charging gantry crane 高架装料吊车clamshell crane 抓斗吊车clamshell equipped crane 抓斗吊车claw crane 爪式起重机climbing crane 爬升式起重机; 攀移式起重机coaling crane 装煤起重机column crane 柱式起重机construction-site crane 建筑起重机container crane 集装箱起重机convertible crane 可更换装备起重机cover crane 地行揭盖吊车crab crane 钳式吊车crab trolley type wall crane 绞车式壁装起重机crane 用起重机起吊; 鹤; 吊车; 起重机;升降架crane (runway) girder 吊车梁crane barge 起重机驳船; 起重机船crane beam 行车梁crane boom 起重机吊架; 起重架; 吊车臂; 吊车起重扒杆; 吊杆crane bridge 起重机桥crane buffer 吊车缓冲器crane cable 吊索crane car 汽车起重机crane carriage 起重小车; 横行小车crane carrier 起重机载运车crane controller 起重控制器crane fall 吊车索crane for placing stoplogs 叠梁闸门起门机crane grab 起重机抓斗crane hoist 移动起重机crane ladle 吊包; 吊车浇包crane link 吊车吊架crane load 吊车起重量; 起重机起重量crane loading 起重机起吊; 起重机装运crane locomotive 起重机车crane magnet 电磁吸盘crane motor 吊车电动机crane output 起重能力crane platform 吊车平台crane radius 起重机起吊半径; 起重机伸臂活动半径; 起重机伸距crane rail 吊车轨crane rating 起重机定额; 起重机载重量crane rope 起重钢绳; 起重机吊索; 吊车钢丝绳crane runner 吊车司机crane runway 起重机走道; 天车滑道crane runway girder 起重机行车大梁crane saver 料垛送进装置crane scale 吊车衡crane shaft 起重机轴crane ship 水上起重机crane stake 起重机柱crane switch 起重机开关crane trolley 起重机行车; 吊机滑车crane trolley wire 起重机接触导线; 行车接触导线crane truck 汽车起重机; 吊车; 车载起重机; 车装起重机; 卡车起重机crane weigher 吊车秤crane wheel 吊车车轮crane winch 起重机绞车crane with double lever jib 四连杆伸臂起重机; 四连杆式伸臂起重机craneage 吊车工时craneman 吊车工; 起重机手; 天车工crane-type loader 起重机式装载机; 转臂式装载机crawler crane 履带吊; 履带起重机; 履带式起重机crawling crane 履带起重机; 履带式起重机crow crane 料耙起重机deck crane 甲板起重机deck twin crane 并列式甲板起重机depiling crane 叠板卸垛吊车de-piling crane 叠板卸垛吊车derrick crane 动臂起重机; 转臂起重机derrick wagon crane 车座人字起重机; 车座人字形起重机derricking jib crane 人字式转臂起重机dividing stationary tower crane 分立固定式塔吊dock crane 码头起重机; 船坞起重机; 造船起重机dogging crane 钳式吊车; 夹钳吊车donkey crane 辅助起重机dove's foot cranesbill 柔毛老鹤草economical gantry crane 简单龙门起重机; 简易龙门起重机electric cater-pillar crane 电动履带起重机electric crane 电动吊车; 电动起重机; 电力起重机electric double-beam bridge crane 电动双梁桥式起重机electric gantry crane 电动龙门式起重机electric jib crane 电动单臂起重机electric locomotive crane 电动机车起重机electric monorail crane 电动单轨起重机electric motor-operated fixed crane 固定式电动起重机electric overhead travelling crane 电动桥式起重机electric single beam crane 电动单梁起重机electric single-beam bridge crane 电动单梁桥式起重机electric slewing crane 电动旋臂起重机electric travel(l)ing crane 电力移动起重机electric travelling crane 电动移动式起重机; 电力移动式起重机electric two-beam bridge crane 电动双梁桥式起重机electric tyre crane 电动轮胎起重机electrical bibeam bridge crane 电动双梁桥式起重机electromagnetic crane 电磁铁起重机electromagnetic disk single-trackcrane电磁盘式单轨吊electromagnetic gantry crane 电磁龙门吊electronic crane scale 电子吊秤erecting crane 装配吊车; 安装用起重机erection crane 安装起重机farm crane 农用起重机fixed boom crane 定臂起重机fixed crane 固定式起重机fixed derrick crane 固定式动臂起重机fixed gantry crane 固定门式起重机; 固定式龙门起重机fixed gauntry crane 固定龙门起重机fixed jib crane 固定式悬臂起重机floating crane 浮动起重机; 浮式起重机; 浮筒起重机; 水上起重机floating crane 浮吊floating crane 浮吊floating jib crane 水上悬臂起重机flying crane helicopter 起重直升机forging crane 锻造起重机foundry slewing crane 翻砂间旋臂起重机full circle crane 全旋转式起重机; 全转式起重机full-rotating crane 全转式起重机gantry crane龙门吊车; 门架吊机; 门式起重机; 轨道吊车; 高架吊车; 高架起重机; 高架移动式起重机gantry crane with man-trolley 带司机小车的龙门起重机gantry crane with shuttle girder 滑伸式龙门起重机gantry crane with slewing man-trolley带司机小车的旋臂龙门起重机gantry transfer crane 门式搬运起重机gasoline crane 汽油起重机geared crane ladle 手摇吊包giant crane 巨型起重机; 巨型起重机gib arm of crane 吊车臂; 吊车起重扒杆gib crane 挺杆起重机goliath crane 巨型起重机; 巨型起重机; 强力起重机; 移动式巨型起重机; 高架起重机gooseneck crane 鹅颈式起重机grab bucket crane 抓斗起重机grab crane 抓岩机吊车grab(bing) crane 抓斗起重机grabbing crane 抓式起重机grapnel travel(l)ing crane 抓斗行走吊车grapnel traveling crane 锚钩式行走起重机grapple equiped crane 锚固式起重机ground-handling crane 地面使用起重机guy derrick crane 牵索人字起重机; 牵索转臂起重机half-gantry crane 单脚高架起重机hammer crane 锤头式起重机hammer crane head 锤式起重机头hammer head crane 锤式起重机hammerhead crane 锤头式起重机hammer-head crane 塔式起重机; 塔式悬臂吊车hammerhead slewing crane 锤头式旋动起重机hand crane 手动起重机hand power track crane 手力移动式起重机hand power travelling crane 手移起重机hand power truck crane 手拉行车hand slewing crane 手旋起重机hand slewing crane ( 小型) 手推旋转起重机hand travelling crane 手移起重机hand wharf crane 手摇码头起重机hand-operated overhang crane 手动单梁桥吊harbour crane 岸上起重机hatch crane 舱口起重机heavy crane 重型吊车heavy duty crane 重级工作制吊车helmet crane 帽形起重机high pedestal jib crane 门座式悬臂起重机high-portal-framed crane 高架门式起重机hoist crane 起重葫芦hoisting crane 升降起重机hook gantry crane 吊钩龙门吊hook type crane 钩式起重机hydraulic crane 水压起重机; 液力起重机; 液压起重机hydraulic gantry crane 液压高架起重机; 水力龙门起重机; 水力桥式起重机hydraulic mobile crane 液压汽车起重机hydraulic slewing crane 液压旋臂起重机;水力旋臂起重机ice can crane 吊冰行车industrial mobile crane 工业用自走式起重机ingot charging crane 铸锭起重机; 钢锭装料吊车ingot crane 钢锭吊车; 钢锭起重机; 吊锭吊车ingot drawing crane 脱锭吊车ingot pit crane 均热炉钳式吊车; 均热炉钳式吊车ingot stripping crane 脱模吊车; 钢锭脱模吊车isolated piller crane 回转起重机jib crane 动臂起重机; 旋臂吊机; 旋臂起重机; 摇臂起重机; 转臂式起重机; 挺杆起重机jib crane charger 回转式吊车加料机jib-boom crane 装配吊车kangaroo crane 带斗式起重机; 袋鼠式起重机ladle crane 铁水包吊车level-luffing crane 鹅头伸臂起重机; 平等运送旋臂起重机; 水平俯仰起重机lever of crane 起重机臂lifting capacity of crane 吊车起重能力; 起重机起重量lifting crane 起重吊车lifting magnet crane 电磁吊车; 电磁吊盘light mast crane 轻型桅杆式转臂起重机loading crane 装料吊车long-boom wharf crane 码头长臂起重机; 码头用长臂起重机lorry loading crane 装车起重机lorry-mounted crane 随车起重机; 起重汽车; 汽车吊; 汽车式起重机low truck crane 车轴式起重机luffing crane 水平起重机; 俯仰式起重机luffing-jib crane 俯仰旋臂起重机magnet chamshell crane 磁力自卸吊车magnet crane 磁力起重机magnet slab turning crane 磁力翻板坯吊车magnetic crane 电磁吊车; 磁力起重机; 磁盘起重机main engine overhauling crane 主机解体检修用吊车make-up crane 配料起重机manifold crane 多用起重机manual crane 手动起重机mast crane 桅杆起重机; 桅式吊机; 柱形塔式起重机material handling crane 运料吊车meadow cranesbill 草原老鹤草mobile automatic manure crane 移动式厩肥自动吊车mobile crane 移动式吊车; 移动式起重机mobile crane ( 常指无轨起重机) 自行吊车mobile hydraulic crane 移动式液压吊车monobox crane 单箱体式起重机; 箱形单梁起重机monorail crane 单轨吊; 单轨起重机monorail crane truck 单轨起重车monostack crane 单轨堆垛起重机movable crane 活动起重机moving bridge crane 移动桥架式起重机; 移动式桥式起重机moving crane 行走吊车non-revolving crane 不可回旋起重机off-highway wheel crane 越野轮式起重机one motor traveling crane 单马达移动吊车one-legged crane 单脚起重机one-motor travel(1)ing crane 单马达吊车ore-loading crane 矿石装卸吊车overhang crane 高架起重机overhead crane 桥式吊车; 高架起重机; 行车overhead grabbing crane 高架抓斗吊车overhead travelling crane with hoist 电动葫芦桥式起重机overhead-travelling crane 高架移动式起重机pendulum crane 摆式吊车pier crane 码头起重机pile driver crane 打桩起重机piling crane 叠板堆垛吊车pillar (rotary, revolving) crane 立柱式旋臂起重机pillar crane 柱式起重机; 塔式起重机pillar jib crane 转柱挺杆起重机pipe-laying crane 铺管机pit crane 翻板坯吊车; 翻坯吊车pivot slewing crane 枢转起重机pivoted jib crane 旋转式悬臂吊车plate crane 板材吊车; 铁板起重机platform crane 台车起重机platform-crane 月台起重机pneumatic crane 风动起重机; 气动吊车polar crane 回转式吊车Polaris-toting crane 波拉瑞氏起重机pontoon crane 平底船起重机; 水上起重机portable cantilever floor crane 轻便悬臂起重机portable crane 轻便起重机; 移动式起重机portable derrick crane 轻便转臂起重机portable floor crane 轻便落地吊车portable slewing crane 轻便转臂起重机portable steam crane 轻便蒸汽起重机portable telescopic crane 轻便伸缩臂式起重机portable yard crane 轻便吊车portal crane 门式起重机portal jib crane 门吊; 门式起重机; 门式旋臂起重机; 龙门吊车post crane 塔柱起重机power crane 动力吊车; 动力起重机; 电动起重机protable slewing crane 轻便旋臂起重机pto driven manure crane 动力输出轴驱动厩肥吊车pyramid crane 角锥架起重机quaternion crane 港口门式起重机quay crane 码头起重机; 码头桥式起重机; 港岸起重机quayside container crane 码头区集装箱起重机rail container crane 集装箱轨道起重机rail crane 轨道起重机rail-mounted crane 轨行起重机rail-mounted overhead crane 轨行高架起重机railway crane 铁路起重机red-crowned crane 仙鹤revolving boom crane 旋转伸臂起重机revolving crane 旋转起重机; 回转起重机revolving disk crane 转盘式起重机revolving mast-type jib crane 定臂转柱起重机revolving pillar jib crane 立柱式旋臂起重机; 回旋立柱臂杆起重机revolving track crane 回转式轨道起重机roof crane 屋顶起重机rope driven travelling crane 钢丝绳移动起重机rotary boom crane 旋转吊杆起重机rotary crane 回转吊车; 回转式起重机; 旋转起重机; 旋转式起重机rotary grab crane 旋转式抓斗起重机rotary tower crane 回转塔式起重机rotating crane 旋转吊车rough-terrain crane 越野起重机rough-terrain wheeled crane 越野轮式起重机rubber tyred gantry crane 轮胎式龙门吊rubbertyred container gantry crane 轮胎式集装箱龙门起重机run about crane 移动式起重机runabout crane 轻便起重机self-propelled crane 自走式起重机; 移动式起重机self-propelled floating revolvingcrane自航回旋浮吊self-propelled gantry manure crane 自走式厩肥高架起重机semi portal crane 单脚高架起重机semi-gantry crane 单脚高架起重机semi-goliath crane 半门式起重机semi-portal bridge crane 半龙门起重机semi-portal crane 半门式起重机; 半门座悬臂起重机; 单柱高架起重机shaft-driven travel(l)ing crane 轴动移动起重机shear leg crane 双腿式起重机; 人字吊臂起重机shear-leg crane 三脚起重机shear-leg derrick crane 合撑式起重机sheet iron crane 铁板起重机shifting crane 移动式起重机shipboard gantry crane 船上桥式吊车ship's crane 船用起重机shop crane 厂用起重机shore crane 岸吊single-beam crane 单轨起重机; 单梁起重机single-beam electric crane 电动单梁起重机single-beam electric hook crane 电动单梁吊钩起重机single-beam travel crane 单梁自行式起重机single-cantilever gantry crane 单悬臂式龙门起重机skip crane 吊斗起重机sky-crane 空中起重机skyline crane 起运机slewing crane 旋臂起重机; 转吊机; 转动起重机; 回臂起重机; 回转式起重机slewing pillar crane 转柱式起重机slow-speed bridge crane 慢速桥式起重机small-flowered cranesbill 小仙鹤草soaking pit crane 夹钳起重机span of crane 起重机臂伸距stack crane 堆装起重机stamp work's crane 碎铁用起重机stationary crane 固定起重机; 固定式起重机stationary slewing crane 定柱旋臂起重机steam crane 蒸汽起重机steam crane (hoist) 蒸汽吊车steam slewing crane 蒸汽旋臂起重机steel beam for crane 吊车钢轨stevedoring crane 装卸起重机stiff-boom crane 固定伸臂起重机stiff-leg derrick crane 定腿式人字起重机stock crane 堆货吊车store crane 仓库起重机straddle carrier crane 跨载起重机straddle crane 跨装起重机straight line crane 直线运动起重机stripper crane 脱模吊车stripper-crane 脱模吊车; 剥片吊车stripping crane 脱锭起重机; 脱模起重机; 剥片吊车strode of crane 起重机起重高度stroke of crane 吊车起重高度studio crane 演播室升降设备swing crane 回转式起重机; 旋臂起重机swing lever crane 旋臂起重机; 旋臂式起重机swinging crane 摇臂吊车; 摇臂起重机swinging pillar jib crane 定柱旋臂起重机tail radius of crane 后部旋转半径; 起重机后部旋转半径tavelling crane 移动起重机teeming crane 浇铸起重机; 浇注起重机telescopic jib crane 伸缩式臂架起重机telpher crane 电动小吊车three-operating crane 三用起重机titan crane 巨型起重机; 巨型起重机tong crane 钳式吊; 钳式吊车tower crane 塔吊; 塔式起重机tower gantry crane 塔式龙门起重机tower jib crane 塔式挺杆起重机tower slewing crane 塔式旋臂起重机towrope crane 缆索起重机track crane 轨道起重机track laying crane 铺轨机track steam crane 轨道蒸汽吊tracklaying crane 铺轨起重机tractor crane 拖拉机起重机transfer crane 运送吊车; 搬运吊车transport crane 运输起重机; 运输用的起重机transporter crane 桁架桥式起重机transshipment crane 转运起重机; 输送起重机traveling bucket crane 移动式抓斗起重机traveling crane 移动式龙门起重机traveling jib crane 移动挺杆起重机traveling luffing crane 移动式俯仰起重机traveling portable jib crane 移动式悬臂吊车traveling tower crane 移动塔式起重机travelling crane 移动式起重机; 起重机行车; 横动起重机travelling forge crane 锻造用移动式起重机travelling gantry crane 移动式龙门吊车travelling portal jib crane 门式移动悬臂起重机traversing crane 桥式吊车trestle crane 高架起重机; 门式起重机tripod crane 三支腿起重机truck crane 轮胎起重机truck with crane 载重汽车附起重机truck-mounted crane 装在汽车上的起重机turning crane 回转式起重机twin hood crane 双钩吊车twin travelling crane 双轮移动起重机twin-lift transporter container crane 双吊式集装箱装卸桥tyre crane 轮胎吊; 轮胎起重机underhung crane 下悬起重机underslung charging crane 悬臂式加料吊车universal crane 全向起重机; 万__________能装卸机vacuum cup crane 真空吸盘式升降机wagon crane 车辆起重机walking crane 步行式吊车; 活动吊车; 执行起重机wall crane 壁装起重机; 壁装式起重机; 墙上起重机; 墙装起重机wall jib crane 旋壁起重机; 旋臂吊车wall sleeving crane 壁行起重机wall slewing crane 墙上旋臂起重机warehouse crane 仓库起重机; 仓库用起重机water crane 水鹤; 水力起重机; 水压起重机water crane arm 水鹤臂water crane column 水鹤柱water crane jib 水鹤臂water crane stand 水鹤柱wharf crane 码头起重机wheel crane 轮式起重机wheeled crane 轮式起重机; 装轮的起重机wheel-mounted crane 轮胎起重机whip crane 动臂起重机whipping crane 摇臂起重机whirler crane 旋臂吊车; 回转式起重机white crane 白鹤with jib crane 带悬臂吊车的龙门起重机with jib crane 带悬臂吊车的龙门起重机with level luffing crane 带俯仰式吊车的龙门起重机with level luffing crane 带俯仰式吊车的龙门起重机with level luffing crane 装有起重杆升降设备的桥式起重机with level luffing crane 装有起重杆升降设备的桥式起重机workshop crane 车间起重机wreck crane 救险起重机; 救险起重机; 救援吊车; 救援吊车yard crane 移动起重机; 场地起重机; 场内起重机; 堆场吊机yard-crane 移动吊车abutment crane 台座起重机; 高座起重机ammunition crane 重炮装弹机crane ladle 吊包; 吊车浇包crane link 吊车吊架crane load 吊车起重量; 起重机起重量crane loading 起重机起吊; 起重机装运crane locomotive 起重机车crane magnet 电磁吸盘crane motor 吊车电动机crane output 起重能力crane platform 吊车平台crane radius 起重机起吊半径; 起重机伸臂活动半径; 起重机伸距crane rail 吊车轨crane rating 起重机定额; 起重机载重量crane rope 起重钢绳; 起重机吊索; 吊车钢丝绳crane runner 吊车司机crane runway 起重机走道; 天车滑道crane runway girder 起重机行车大梁crane saver 料垛送进装置crane scale 吊车衡crane shaft 起重机轴crane ship 水上起重机crane stake 起重机柱crane switch 起重机开关crane trolley 起重机行车; 吊机滑车crane trolley wire 起重机接触导线; 行车接触导线crane truck 汽车起重机; 吊车; 车载起重机; 车装起重机; 卡车起重机crane weigher 吊车秤crane wheel 吊车车轮crane winch 起重机绞车crane with double lever jib 四连杆伸臂起重机; 四连杆式伸臂起重机crane-type loader 起重机式装载机; 转臂式装载机craneage 吊车工时craneman 吊车工; 起重机手; 天车工crawler crane 履带吊; 履带起重机; 履带式起重机crawling crane 履带起重机; 履带式起重机crow crane 料耙起重机de-piling crane 叠板卸垛吊车deck crane 甲板起重机deck twin crane 并列式甲板起重机depiling crane 叠板卸垛吊车derrick crane 动臂起重机; 转臂起重机derrick wagon crane 车座人字起重机; 车座人字形起重机derricking jib crane 人字式转臂起重机dividing stationary tower crane 分立固定式塔吊dock crane 码头起重机; 船坞起重机; 造船起重机dogging crane 钳式吊车; 夹钳吊车donkey crane 辅助起重机dove's foot cranesbill 柔毛老鹤草economical gantry crane 简单龙门起重机; 简易龙门起重机electric cater-pillar crane 电动履带起重机electric crane 电动吊车; 电动起重机; 电力起重机electric double-beam bridge crane 电动双梁桥式起重机electric gantry crane 电动龙门式起重机electric jib crane 电动单臂起重机electric locomotive crane 电动机车起重机electric monorail crane 电动单轨起重机electric motor-operated fixed crane 固定式电动起重机electric overhead travelling crane 电动桥式起重机electric s ingle beam crane 电动单梁起重机electric s ingle-beam bridge crane 电动单梁桥式起重机electric s lewing crane 电动旋臂起重机electric travel(l)ing crane 电力移动起重机electric travelling crane 电动移动式起重机; 电力移动式起重机electric two-beam bridge crane 电动双梁桥式起重机electric tyre crane 电动轮胎起重机electrical bibeam bridge crane 电动双梁桥式起重机(EOT crane) 电动桥式起重机(EOT crane) 电动桥式起重机electromagnetic crane 电磁铁起重机electromagnetic disk single-track crane 电磁盘式单轨吊electromagnetic gantry crane 电磁龙门吊electronic crane scale 电子吊秤erecting crane 装配吊车; 安装用起重机erection crane 安装起重机farm crane 农用起重机fixed boom crane 定臂起重机fixed crane 固定式起重机fixed derrick crane 固定式动臂起重机fixed gantry crane 固定门式起重机; 固定式龙门起重机fixed gauntry crane 固定龙门起重机fixed jib crane 固定式悬臂起重机floating crane 浮动起重机; 浮式起重机; 浮筒起重机; 水上起重机floating jib crane 水上悬臂起重机flying crane helicopter 起重直升机forging crane 锻造起重机foundry slewing crane 翻砂间旋臂起重机full circle crane 全旋转式起重机; 全转式起重机full-rotating crane 全转式起重机gantry crane 龙门吊车; 门架吊机; 门式起重机; 轨道吊车; 高架吊车; 高架起重机; 高架移动式起重机with jib crane 带悬臂吊车的龙门起重机with jib crane 带悬臂吊车的龙门起重机with level luffing crane 带俯仰式吊车的龙门起重机with level luffing crane 带俯仰式吊车的龙门起重机gantry crane with man-trolley 带司机小车的龙门起重机gantry crane with shuttle girder 滑伸式龙门起重机gantry crane with slewing man-trolley 带司机小车的旋臂龙门起重机gantry transfer crane 门式搬运起重机gasoline crane 汽油起重机geared crane ladle 手摇吊包giant crane 巨型起重机; 巨型起重机gib arm of crane 吊车臂; 吊车起重扒杆gib crane 挺杆起重机goliath crane 巨型起重机; 巨型起重机; 强力起重机; 移动式巨型起重机; 高架起重机gooseneck crane 鹅颈式起重机grab bucket crane 抓斗起重机grab crane 抓岩机吊车grab(bing) crane 抓斗起重机grabbing crane 抓式起重机grapnel travel(l)ing crane 抓斗行走吊车grapnel traveling crane 锚钩式行走起重机grapple equiped crane 锚固式起重机ground-handling crane 地面使用起重机guy derrick crane 牵索人字起重机; 牵索转臂起重机half-gantry crane 单脚高架起重机hammer crane 锤头式起重机hammer crane head 锤式起重机头hammer head crane 锤式起重机hammer-head crane 塔式起重机; 塔式悬臂吊车hammerhead crane 锤头式起重机hammerhead slewing crane 锤头式旋动起重机hand crane 手动起重机hand power track crane 手力移动式起重机hand power travelling crane 手移起重机hand power truck crane 手拉行车hand slewing crane 手旋起重机hand slewing crane (小型) 手推旋转起重机hand travelling crane 手移起重机hand wharf crane 手摇码头起重机hand-operated overhang crane 手动单梁桥吊harbour crane 岸上起重机hatch crane 舱口起重机heavy crane 重型吊车heavy duty crane 重级工作制吊车helmet crane 帽形起重机high pedestal jib crane 门座式悬臂起重机high-portal-framed crane 高架门式起重机hoist crane 起重葫芦hoisting crane 升降起重机hook gantry crane 吊钩龙门吊hook type crane 钩式起重机hydraulic crane 水压起重机; 液力起重机; 液压起重机hydraulic gantry crane 液压高架起重机; 水力龙门起重机; 水力桥式起重机hydraulic mobile crane 液压汽车起重机hydraulic slewing crane 液压旋臂起重机; 水力旋臂起重机ice can crane 吊冰行车industrial mobile crane 工业用自走式起重机ingot charging crane 铸锭起重机; 钢锭装料吊车ingot crane 钢锭吊车; 钢锭起重机; 吊锭吊车ingot drawing crane 脱锭吊车ingot pit crane 均热炉钳式吊车; 均热炉钳式吊车ingot stripping crane 脱模吊车; 钢锭脱模吊车isolated piller crane 回转起重机jib crane 动臂起重机; 旋臂吊机; 旋臂起重机; 摇臂起重机; 转臂式起重机; 挺杆起重机jib crane charger 回转式吊车加料机jib-boom crane 装配吊车kangaroo crane 带斗式起重机; 袋鼠式起重机ladle crane 铁水包吊车level-luffing crane 鹅头伸臂起重机; 平等运送旋臂起重机; 水平俯仰起重机lever of crane 起重机臂lifting capacity of crane 吊车起重能力; 起重机起重量lifting crane 起重吊车lifting magnet crane 电磁吊车; 电磁吊盘light mast crane 轻型桅杆式转臂起重机loading crane 装料吊车long-boom wharf crane 码头长臂起重机; 码头用长臂起重机lorry loading crane 装车起重机lorry-mounted crane 随车起重机; 起重汽车; 汽车吊; 汽车式起重机low truck crane 车轴式起重机luffing crane 水平起重机; 俯仰式起重机luffing-jib crane 俯仰旋臂起重机magnet chamshell crane 磁力自卸吊车magnet crane 磁力起重机magnet slab turning crane 磁力翻板坯吊车magnetic crane 电磁吊车; 磁力起重机; 磁盘起重机main engine overhauling crane 主机解体检修用吊车make-up crane 配料起重机manifold crane 多用起重机manual crane 手动起重机mast crane 桅杆起重机; 桅式吊机; 柱形塔式起重机material handling crane 运料吊车meadow cranesbill 草原老鹤草mobile automatic manure crane 移动式厩肥自动吊车mobile crane 移动式吊车; 移动式起重机mobile crane (常指无轨起重机) 自行吊车mobile hydraulic crane 移动式液压吊车monobox crane 单箱体式起重机; 箱形单梁起重机monorail crane 单轨吊; 单轨起重机monorail crane truck 单轨起重车monostack crane 单轨堆垛起重机movable crane 活动起重机moving bridge crane 移动桥架式起重机; 移动式桥式起重机moving crane 行走吊车non-revolving crane 不可回旋起重机off-highway wheel crane 越野轮式起重机one motor traveling crane 单马达移动吊车one-legged crane 单脚起重机one-motor travel(1)ing crane 单马达吊车ore-loading crane 矿石装卸吊车overhang crane 高架起重机overhead crane 桥式吊车; 高架起重机; 行车overhead grabbing crane 高架抓斗吊车overhead travelling crane with hoist 电动葫芦桥式起重机overhead-travelling crane 高架移动式起重机pendulum crane 摆式吊车pier crane 码头起重机pile driver crane 打桩起重机piling crane 叠板堆垛吊车pillar (rotary, revolving) crane 立柱式旋臂起重机pillar crane 柱式起重机; 塔式起重机pillar jib crane 转柱挺杆起重机pipe-laying crane 铺管机pit crane 翻板坯吊车; 翻坯吊车pivot slewing crane 枢转起重机pivoted jib crane 旋转式悬臂吊车plate crane 板材吊车; 铁板起重机platform crane 台车起重机platform-crane 月台起重机pneumatic crane 风动起重机; 气动吊车polar crane 回转式吊车Polaris-toting crane 波拉瑞氏起重机pontoon crane 平底船起重机; 水上起重机floating crane 浮吊floating crane 浮吊portable cantilever floor crane 轻便悬臂起重机portable crane 轻便起重机; 移动式起重机portable derrick crane 轻便转臂起重机portable floor crane 轻便落地吊车portable slewing crane 轻便转臂起重机portable steam crane 轻便蒸汽起重机portable telescopic crane 轻便伸缩臂式起重机portable yard crane 轻便吊车portal crane 门式起重机portal jib crane 门吊; 门式起重机; 门式旋臂起重机; 龙门吊车post crane 塔柱起重机power crane 动力吊车; 动力起重机; 电动起重机protable slewing crane 轻便旋臂起重机pto driven manure crane 动力输出轴驱动厩肥吊车pyramid crane 角锥架起重机quaternion crane 港口门式起重机quay crane 码头起重机; 码头桥式起重机; 港岸起重机quayside container crane 码头区集装箱起重机rail container crane 集装箱轨道起重机rail crane 轨道起重机rail-mounted crane 轨行起重机rail-mounted overhead crane 轨行高架起重机railway crane 铁路起重机red-crowned crane 仙鹤revolving boom crane 旋转伸臂起重机revolving crane 旋转起重机; 回转起重机revolving disk crane 转盘式起重机revolving mast-type jib crane 定臂转柱起重机revolving pillar jib crane 立柱式旋臂起重机; 回旋立柱臂杆起重机revolving track crane 回转式轨道起重机roof crane 屋顶起重机rope driven travelling crane 钢丝绳移动起重机rotary boom crane 旋转吊杆起重机rotary crane 回转吊车; 回转式起重机; 旋转起重机; 旋转式起重机rotary grab crane 旋转式抓斗起重机rotary tower crane 回转塔式起重机rotating crane 旋转吊车rough-terrain crane 越野起重机rough-terrain wheeled crane 越野轮式起重机rubber tyred gantry crane 轮胎式龙门吊rubbertyred container gantry crane 轮胎式集装箱龙门起重机run about crane 移动式起重机runabout crane 轻便起重机self-propelled crane 自走式起重机; 移动式起重机self-propelled floating revolving crane 自航回旋浮吊self-propelled gantry manure crane 自走式厩肥高架起重机semi portal crane 单脚高架起重机semi-gantry crane 单脚高架起重机semi-goliath crane 半门式起重机semi-portal bridge crane 半龙门起重机semi-portal crane 半门式起重机; 半门座悬臂起重机; 单柱高架起重机shaft-driven travel(l)ing crane 轴动移动起重机shear leg crane 双腿式起重机; 人字吊臂起重机shear-leg crane 三脚起重机shear-leg derrick crane 合撑式起重机sheet iron crane 铁板起重机。
起重机专业英语词汇
crane fall 起重机吊索crane fueling rig 起重机吊起燃油补给用索具crane hook 起重机吊钩crane jib 吊臂crane lighter 有起重机的驳船crane load compensator 吊缆伸缩件crane load 吊车起重量crane magnet 起重磁铁crane man 起重机司机;起重机指挥者crane man 起重机司机起重机指挥者crane man's house 起重机操作室crane motor 起重电动机crane operator 吊车司机crane output 吊车能力crane output 起重机能力crane pillar 起动机支柱crane pillar 起重机支柱crane post 起重机支柱crane post 起重机支柱起重机主柱crane radias 起重机伸距crane radius 起重机伸距crane rail 起重机轨crane rating 起重机额定起重量crane rigger 起重机吊运工crane rigger 起重机指挥者crane rigger 起重机指挥者；起重工crane rope 起重机吊索crane shaft 起重机支柱起重机主柱crane shaft 起重机轴crane shaft 起重机主柱crane ship 起重船crane stalk 起重船起重机支柱crane switch 起重机开关crane track 起重机轨道crane load 吊车起重量crane man's house 起重机操作室crane motor 起重电动机crane operator 吊车司机crane output 起重机能力crane post 起重机支柱起crane radias 起重机伸距crane radius 起重机伸距crane rating 起重机额定起重量crane rigger 起重机吊运工crane rigger 起重机指挥者crane rope 起重机吊索;crane shaft 起重机轴Mcrane ship 起重船crane stalk 起重船起重机柱最crane switch 起重机开关crane track 起重机轨道crane wheel pairs and blocks 起重机轮系和滑轮组起重机crane whip 起重吊索crane 起重机crane 起重机例：crane-man's house 起重机操纵室Mcraneman 吊车司机craneman's house 起重机操纵室;craneman's house 起重机操作室cranes 起货设备吊钩升hoist up吊钩降hoist down卷扬升/降winch uo/down回转左/右slewing left/right小车变幅进/出trolley in/out制动释放brake release主要参数 Main parameters起重机工作级别crane classification group 额定起重量rated capacity抓斗容量capability of grab幅度 radius最大 maximum最小 minimum起升高度 load-lifting height下降深度 load-lowering height抓斗工作速度working speed of grab绳速 rope speed起升 lifting开闭 open close回转速度 slewing speed变幅速度derricking speed运行速度traveling speed工作风压 operation wind pressure非工作风压non-operation wind pressure轮压 wheel load钢轨型号rail type输入电压 input supply 380v 50Hz总功率total power起重机总质量 total massplain trolly滑动小车geared trolly链动小车monorail motorized trolly 单轨电动小车motor saddle trolly 双轨电动小车electric block 电动葫芦load chain fall number 链条挂数lift height 扬程卸扣 shackle自重 self weight吊环螺钉 eye bolt链条卸扣 connecting link花兰螺丝 turnbuckle。
起重机和起重吊装英语词汇
起重机和起重吊装英语词汇（一）由于工作的原因，整理了起重专业部分英语词汇，不敢说是原创，因为每个字词在《韦氏国际英语词典》上都有，但绝对是自编。
目前按照《起重机》《起重机术语》《起重吊装术语》几个分类分别整理，限于知识水平，只收入了大分类和比较简单的，对有歧义和矛盾的，结合已出版的国标规进行了修订，下一步准备做出图解版词汇表。
请大家帮忙修正一下，先不忙拷贝，因为错误可能很多。
例如moblie crane我认为是移动式起重机，但根据《汽车起重机和轮胎起重机试验规》（GB/T 6068.1-2005）是轮胎起重机，参考多数词典倾向于wheel crane / wheeled crane 才是轮胎起重机，我仍然坚持了自己的观点。
起重机分类：（crane类）moblie crane 移动式起重机truck crane 汽车式起重机wheel crane / wheeled crane 轮胎起重机crawler crane / caterpillar crane 履带吊;履带式起重机tower crane 塔吊; 塔式起重机-construction tower cranes / building tower crane 建筑塔式起重机，建筑塔机-luffing jib tower crane 动臂塔式起重机-tower jib crane 塔式挺杆起重机（含义与上同）bridge crane/traveling crane/overhead crane 桥吊；桥式吊车; 桥式起重机-electric traveling crane 电动桥式起重机（俗称行车、天车）-electric double-beam bridge crane 电动双梁桥式起重机portal crane / portal bridge crane门式起重机- semi-goliath crane 半门式起重机- semi-portal bridge crane 半龙门起重机gantry cranes 龙门起重机- rubber tyred gantry crane 轮胎式龙门吊- electric gantry crane 电动龙门式起重机- hook gantry crane 吊钩龙门吊- economical gantry crane 简单龙门起重机; 简易龙门起重机- rubber tyred container gantry crane 轮胎式集装箱龙门起重机barges / floating Cranes 船式起重机; 浮吊; 浮式起重机水上起重机boom crane 吊杆起重机; 桁梁起重机; 臂式起重机; 伸臂起重机bucket crane 料罐起重机; 吊斗起重机building crane 建筑起重机cable crane 索道起重机; 缆索起重机container crane 集装箱起重机electric crane 电动吊车; 电动起重机; 电力起重机electriomagnet crane 电磁铁起重机electric jib crane 电动单臂起重机fixed crane 固定式起重机climbing crane 爬升式起重机；攀爬式起重机fixed derrick crane 固定式动臂起重机fixed jib crane 固定式悬臂起重机flying crane helicopter 起重直升机hoist crane 起重葫芦hoisting crane 升降起重机hook type crane 钩式起重机twin hood crane 双钩吊车mobile crane 移动式吊车; 移动式起重机quay crane 码头起重机; 码头桥式起重机; 港岸起重机revolving track crane 回转式轨道起重机circular crane 旋转式吊车环形吊车roof crane 屋顶起重机transporter crane 桁架式起重机electric crane 电动吊车; 电动起重机gasoline crane 汽油起重机hydraulic crane 液力起重机; 液压起重机derrick crane 人字扒杆人字起重机-travelling derrick crane 移动式人字扒杆jib crane / cantilever crane 悬臂式起重机wall crane 壁式起重机heavy duty crane 重型起重机起重机和起重吊装英语词汇（二）起重机术语类：crane output / carrying capacity of crane / lifting capacity of crane 吊车起重能力crane load 起重机起重量; 起重机起重量crane rating 起重机定额; 起重机载重量crane radius 起重机起吊半径; 起重机伸臂活动半径; 起重机伸距craneage 吊车工时crane beam 行车梁起重机大梁crane stair 起重机楼梯hoist drive mechanism 起重机驱动机构travelling crab 起重机小车hoisting controller 起重控制器吊车控制手柄hoisting facility 起重设施lifting gear 起重装置crane (runway) girder 吊车梁crane support wall 吊车支承墙crane boom 起重机吊架; 起重架; 吊车臂; 吊车起重扒杆; 吊杆crane column 吊车柱crane hook / grab （or lift hook）（or dolly）起重机吊钩crane jib 起重机吊杆crane bridge 起重机桥crane buffer 吊车缓冲器crane rope / crane cable起重钢绳; 起重机吊索; 吊车钢丝绳crane carriage 起重小车; 横行小车crane carrier 起重机载运车crane controller 起重控制器crane fall 起重机索crane motor / crane hoist type motor 起重机电动机crane platform 起重机平台crane rail 吊车轨，起重机轨道crane runner 吊车司机crane runway 起重机走道; 天车滑道crane weigher 吊车秤crane wheel 吊车车轮crane winch 起重机绞车lifting tackle 起重滑车lever of crane 起重机臂hoisting tools 起重工具吊具lifting rope 吊绳起重钢丝绳起重机和起重吊装英语词汇（三）第一篇我就说过，请大家帮忙修正一下，有需要的，先不忙拷贝，因为错误可能很多。
工程机械英语
起重机械bridge crane，桥吊chain block，倒链crawler（caterpillar）crane，履带式吊车electric winch，电动葫芦fork lift，叉车gantry crane，门机hoist，启闭机hydraulic hoist，液压启闭机wire rope hoist，固定卷扬机式启闭机mobile crane，汽车吊portal crane，桥式启闭机tower crane，塔吊truck with crane，汽车式起重机运输机械ambulance，救护车bulk cement truck，散装水泥车conveyor belt，输送代dump truck，自卸卡车fire engine，消防车flat bed trailer，平板拖车front dumper，前自卸车front tipper，前翻斗车fuel tank，油罐车loader，装载机loader for shafts，竖井用装运机lorry，货车，载重车low bed trailer，低底盘拖车mine car，矿车mucking machine，出碴车pick-up，小吨位卡车（皮卡车）ready-mix concrete truck，混凝土搅拌车rear dumper，后卸式汽车refrigerated truck冷藏车rigid flat truck，平板车skip lorry，翻斗卡车three-wheeler，三轮车tractor，拖拉机transit mixer，搅拌车truck agitator，搅拌车vacuum silica fume tanker，真空硅粉罐车water tanker，洒水车wheel loader，轮式装载机混凝土生产、浇筑及振捣机械aggregate cooling silo，骨料冷却仓cement silo，水泥罐compartment silo，隔仓罐concrete batcher（distributor），混凝土配料器concrete bucket，混凝土吊罐concrete feeder，混凝土喂料器concrete mixer，混凝土拌和机concrete rehandling silo，混凝土再处理罐creter crane，胎带机dry method shotcreting machine，混凝土干喷机electric vibrator，电动振动棒external vibrator，附者式振捣器flyash silo，粉煤灰罐grout pump and mixer，灌浆泵和拌和机high speed vibrator，高频振捣器ice-plant，制冰厂mobile concrete pump，移动式混凝土泵pneumatic vibrator，气动振动泵sack emptying machine，倒带机stationary concrete pump，固定式混凝土泵tower belt，塔带water chiller，水冷却器wet shotcreting machine，混凝土湿喷机钻孔开挖及支护机械设备3-arm jumbo drill，3臂凿岩台车backhoe，反铲breaker hammer，jet hammer手风钻bulldozer，推土机clamshell，抓铲climbing platform，升降平台column drill，架式风钻crawler excavator，履带式挖掘机down-hole drill，潜孔钻explosive truck，炸药车face shovel，正铲hand drill，手钻hydraulic rockbreaker for excavation backhoe，反铲液压碎石机hydrofraise，水力铰刀（双轮铣）jackhammer，风镐multi-boom drill，多臂钻percussion chisels，冲击钻percussive hammer，冲击锤pneumatic concretebreaker，风动混凝土破碎机pneumatic rockbreaker，风动岩石破碎机pneumatic rockdrill，风动岩石钻机ripper for dozer，裂土器rockbolting machine，锚杆机scabling rod，撬棍table drill，台钻trenching machine，挖沟机wheel excavator，轮式挖掘机填筑碾压机械frog tamper，蛙夯grader（leveler，scrape），平地机hand guide heavy duty mechanical tamper，手扶式机械夯hand guided vibratory roller，手扶式振动碾rammer，夯实机roller compactor，碾压机smooth drum vibratory roller，振动平碾special compactor，专门压土机tamping foot vibratory roller，羊足碾vibration plate compactor，平板振动碾压机vibration roller，振动碾材料加工机械hand saw，带锯bar bending machine，弯筋机bar cutter，钢筋切断机bench planer，台式刨床bench saw，台式锯breaker，破碎机classifier，分选机column drilling machine，柱式钻床concrete saw，混凝土锯diesel welder，柴油焊机double grinder，双层磨床drilling machine，钻床electric welder，电气焊机gasoline chain saw，机械链锯grinder，砂轮机grinding machine，磨床hand circular saw，摇杆圆锯平台horizontal drilling machine，卧式钻床magnet drilling machine，磁力钻床milling machine，铣床mobile circular saw bench，移动圆锯平台planing machine，刨床radial arm saw，圆盘踞radial drilling machine，径向钻床rod mill，棒磨机sand blasting machine，喷砂枪shaping machine，刨床sharpening machine，磨钻机shield circular saw bench，手工电弧焊stationary circular saw bench，固定圆锯平台swinging saw，册移圆锯welding rectifier，焊接纠正仪。
电动葫芦起重机参数(英文)
3.15 Hoisting Equipment3.15.1 Scope of supply and design parameters1. The tenderer should be according to the requirements on provide the equipment the engineering needed, including the travel mechanism and hoisting equipment, such as: mainframe, motor, electrical block, wire cable, fixed part, accessories, matched electric cable etc., it should be guaranteed the design, manufacture, check, inspection and so on of above mentioned equipment should comply the code requirement; meanwhile the tenderer should provide corresponding site service, including the installation guidance and adjustment of the hoisting equipment.Electric mono-spar suspension hoist crane technical performance list3.15.2 Technical Requirements1. In order to guarantee the standardization of the products on the aspects of operation, maintenance and spare parts, requiring all the equipment and component of same type should be the products of the same manufacturer as possible. All the electric-drive hoisting equipment should set power switch on the ground.2. All equipment and product should have performance inspection before ex works; the tenderer should provide the following: ex works product certificate of inspection, approved certificate for product, product instruction, packing list, and list of accessories and spare parts.3. All the electric driving device of the hoisting equipment should be complete matched by the hoisting equipment manufacturer, to make it form complete hoisting equipment.3.15.2 Material to be submittedThe tenderer should submit the following information, but not limited to the following:(1) The concerned technical data and electric schematic diagram of electric machine and electricity;(2) Installation instruction, equipment operation and service manual;(3) Qualification certificate of manufacturer and achievement;(4) Bidding technicality description (design, structure, material etc.) and sample editing;(5) Manufacturing and quality assurance measures;(6) Debugging and detection requirement before test-run;(7) Submitting five users certificates of successful operation running domestically in recent five years;(8) The hoisting equipment manufacturing license issued by Domestic Labor Department;3.15.3 Basic requirements1. Reference standardsThe design, manufacture, inspection, packaging, transportation and installation process of the product should be consistent with ISO, IEC international standards and the equivalent standards such as GB, JB, JIS, DIN, ANCI, etc. (These standards should be the updated standards that are not be invalidated) )2. Other technical requirements(1) The hoisting equipment supplied by the tenderer should include theelectric mono-spar suspension hoist crane, electrical block and theconcerned accessories for connection.(2) The complete electric motor and the speed reducer should be supplied bythe manufacturer in the form of complete and matching.(3) The equipment failure free operation time should not be less than 10,000hours; the electric apparatus’ service life should not be less than 3years, the speed reducer and bearing service life should be 10 years,the coating service should be over 5 years; the complete machine servicelife should be more than 25 years.(4) Anti-corrosion of equipment: the surface de-rusting grade of all carbonsteel components should comply with the Sa2.5 grade standard stipulatedin GB8923-88(5) The manufacturer should provide 1 set special tools and spare parts forthe equipment installation and maintenance.(6) Nameplate and LabelIt should be fastened for All equipment with the stainless steelnameplate of following technical specification contents: Number, Model,Power, main technical parameter, weight, manufacturer, date ofmanufacture etc.(7) Material and ProcessAll materials must be the high quality material with indicated grade andspecies, these should be the newest material used by the manufacturer,not the rejected into disuse, and the manufacturing process should bethe contemporary optimality criteria.(8) The tenderer should be in charge to guide the installation of theequipment, to accomplish the debugging work of the equipment within theperiod stipulated by the construction party.3.15.4 Structural requirements(1) Traveling Mechanism BodyThe body is rigid structure, forbidden any abnormal bend.The traveling mechanism driving relies on the electric motor through speedreducer to drive the trolley’s driving shaft.The mono-spar body should have a roller stabilizer, to prevent the travelingmechanism from incline during operation.The material of the traveling mechanism wheel is steel rolling or forgedsteel heat treated; the hardness of the tread of the wheel should be at 200Brinell at least.After refining process and burnishing, the wheel axle material can assembly the inner bearing washer.When using the rotation axis, the wheel should install the contractor and key, or install the key only.All the gears are spiral tooth, straight tooth or herringbone tooth, the gear wheel is manufactured of steel rolling or cast iron, and process it to be 20° pressure intermeshing angle.The bearing is the radial and thrust, double bank, angular contact ball bearing, or the double bank thrust type roller bearing. Before installation the bearing should be lubrication and sealing; the brake of the traveling mechanism should be assembled according to the stipulated working grade, the traveling mechanism should be matched with ripple damper(2) Electrical blockThe machine parts of the electrical block are composed by the winding drum, driving equipment, load box, hook, steel cable, pulley and brake.When the hook is at the lowest position, on winding drum there are at least 2 loop of steel cable.The winding drum size and steel cable length should be confirmed according to the design drawings.The load box adopts the enclosed type to have interference prevention.The steel cable should have enough flexibility and toughness.There should be enough toughness, when overload, before failure the hook should be with enough degree of freedom.Under rated load, the hook can turn 360°.The crane should be matched with electric brake and mechanical braking, it can be adjusted so as to compensate wear-out.(3) Power EquipmentThe crane manufacturer should install the electric device on the crane including the electric motor, electric motor starter, suspension control and conduit etc.The electric motor is squirrel cage type, under the condition of full load, with low start current and high start torque. Each phase of the AC electric motor should have overload relay.The rail conductor should be trolley line type. As the deviation of designed voltage of the building system is 5%, the track and traveling mechanism conductor from motor track power supply of control crane to operation the deviation is 10%.The sliding conductor is composed by galvanized steel strip encapsulated in the insulation material box, the relay is slide block style with pressing out spring.The hoister should be equipped with controller of momentary contact button, whenever any electric cable is in power-cut, it can stop all the electric motors until re-operation. Each electric motor should be equipped with low-voltage protection.The traveling mechanism should have slow start device.The hoister should be equipped with the controller, the controller should be hung down by electric cable, on the controller there are stop/start buttons for hoister, axle track, traveling mechanism controlling.(4) Safety FactorThe safety factor of the hoister is 1.2 times of the nominal load, theultimate load test should be done before ex works, and the test report andrecord should be submitted. The hoister’s fault-free time should be 5 yearswithout maintenance; the service life should be 40 years.3.15.5 Main components and materialsMain beam: carbon steel Q235ARoad wheel: cast steel ZG55Fastener: stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti。
起重机专业英语词汇
起重机专业英语词汇1. 起重机（Crane）2. 桥式起重机（Overhead Crane）3. 门式起重机（Gantry Crane）4. 塔式起重机（Tower Crane）5. 行车（Hoist）6. 吊钩（Hook）7. 钢丝绳（Wire Rope）8. 滑轮（Pulley）9. 制动器（Brake）10. 电动机（Motor）11. 限位器（Limit Switch）12. 变频器（Inverter）13. 载荷（Load）14. 起升高度（Lifting Height）15. 工作半径（Working Radius）16. 起重量（Lifting Capacity）17. 最大起升速度（Maximum Lifting Speed）18. 运行速度（Running Speed）19. 安全装置（Safety Device）20. 驾驶室（Cab）21. 操作手柄（Control Lever）22. 控制系统（Control System）23. 液压系统（Hydraulic System）24. 电气系统（Electrical System）25. 轨道（Rail）26. 支腿（Outrigger）27. 防摇摆装置（AntiSway Device）28. 定滑轮（Fixed Pulley）29. 动滑轮（Moveable Pulley）30. 钢丝绳夹（Wire Rope Clamp）掌握这些专业英语词汇，有助于在起重机行业中进行顺畅的沟通与交流，提高工作效率。
在今后的工作中，不断积累和丰富自己的专业英语词汇，将为您的职业生涯增添更多亮点。
起重机专业英语词汇扩展31. 起重机操作员（Crane Operator）32. 起重机维护工程师（Crane Maintenance Engineer）33. 起重机设计工程师（Crane Design Engineer）34. 起重机安全规程（Crane Safety Regulations）35. 起重机载荷表（Crane Load Chart）36. 起重机检验（Crane Inspection）37. 起重机租赁服务（Crane Rental Service）38. 起重机安装（Crane Installation）39. 起重机拆卸（Crane Dismantling）40. 起重机故障排除（Crane Troubleshooting）41. 起重机配件（Crane Spare Parts）42. 起重机制造商（Crane Manufacturer）43. 起重机经销商（Crane Dealer）44. 起重机售后服务（Crane AfterSales Service）45. 起重机操作培训（Crane Operation Training）46. 起重机认证（Crane Certification）47. 起重机保险（Crane Insurance）48. 起重机载荷测试（Crane Load Test）49. 起重机远程控制（Crane Remote Control）50. 起重机节能技术（Crane EnergySaving Technology）了解这些词汇，不仅有助于您在起重机行业中的专业交流，还能让您在阅读相关英文资料、参加国际会议或与外国同行沟通时更加得心应手。
起重机介绍外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
附录外文文献原文：The Introduction of cranesA crane is defined as a mechanism for lifting and lowering loads with a hoisting mechanism Shapiro, 1991. Cranes are the most useful and versatile piece of equipment on a vast majority of construction projects. They vary widely in configuration, capacity, mode of operation, intensity of utilization and cost. On a large project, a contractor may have an assortment of cranes for different purposes. Small mobile hydraulic cranes may be used for unloading materials from trucks and for small concrete placement operations, while larger crawler and tower cranes may be used for the erection and removal of forms, the installation of steel reinforcement, the placement of concrete, and the erection of structural steel and precast concrete beams.On many construction sites a crane is needed to lift loads such as concrete skips, reinforcement, and formwork. As the lifting needs of the construction industry have increased and diversified, a large number of general and special purpose cranes have been designed and manufactured. These cranes fall into two categories, those employed in industry and those employed in construction. The most common types of cranes used in construction are mobile, tower, and derrick cranes.1.Mobile cranesA mobile crane is a crane capable of moving under its own power without being restricted to predetermined travel. Mobility is provided by mounting or integrating the crane with trucks or all terrain carriers or rough terrain carriers or by providing crawlers. Truck-mounted cranes have the advantage of being able to move under their own power to the construction site. Additionally, mobile cranes can move about the site, and are often able to do the work of several stationary units.Mobile cranes are used for loading, mounting, carrying large loads and for work performed in the presence of obstacles of various kinds such as power lines and similar technological installations. The essential difficulty is here the swinging of the payload which occurs during working motion and also after the work is completed. This applies particularly to the slewing motion of the crane chassis, for which relatively large angular accelerations and negative accelerations of the chassis are characteristic. Inertia forces together with the centrifugal force and the Carioles force cause the payload to swing as a spherical pendulum. Proper control of the slewing motion of the crane serving to transport a payload to the defined point with simultaneous minimization of the swings when the working motion is finished playsan important role in the model.Modern mobile cranes include the drive and the control systems. Control systems send the feedback signals from the mechanical structure to the drive systems. In general, they are closed chain mechanisms with flexible members [1].Rotation, load and boom hoisting are fundamental motions the mobile crane. During transfer of the load as well as at the end of the motion process, the motor drive forces, the structure inertia forces, the wind forces and the load inertia forces can result in substantial, undesired oscillations in crane. The structure inertia forces and the load inertia forces can be evaluated with numerical methods, such as the finite element method. However, the drive forces are difficult to describe. During start-up and breaking the output forces of the drive system significantly fluctuate. To reduce the speed variations during start-up and braking the controlled motor must produce torque other than constant [2,3], which in turn affects the performance of the crane.Modern mobile cranes that have been built till today have oft a maximal lifting capacity of 3000 tons and incorporate long booms. Crane structure and drive system must be safe, functionary and as light as possible. For economic and time reasons it is impossible to build prototypes for great cranes. Therefore, it is desirable to determinate the crane dynamic responses with the theoretical calculation.Several published articles on the dynamic responses of mobile crane are available in the open literature. In the mid-seventies Peeken et al. [4] have studied the dynamic forces of a mobile crane during rotation of the boom, using very few degrees of freedom for the dynamic equations and very simply spring-mass system for the crane structure. Later Maczynski et al. [5] studied the load swing of a mobile crane with a four mass-model for the crane structure. Posiadala et al. [6] have researched the lifted load motion with consideration for the change of rotating, booming and load hoisting. However, only the kinematics were studied. Later the influence of the flexibility of the support system on the load motion was investigated by the same author [7]. Recently, Kilicaslan et al. [1] have studied the characteristics of a mobile crane using a flexible multibody dynamics approach. Towarek [16] has concentrated the influence of flexible soil foundation on the dynamic stability of the boom crane. The drive forces, however, in all of those studies were presented by using so called the metho d of ……kinematics forcing‟‟ [6] with assumed velocities or accelerations. In practice this assumption could not comply with the motion during start-up and braking.A detailed and accurate model of a mobile crane can be achieved with the finite element method. Using non-linear finite element theory Gunthner and Kleeberger [9] studied the dynamic responses of lattice mobile cranes. About 2754 beam elements and 80 truss elements were used for modeling of the lattice-boom structure. On thisbasis a efficient software for mobile crane calculation––NODYA has been developed. However, the influences of the drive systems must be determined by measuring on hoisting of the load [10], or rotating of the crane [11]. This is neither efficient nor convenient for computer simulation of arbitrary crane motions.Studies on the problem of control for the dynamic response of rotary crane are also available. Sato et al. [14], derived a control law so that the transfer a load to a desired position will take place that at the end of the transfer of the swing of the load decays as soon as possible. Gustafsson [15] described a feedback control system for a rotary crane to move a cargo without oscillations and correctly align the cargo at the final position. However, only rigid bodies and elastic joint between the boom and the jib in those studies were considered. The dynamic response of the crane, for this reason, will be global.To improve this situation, a new method for dynamic calculation of mobile cranes will be presented in this paper. In this method, the flexible multibody model of the steel structure will be coupled with the model of the drive systems. In that way the elastic deformation, the rigid body motion of the structure and the dynamic behavior of the drive system can be determined with one integrated model. In this paper this method will be called ……complete dynamic calculation for driven“mechanism”.On the basis of flexible multibody theory and the Lagrangian equations, the system equations for complete dynamic calculation will be established. The drive- and control system will be described as differential equations. The complete system leads to a non-linear system of differential equations. The calculation method has been realized for a hydraulic mobile crane. In addition to the structural elements, the mathematical modeling of hydraulic drive- and control systems is decried. The simulations of crane rotations for arbitrary working conditions will be carried out. As result, a more exact representation of dynamic behavior not only for the crane structure, but also for the drive system will be achieved. Based on the results of these simulations the influences of the accelerations, velocities during start-up and braking of crane motions will be discussed.2.Tower cranesThe tower crane is a crane with a fixed vertical mast that is topped by a rotating boom and equipped with a winch for hoisting and lowering loads (Dickie, 990). Tower cranes are designed for situations which require operation in congested areas. Congestion may arise from the nature of the site or from the nature of the construction project. There is no limitation to the height of a high-rise building that can be constructed with a tower crane. The very high line speeds, up to 304.8 mrmin, available with some models yield good production rates at any height. They provide a considerable horizontal working radius, yet require a small work space on the ground(Chalabi, 1989). Some machines can also operate in winds of up to 72.4 km/h, which is far above mobile crane wind limits.The tower cranes are more economical only for longer term construction operations and higher lifting frequencies. This is because of the fairly extensive planning needed for installation, together with the transportation, erection and dismantling costs.3. Derrick cranesA derrick is a device for raising, lowering, and/or moving loads laterally. The simplest form of the derrick is called a Chicago boom and is usually installed by being mounted to building columns or frames during or after construction (Shapiro and Shapiro, 1991).This derrick arrangement. (i.e., Chicago boom) becomes a guy derrick when it is mounted to a mast and a stiff leg derrick when it is fixed to a frame.The selection of cranes is a central element of the life cycle of the project. Cranes must be selected to satisfy the requirements of the job. An appropriately selected crane contributes to the efficiency, timeliness, and profitability of the project. If the correct crane selection and configuration is not made, cost and safety implications might be created (Hanna, 1994). Decision to select a particular crane depends on many input parameters such as site conditions, cost, safety, and their variability. Many of these parameters are qualitative, and subjective judgments implicit in these terms cannot be directly incorporated into the classical decision making process. One way of selecting crane is achieved using fuzzy logic approach.Cranes are not merely the largest, the most conspicuous, and the most representative equipment of construction sites but also, at various stages of the project, a real “bottleneck” that slows the pace of the construction process. Although the crane can be found standing idle in many instances, yet once it is involved in a particular task ,it becomes an indispensable link in the activity chain, forcing at least two crews(in the loading and the unloading zones) to wait for the service. As analyzed in previous publications [6-8] it is feasible to automate (or, rather, semi-automate) crane navigation in order to achieve higher productivity, better economy, and safe operation. It is necessary to focus on the technical aspects of the conversion of existing crane into large semi-automatic manipulators. By mainly external devices mounted on the crane, it becomes capable of learning, memorizing, and autonomously navigation to reprogrammed targets or through prêt aught paths.The following sections describe various facets of crane automation:First, the necessary components and their technical characteristics are reviewed, along with some selection criteria. These are followed by installation and integration of the new components into an existing crane. Next, the Man –Machine –Interface (MMI) is presented with the different modes of operation it provides. Finally, thehighlights of a set of controlled tests are reported followed by conclusions and recommendations.Manual versus automatic operation: The three major degrees of freedom of common tower cranes are illustrated in the picture. In some cases , the crane is mounted on tracks , which provide a fourth degree of freedom , while in other cases the tower is “telescope” or extendable , and /or the “jib” can be raised to a diagonal position. Since these additional degrees of freedom are not used routinely during normal operation but rather are fixed in a certain position for long periods (days or weeks), they are not included in the routine automatic mode of operation, although their position must be “known” to the control system.外文文献中文翻译：起重机介绍起重机是用来举升机构、抬起或放下货物的器械。
吊车英文-
吊车英文CranesIntroductionCranes are an important type of heavy machinery used in numerous industries, including construction, manufacturing, shipping, mining, and transportation. In this article, we will focus on the different types of cranes that are commonly used, as well as their unique features and advantages.Types of Cranes1. Mobile CranesMobile cranes are the most common type of crane used today. They are versatile machines that can be easily transported to different job sites. Mobile cranes are equipped with a telescopic boom that can be extended or retracted to reach different heights. They can also rotate 360 degrees, making it easy to move heavy objects in any direction.2. Tower CranesTower cranes are stationary cranes that are commonly used in the construction industry. They are tall structures that are attached to the ground with a concrete base. The boom of a tower crane extends horizontally and vertically, allowing it to lift heavy loads to great heights. Tower cranes are particularly useful for constructing tall buildings that require heavy lifting at high elevations.3. Overhead CranesOverhead cranes are commonly found in manufacturing plants and assembly lines. They are mounted on a beam that is attached to a structure, and the crane moves along the beam to move heavy objects. Overhead cranes typically have a higher load capacity than mobile cranes and are designed to lift and move heavy equipment and materials in a factory setting.4. Gantry CranesGantry cranes are similar to overhead cranes, but they are not attached to a structure. Instead, they have a horizontal beam supported by uprights on wheels that can move along a track on the ground. Gantry cranes are commonly used in shipyards, warehouses, and construction sites. Because they are not attached to a structure, they can lift and move heavy objects in different areas of a job site.5. Jib CranesJib cranes are simple machines that consist of a horizontal arm (jib) that extends from a vertical support (mast). They are commonly used in small workshops, garages, and factories. Jib cranes have a smaller lifting capacity than other types of cranes and are usually used to move materials in a limited space, such as moving parts into and out of a machine.Advantages of Cranes1. Increased EfficiencyOne of the biggest advantages of using cranes is that they can greatly increase efficiency by reducing the time and effort required to move heavy objects. Cranes can lift and move heavy loads in a fraction of the time it would take a group of workers to do the same task manually.2. Increased SafetyCranes also provide a safer working environment. Moving heavy objects by hand can be dangerous, and it puts workers at risk of injury. Cranes are designed to be operated by skilled professionals who are trained in proper safety procedures.3. Increased FlexibilityCranes are versatile machines that can be used in a wide range of industries and applications. They can be easily transported to different job sites and moved around a job site as needed.ConclusionIn conclusion, cranes are an essential tool for various industries. They provide many advantages over traditional manual lifting and can greatly increase efficiency, safety, and flexibility in the workplace. With so many different types of cranes available, there is a machine to meet the needs of any job.。
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A new electric hoist drive for CranesA new system of electric hoist drive has been developed ,and its success has been demonstrated in practical use. For the types of hoist for which it is particularly intended this system provides a closer approach to the ideal characteristics than has previously been available. Although the system is not intended for use in all of the important types of hoist, it is expected that further experience and additional study of details and refinements will broaden its field of application beyond that which has, to date, been established in practice.The Ideal CharacteristicsAmong the several hoisting applications for which the new system is believed to be suitable, the high-grade heavy-duty indoor cranes in steel mills and heavy machine shops may be considered typical. A study of the requirements indicates that the ideal characteristics for a crane of this type and of certain other types are principally as follows:1.The same manipulation of the controller to any position in thelowering direction should cause the motor either to deliver power for lowering an empty hook or to absorb power for the proper lowering ofa load, whichever is required by the conditions at that moment.2.Maximum hoisting speed at empty hook should be a definite value,approximately twice the speed at rated load.3.At the full-speed hoisting position of the controller the stalled torqueshould be limited to a reasonable overload value.4.At the first-speed hoisting position the speed-torque curve should berelatively flat, having a very low speed at empty hook but a substantial stalled torque.5.The maximum lowering speed at empty hook should be a definiteselected value, between 160 per cent and twice rated hoisting speeds 6.Maximum speed of lowering rated load should be substantially lessthan at empty hook, and maximum speed of lowering maximum load should be less than that of lowering rated load,7. The minimum lowering speeds, that is, the speeds at the firstlowering-speed position of the controller should be nearlyalike .irrespective of load. If readily attainable, it is preferable thatthis lowering speed be less at heavy loads than at partial loads orempty hook.8. The electric equipment must have in the lowering direction asubstantial margin, so that, when the maximum load which can belift is handled, the torque capacity available in lowering direction is ample to maintain dependable control of the load under the mostadverse conditions9. A safe and reasonably smooth retardation and stop must occur automatically in the event of failure of incoming power and other emergencies.10. The regulating means by which the sixth, and seventh requirements are met must not be capable of stalling a load which is being lowered, however great that load may be, at any lowering position of the controller.11. The electric equipment should be self-protective against abase, either of itself or of the mechanical equipment, under the condition of rapid and unrestrained movement of the controller handle.12. It is usually important that the holding brake be so controlled automatically that in regular service it is not required to supply any large part of the retardation effort.The New SystemThe ideal characteristics for the applications under approximated closely by the development of a radical improvement of the Ward-Leonard system, the principal feature of which is the addition of an exciter of unusual design embodying a cross-flux principle. By this means, a characteristic is obtained in which the voltage of this cross-flux exciter is responsive in a unique manner to the variations of magnitude and polarityof the current in the "loop" circuit, that is, the local circuit comprised by the armatures of the generator and hoist motor. At zero "loop" current the voltage of this exciter is at its maximum. At substantial increases of "loop" current, irrespective of polarity, the voltage of this exciter decreases, and at the maximum overload values of the "loop" current the voltage closely approaches zero. The voltage generated by this exciter provides the excitation of the generator field and modifies the excitation of the motor field. By means of the generator and motor- excitation characteristics thus provided, characteristics of speed versus load are obtained of the kind illustrated later in the paper.The 9th and 12th requirements listed in the foregoing for the ideal crane hoist are met respectively by a simplified arrangement of an emergency dynamic-braking resistor in the hoist-motor armature circuit and by an improvement in the control details of the magnet brake. These two features are not dependent upon the cross-flux-exciter principle .they were, however , developed as contributions to the same project , namely, the attempt to achieve the al-most perfect crane-hoist drive. Because of lack of space, these features are not described.Construction of the ExciterFigure 3 illustrates diagrammatically the principles of construction of thecross-flux exciter in its basic form. Although multipolar machines are possible,the exciters built to date are bipolar, by which is meant that the armature-winding and commutator connections are those of a normal bipolar machine. Four pole pieces are provided. In Figure 3 the two upper pole pieces constitute one“pole” insofar as relates to the generation of the output voltage. The two lower pole pieces constitute the other “pole ”.For reasons which will appear, a degree of artificial saturation is introduced in the pole pieces, for example, by notches the sides of the pole pieces as indicated in Figure 3.In one design which has been used, the diametrically opposite pole pieces p1 are duplicates ,each having a high degree of artificial saturation; the diametrically opposite pole pieces P2 are duplicates but have a much less degree of artificial saturation. For the general explanation let all pole pieces and their respective air gaps be considered duplicate.To avoid a possible misunderstanding it should be noted that in Figure 3 the positions of the brushes as shown are diagrammatic only and represent the positions of the armature slot conductors at which theyundergo commutation.Characteristics of the ExciterIn the circuit arrangement in which this exciter is used in the system, armature reaction and armature IR drop exciter tend, if not offset, to be of more than negligible effect, but they can be compensated sufficiently to make them almost negligible; consequently the explanation of the operation of the cross-flux exciter can be based upon a study of theno-load saturation curves of the respective flux paths. The upper lower part of Figure 4. If compensation usually important to offset or minimize part of Figure 4 represents the no-load saturation curve, not of the entire machine but of each of the two duplicate and practically independent flux paths, P1 and P2, respectively.H1 represents the selected field strength of the separately excitedmain-field winding which remains substantially constant throughout. When the current in the cross field is zero, each flux path of the exciter causes the generation of a voltage E0, and the total voltage generated is 2Eo plotted in the lower part of Figure 4 at zero cross-field ampere turns. Now assume a cross-field strength of H2. In flux path P1 the value of H2 is additive to H1, hence the voltage generated in this flux path is now Ea. In flux path P2 the value of H2 is subtractive from H1; hence the voltage generated in this flux path is now Eb. The total voltage generated isEa+Eb, as plotted in the lower part of Figure 4. Since saturation increasesbeyond point E0 and decreases below E0, voltage Ea+Eb is substantially less than 2Eo. At a cross-field strength of 2H2 the further increment of voltage generated in path P1 is very small, but the decrement of voltage generated in path P2 is large-in fact the voltage of path P2 reverses. The corresponding total voltage EC+Ed accordingly is much reduced. When the two magnetic circuits are duplicate, and when the numbers of turns of the respective windings are equal upon all pole pieces, the negative voltage generated by path P2 cannot become quite so great as the voltage generated by path P1; hence the o total voltage of the exciter never reaches zero. When the polarity of the cross-filed current is opposite to the foregoing, path P2 behaves as did path P1 in the foregoing and conversely. Hence the characteristic of voltage generated versuscross-field (that is "loop" circuit) current tends to repeat symmetrically about the left-hand side of the vertical axis in the lower part of Figure 4. If compensation for armature reaction is not provided, this characteristic shows a departure from symmetry about the two sides of the vertical axis. The dissymmetry caused by armature reaction may or may not be practically disadvantageous, according to the specific design and application. To date, a design of exciter having closely symmetrical characteristics about the vertical axis has not been built. In the first design the armature reaction was not compensated. In a later design of a larger exciter the armature reaction was compensated, but a dissymmetry ofcharacteristics was purposely introduced by means of unlike proportions of the respective flux paths.If a moderately greater value of separately excited field is held, represented by a higher value of H1 in Figure 4, a voltage characteristic is obtained of similar shape having higher voltages throughout, and conversely for a moderately smaller of separately excited field.Design and Arrangement of SystemThe generator is of normal design. Its main field is wound with the maximum practicable cross section of copper in order to provide the desired high no-load voltage with the least oversize of generator. Such a field winding provides a generator time constant which, in combination with the circuit arrangement and cross-flux- exciter-characteristics, limits the peak currents to values which are suitable for the electric equipment and the hoist system.The hoist motor has a nonstandard main-field winding for a variable separate excitation but in other respects is of the type which is standard for high-class crane-hoist installations.In order to provide the desired variation of the hoist-motor field, the cross-flux exciter is designed for a maximum voltage substantially less than that of the constant-voltage main-excitation bus. One terminal of the cross-flux exciter, negative as shown in Figure 5, is connected permanently to the main-excitation bus terminal of like (that is negative) polarity , Thus between the positive terminals of these two sources of excitation a variable voltage is available which is the difference of the two voltages.Because the cross-flux exciter is used for two purposes, its armature current is the difference of the generator-field and motor-field currents. Thus at zero "loop" current the exciter armature current is at its maximum value as output. At rated "loop" current the generator-field current and motor-field current are nearly equal; hence the exciter armature current is not far from zero. At maximum "loop" current, when the exciter voltage is low accordingly, most of the hoist-motor field current becomes input into the exciter which accordingly acts regeneratively. The uncorrected effect of armature IR drop would be to decrease the maximum effective voltage of the exciter by a more than negligible percentage, but also to increase the minimum voltage of the exciter by a large percentage over the desired low value. It is principally for these reasons that the exciter is compounded as has been mentioned.Speed-Torque CharacteristicsThe characteristics of the system are determined principally by the manner in which the generator voltage varies, subject, however, to the modifying effect of the IR drop of the "loop" circuit and the additional modifying effect of the motor-field variation .when the generator field is excited and controlled as described, the characteristics of generator voltage and of motor counter electromotive motive force with respect to "loop" current will resemble those of Figure 6, in which the curves of generator voltage represent not terminal voltage but voltage generated within the generator.The characteristics shown in Figure 7 and figure 8 are considered to be particularly suitable for cranes in steel plants and heavy machine shops, subject to the possible exception that the highest-speed lowering characteristics there shown may be faster than considered desirable.it is a simple matter to real just so as to reduce the speeds of the fastest lowering characteristic and to redistribute the intermediate characteristics accordingly.With the possible exception of an extraordinary combination ofconditions a crane is never called upon to lower a hook load greater than that which it is capable of picking up and hoisting. However, in the factory tests of the develop mental sample electric "live" loads were applied equivalent to hook loads substantially greater than any which could be lifted, as shown in Figure 8. At such excessive loads curves 1L show increases in speed. These, however, do not involve any tendency toward instability but are merely the result of increased IR drop of the "loop" circuit throughout the excessive overloads at which the generator voltage is at a nearly constant minimum. Throughout the entire over load range the hoist-motor excitation increases until at maximum overloads including those which are impossible in practice the motor is highly saturated, and hence in a very stable condition.ConclusionThe hoisting-machinery art includes many different application. Some of these types of hoist have relatively unexacting requirement which are met acceptably by various simple systems of electric drive. several systems of electric-hoist drive have been developed , each of which has certain specialized modifications which are particularly advantageous .for certain exacting applications but which are irrelevant or disadvantageous for certain other hoisting applications whose requirements are equally exacting. but different. The electric system described in this paper is not to be considered as preferable or even applicable for every important typeof hoist, but it is intended for use in several types of hoist in which, notwithstanding certain substantial differences of design and use, the speed-torque requirements are similar.No installations have yet been made in large heavy-duty indoor cranes such as are typical of steel plants and heavy machine shops. However, the results first demonstrated by the developmental sample and confirmed in practice by the Fontana Dam installation indicate the suitability and advantages of the system for heavy-duty indoor cranes. It seems reasonable to expect that with further experience and additional study of details and refinements the field of application will be broadened further.一种新的电动葫芦驱动起重机一个新的电动葫芦驱动器的系统已经研制成功，已经在实际使用中证明了它的成功。