微观经济学英文版PPT课件
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微观经济学英文版ppt课件ch05checkpoint
CHECKPOINT 5.2
Practice Problem 2
You are told that a 10 percent increase in the price of a good has led to a 1 percent increase in the quantity supplied of the good after one month and a 25 percent increase in the quantity supplied after one year. What is the elasticity of supply of this good after one year? Has the supply of this good become more elastic or less elastic? Why?
CHECKPOINT 5.2
Practice Problem 1
You are told that a 10 percent increase in the price of a good has led to a 1 percent increase in the quantity supplied of the good after one month and a 25 percent increase in the quantity supplied after one year. Is the supply of this good elastic, unit elastic, or inelastic? Is this good likely to be produced using factors of production that are easily obtained? What is the price elasticity of supply of this good?
平狄克-微观经济学-英文-第7版-课件-ch13
Nash Equilibrium:
I’m doing the best I can given what you are doing. You’re doing the best you can given what I am doing.
The Product Choice Problem
Two breakfast cereal companies face a market in which two new variations of cereal can be successfully introduced.
You (Company A) will not know the results of the exploration project when submitting your price offer, but Company T will know the results when deciding whether to accept your offer. Also, Company T will accept any offer by Company A that is greater than the (per share) value of the company under current management.
You are considering price offers in the range $0/share (i.e., making no offer at all) to $150/share. What price per share should you offer for Company T’s stock?
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
迈克尔版本微观经济第一章ppt (英文版)
© 2010 Pearson Education Canada
Two Big Economic Questions
Figure 1.1 shows the trends in what the Canadian economy has produced over the past 60 years. It shows the decline of agriculture, mining, construction, and manufacturing, and the expansion of services.
Chapter 1
What is Economics?
© 2010 Pearson Education Canada
In this lecture, we will learn:
• What is Economics all about? • What are the two major branches of economics?
Choices that individuals, businesses and the entire society make in order to allocate their limited resources, determine their economic future and their economic well-being.
© 2010 Pearson Education Canada
The Economic Way of Thinking
Choosing at the Margin
People make choices at the margin, which means that they evaluate the consequences of making incremental changes in the use of their resources. The benefit from pursuing an incremental increase in an activity is its marginal benefit. The opportunity cost of pursuing an incremental increase in an activity is its marginal cost.
Two Big Economic Questions
Figure 1.1 shows the trends in what the Canadian economy has produced over the past 60 years. It shows the decline of agriculture, mining, construction, and manufacturing, and the expansion of services.
Chapter 1
What is Economics?
© 2010 Pearson Education Canada
In this lecture, we will learn:
• What is Economics all about? • What are the two major branches of economics?
Choices that individuals, businesses and the entire society make in order to allocate their limited resources, determine their economic future and their economic well-being.
© 2010 Pearson Education Canada
The Economic Way of Thinking
Choosing at the Margin
People make choices at the margin, which means that they evaluate the consequences of making incremental changes in the use of their resources. The benefit from pursuing an incremental increase in an activity is its marginal benefit. The opportunity cost of pursuing an incremental increase in an activity is its marginal cost.
微观经济学英文课件Ch
– 着眼于推动技术进步的政府对经济的干预政策成为技术 政策。
• Patent laws are a form of technology policy that give the individual (or firm) with patent protection a property right over its invention.
Examples of Negative Externalities 负的外部性的例子
• Automobile exhaust • Cigarette smoking • Barking dogs (loud pets) • Loud stereos in an apartment building • Stinky Toufu
Pollution and the Social Optimum...
Price of Aluminum
Cost of pollution
Social cost
Supply
(private cost)
Optimum
Equilibrium
Demand
(private value)
0
Qoptimum QMARKE
0
QMARKET QOPTIMUM
Quantity of Robots
Positive Externalities in Production
• The intersection of the demand curve and the social-cost curve determines the optimal output level.
T
Quantity of Aluminum
Negative Externalities in Production 生产中的负的外部性
• Patent laws are a form of technology policy that give the individual (or firm) with patent protection a property right over its invention.
Examples of Negative Externalities 负的外部性的例子
• Automobile exhaust • Cigarette smoking • Barking dogs (loud pets) • Loud stereos in an apartment building • Stinky Toufu
Pollution and the Social Optimum...
Price of Aluminum
Cost of pollution
Social cost
Supply
(private cost)
Optimum
Equilibrium
Demand
(private value)
0
Qoptimum QMARKE
0
QMARKET QOPTIMUM
Quantity of Robots
Positive Externalities in Production
• The intersection of the demand curve and the social-cost curve determines the optimal output level.
T
Quantity of Aluminum
Negative Externalities in Production 生产中的负的外部性
微观经济学课件英文版 En-micro01
Economics
Relationship Between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Different e.g.object of study ,method of analysis Contact Microeconomics is the foundation of macroeconomics Complementary Both of them can research the same economy phenomenon from different visual angle .
01:14
5
An object of study
In short, Economics studies optimal allocation and full use of resources. In detail ：
Microeconomics What ,how,for whom Macroeconomics Resources are used fully or idly? How does inflation affect purchasing power? Can economy grow?
01:14
8
Theory System of Economics
Two branches：Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Microeconomics Another name Theory base Basic assumptions Founder Subject Key theory Major aim Individual Economics Macroeconomics Overall Economics
Relationship Between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Different e.g.object of study ,method of analysis Contact Microeconomics is the foundation of macroeconomics Complementary Both of them can research the same economy phenomenon from different visual angle .
01:14
5
An object of study
In short, Economics studies optimal allocation and full use of resources. In detail ：
Microeconomics What ,how,for whom Macroeconomics Resources are used fully or idly? How does inflation affect purchasing power? Can economy grow?
01:14
8
Theory System of Economics
Two branches：Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Microeconomics Another name Theory base Basic assumptions Founder Subject Key theory Major aim Individual Economics Macroeconomics Overall Economics
微观经济学英文课件Ch_06
uses a large shortage
Controlled rent
Shortage
Demand
0 Quantity of Apartments
纽约的故事
• 1943年，作为临时性战时措施之一，美国联邦政府实行了租 金控制。但是战争结束后，房租控制却被纽约州特别是纽约 市以法律的形式继承了下来。 • 在1975年，多达642000所公寓住房受到房租管制，另外有 650000所公寓住房受到一种被称为房租稳定化的复杂形式的 法规管辖。 • 1960年的普查显示：有25％的租房者支付了高于房租管制所 规定的法定房租的租金。应当注意这还不包括贿赂或质量下 降在内，这些只是人们支付超越指定价格的租金。 • 1970年，有33000个单元被遗弃，到1974年，又有10000多个 单元被遗弃。在布朗克斯区和曼哈顿岛东下端的一些地方， 整排被遗弃的公寓空无一人，被流浪者们穴居和拆散。 • 纽约市房租控制的长期性后果一直是住房存量的衰退和中低 收人的房客可获得的住房数量的下降，因为被豁免房租管制 而豪华公寓持续不断地被建造出来。
Price of Ice-Cream Cone Equilibrium price
Supply
$3
2
Price floor Demand
0
100
Equilibrium quantity
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
A Price Floor That Is Binding...
– 经济学家的职能之一就是使用他们的理论来协助制订 政策。
Price Control… 价格控制
• Are usually enacted when policymakers believe the market price is unfair to buyers or sellers.
Controlled rent
Shortage
Demand
0 Quantity of Apartments
纽约的故事
• 1943年，作为临时性战时措施之一，美国联邦政府实行了租 金控制。但是战争结束后，房租控制却被纽约州特别是纽约 市以法律的形式继承了下来。 • 在1975年，多达642000所公寓住房受到房租管制，另外有 650000所公寓住房受到一种被称为房租稳定化的复杂形式的 法规管辖。 • 1960年的普查显示：有25％的租房者支付了高于房租管制所 规定的法定房租的租金。应当注意这还不包括贿赂或质量下 降在内，这些只是人们支付超越指定价格的租金。 • 1970年，有33000个单元被遗弃，到1974年，又有10000多个 单元被遗弃。在布朗克斯区和曼哈顿岛东下端的一些地方， 整排被遗弃的公寓空无一人，被流浪者们穴居和拆散。 • 纽约市房租控制的长期性后果一直是住房存量的衰退和中低 收人的房客可获得的住房数量的下降，因为被豁免房租管制 而豪华公寓持续不断地被建造出来。
Price of Ice-Cream Cone Equilibrium price
Supply
$3
2
Price floor Demand
0
100
Equilibrium quantity
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
A Price Floor That Is Binding...
– 经济学家的职能之一就是使用他们的理论来协助制订 政策。
Price Control… 价格控制
• Are usually enacted when policymakers believe the market price is unfair to buyers or sellers.
微观经济学原理曼昆英文四PPT课件
(Demand for an inferior good is negatively related to income. An increase in income shifts D curves for inferior goods to the left.)
.
11
Demand Curve Shifters: Prices of Related Goods
A. The price of iPods falls
B. The price of music downloads falls
C. The price of CDs falls
1
Markets and Competition
▪ A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a
particular product.
▪ A competitive market is one with many buyers
and sellers, each has a negligible effect on price.
10
Demand Curve Shifters: Income
▪ Demand for a normal good is positively related
to income.
▪ Increase in income causes
increase in quantity demanded at each price, shifts D curve to the right.
an increase in the price of one causes a fall in demand for the other.
.
11
Demand Curve Shifters: Prices of Related Goods
A. The price of iPods falls
B. The price of music downloads falls
C. The price of CDs falls
1
Markets and Competition
▪ A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a
particular product.
▪ A competitive market is one with many buyers
and sellers, each has a negligible effect on price.
10
Demand Curve Shifters: Income
▪ Demand for a normal good is positively related
to income.
▪ Increase in income causes
increase in quantity demanded at each price, shifts D curve to the right.
an increase in the price of one causes a fall in demand for the other.
微观经济学英文版PPT课件
Or, the opportunity cost that use a certain resource is the highest price of abandoning other uses of this resource
10
2.2 the definition of microeconomics
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
8
Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
10
2.2 the definition of microeconomics
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
8
Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
微观经济学英文版精品PPT课件
Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics（A. Introduction）
1.2 Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
What is Microeconomics ?
It is concerned with the behavior of individual entities such as markets, firms and households.
You want to buy a computer which is $2510. while it is $2500 in the supermarket in downtown. Wherever you buy the computer, it would return to the producer if there is any problem. Where would you buy it？
There are three types of economies:
Market economy Command economy Mixed economy
Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics (C. Society’s technological possibilities)
Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of Economics（A. Introduction）
1.1 Scarcity and Efficiency
What is economics ?
Economics is the study f how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and distribute them among different people.
微观经济学英PPT课件
There is a few principles about microeconomics in some books, while more in others
Continuously,
Basically, the general principles are:
Scarcity of resources Opportunity costs Increasing opportunity cost Real Opportunity Cost Real Opportunity cost and inefficiency
One obvious application of microeconomics is in the business field; firms
A firm that wants to enter the biotechnology industry, for instance, must at least know the degree of demand for biotechnology products in the market, the resources available to produce the products and the opportunity cost of using the resources in the production.
If it is measured in money term, see what happen:
Suppose apple costs $10 per unit and apple pie costs $20 per unit. Thus, the opportunity cost remains 1.
Continuously,
Basically, the general principles are:
Scarcity of resources Opportunity costs Increasing opportunity cost Real Opportunity Cost Real Opportunity cost and inefficiency
One obvious application of microeconomics is in the business field; firms
A firm that wants to enter the biotechnology industry, for instance, must at least know the degree of demand for biotechnology products in the market, the resources available to produce the products and the opportunity cost of using the resources in the production.
If it is measured in money term, see what happen:
Suppose apple costs $10 per unit and apple pie costs $20 per unit. Thus, the opportunity cost remains 1.
微观经济学英文课件Ch_05
(Q2 Q1 )/[(Q2 + Q1 )/2] Price Elasticity of Dem and = (P2 P )/[(P2 + P )/2] 1 1
Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand Using the Midpoint Formula
Example: If the price of an ice cream cone increases from $2.00 to $2.20 and the amount you buy falls from 10 to 8 cones the your elasticity of demand, using the midpoint formula, would be calculated as:
Elastic demands
– – – – – Purchased meals Metals Furnitures, timber Motor, Vehicles Transportation 2.27 1.52 1.25 1.14 1.03
Inelastic demands
– 如果你是博物馆的馆长,你的财务经理建议你涨价提高 收入,你会怎么办?
If you are a manager of a cinema, then what will you do in the same situation?
– 如果你是电影院的经理,同样的情况下你会怎么办?
Some Price Elasticities in the U.S. Economy
– 对于富有弹性的需求曲线,价格上涨导致需求 量的减少比例更大,这样总收入下降.
Elasticity and Total Revenue: Elastic Demand
微观经济学英文版第一章课件-PPT精品文档
Chapter 1
Slide 6
关于教材的使用(讲授章节 )
第一篇 导论:市场和价格(1-2)
第1章 绪论 第2章 供给与需求的基本原理
第二篇 生产者,消费者以及竞争性市场(3-9)
第3章 消费者行为
第4章 个别需求与市场需求(1-4) 第6章 生产
第7章 生产成本(1-4)
运用统计学和计量经济学的技术,理论可
Chapter 1
Slide 26
理论和模型 Theories and Models
微观经济分析 Microeconomic Analysis
理论的有效性(和有用性) Validating a Theory
在假设既定的前提下,理论的有效性取决 于预测(和解释)的质量. The validity of a theory is determined by the quality of its prediction, given the assumptions.
Unemployment
Chapter 1
Slide 17
绪论 Preliminaries
微观经济学和宏观经济学的联系 The Linkage Between Micro and Macroeconomics
微观经济学是宏观经济分析的基础 Microeconomics is the foundation of macroeconomic analysis 宏观经济学也涉及市场分析(行为分析) 宏观经济学(部分内容)是微观经济学的延伸
Chapter 1
Slide 29
实证和规范 Positive Versus Normative Analysis
《微观经济学microeconomics》英文版全套课件(101页)
X RL {x R : xl 0 for l 1,..., L}
The economic constraint:
px p1x1 ... pL xL w
The Walrasian budget set (Definition 2.D.1)
Bp,w {x RL : px w}
or
u(x* ) xl
pl
px w
Solution: Walrasian demand function x*( p, w)
Utility Maximization -- Example
Example 3.D.1: the transformed Cobb-Douglas Utility Function
Expenditure Function
Expenditure function e( p,u) Min px s.t. u(x) u {x}
Properties: 1. Homogeneous of degree of one in p 2. Strictly increasing in u and nondecreasing in p 3. Concave in p 4. Continuous in p and u
Comparative Statics – Wealth Effects
The consumer’s Engel function x( p, w)
The wealth effect xl ( p, w) / w or Dwx( p, w) Normal goods and inferior goods
A choice rule C(B) B
The weak axiom of revealed preference (WARP): if x is revealed at least as good as y, then y cannot be revealed preferred to x
The economic constraint:
px p1x1 ... pL xL w
The Walrasian budget set (Definition 2.D.1)
Bp,w {x RL : px w}
or
u(x* ) xl
pl
px w
Solution: Walrasian demand function x*( p, w)
Utility Maximization -- Example
Example 3.D.1: the transformed Cobb-Douglas Utility Function
Expenditure Function
Expenditure function e( p,u) Min px s.t. u(x) u {x}
Properties: 1. Homogeneous of degree of one in p 2. Strictly increasing in u and nondecreasing in p 3. Concave in p 4. Continuous in p and u
Comparative Statics – Wealth Effects
The consumer’s Engel function x( p, w)
The wealth effect xl ( p, w) / w or Dwx( p, w) Normal goods and inferior goods
A choice rule C(B) B
The weak axiom of revealed preference (WARP): if x is revealed at least as good as y, then y cannot be revealed preferred to x
北大微观经济学(英文版) ppt课件
A x1
B x2
29
A x2
Edgeworth’s Box
B 1
xB 1
OB
A 2
B 2
OA
ppt课件
A 1
A x1
xB 2
30
Pareto-Improvement
An
allocation of the endowment that improves the welfare of a consumer without reducing the welfare of another is a Pareto-improving allocation. Where are the Pareto-improving allocations?
A 1
A x1
xB 2
33
Pareto-Improvements
Since
each consumer can refuse to trade, the only possible outcomes from exchange are Pareto-improving allocations. But which particular Paretoimproving allocation will be the outcome of trade?
ppt课件
34
x2
xB 1
Pareto-Improvements A
B 1
OB
A 2
B 2
OA The set of Paretoimproving reallocations ppt课件
A 1
A x1
xB 2
35
Pareto-Improvements
平狄克微观经济学(英文)01PPT课件
Market definition is important for two reasons:
• A company must understand who its actual and potential
competitors are for the various products that it sells or might sell in the future.
Market Price
● market price Price prevailing in a competitive market.
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
10 of 18
1.2 WHAT IS A MARKET?
Theories and Models
In economics, explanation and prediction are based on theories. Theories are developed to explain observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic rules and assumptions.
• A company must understand who its actual and potential
competitors are for the various products that it sells or might sell in the future.
Market Price
● market price Price prevailing in a competitive market.
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
10 of 18
1.2 WHAT IS A MARKET?
Theories and Models
In economics, explanation and prediction are based on theories. Theories are developed to explain observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic rules and assumptions.
微观经济学英文版ppt课件ch20checkpoint
The demand curve for managers and professionals, DH, is greater than the demand for salespeople, DL.
CHECKPOINT 20.2
The figure shows that the combination of demand and supply leads to a higher wage rate for managers and professionals than for salespeople.
CHECKPOINT 20.1
Solution
A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentage of income against the cumulative percentage of households.
The blue curve plots the data for the Canadian Lorenz curve.
The green curve plots the data for the U.S. Lorenz curve.
CHECKPOINT 20.1
The line of equality shows an equal distribution.
The Canadian Lorenz curve lies closer to the line of equality than the U.S. Lorenz curve, so the distribution of income in the United States is more unequal than that in Canada.
CHECKPOINT 20.2
The figure shows that the combination of demand and supply leads to a higher wage rate for managers and professionals than for salespeople.
CHECKPOINT 20.1
Solution
A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentage of income against the cumulative percentage of households.
The blue curve plots the data for the Canadian Lorenz curve.
The green curve plots the data for the U.S. Lorenz curve.
CHECKPOINT 20.1
The line of equality shows an equal distribution.
The Canadian Lorenz curve lies closer to the line of equality than the U.S. Lorenz curve, so the distribution of income in the United States is more unequal than that in Canada.
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The point on the PPC means that the resource have been used fully on the existing technical level.
The point inside the PPC means the resource haven’t been used fully or we call it resource idle.
priorities
decision
decision
what how
who
7
.
Fundamental model
__means that the resource have been used fully on the existing technical level.
__means the resource haven’t been used fully or resource idle.
6
.
2.1 the starting point of economics
Free access objects
Resource
Economic objects
scarcity （紧缺）
Limited resource different uses
scarcity
Unlimited desire
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
11
.
2.3 people how to make decision
There is no mystery to what an “economy” is. Whether we are talking about the economy of Los Angeles, of the United States, or of the whole world, an economy is just a group of people interacting with one another as they go about their lives. Because the behavior of an economy reflects the behavior of the individuals who make up the economy, we start our study of economics
3
.
Quarter one What is microeconomics
Microeconomics and Marxist Economics Definition and theory of Microeconomics Main content of Microeconomics The problem settled by Microeconomics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
Western economics is the western scholars' summary about market economic operation rules, and proposes the economic policy.
5
.
2. Definition and theory of Microeconomics
Or, the opportunity cost that use a certain resource is the highest price of abandoning other uses of this resource
10
.
2.2 the definition of microeconomics
8
.
Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
The advance of technology and larger quantity of resource can make PPC move rightward.
9
.
Opportunity cost
The opportunity cost that produce one product with certain resource is the quantity of another we give up.
microeconomics
1
.
Chapter One
Preliminaries （引论）
2
.
Introduction
What is microeconomics? What is the origin and development of
microeconomics? How to handle microeconomics?
4
.
1. Microeconomics and Marxist Economics
Marxist economics is the study of the motion law of scientific production relations（生产关系运动规律）, it critically absorbs classical plutonomy（政治经济学） scientific composition, creates surplus value（剩余 价值）, reveals the secret that the capitalists exploit the workers.
The point inside the PPC means the resource haven’t been used fully or we call it resource idle.
priorities
decision
decision
what how
who
7
.
Fundamental model
__means that the resource have been used fully on the existing technical level.
__means the resource haven’t been used fully or resource idle.
6
.
2.1 the starting point of economics
Free access objects
Resource
Economic objects
scarcity （紧缺）
Limited resource different uses
scarcity
Unlimited desire
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
11
.
2.3 people how to make decision
There is no mystery to what an “economy” is. Whether we are talking about the economy of Los Angeles, of the United States, or of the whole world, an economy is just a group of people interacting with one another as they go about their lives. Because the behavior of an economy reflects the behavior of the individuals who make up the economy, we start our study of economics
3
.
Quarter one What is microeconomics
Microeconomics and Marxist Economics Definition and theory of Microeconomics Main content of Microeconomics The problem settled by Microeconomics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
Western economics is the western scholars' summary about market economic operation rules, and proposes the economic policy.
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2. Definition and theory of Microeconomics
Or, the opportunity cost that use a certain resource is the highest price of abandoning other uses of this resource
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2.2 the definition of microeconomics
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Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
The advance of technology and larger quantity of resource can make PPC move rightward.
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Opportunity cost
The opportunity cost that produce one product with certain resource is the quantity of another we give up.
microeconomics
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Chapter One
Preliminaries （引论）
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Introduction
What is microeconomics? What is the origin and development of
microeconomics? How to handle microeconomics?
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1. Microeconomics and Marxist Economics
Marxist economics is the study of the motion law of scientific production relations（生产关系运动规律）, it critically absorbs classical plutonomy（政治经济学） scientific composition, creates surplus value（剩余 价值）, reveals the secret that the capitalists exploit the workers.