实用英语文体写作第八章 指南、说明书及手册-文档资料
实用英语写作8(安徽财经大学梁良)
of school activities. He is a quiet person but mixes well and is popular with his fellow students. He is responsible and hard-working and I have no hesitation in recommendating him for any position for which he may apply. Yours faithfully,
参考答案参照教材P.328
Task 2: （E→C）
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
This is to certify that Mr. Liang is a member of IEMC (Institute of Education for Mass Communication) since 1982. To the best of my knowledge, Mr. Liang has been a senior lecturer teaching in the Dept. of Mass Communication, Beijing University since the beginning of 1984.He is also teaching some courses in Joint College. I would like to mention that Mr. Liang is responsible，aggressive and gets along with his colleagues very well. Hence, he also demonstrates superior scholastic capacity and his potential for further academic growth. If there is any information regarding this gentleman, please do no hesitate to let me know. Best Regards. XXXXX Director of IEMC
《实用商务英语教程》教学课件—第8章 商务信函翻译
译文： 我们将为你方的货物投保盗窃和提货不着险。
例8.5：It would be appreciated if you would let us know by returning your lowest
possible price for the following goods on FOB London.
译文：请报下列商品伦敦船上交货之最低价。
(2) 某些词汇的词义在商务语境与一般语境中有较大的区别。如“document”1在
一般语境中表示“文件”，而在商务语境中表示“单证”。“offer”在一般语境中 表示“提议”，而在商务语境中表示“发盘”。“coverage”在一般语境中表示 “覆盖”，而在商务语境中表示“险种”。一些常见的词汇常常被赋予特殊的用法， 如“enter(进入) ”在商务英语中被赋予新的用法：enter into agreement(订约)， enter into making contracts with …(与……订立合约)。要是理解、翻译有误, 就会产生不必要的纠纷或损失。
商务信函英语的句式特征
1
（1）商务信函主要使用陈述句。
例8.10：
Dear Sirs,
We thank you for your promptness in delivering the coffee we ordered on 20th, July.
The number of bags delivered by your carrier this morning was, however, 160 whereas
信头、日期、封内地址、称呼、信的正文、信尾敬语、签名属于必要部分，案号、
注意项、事由栏、缩写名、附件及分送标志部分属于可选择部分，视需要而定。
实用文体翻译教程(英汉双向)第八章 商务文本的翻译
（二）商务合同
商务合同是在商务活动中签署的具有法律效 力的文件，是一种非常庄重的文件。总体而言， 商务合同具有篇章结构程式化与表述结构条目 化、句式结构复杂、用词正式规范、内容完整 具有针对性等文体特点。因为商务合同用词准 确明晰，文体正式，多格式化结构和表达方式， 所以翻译时应该把忠实原文放在首位，主要采 取直译的方法，同时要注意细节的处理。译者 在翻译过程中应该遵循以下步骤及翻译要点。
（二）商务合同
（1）通读全文，从宏观上把握合同的总体概貌 和篇章结构。翻译过程中保持原文程式化、规范化 和条目化的篇章结构和行文，力求周密严谨、纲清 目明、凝练规范。 （2）细心研读每个章节，可逐字、逐句、逐条、 逐段、逐章地仔细研读，反复推敲，以求达到细致 深入的理解。商务合同句式讲究、条理清晰、长而 不乱、逻辑性强的特点，翻译时要耐心推敲。 （3）准确表达。翻译过程中要力求译文与原文内 容保持等值，尤其是词汇中古体词、外来词、法律 术语、并列词语等的准确翻译，避免出现歧义或差 错。
第一节 商务英语的语言特点
2．具有商务意义的普通词语 & 一词多义 人们熟知的英语单词，在商务英语中往往被赋予 新的、特殊含义，很容易让翻译工作者望文生义，掉 入陷阱，如：
例3： Upon receipt of these sellers’ delivery advice, the buyers shall, 15-20 days prior to the delivery date, open a transferable, irrevocable letter of credit in favor of the sellers for an amount equivalent to the total amount of the shipment.
新编实用英语(第二版)unit8.ppt
Text-related Information
Generally speaking, you will find few health hazards when traveling in England. The water is safe to drink unless a sign says otherwise (for example on trains), milk is pasteurized and you should find few problems with food if it is cooked properly. However, a change in climate, diet, and water supply in itself can cause problems such as an upset stomach, so take care, especially with your diet.
New Practical English 1
Text
Para.3 At all times, personal
cleanness is of the biggest importance. 3 You
should always wash your hands after using
the toilet and before preparing or eating food. About 20-50 per cent of tourists suffer from diarrhea caused by infections of various kinds of bacteria or viruses. Para.4 If you are with some
英语写作手册第八章
Part Eight•The Research Paper•I Purpose•II Process•The process of writing a research paper is generally divided into five steps or stages（P 220，keep in mind the sub-topics）•1. Choosing a topic•The a topics for Graduation Thesis for every student is prepared by to-be tutor r when it is time for the teachers to assign a variety of graduation thesis, which are usually put into the college education system for the students to choose.•1）Selecting a general topic P 221•2）Reading and thinking•2 Collecting Information•1）Using the library or Internet•2）Reading and thinking•3）Taking notes•4）Quotation of sources P 230•3 Analyzing the information，organizing ideas, and working out an outline P 233•Layers of the paper. Not the same as P 234!•4 Writing the first draft （Keep in mind 1-6）•The first draft of a research paper should be prepared by the following way——•1）Using your own words （P 237）•2）Using proper tenses （P 238）•3）Using facts and views （P 240）•4）Paying attention to logic and organization（P 240）•5）Making your tone objective rather than personal （P 241）•6）Choosing the right style （P 241）•5 Rewriting the draft and finalizing the paper •（P 241）•III Format•1. The Structure of a research paper•Generally speaking, a research paper consist of five parts（P 242, keepin mind 1-5）:•1）Thesis statement and outline•2）Introduction•3）Body•4）Conclusion•5）In-text notes and works cited•Review 1: Basic Theoretical Skills•（From Contents to Text）•1. Level of words（P 7）•The words from a stylistic point of view may be divided into three types:formal, common and informal.•2. Types of sentences （P 37）•1）According to their use, sentences are declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory；•2）According to their structures, sentences are simple, compound, complex and compound-complex.•2）According to their rhetorical styles, sentences are loose, periodic and balanced.•3. Effective sentences （P 37）•Effective sentences should include the following five qualities （elements）（P IV）•1. Unity•2. Coherence•3. Emphasis•4. Variety•4. Criteria of an Effective Paragraph（P IV）•1. Unity•2. Coherence•3. Transition•5. Ways of Developing Paragraphs （P IV）•Developing by•1. Time; 2. Process; 3. Space; 4. Example or generalization; 5. Comparison and Contrast;•6. Cause and effect; 7. Classification; 8. Definition; 9. A combination of methods.•6. The Whole Composition•A well-developed composition are made up of three parts:（P IV）•1）A Beginning•2）A Middle•3）An End•7. The Types of Writing （P IV）•1）Description•2）Narration•3）Exposition•4）Argumentation•8. Description （P 116）•Description is painting a picture in words of a person, a place, an object or a scene.•A description is usually developed through sensory details, or the impressions of one’s senses——sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.•Writing a description, the writer should choose those details that can help to bring out the dominant characteristic or outstanding quality of the person or thing described, and leave out those irrelevant ones, which, if included, would only distract the readers’ attention from the main impression the writer wishes to give.•9. Narration （P 127）•When writing a narrative composition, one has usually to pay attention to the following five aspects（points）:•1）Purpose•2）Selection of details•3）Context•4）Organization•5）Point of view•10. Exposition (P 133)•Exposition means expounding or explaining.•We are writing a description when describe the appearance of an object; but we are writing an exposition when we explain how it is made, how it is used, and how it may change.•When we narrate a historical event, we tell what happened, when and where it happened, and we took part in it. In a exposition paper, we discuss its cause and effect, its nature, and its significant in history.•11. Requirements for a Good Argumentation （P 180-182）•1）A debatable point•2）Sufficient evidence•3）Sound logic•4）Good organization•5）Good use of the other three types of writing——description,narration and exposition, and especially the various methods of exposition.•6）An honest and friendly attitude•12. A Summary for Differences of The Four Writing Types （P 133, 180）•Description mainly deals with appearance and feelings, and narrationwith events and experience. Unlike the two, exposition deals with processand relationships.•The purpose of exposition is to inform; the purpose of argumentationis to convince.•Argumentation is actually exposition with additional purpose ofconvincing or persuading.•Review 2: Practical Skills•1. Paragraph （Unity, Coherence, Transition）•When writing, we have to make all the paragraphs coherent andtransitional.•Paragraph Rearrangement Exercise.•Carpool lane.doc•Paragraph Rearrange Exercise .doc•Study carefully the texts on P 137, 159, 165, 179, and 188, and then understand how the paragraphs got coherent and transitional.。
实用英语写作(practical english writing)8
• To speak English fluently, a constant practice is important. • To speak English fluently, we need to practice constantly. • Returning home, the sound of music still echoed in our ears. • When we returned home, the sound of music was still echoing in our ears. • Being a fine day, we’d better go out and breathe fresh air. • It being a fine day, we’d better go out and breathe fresh air. • Because /As it is a fine day, we’d better go out and breathe fresh air.
• industrious and hard-working • hard-working • We hope that you will reapply with our company again next year. • We hope that you will apply with our company again next year. • In addition, we are also including a current price list. • In addition, we are including a current price list. • The auditors usually arrive unexpectedly, but we'll be prepared no matter when the auditors arrive. • The auditors usually arrive unexpectedly, but we'll be prepared no matter when they arrive.
英语实用文体写作系列考研英语应用文写作完全手册
2006年考研英语应用文写作完全手册2006年考研英语增加一篇应用短文写作。
考生应能写不同类型应用文，以及一般描述性、表达性、说明性或议论性文章。
A节要求考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词(标点符号不计算在内)应用性短文，包括私人与公务信函、便笺、备忘录、摘要、报告等。
考生在答题卡2上作答，总分值10分。
应用文都有一定格式，但了解格式只是应用文写作最起码要求，要想在10分钟左右写好一篇既定情景应用短文，这既需要具有熟练运用语言文字根本功，同时又需要有根据既定情景迅速构文能力。
因此，考生对这一局部应给予足够重视，在复习过程中要针对应用文写作做足量专项练习。
针对此变化，我们为广阔莘莘学子特意编辑了这期应用文写作完全手册专题，有望尽各位一臂之力！———————有志者事竟成破釜沉舟百二秦关终属楚天不负有心人卧薪尝胆三千里越甲可吞吴各种类型文章写作· 演讲与致辞· 证书· 证明· 合同与协议· 产品说明书· 天气预报· 食谱· 广告· 贺卡· 日记· 启事· 自我介绍· 海报· 通知· 简历--举例· 简历--概述· 摘要--常见句型· 摘要--概述· 备忘录--举例· 备忘录--概述· 便笺(便条)与短信--分类举例--回复友人问侯· 便笺(便条)与短信--分类举例--借物· 便笺(便条)与短信--分类举例--抱歉· 便笺(便条)与短信--分类举例--约请· 便笺(便条)与短信--分类举例--请假· 便笺(便条)与短信--概述· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--祝福信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--请求信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--求学信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--感谢信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--邀请信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--求助信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--推荐信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--应聘信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--私人介绍信· 私人与公务信函--常用句式· 私人与公务信函--概述演讲与致辞一篇好演讲稿，通常要有很精彩演讲词，以及很好文体特征与篇章构造，同时还得考虑所演讲对象。
实用英语文体写作第八章 指南、说明书及手册-精品文档
Writing Requirements of Brochure
简明性 产品说明书的形式多样，篇幅长短不一，但都要简明扼 要，重点突出。随着生产和消费活动的不断发展，越来越 多的产品说明书配有生动活泼的图画，内容也不再是简单 的产品说明，还会介绍厂家的品牌、优势、售后服务，甚 至增加了一些生活、健康常识。无论形式如何变化，产品 说明书都应该采用用户能够接受的形式，清楚醒目地介绍 产品。 语言正式 产品说明书的内容一般都会分项列出，语言简练而正式 ，大多使用单音节词语，例如“禁”、“忌”、“慎”等 。
Formats of Brochure
Brochure一般包括标题、正文、附加信息三大部分。 (1). 宣传手册的开头作为第一部分，一般包括标题， 有时还有副标题。标题主要表明该机构或宣传手 册中介绍对象的名称。副标题通常是对宣传对象 的一些简短的描述。有时候，接着标题或副标题， 还列有联系方式，如电话号码、电传、电子邮件 等。 (2). 正文部分是对宣传对象的详细介绍。其内容可 以包括宣传对象的建立、历史、特点、业绩、目 标、日程，以及其它的相关信息。可以用列举方 式，也可以按照普通的文本格式书写。 (3). 最后可以是联系方式或注册登记表格等。
[Sample 4] Sample of ordering instructions
INSTRUCTIONS OF THE READING ROOM (1) Read and study seriously and be concerned about world affairs. (2) Keep quiet and pay attention to cleanliness. (3) Do not talk or laugh loudly; do not smoke or eat; do not litter the floor with waste paper. (4) Spit only in the places designated. (5) Produce your student card or identity card when borrowing books. Borrow only one book at a time. (6) Protect public property. Do not scribble on the pages of books or tear them out. Pay the cost price for any damage done. (7) Do not move the desks or chairs about. Close the windows when leaving. (8) Let the readers and librarians help each other and jointly nm the reading room well.
英语写作手册第八章
词语应用WORD POWER DEVELOPMENT1.credit n.a)Nearly all retail business here is done on credit,the period varyingfrom 3 to 6 months.在这里几乎所有的零售交易都以赊账方式进行，付款期从3个月到6个月不等。
Since it is not the policy of this wholesaler to grant\allow\extend credit beyond his usual trading terms,he insist that they send this remittance by return（of post）.因为这个批发商的做法是提供的赊账额度不能超出其一般交易条件，所以他坚持要他们立即将钱款汇出。
b)Our cerdit assessment form is enclosed and we look forward to seeingit completed so that we can consider the payment terms.随信附上我方的信用评估表希望您填写，以便于我们考虑付款条件。
We immediately wrote to their bankers to inquire about their credit standing.我们当即向他们的银行写信询问他们的信用状况。
c)Through the Midminster Bank Ltd,65 Aldwych,London EC2,we have arrangedwith the Bank of Japan,Tokyo,to open\issue\establish a(letter of) credit in your favor to be available until 30 September.通过Midminster银行(地址：伦敦Aldwych街65号，邮编EC2)，我们已经与东京的日本银行达成协议，由他们开立以贵方为受益人的信用证，有效期至9月30日。
实用大学英语(杨蓉)unit8
others hire professional negotiators to represent
them in business dealings. Good negotiation
requires advance preparation, a knowledge of
negotiating techniques and practice. 许多公司对他们的销售人员进行谈判技巧方面的培训
谈判时，要对自己在谈判中所处的形势进行研究，要 使谈判双方清楚地了解其共同的利益和分歧所在，并 通过讨价还价来解决尽可能多的问题。
Section B reading
Negotiations 谈判
P3 Negotiation takes place every day in nearly
every facet of life--from national governments
Section A Listening and Speaking
Page 179 Passage 1
More and more people like shopping in supermarkets, which have developed rapidly in recent years. This, of course, has something to do with the convenience they offer to customers. Firstly, prices in supermarkets are much lower, for they are run in the self-service style. Therefore, fewer shop assistants are needed. Secondly, a wide variety of goods are displayed to satisfy the needs of different people. Thirdly, supermarkets usually have longer opening hours than other shops and stores. Shopping in supermarkets can make customers feel confident, comfortable and relaxed. Moreover, it saves them both time and money. That’s why supermarkets are getting more and more crowded nowadays.
备考金典：英文写作8大文体指南
【备考金典】：英文写作八大文体指南Writing （应用文校园生活）1.有备无患，日积月累。
1）以下的词、词组或搭配可用于描述校园生活的文章中，请指出它们可以用于哪些话题，把相应话题写在横线上。
A．关于校园文化活动B。
关于学习C。
关于师生关系D。
关于校园设施B．（1）.favorite subject；Chemistry；give up；work out；make a mistake；have a class；hard-working；diligent；difficult ；confident（2）school life；school activities；active；energetic；wonderful ；sports-meet；English corner；school culture；programmer；performance（3）friendship；atmosphere；teamwork；joys and sorrows；ups and downs ；close friend；sense of humor；sense of responsibility ；strengths and weaknesses；learn from each other（4）teaching facilities；classroom；school building；school campus；sports field/playground；school dormitory；school canteen；school library；the access to the Internet；school clinic；laboratory；teacher’s office2）补充以上4个话题的常用单词或词组。
2．阅读下面的书面表达题，了解有关要求。
假设你是李平，最近参加了由某电视台举办的中学生英语演讲比赛并获奖，该台准备组织获奖者去北京参加一次英语夏令营活动，现就有关事项征求你的意见。
实用英语写作手册
A Handbook of English WritingThe ParagraphA paragraph is a unit of thought; it is at once a unit in itself and part of a larger whole, that is, the essay.A paragraph is like a mini essay; it should be unified, coherent and well developed. A paragraph is unified when all the sentences in the paragraph are focused on one central thought or on a single topic; when the writer wishes it introduce a new thought or topic, he should begin a new paragraph. A paragraph is coherent when it develops naturally and smoothly, and one sentence leads logically to another. There are many ways to develop a paragraph, for example, by process, by cause and effect, by comparison and contrast, etc.Paragraphs vary in length. In a short expository essay of about 600 words, the average paragraph may be about 100 words, or between four and eight sentences. Ultimately, the length of the paragraph depends on its topic, its position in the essay and its role in the development of the thesis statement. Paragraphs in books are usually longer than those in newspapers. A long paragraph exposes a complex idea, and a short one makes a major transition, an emphatic statement, or a summary. An experienced writer varies the length of his paragraphs to avoid monotony.I.Effective Paragraphs1.UnityUnity of a paragraph is concerned with its content. If all the sentences in the paragraph lead to one central theme, the paragraph is unified. The central theme is usually summarized in what is called the topic sentence. It often appears at the beginning of the paragraph; however, it may also be found in the middle or at the end of a paragraph.One of the central preoccupations of the arts and humanities is the observation of human beings. Painters and sculptors create the images of the human form; writers tell stories or compose poems about human experience; musical artists give melodic contours to the human spirits; historians and philosophers ponder the essential qualities of human civilization and nature. And in our own lives, in our own ways, we spend a great deal of our energy and attention to our fellow creatures, being in families and other kinds of relationship, observing people with curiosity and interest in the course of the day, thinking about and forming our own character---deciding what kind of person we wish to be---as we grow.---Don KneelWe now have, as a result of modern means of communication, hundreds of thousands of words flung at us daily. Teachers, preachers, salesmen, public officials and motion-picture sound tracks are constantly talking us at. The cries of advertisers pursue us into our very homes, thanks to the radio---and in some houses the radio is neverturned off from morning to night. Daily the newsboy brings us, in large cities, from thirty to fifty enormous pages of print and almost three times that amount on Sunday. We go out and get more words at bookstores and libraries. Words fill our lives.In the first paragraph the first sentence is the topic sentence, whereas in the second paragraph, it is the last sentence. Sometimes the topic sentence is not stated explicitly but is implied. In the following paragraph, all the details contribute to one theme---what the room looks like. Though without a topic sentence, the paragraph is unified.The room is located on the fifth floor of the high building. One third of its total floor space is taken up by a double bed. Facing it, in the corner behind the door, stands a cupboard loaded with pots, bowls, dishes, bottles, and bags of rice and flour. A desk completely fills the gap between the bed and the wall with the window. Behind the desk is a hair, the only one in the room; and it almost touches the boxes and trunks piles against the wall on the opposite side.---Student2.CoherenceCoherence of a paragraph is concerned with its form, or its organization. The sentence is a paragraph should be arranged in a clear, logical order, and the transitions should smooth and natural. As a result, the reader finds it easy to follow the writer’s train of thought and understand what he is talking about.There is some feeling nowadays that reading is not as necessary as it once was. Radio and especially television have taken over many of the functions once served by painting and other graphic arts. Admittedly, television serves some of these functions extremely well; the visual communication of news event, for example, has enormous impact. The ability of radio to give us information while we are engaged in doing other things---for instance, driving a car---is remarkable, and a great saving of time. But it may be seriously questioned whether the advent of modern communication media has much enhanced out understanding of the world in which we live.---Mortimer J. AdlerThis paragraph is coherent. The writer begins with a statement, and then he goes to explain what have made some people feel that “reading is not as necessary as it once was”---radio and television have almost replaced the functions of the printed matter. What follows further explains how watching television and listening to radio serve some of the functions of reading. But the writer doubts whether the appearance of modern communication media has really promoted our understanding of the world, which he expresses in the last sentence, the topic sentence of the paragraph.3.TransitionCoherence may not be perfect even if the writer arranges his sentences in a clear, logicalorder. He has to use good transitions so that one sentence runs smoothly after another.The following ways may help the writer to produce a fluent paragraph:ing parallel structure;B.Repeating words or words group;ing pronouns and refer to nouns in preceding sentences;D.Being consistent in the person and number of nouns and pronouns, and the tense ofverbs.In the following paragraph, note how the writer makes use of all these ways to achieve coherence.Americans are queer people: they can’t play. Americans rush to work as soon as they grow up. They want their work as soon as they wake. It is stimulant---the only one they are not afraid of. They used to open their offices at ten o’clock; then at nine; then at eight;then at seven. Now they never shut them. Every business in America is turning into an open-all-day-and-all-night business. They eat all night, dance all night, and make a noise all night. They can’t play. They try to, but can’t/ they turn football into a fight, baseball into a lawsu it, and yachting into machinery. They can’t play. The little children can’t play;they use mechanical toys instead---toy cranes, hoisting toy loads, toy machinery spreading a toy industry depression of infantile dullness. The grownup people can’t play, the y use a mechanical gymnasium and a clockwork horse. They can’t laugh; they hire a comedian and watch him laugh.---Stephen Peacocking transitional expressions1)Connectives and transitional phrases for special development:Above before me here on the leftAcross from below in the distance on the rightAdjacent to beyond nearby opposite toAlso further next to on top ofUp down close to beneathUnder around near to over2)Connectives and transitional phrases for chronological development:First, second, etc. Soon eventuallyIn the meantime then thereuponAt the same time next thereafterAfter an interval now afterPresently later afterwardSomewhat later finally at last3)Connectives and transitional phrases for analytical development:First, second, etc. Now for this purposeBut as a result furthermoreFinally at last moreoverAlso consequently likewiseAnother for example nextYet for instance on the contraryOnce in addition in summarySuch in this case on the other handThen otherwise in conclusionThus in closing therefore4)Connectives and transitional phrases for comparisons:Another furthermore moreoverEqually important too, also at the same timeBesides then accordinglyIn fact in addition to like, likewiseSimilarly just as…so in the same way5)Connectives and transitional phrases for contrasts:On the contrary different from/in contrastOn the other hand toDespite in spite ofYet, but whereasNot only…but also here…thereYears ago…today this…thatThe former…the latter then…nowThe former…whereas the second some…othersOn the one hand…on the other once…nowII.Ways of Developing Paragraphs1.Planning a ParagraphParagraphs need to be planned. First, think of the topic or theme or main idea, and express it in a complete sentence (topic sentence). Then think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea. Arrange them in logical order, and you have a rough plan of the paragraph.An outline may be helpful to beginners. Suppose you are to write an article about philately, and your topic sentence is “Philately is an interesting hobby”, you may have the following points:(1)There are beautiful pictures on postage stamps;(2)There are portraits of historical figures on them;(3)It is always a delight to get a stamp I have never seen before;(4)I can learn something by looking at the stamps I have collected.On reading the four points again you may find that the last point had better be made the first. Now you can beg to write. Here is a paragraph developed from the above outline:Philately is an interesting hobby. Every time I open my albums and looked at the stamps I’ve collected over the years, I learned something new. On many of them are printed drawings or picture of rare birds, animals, trees or flowers. Under a magnifying glass they look very beautiful, and they help to increase my knowledge of nature. Onother stamps there are portraits of historical figures, such as Quip Yuan and Dr. Sun Yates, George Washington and Chester W. Limits. Whenever I see an unfamiliar name, I will try to find some information about the person by consulting an encyclopedia. In this way, I have come know something about quite a few people who are famous for one reason or another. Some of my friends and relatives who know I am interested in stamps often show me used envelopes. If I see a stamp I have never seen before I will ask them to give it to me, and it seems they are always kind enough to oblige me. It is always a delight to add a new stamp to my collection, and the more stamps I have, the more interested I am in philately.---StudentIn this paragraph a statement is given first and it is followed by some explanations. The statement expresses the effect and the rest of the paragraph explains the causes. This is one of the many possible methods for developing a paragraph.2.Development by TimeIn telling a story or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time: early things are mentioned before later things, the first thing first and the last thing last. This methodic also called chronological sequencing.James Murray was born in Scotland in 1837, the son of a village tailor. He went toa parish school, but he left at 14 and he educated himself with pertinacity. He lovedknowledge and he loved to impart it. He became a schoolmaster; he learned language after language and was alive to geology, archeology and phonetics, as well as to the local politics. He had to leave Scotland because of the illness of his first wife, and he became a bank clerk in London. By sheer energy of scholarship, and without benefit of any university education, he made himself indispensable to the other remarkable philologists of his day. He returned to school teaching and lived a 72-hour day for the rest of his life. For the invitation to edit what became the O.E.D. was one that he could not refuse. At first he combined it with his school work; later he moved to Oxford and dedicated himself to building the best sort of monument---best in that it was not a monument to himself, and best in that it was not a monument to something dead but rather to something living: the English language.---Christopher RacksMy heart gave a leap when I heard the announcement that our train would soon arrive at its destination---Beijing. Like other passengers, I began to collect my things and put my mug, towel, atlas, apples, and other things into my bag. To the tune of a beautiful song the train pulled into the station and gently stopped by a platform. I walked out of the train and was carried forward by the stream of people into an underground passage and then into a big hall. As I stepped out of the station, I was dazzled by the bright autumn skies of Beijing. Though I had been on the train for more than thirty hours and spent a sleepless night, I didn’t feel tired at all, and believed my days in Beijing would be as sunny as the skies.---StudentThese two paragraph s, one telling the story of a person’s life, the other describing an event that took place in a few minutes, followed a chronological arrangement, and it is easy for the reader to understand what is told in them.3.Development by ProcessWhen you have to explain how something is done, you usually follow a chronological sequence and give a step-by-step description. As the steps mulct occurs one after another, the exact order in which they are carried out is most important. In giving instructions, imperative sentences and sentences with the indefinite pronoun you as the subject is often used. The present tense should be used if the instructions are still applicable.Once you encounter a person who has stopped berthing, you should begin immediately to do mouth-to-mouth berthing. First, place the victim on his back and remove any foreign matter from his mouth with your fingers. Then tilt his head backward, so that his chin is pointing up. Next, pull his mouth open and his jaw forward, pinch his nostrils shut to prevent the air, which you blow into his mouth from escaping through his nose. Then place your mouth tightly over the victim’s. Blow into his mouth until you see his chest rise. Then turn your head to the side and listen for the out rush of air, which indi cates an air exchange. Repeat the process…---A handbookIt is necessary for a person to know how to post a parcel, since almost everyone has relatives and friends living far away and he may like to send them something. Different objects are packed in different ways. Things like bottles of medicine and watches should be put into wooden boxes to avoid breakage. After you have packed the objects, put down your address and that of the addressee on the wrapping. Give the parcel to the postal clerk for him to check. He will then give you a form to fill in. Having filled in the form, you give it together with the parcel to the clerk. He will weigh the parcel and tell you how much you should pay. You pay the money and get a receipt. Be sure to keep your receipt until you are sure that the addressee has received the parcel. If anything wrong should happen to your parcel, you can show the receipt to the clerk and ask to be reimbursed.---A student4.Development by SpaceBefore we begin to describe a place, whether it is a large country or a small room, we have to decide on the order in which to name the different parts or details. For this we should find out the space relationships between them and arrange our description accordingly. It would only confuse the reader to mention them in a haphazard way.In the middle of the rectangular-shaped courtyard stood three magnolia trees, all in full bloom. A little girl was hopping among them, now gazing at a bud, now collecting fallen petals. Less than one of the trees stood her parents, who, while keeping an eye onher, were examining the milk-while blossoms with great interest and admiration. In front of another tree a young couple, fresh and bright as the flowers, were posing for a picture.At one end of the courtyard a group of youngsters had gathered behind an artist paintinga flourishing limb, which looked so charming and real that one boy stooped to sniff at ahalf-open flower. At the opposite end a few elderly men and women stood admiring the leafless flowering trees and the people looking at them.---A studentHere the writer starts forms the trees in the middle of the courtyard, or the center of the scene. Then he describes the people under and around the trees (girls, her parents and the young couple), and after that the people farther from the trees at both ends of the courtyard (the artist and youngsters behind him, and the elderly women and men). In short, he moves his camera from the center to the surrounding areas.Mr. Cook, a renowned American historian, arranges the books on his bookshelves in a unique way. In the upper right hand corner, there are books about the development of the early colonies in New England and the War of Independence. Right under them can be found books on the slave trade, the plantation system and the growth of the southern states. The left side of the shelf contains hundreds of books concerning subjects of the Westward Movement, Indian culture, the cowbo ys’ contributions to American society and the Gold Rush in California. From the description above, one can see that Mr. Cook regards his bookshelves as a map of the U.S. and arranges his history books accordingly.It is odd, but it is convenient.---A StudentThis paragraph, which describes the arrangement of books, is simple and clear. The positions of the books are described in order that is easy to follow: first from the upper right to the lower right, and then to the left.5.Development by Example or GeneralizationSupporting a topic sentence with examples or illustrations makes a general statement specific and easy to understand. An illustration is a case, a specimen, and an instance. Vivid illustration light up abstract ideas and make them clear, interesting, memorable, or convincing.Illustrations may be a single example or a series of examples:This term several useful and interesting courses have been offered. An Introduction to European Culture, for instance, gives us a lot of background knowledge of the history of the European philosophy, literature, and arts. From time to time we see slide shows of famous paintings and hear tapes of famous pieces of music, and they make the lectures all the more interesting. American Society and Culture is another course that attracts a large audience. The teacher, who visited the United States not long ago, discusses new trends and changes in American life as well as American history and traditions. We like these and other courses very much, because they help us not only to improve our English but also to broaden our vision.---A StudentIn this paragraph there are two examples that explain why certain courses are “useful and inter esting” as is said in the first sentence.The following paragraph develops its controlling sentence with a series of facts involving well-known people. These enable the writer to make the abstract idea, “persistent investigation,” concrete. They also add dramatic qualities that make the information interesting. You may notice that is not always necessary to say “for example” or “for instance” when an example is given.Knowledge often results only after persistent investigation. Albert Einstein, after a lengthy examination of the characteristics of matter and energy, formulated his famous Theory of Relativity, which now acts as a basis for further research in nuclear physics.Using plaster casts of footprints, fingerprints, and stray strands of hair, a detective pertinacious pursues the criminals. After years of work Annie Jump Cannon perfected the classification of the spectra of some 350,000 stars. Investigations into the causes of polio have provided us with the means for prevention and cure of this dreaded disease only after many years of research. As students, we too are determined in our investigation to find, retain, and contribute to the store of human knowledge.---Earl RudolphThe following paragraph, which is mainly descriptive, contains many details. It starts with a topic sentence. Then details are given to back up the opening statement. This is the general-to-specific pattern.My little niece, a ten-month-old baby, is the loveliest child I have ever seen. Her face is like a red apple and her eyes are like bright stars. When you carry her in your arms, she likes to put her arms around your neck. All the grownups in the family love her very much and often try to make her smile. But quite often it is she who makes us laugh. OnceI winked at her and she smiled. When I did it again, she watched me attentively. Then shetried to imitate. While we closed one eye to wink, she had to close both eyes at the same time, and then quickly opened them again. And that was her way to wink. We all burst into laughter. When we looked at her again, she was staring at us, puzzled, as if she was asking, “What are you laughing at?”---A studentAnother possible arrangement of details (or examples) in a paragraph is from the specific to the general. The details are mentioned first, and the general statement, which may be the topic sentence, comes at the end of the paragraph, summarizing the main idea of the paragraph.Whether you do or do not open a gift in the presence of the giver; whether you should or should not turn the plate over to look at the maker’s symbol on the back; whether you put your coat on before or after you leave the host’s home; whether you eat as quickly or noisily as possible; whether you carry on a conversation during a mean; whether you walked in front of or behind a seated person; whether it is a friendly of an offensive gesture to put your hand on the arm of the person with whom you are talking---these anda thousand questions are matters of cultural definition. None of them is inherently rightor wrong, and none is good or bad manners except as a society defines it so.---Ina Corinne Brown Details or examples are usually arranged in climactic order: the least important comes first, followed by others in order of increasing importance.It was a typical Russian winter. The first snowstorm had turned everything white. The wind was howling, swirling and tumbling over a vast land of ice and snow, freezing and destroying whatever stood in its way. A ragged, misshapen army was staggering and struggling desperately for survival, cold, hungry and decreasing in size every day. The year was 1812. The army of the remnants of Napoleon’s expeditionary force which was withdrawing from Russia after receiving its worst defeat. The war with Russia turned out to be a fiasco for Napoleon and had a devastating effect on his career.---A NovelSuch a climactic sequence is followed in paragraphs developed not only by details or examples but also by comparison and contrast, by cause and effect, etc.6.Development by Comparison and ContrastThe method of comparison and contrast is often used. We compare the present and the past of China, the culture of the East and the West, Chinese and English. By comparing and contrasting we may get a clearer picture of things.Strictly speaking, a comparison points out the similarities between two or more persons and things of the same class, while a contrast, the difference between them. In practice, however, comparison and contrast often appear together, because people generally compare two things that are similar in certain ways and different in others.There are two major ways of organizing paragraphs of comparison and contrast. One way is to examine one thing thoroughly and then examine the other. In this way, the aspects examined in the two things should be identical and then in the same order. This method is called block comparison or block contrast.The other way is to examine two things at the same time, discussing them point-by-point. This method is called alternative comparison or alternative contrast.The following paragraph is a good example of alternative comparison:The same qualities that make people good houseguests make them good hospital patients. Good houseguests can expect a reasonable amount of service and effort on their behalf, and hospital patients can also. Guests have to adjust to what is for them a change, and certainly hospital patients must do the same. No one appreciates complaining, unpleasant, unappreciative houseguests, and the hospital staff is no exception.Houseguests who expect vast changes to be made for their benefit are not popular for long. Certainly nurses and other personnel with their routines feel the same way about patients in their care. Just as houseguests must make adjustments to enjoy their visits, so patients must make adjustments to make their stays reasonably pleasant and satisfyingunder the circumstances.---Robert FriedmanAlternative contrast is used when you want to point out several differences between two things or people without discussing them in great detail. You merely point out a special feature of one item and then state how the other item differs from it in that aspect. The following paragraph is an example of this method.The television western of several years ago differs greatly from the western of today.Ten years ago, for example, thaw swindler or bank robber in a western could be identified not by the crimes he committed so much as by the color of the clothing he wore---which was black. Today the television western reveals the villain by mannerisms and personali ty. At one time, every western has a superhuman or invincible “good guy”with whom the viewers could identify because he too lives out on the farm. Currently, the central figures of the west are average people who may live on a middle-class street in any part of the country. They are characters like the bus drivers, mail clerks and accountants who live next door to you in suburbia. At night they come in off the horses to ride the television range. They become persons who respect others, drink and smoke only just a bit, and are able not only to outshoot the “bad guy”, but also to outsmart him with good common sense.---Ron SenegalBlock comparison is suitable when the writer wants to treat points of similarity in depth. In this way each point is drawn out and its relationship to another point is made clear. This type of comparison is often used when the points of similarity discussed are not many but complex, and require much explanation.Here is a paragraph, which points out all of the characteristics that the writer wants to name about Ulysses S. Grant, and then mentions all the parallel items in the life of Robert E. Lee.Although Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee were fierce adversaries during the Civil War, their lives, both military and nonmilitary, had a great deal in common. Great descended from a family whose members participated in the American Revolution? He received his commission of second lieutenant from West Point and served in the Spanish-American War. He was later summoned by President Lincoln to assume command of the Union Forces during the Civil War. After the Civil War, Grant suffered financial problems and was forced to declare bankruptcy. Lee also descended from a family, which engaged in the American Revolution. He, too, received his commission fro West Point and later fought in Mexico during the Spanish-American War. His fame as a military strategist during the civil War, when he was the commander of the Confederate armies, is well known. Although historians do not always point it, he, like Grant, had financial difficulties after the Civil War and was compelled to declare bankruptcy. By securing a post as president of Washington College, he was able to avoid additional poverty.---Gordon Saris。
(完整版)英语写作I Unit-8 PPT课件
PART I WARM-UP ACTIVITIES
• Suggested answers to the exercises • 1. Group 1: • Mary likes that shop very much, and she goes
there almost every week. • Mary likes that shop very much, so she goes
major in accounting. • S. b. Although Tony is very gifted in music, he
chose to 'major in accounting. • S. c. Tony, who is very gifted in music, chose to
• I love those trees.
2011-Simon-GDUBS
Introduction
• Second, subordinate clauses can help to achieve special emphatic effects. The idea in the main clause is usually more important than that in the subordinate clause. For example,
2011-Simon-GDUBS
• Adjective components refer to components used to modify nominal components. This encompasses a wide range of parts of speech, such as adjectives, prepositional phrases, and participles.
英语专业写作基础教程7-8单元笔记（共五则范文）
英语专业写作基础教程7-8单元笔记（共五则范文）第一篇：英语专业写作基础教程7-8单元笔记一、Definition and purpose of research paper定义：A research paper usually deals with an important issue, factual or theoretical, and it is usually fairly long and well-documented.目的：1.Learn how to use libraries, how to read books critically and efficiently, and how to use them wisely and correctly；2.Familiarize ourselves with the knowledge and mechanics necessary for writing a research paper；3.Gain some experience in writing long papers or reports.二、Steps of preparing research paperWe go through 5 steps or stages in the process of preparinga research paper:1.choosing a topic2.collecting information3.analyzing the information, organizing ideas, and working out an outline4.writing the first draft;and5.revising the draft and finalizing the paper.1.1 Ways of choosing a topic:(原则:from the general to the specific)①selecting a general topic(interested;already have some ideas;could develop it into a research paper)②③narrowing down the scope of our topic to a facet or facets which can be developed ④formulating the final topic1.2 Criteria for our final topic:It should be a topic①which is meaningful and serious.②which we are able to handle.③for which sufficient materials are available.④that can betreated objectively.⑤that is not too topical.2.1Ways of collecting information①using the library②reading③taking notes2.2How can we find books in library?We can find the books according to the first words of the titles of books or the;last names of the authors.2.3书目卡Calllast(姓),first(名)Number1城市：出版社，时间***p2.4 How are the books in libraries arranged?Books are arranged alphabetically according to their authors ,titles and the subjects they belong to.2.5How do you look for A Doll’s House?We go to the title catalogue file and look up Doll’s House and Color Purple ,ignoring the indefinite article “A” in the first book and the definit e article “The” in the second book.2.6 What do you do to get the information of E.M.Foster?We go to the author catalogue file and look up Foster, E.M., for the cards are arranged according to the last names of the authors.2.7 What is the right way of reading ?To read book quickly and critically.We may first look at the title of contents or the index to find out what chapter or parts of a book might give us some useful material.2.8 How can you be sure that your information is not outdated or biased ?We find the latest edition of the book and compare what is said in it with what other books say on the same topic to make sure that the information we have is not outdated or biased.2.9Rules of taking notes①take notes on cards, or on separate pieces of paper②place only one note on a card.③be selective.2.10 Kinds of information on a note carda.the fact, idea or opinion,b.the source.c.the author’s last name and the page number2.11 Kinds of notesa.the direct quotation(a note that takes down the exact wording of a particular effective statement on a subject)b.the paraphrase(a note that takes down the information of a source in our own words)c.the summary(a note that abstracts and condenses a large amount of material into a small space)Whichever method we use, we must cite the source of the information.如果原文有误，但仍就引用过来，须在后面标注[sic]。
实用职场英文写作教程Unit 8 Meeting Minute
sat）
14. subsume:包含，包容 15. venue：会议地点 16. table：搁置（议案、提议、动议） 17. adjourn：休会，闭会 18. board of directors 董事会 19. AGM：股东周年大会（Annual General Meeting） 20. action minutes 行动性会议纪要 21. narrative minutes 叙述性会议纪要 22. resolution minutes 决议性会议纪 要
• 2.简明（conciseness）:会议纪要切中要点、准确的时候，更容易理解主要信 息。
• 3.清晰（Clarity）:理解决议或行动的目的，以便更加清晰的表达会议纪要内容 。
• 4.一致（consistency）:会议纪要的格式应保持一致，只有通篇修改的时候， 才可以改变。
• 另外还要注意以下几个方面：
• 1.语言用得越正式，越显出商务气 息。如：
Informal
Formal
so-so
satisfactory
• 2. 不要用缩略语，用全称：
Informal
Formal
aren’t
are not
She’s
She is, She has
• 3. 不要用缩写，用全称：
Informal
Formal
Dept.
Useful Expressions and Sentences
Useful Expressions
1. hearing:听证会，意见听取会 2. waive：放弃，撤回 3. quorum:有效的法定人数 4. proceedings:进程，时间，事项， 记录
新编大学实用英语教程第一册8单元
Background knowledge
Types of Meteorologists
Broadcast Meteorologists: These folks are the people who interpret and report the weather for television. Research Meteorologists: Many of these scientists work for the National Weather Service or other government agency. NASA, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the military. Teachers and Professors: Many people use their knowledge of the atmosphere and meteorology to become educators. Forensic Meteorologists: This type of meteorologist will often investigate claims for insurance companies on past weather or research weather for a court of law. Consulting Meteorologists: Large companies now hire meteorologists for consultation work
Listening and Speaking
Suggestions for teachers Weather
Oral Practice
英语应用文写作Unit8 Broadcast Announcements[精]
![英语应用文写作Unit8 Broadcast Announcements[精]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/606639bd680203d8ce2f24b0.png)
Sample 5 Broadcast Announcement of an urgency
Announcement of an urgency Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? We are extremely sorry to announce due to the weather, the airport will have to be closed for 12 hours. Flight 7210 to Shanghai will be taking off in 12 hours. We will provide meals and beds for passengers. Flights to Washington will have to be changed to Hilton Airport. We will provide free bus service for passengers one hour later. We apologize for the inconvenience. Thank you.
Common used vocabulary
announcement (通知) inform (通知)
take off （起飞） adjust ( 调整)
attention （注意） passenger （乘客）
sincerely （衷心的） convenience （方便）
The Student Union (学生会)
connected for the moment, please redial later. 4. Sorry, your telephone charge is overdue, please
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简明性
产品说明书的形式多样，篇幅长短不一，但都要简明扼 要，重点突出。随着生产和消费活动的不断发展，越来越 多的产品说明书配有生动活泼的图画，内容也不再是简单 的产品说明，还会介绍厂家的品牌、优势、售后服务，甚 至增加了一些生活、健康常识。无论形式如何变化，产品 说明书都应该采用用户能够接受的形式，清楚醒目地介绍 产品。
语言正式
产品说明书的内容一般都会分项列出，语言简练而正式 ，大多使用单音节词语，例如“禁”、“忌”、“慎”等 。
Formats of Instruction
大多数说明都是关于如何操作器具的说明，此类操作说明的内容通常分 为标题、使用前注意事项、操作、索引。
（1）标题主要是标明要介绍的器具名称 （2）使用前注意事项说明的是在使用前应当了解的信息，如安装、电源、
Formats of Brochure
Brochure一般包括标题、正文、附加信标题，
有时还有副标题。标题主要表明该机构或宣传手 册中介绍对象的名称。副标题通常是对宣传对象 的一些简短的描述。有时候，接着标题或副标题， 还列有联系方式，如电话号码、电传、电子邮件 等。 (2). 正文部分是对宣传对象的详细介绍。其内容可 以包括宣传对象的建立、历史、特点、业绩、目 标、日程，以及其它的相关信息。可以用列举方 式，也可以按照普通的文本格式书写。 (3). 最后可以是联系方式或注册登记表格等。
Writing Requirements of
Brochure
Brochure的种类主要是根据其宣传对象的内容而 分的，其宣传对象主要为公司、会议、协会、城 市、旅游景点等。公司宣传手册是对公司或企事 业单位的职能、产品或服务、特点等方面进行的 简单介绍。会议、论坛、展览会等的宣传推广手 册主要是关于其主题内容的简要介绍，并对潜在 的参与者发出邀请，还可以列出将出席或发表演 说的重要人物。协会介绍是对该协会的历史、宗 旨、发展情况、入会方式等的说明。旅游景点简 介是用尽量简短的语言，对其最突出的特点进行 描述，并说明其中相对著名的景点。
说明书最常见的为产品说明书。产品说明书随产品附送， 是一种常见的说明文，是生产者向消费者全面、明确地介 绍产品名称、用途、性质、性能、原理、构造、规格、使 用方法、保养维护、注意事项等内容而写的准确、简明的 文字材料，用于指导产品的使用，在社会经济生活和人们 的日常生活中起着重要作用。归纳起来，产品说明书的主 要功能有：向消费者传授相关商品知识、指导消费者和宣 传企业。这些独特功能作用决定了产品说明书的语法特点， 体现在其用词专业、语言简洁、意思高度浓缩。
第八章 指南、说明书及手册的 书写
Brochure, Instruction & Manual
第一节 指南
Brochure
Definition
Brochure是指包括推销材料或产品信息的 小册子，即说明书、背景资料、简介等。 Brochure与广告有相近之处，都是一种宣 传手段，但也有很大的区别。广告是对产 品和服务的宣传，而Brochure不仅如此， 还可以是对会议、公司等的介绍与宣传， 同时，内容也更加详尽，格式也不相同。
产品说明书必须具备四个基本特点：
科学性 产品说明书的资料和内容必须真实、客观、准确，反映 产品的实际情况，不能夸大其词，更不能无中生有，不能 为了追求经济利益而丧失了商家应有的职业道德。此外， 还应清楚地标记出使用产品时的注意事项和可能产生的问 题，让用户放心安全使用。
实用性 产品说明书必须根据产品的特点进行宣传，从而引导用 户。说明书主要是帮助用户正确认识和使用产品。产品说 明书必须在遵守科学性的前提下尽可能通俗易懂，使用户 能对照说明书正确使用产品。
维修、服务、版权、商标等。 （3）使用前注意事项之后，是对该器具如何使用的详细说明。此部分的
开始通常是准备开始，而其他操作内容根据该器具的不同而不同。 （4）最后是索引部分，索引是为了方便使用者迅速查找需要的部分，它
可以按照不同的顺序排列，但绝大多数情况下是按字母顺序。 （5）还有些说明类似于规则或指令，用来对某些场所或机构进行规范。
它们通常按顺序列出要求。
Sample Reading
[Sample 1] Sample of Title
[Sample 2] Sample of Precaution
[Sample 3] Sample of detailed operation
[Sample 4] Sample of Index
Writing Requirements of Instruction
Instruction同样按其说明的内容划分，大 致可以分为产品说明、操作说明等。产品 说明是用来说明产品的性能特点、功能、 使用与保管方法．不同的产品，说明的方 法也有出入，但基本的特点是相似的。操 作说明主要是关于器具，尤其是电器一类 产品的操作步骤及注意事项等。
Sample Reading
[Sample 1] Samples of the heading
[Sample 2] Samples of the body
Version
第二节 说明书
Instruction
Definition
Instruction指关于操作、实施步骤的详尽的指导，即操作 指南、指导方法意见、书刊介绍等。
下面是SONY相机索引的部分节选，由于中文拼音与英文字母顺序不尽相同，而两种语言的版本的排列顺序 并不相同。
[Sample 4] Sample of ordering instructions
INSTRUCTIONS OF THE READING ROOM (1) Read and study seriously and be concerned about world affairs. (2) Keep quiet and pay attention to cleanliness. (3) Do not talk or laugh loudly; do not smoke or eat; do not litter the floor with waste paper. (4) Spit only in the places designated. (5) Produce your student card or identity card when borrowing books. Borrow only one book at a time. (6) Protect public property. Do not scribble on the pages of books or tear them out. Pay the cost price for any damage done. (7) Do not move the desks or chairs about. Close the windows when leaving. (8) Let the readers and librarians help each other and jointly nm the reading room well.