园艺专业英语：Lesson 3 Plants and Environmental Factors
园艺专业英语课文.doc.docx
Lesson 1The History and the Development of Protected CultivationSelected and rewritten from u The History and Geography of the Greenhouse by Il・ Zvi Enoch and Yaeln Enoch, in Greenhouse Ecosyslems20, echled by G・ Stanhill and H・ Zvi Enoch, a series book of Ecosystems ofthc World (Li Yaling, Shanxi Agricuhural University)This lesson briefly describes the development of the greenhouse from antiquity to the present day. Il includes a discussion of p「o(ec(ed cropping in cokband ho(・f¥ames, glass cloches, lean-to houses, winter gardens» orangeries, conservatories and glasshouses in their varied forms, and plastic-clad plant enclosures of all sizes ranging from low tunnels • walk-in tunnels, to large plastic houses・For the purpose of this lesson, the greenhouse is defined as a transparent enclosure designed to grow or temporarily protect plants ・ Thus the definition does not include enclosures for growing mushrooms or tissue cultures・In antiquity, however» there were probably no greenhouses in the sense defined here> but there were various practices adopted to provide out-of-secison flowers and vegetables・The cultivation of out-of-season plants was intensely studied in ancient Athens and Rome・ This Can be seen for instance in the work of Theophrastus [who lived from 372 to 287 BCE (before the common era)]. He mentioned moving plants into the peristyle (verandah iii a dosed courtyard of a Greek house) at night and heating soil by mixing it with decaying manure or compost.Growers in China> Mesopotamia« Egypt, Israeh Greece and Rome grew valuable plants in pots and placed them indoors at night or during cold periods to protect them ・ Sometimes» plants were grown on wheelbarrdws that could easily be brought into a grotto» cellar or room at night. Chinese plant culture may have included greenhouses that» xcording to tradition, go back to antiquity. A Chinese greenhouse(Fig. 1-1 in the text book ) consisted of a brick wall oriented east-west. On its southernside, a transparent surface consisting of bamboo sticks covered with oiled paper was placed at an angle 30 ・40 to the horizontal. During the day, the brick wall became heated by the sun and at night it released its heat ・ In add it ion> at n ight the paper window was covered by rush mats which acted as thermal insulation. Similar simple greenhouses are in use today♦ and it is claimed that they increase the night temperature by up to 69C ・In the 20th century > in both northwestern Europe and North America > there was a development from smaller to larger greenhouse units 9 usually even・span or ridge・ and furrow multi-span houses・The Use of small electrical motors allowed automated climate control, including the opening of vents ・Heating by thermsiphon hot water circulation was replaced by forced circulation・ Electrical putnps were used for irrigation and to operate shading systems, etc.Lean-to glasshouse slowly became obsolete and heating by smoke flues disappeared in the first decades of the 20thcentury・However> these changes all occurred very gradual!y・An example of thisdevelopment in the Netherlands is outlined below・Simple over-winter sheds were used in Aalsmeer, the Netherlands, up to the 1920% and storc-framcst placed against the walls to protect vines in the Westland region were photographed in 1928.At the beginning of the 20th century, 90 % of the area used for protected cultivation in the Netherlands consisted of cold frames or hotbeds (heated by decomposition of manure and compost)・ By 1950, the area was still about 30%, and in 1964 it was 10% ・The use of Dutch lights was introduced at the beginning of the 20th century. Initially, only single-span frames were used； double -light frames date from about 1920・ Comparing the building practices in the Netherlands with those in the more advanced United States» one sees that in 1904, 90 % of the glass-covered area in the Netherlands con sisted of light frames ・ while 25 % of the glass・covered area in the US A in the year 1900 was of proper glasshouses ・ The area under glass in the Netherlands increased from 1.6 km2 in 1904 to 4.0 km2 in 1912, to 32. 9 km2 in 1950, reaching 60.2 knf in 1964.Heating and carbon-dioxide fertilization of hotbed through the decomposition of mixtures of horse manure and plant residues was widely used in the Netherlands at the beginning of the last century, and remained the com IT Ion way for growing cucumbers and melons until horses were replaced by tractors in the years after the Second World War.Claassen and Haze loop (1933)mentioned that at that time flue heaters were only used by a few growen; in the Netherlands♦ whereas in Belgium* most of the 4.40 kirT used for fruit-growing in 1939 was heated by flues. Dutch greenhouses suitable tor a variety of crops were developed gradually over half a century. In 1900, at Loosduinen» a steel-framed greenhouse was built which became the forerunner for the “\Enlo Warenhuis\ a house that could be used for different crops ・ This glasshouse» first built in 1937, consists of large sheets of glass held within the grooves of the two sides of a separating narrow steel bar, permitting the maxinium transmission of light・V?nlo-typc structures (Fig・1・2) were becoming popular ill Westland of the Netherlands iii the 1950's ・ Burning natural gas for the supply of carbon dioxide to greenhouse crops began in the Netherlands in 1961» following work done by J・ Stender from the Institute of Horticultural Engineering in Wageningen, and became globally applied over the next decade・ Glossary 1.glass cloche园艺用钟形玻璃西(E钟形玻璃罩，一种通常呈钟状的罩子，主耍用丁保护植物避免严寒冻害)2.cold-and hot-frame 阳畦和温床3.Ican-to house 一面坡温室，单屋面温室4.winter garden冬季花园(或菜园)5.orangery 柑橘温室，橘园,养橘温室(a sheltered placet especially a greenhouse»used for the cultivation of orange trees in cool climates)6・ conscrvatoiy 话人室(a greenhouse。
《园艺专业英语》教学大纲
《园艺专业英语》教学大纲总学分： 2学分学时：36面向专业：园艺专业大纲执笔人：于喜艳大纲审定人：杨建平一、说明1、课程的教学目的、性质、地位和任务园艺专业英语是为园艺专业学生开设的课程。
以《Principles of Horticulture》为教材（Ervin L. Denisen 著），主要讲授园艺学的基本知识，以帮助学生查阅科技外文资料，参加英语科技讲座、会议，撰写英语科技论文，进一步培养学生读、说、听、写的能力。
是将已学英语转为实际应用的桥梁。
2、程教学的基本要求学习《大学英语》后选修。
二、课程教学大纲及学时分配Chapter 1.Horticulture in Everyday Life1.What is horticulture ? (0.5 学时)2.The boundaries of horticulture. (1.5学时)3.The divisions of horticulture. (1.5学时)Chapter 2.Classification, Anatomy and Growth of Horticultural PlantsClassification of horticultural plants (3学时)Chapter 3.Plants and Their Environment1.Water (1学时)2.Light (1学时)3.Nutrients(1学时)Chapter 4. Growing Plants from Seeds1.What is seed ? (1.5学时)ing good seed. (1.5学时)Chapter 5.Growing Plants by Layerage, Cuttage and Specialized Structuresyerage (1.5学时)2.Cuttage (1.5学时)Chapter 6.Grafting and Budding1.The art of graftage and grafting methods. (2学时)2.Budding methods. (1学时)Chapter 7.Pests of Horticultural Plants and Their Control1.Classifying horticultural pests. (1.5学时)2.Diseases. (1.5学时)3.Methods of pest control (3学时)Chapter 8.Harvesting and storing1.Harvesting. (1学时)2.Storage and preservation. (2学时)Chapter 9.Marketing Hort icultural Products1.Supply and preservation. (2学时)2.Quality and quality maintenance. (0.5学时)3.What to look for in marketing. (1.5学时)Chapter 10.Improvement of Horticultural Plants by Breeding and Selection1.Genes and herbedity and basic procedures in plant breeding. (1.5学时)2.Selecting parental material. (0.5学时)3.Making crosses and techniques of grossing. (1.5学时)4.Growing seedings and the selection process. (1学时)5.Evaluation program. (0.5学时)6.Philosophies of plant improvement. (1学时)二、课程考核要求闭卷考试。
园艺专业英语：Lesson 5 Plant Biotechnology and GMOs
• Causes the death of fish and disruption to the whole ecosystem of the lake.
• International regulations has led to a reduction in the occurrences of these blooms.
Chemical pest control
• Each year, 30% of crops are lost to insects and other crop pests. • The insects leave larva, which damage the plants further. • Fungi damage or kill a further 25% of crop plants each year. • Any substance that kills organisms that we consider undesirable
• Fertilizers - are compounds to
promote growth; usually applied either via the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by uptake through leaves. Can be organic or inorganic
园艺专业英语(课后翻译)教学文稿
园艺专业英语翻译（中→英）Lesson1 part A1、protected (structure) horticulture is defined as a cultivation method taking use of heat keeping ,chillingprevention or cooling and rainproof facilities to prevent the crops production from being influenced or seriously done by natural seasons and to artificially create a microclimate environment suitable for growing horticultural crops in cold or hot weather hat actually unfavorable to the cropdevelopment .it is also termed as out-of-season culture ,season-off culture or forcing culture .because of the season in which horticultural crops are planted is hand for their growing in open field.2、Windbreak、cold –frame 、hot-frame、plastic-clad tunnel and greenhouse could provide a variety ofvegetable seeding for open field or protected culture or protect seeding of cold tolerant vegetableliving through the winter ,for early planting and acquirement of early mature products.3、In respect of structure type, the largest horticultural structure area in our country consists of plastictunnels and lean to houses, especially the energy-sawing solar greenhouse, which has become thedominant greenhouse type in the country. Presently the development of large greenhouse ormulti-span house has been initiated.Lesson2 part A4、In horticultural crop cultivation under structure the key point of environment management for growersis to create optimal complex of environmental conditions for crop growth and development, aspossibly as they can, according to properties and environmental demand of crop.Lesson3 part ALesson4 part A1、most soil amendments are consisted of the increasing of organic matters ,addition of specific nutritionalelements and ph adjustment2、the soil is an important constitute of the land loamy soil must consist of soul particles with properratio ,with equilibrium of nutrients ,in which contains some organic matter ,and with considerablemoistureLesson5 part ALesson6 part A1、sink demand of horticultural crops extremely affects photosynthetic ,for example ,leaf photosynthesisnoticeably decrease when potato tubers are removed during their growth short-term response may be stomato close effect ,but this cannot explain common continuous effects ,sometime when thesource-sink ratio increases significantly ,some old leaves can renew their photosynthesisfunctions ,on the other hand ,rapidly growing sinks sometimes compete with leaves for mobilizable nitrogen and this results in abscission of leaves and lower photosynthesis capacity.2、It is not clear yet that how the sink demand affect photosynthesis of leaves .the simplest explanation isthat photosynthesis accumulated in leaves restrain photosynthesis . however trials for examining this hypothesis usually obtained the opposite results .furthermore ,in practice ,photosynthates seemly notaccumulate beside chloroplasts in mesophyll cells .thus ,more research work should be done onsource-sink relationship to improve yields of horticultural cropsLesson7 part A1、the development of horticultural crops product organs consist of maturity 、full ripeness and senescencestages .maturity includes physiological ripeness and horticultural ripeness the former means that in the last growth stage ,mature organs become full ripening and the later means the best growth stage of horticultural crops for harvest ,such as leaf vegetables ,when they are reaped ,they are notphysiological ripe ,and flower crops are harvested when thy flower.Full ripeness is the develop stage after fruit mature some fruits can get full ripeness in trees ,whilesome must ripen after separated from trees .after full ripen the flesh mealiness aroma strength proper acidity and sugar ,senescence is a stopping terminating process of living activity. In this stage,product organs quality of horticultural crops become bad and completely leaves their economicalvalue in the endLesson8 part A1、hormone produced by seed influence fruit setting ,fruit growth and the balance of hormones in plant2、Stone fruits can no t set their fruits when their embryos develop abnormally. pome fruits can set withoutseeds ,but flesh cells grow slowly3、Gibberellins was produced after pollination with seed development gibberellins promotes synthesis ofauxin , therefore ,promotes fruit setting .the fruit set and fruit growth is similar between the ovule not pollinated treated by gibberellins and those which has seed4、Gibberellins produced by apple seeds apparently restrain flower differentiation and result in alternatefruiting .alternate fruiting is not normal in pear and many stone fruits .it is because the earlyoccurrence of gibberellins synthesis peak which is not concurrent with flower differentiationinitiation.Lesson13 part A1、pruning of fruit trees is a practice involves the heading back cuts and the thinning cuts of branches forgood framework ,for regulating contradiction between growth and fruiting ,for maintaining theequilibrium between vegetative growth and propagative growth and for good sunlight exposure, to fruit early to achieve high yield and to get commodity with high quality2、the pruning methods are best determined by the characteristics of fruit species and cultivars ,the climatethe soil condition and the crop developing stages and growth status .in order to get the best result ,it is useful to combine pruning with other cultural practices like fertilization ,irrigation, etc3、Reinvigoration of trees is better performed annually, which can keep fruit from stimulating excessivesprouts .remove dead branches, sprouts and some crossing shoots. Secondly, large branches should be thinned out gradually to open tree chamber and to improve distribution of sunlight in order tosimulate fruiting.Lesson15 part A1、temperature is an critical element in biological ,chemical and physiological processes of all plant species2、Temperature regulates the rate of chemical reactions ,leading to the adjustment of plant growth rate.3、As a important contributing factor to climate .temperature play an important role in adaptability andgrowth ,date of plant thus the horticultural crop types which can be cultured in a specific area rely on temperature4、Most plants can live and grow in the range of 0 to 50℃ .however low-temperature sensitivity limit thesuccessful cultivated regions of plantsLesson16 part A1、sprinkler irrigation is often used in maintaining and flower beds which has the specialty the uniformwater amount in its coverage .however, water waste occur when sprinkler is not limited in the area need irrigation .in addition ,evaporation result in some water loss too。
园艺英语——精选推荐
园艺英语新世纪农业科学专业英语：园艺英语《新世纪农业科学专业英语：园艺英语》是按照⾼等院校专业英语教学要求，为提⾼学⽣的专业英语⽔平，收集国外园艺相关的科技⽂章和新技术介绍，并结合多年来园艺教学实践的体会、汲取其他有关资料⽽编写的。
《新世纪农业科学专业英语：园艺英语》选材多样，内容丰富，既由蔬菜、果树和观赏园艺三个⽅⾯构成，⼜从栽培、育种、⽣物技术、产品采后处理等各个环节形成园艺学科完整的教学体系。
全书18个单元，每⼀单元由精读、泛读、关键字句解释、专业词汇和练习组成。
课⽂附有译⽂可供教师和学⽣参考，是⾼等农林院校本科⽣的适⽤教材，也可供园艺⼯作者和⼴⼤业余爱好者学习参考。
Unit 1Part A TemperatureIntroduction 英[??ntr??d?k?n] n.介绍;引⾔Floriculture literature discusses three types of temperatures; air , leaf , and medium. Generally ,air temperature is the easiest to monitor control, and record, but the actual leaf or plant temperature can differ greatly from the air temperature. For example , when the environment is warm and windy with low humidity ,the leaf temperature will be lower than the air temperature because of the cooling effect of transpiration. Conversely , cool and sunny conditions with high humidity and little air movement will result in leaf temperature higher than the air temperature. The sun warms the leaf and there is little air movement or transpiration to dissipate the heat. Medium temperature reflects the actual temperature of the roots. Currently most temperature recommendations refer to air temperatures unless ,stated otherwise, and most recommendations also refer to night temperature, which is more easily controlled. Advances in environmental monitoring equipment and computer technology may soon allow greenhouse production to be based on leaf and medium temperatures rather than on air temperatures.Temperatures can have a general or a specific effect on plant growth. In the former case , plant growth gradually increases or decreases as the temperature changes. Temperature can have a specific effect on plant growth through vernalization , or the induction of a specific response such as flowering by cool temperatures. For example, Aconitum tuberous roots require, vernalization for flowering ( Leeuwen, 1980). For other species . such as purple coneflower( Echinacea purpurea).vernalization is not required but results in more rapid flowering and higher-quality flowering stems( Armitage , 1993) . Many. perennial species require vernalization for rapid , economical production. Propagation , regarding stratification , is a cold treatment applied to seeds to enhance germination.Air temperatureOptimum and tolerable Temperature Ranges最佳耐受温度范围Each plant species has an optimum growing temperature range and a tolerable temperature range. The Optimum temperature produce high-quality plants most rapidly. Tolerable temperature allow the plants to continue growing but may result in long production times or low quality. For example, the optimum night temperature range for chrysanthemums ( Dendranthema x grandiflorum) is 61 to 64"F ( 16 to l8C), but chrysanthemums will still grow at night temperatures as low as 40F (4C) or as high as 80F (27C) ( Whealy et al. ,1987;Wilins et al.1990). At the low end of the tolerable temperature range , however, growth will be uneconomically slow and at the high end flower initiation and development temperature are delayed and quality reduced. Consequently ,chrysanthemums have a relatively narrow optimum temperature range and a wide tolerable temperature range. For many plant species,the temperature is often dropped several degrees from the optimum temperature one to several weeks before the plants are marketed to enhance color and postharvest life.Average daily temperatureAverage daily temperature controls the rate of plant development. lf the average daily temperature is increased ( within the tolerable temperature range for a species) , most plants will grow faster and dower more rapidly. However, rapid growth often does not mean quality growth. Very warm temperatures encourage weak , poor quality growth which is frequently susceptible to disease. There is often an interaction with light intensity in which low light levels accentuate the poor growth associated with warm production temperatures . Ironically This situation can occur during the summer when heavy amounts of shade are used to reduce greenhouse temperatures. For some species high daily temperatures may cause physiological responses such as delayed flower initiation in chrysanthemums ( Dendranthema x grandiflorum ), poinsettias ( Euphorbia pueherrima). and kalanchoes ( Kalanchoe blossfeldiana) and bolting in petunias ( Petunia x hybrida) ( Grueber, 1985; Whealy et al. , 1987 ). Similarly , low daily temperatures may induce premature flower initiation or dormancy. Photoperiod is often involved in these physiological responses to temperature.Average daily temperature is calculated as an average of temperatures measured each hour(or more frequently if computer monitoring is used), not the Average high and the low temperatures for a 24-hour period. latter calculation is likely to be higher than the real average daily temperature , because the night temperature is usually relatively, constant whereas the day temperature often gradually rises during the day to a high in the mid-afternoon. In addition , brief high temperatures can occur during cloudy days if the sun shines for a short period. Consequently, using the high-low temperature system to calculate average daily temperature will accentuate the day temperature.Temperature recommendationsGeneral temperature recommendations are based on whether height control is a concern for the crop species. When height control is not a problem, such as with rosette-forming plants or cut flowers ,day temperatures are set to 5F above night on cloudy days and 10 to 15 F above night on sunny days to allow maximumphotosynthesis during sunny days and reduce respiration during the night. During cold periods , growers generally lower night temperature as much as possible to reduce fuel costs.DIFDIF is the concept of regulating plant height by monitoring the difference between the day and the night temperature. The higher the day temperature is relative to the night temperature ( day-night = DlF),the greater the stem elongates( Berghage and Heins, 1991 ;Erwin et al. ,1989a,b;Karsson et al. ,1989). Where final plant height is a concern, such as with poinsettias( Euphorbia pulcerrima) ,Easter lily( Lidum longiflorum) .,and many bedding plants, DIF must be taken into consideration lncreasing the day temperature relative to the night will increase internode elongation for many species. Consider three similar greenhouses, for example, where the day and the night are both 12 hours long. Table 1-1 GreenhouseGreenhouse1 will produce the tallest plants because the DIF is the greatest( + 10) and greenhouse 3 the shortest plants( 10 DlF). Plants from greenhouse 2 will be intermediate in height. All plants will flower simultaneously and have similar leaf numbers because the average daily temperature is the same for each greenhouse. Consequently, for plants where height is a concern, the day temperature should be no more than O to 5F (0 to 3C) above the night regardless of weather. According to actual stem measurements ,a large percentage of the daily stem elongation occurs early in the day just after sunrise , thus cool temperatures( negative DIF) for at least two hours starting just before the first light in the morning will reduce stem elongation ( Cockshull, et al. ,1995;Erwin et al. .1989 ; Crindal and Moe, 1995;Moe et al. , 1995). This cool, early morning pulse is known as the temperature DROP. However , very warm temperatures during the rest of the day( positive DIF) may negate much of the effects of the temperature DROP.DlF may also affect plant responses other than height such as flower size and flower number in some species. Extreme day--night temperature reversals(e. g. ,DIF < 5) may induce chlorosis and leaf curling of Easter lilies ( Lilium longiflorum) , although these effects quickly disappear when DIF is less negative( Erwin et al. .1989a). Plant carbohydrate and nitrogen levels also decreasewith extreme negative DIF and may result in postharvest leaf fellowing of Easter lilies and bract edge bum and cyathia drop of poinsettias( Euphorbia pulcherrima)( Miller, 1997). Some species do not respond to DIF, including, most Cucurbitaceae family plants and Dutch bulbs such as Hyacinthus , Tulipa . and Narcissus( Erwin et al. , 1989a). Certainly much remains to be learned about the response of many floriculture species to DIF.Media temperatureMonitoring the soil temperature is important in some situations in addition to monitoring the air temperature. Media heating is important for germination or rooting of cuttings of many species.Generally ,media should be at least 70F(21C) with 72 to75F(22 to 24C ) optimum. Specific species may have a higher or lower optimum medium temperature for propagation. If misting is used during propagation , evaporation of mist may reduce media temperature and additional heat may be required. Heating cables can be placed on the bench , or a heating system may be used under the bench and the bottom of the bench can be enclosed in plastic to trap the heat. Polyethylene tubes can also be used to direct the heat from forced air heaters under the bench，but care must be taken to prevent excess drying of the cuttings or seedlings by covering the bench top with plastic.Over the past few years ，research has been conducted to determine if heating the medium would allow cooler air temperatures to be used during production ( Stephens and widmer, 1976)Root zone heating would allow growers to reduce fuel costs by heating the air immediately around the plant medium and not the entire greenhouse air volume. The heat can be concentrated at the root level by using bench heating systems susch as Biotherm TM or placing heating pipes under the bench and trapping the heat under the bench with plastic. Warm air rises ，heating the aboveground portions of the plants.Root zone heating has proved effective with some plant species such as Cyclamen increase plant growth and speed plant development ( Stephens and Widmer, 1976). Root zone heating is most effective during the first 6 weeks after potting. Potential disadvantages include possible flower bud abortion or blasting and altered watering and nutrition regimes. Generally root zone heating is effective but may not be economically justified.Part B Condition Factors 环境因⼦条件因素LightMeasuring light requires the use of three factors;color , intensity ,and duration. Color(quality) is the wavelength of the light, intensity (quantity) is the strength of the light, and duration （photoperiod) is the time span of the light episode. All three factors are needed to describe how much light is required by plants. Light has two functions in plant growth. The first role is to fuel plant growth through photosynthesis. Plants convert light energy into chemical energy which results plant growth. Secondly，light initiates or modifies specific physiological responses such as seed germination., flowering , seescence . tuber formation , and dormancy.Wavelengths are measured in nanometers ( nm) with specific wavelengths corresponding to specific colors；for example，yellow light has a wavelength of approximately 580 nm. Although general plant growth usually requires light with all wavelengths, red(700nm) and blue(470mm) wavelengths result in the greatest plantgrowth response. Conversely, hotoperiodism involves wavelengths centered around red( 660nm) and far red(720nm).The footcandle (fc,1 fc = 10. 8lux ) quantifies luminous energy ,or light visible to the human eye. This system emphasizes the green-yellow wavelengths( 530 to 580nm) , which the human eye sees the best. Photosynthesis , on the other hand , is driven by a broader range of wavelengths with a red-blue emphasis. Light meters which measure footcandles can give an approximation of greenhouse light levels but may have a 45% error compared with the actual photosynthetic energy in radiation( Muckle , 1997 ). Photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) measures the amount of light energy equally in all wavelengths from 400 to 700nm, without stressing the green-yellow wavelengths most visible to the eye. A third system of measuring light intensity , based on quantum energy. describes light in terms of tiny particles of energy called photons or quanta and is known as photosynthetic photon flux( PPF). The number of photons is measured in moles( mol) or einsteins (E) with one mole( one einstein =6.O23 x 10 23). Thus, the intensity of light in the quantum system would be measured in the number of photons being transmitted such as u mol . s-1m-2,which is the preferred unit of measure. Both PAR and PPF emphasize all wavelengths equally within a specific range such as 400 to 7OOnm or 400 to 850nm without regard to the human eye. PPF meters are available and although most are expensive , low-cost meters have recently been introduced.Duration refers to the photoperiod or daylength which can affect plant growth two ways:(short photoperiods provide less total light energy to plants than long photoperiods at the same light intensity . and (2) be length of the photoperiod may induce specfic physiological response in many plant species independent of the light intensity , which is known as photoperiodism. For examplethe poinsettia( Euphorbia pulcherrima) ,a short-day plant,is induced to flower by providing long nights and short days. NutritionSupplying nutrients to floriculture crops is an exact process. The use of well-drained . soilless media and intensive production requires growers to supply all the necessary plant nutrients with little margin for error. Nutritional programs also tend to be highly individualistic with each grower or greenhouse operation having unique nutrient regimes. A number of variables must be considered when developing a fertilization program for a crop species -total quantity or application rates,proportions of each element , application method . and interactions with media type . pH and soluble salt concentration , light levels, water quality . watering practices , production temperatures, and postharvest life.One other point to consider is the current three-number method for expressing the concentrations of nitrogen ( N). phosphorus( P). and potassium( K) in a fertilizer. Although nitrogen is expressed as the actual percentage of nitrogen in the fertilizer , phosphorus is expressed as percentage of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and potassium as the percentage of potassium oxide(K,O) in the fertilizer. Phosphorus pentoxide is only 44% actual phosphorus and potassium oxide as only 83% actual potassium. Thus,a fertilizer described as 10-10-l0(N-P-K) could also be written as 10-4. 43-8.3(N-P-K) if the percentages of elemental N,P , and K were used. Most trade journals use the 10-10-10system , but scientific literature frequently uses percentages of elemental N,P, and K. The rest of the plant nutrients required for proper growth are expressed as a percentage of the actual element present.WaterIn the past many growers have said that the person at the end of the hose determines plant quality. Today the saying holdstrue , except that the hose has been replaced or supplemented with a variety of automaied systems ranging from flood irrigation to overhead booms. In addition,a variety of factors other than plant quality need to be considered , including cost , water runoff , and nutrition.Despite the advances in irrigation technology. water still performs the same role in plant growth. Nutrients are transported in water from the medium up through the roots to the shoots.Water is responsible for the ability of most plants to standupright because nonlignified cells cannot remain turgid without water. Transpiration of water cools plant tissues. Most importantly , water maintains protoplasm in the cells allowing enzymes and other cellular functions to occur.MediaA good grower will invest much time and money into developing or selecting suitable media. Media provide water, nutrients, and support for the whole plant. Roots require oxygen,so media must provide for good gas exchange. Many growers believe that a majority of the problems that occur during production are linked to the growing media and the roots. Consequently , growers often test several media to select one that works best for them. Growers should never use an untested medium for an entire crop as changing a medium often requires that the irrigation frequency and feritlizer regime also.Unit 2Part A Plant Growth Factors Which Affect Nursery Crop ProductionPart B PruningUnit 3Part A Sexual Propagation of FlowerPart B ManagementUnit 4Part A Asexual Propagation of FlowerPart B Others Asexual Propagation MethodsUnit 5Part A Nursery Container Production OverviewPart B Potting MediaUnit 6Part A Cultivation of Specific Woody Crop GroupsPart B Calculating Plant NeedsUnit 7Part A General Principles of Postharvest Physiology Part B Storage of Cut Flowers and Potted PlantsUnit 8Part A GerberaPart B HederaUnit 9Part A Genetic Engineering for Cut-Flower Improvement Part B GeophytesUnit 10Part A How to Establish a Healthy New LawnPart B Managing Turf in ShadeUnit 11Part A Vegetable Seed SaversPart B Storing Seeds for LongevityUnit 12Part A Breeding MethodsPart B Plant ImprovementUnit 13Part A Growing TomatoesPart B Vegetable CropsUnit 14Part A RAPD Analysis of Seed Purity in a Commercial Hybrid Cabbage Cultivar Part B The Polymerase Chain Reaction Unit 15Part A Propagation of Nursery StockPart B Propagation of Fruit TreesUnit 16Part A Growing Apple TreesPart B Growing Plum TreesUnit 17Part A Pruning of Apple TreesPart B Pruning and Training Fruit TreesUnit 18Part A Breeding Techniques of Apples Part B Evaluation of Fruit。
《园艺专业英语》课程教学大纲
《园艺专业英语》课程教学大纲课程名称：园艺专业英语课程类别：专业选修课适用专业：园艺考核方式：考查总学时、学分：32学时2学分其中实验学时：学时一、课程教学目的园艺专业英语是为园艺专业学生开设的选修课程，主要讲授园艺学英语的基本知识，旨在帮助学生提高阅读英文专业资料的能力，并具备查阅英文专业资料的能力。
通过本课程学习，学生可参加英语科技讲座、会议，撰写简单英语科技论文，以培养高素质的、符合国际化标准的人才，使学生毕业后能很快适应社会的要求，能够进行国际交流与合作，参与国际竞争。
二、课程教学要求1.可阅读理解园艺专业英文文献及资料；2.掌握基本园艺学知识的英文口头、书面表达。
三、先修课程大学英语及园艺学专业课程。
四、课程教学重、难点重点：阅读并理解园艺专业英文文献资料。
难点：翻译及撰写英语科技论文。
五、课程教学方法与教学手段本课程主要以专业英文文献为基础，利用多媒体课件，听力材料等手段，扩大视野，增大信息量。
课堂讲授和讨论相结合。
通过阅读讲解教材章节、专题讨论外文文献等方式掌握该学科的发展动态。
六、课程教学内容注：专业英语选取教材的部分章节讲授，可根据学生具体情况略作调整。
Lesson 1 The History and the Development of Protected Cultivation（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Materials：The History and the Development of Protected Cultivation(2) Early Development and Status of Plasticulture2．重、难点提示(1) Protected cropping(2) Structure of GreenhousesLesson 2 Soil Properties of Horticultural Crop Cultivation（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Orchard Soil Management and Deciduous Fruit Tree Nutrition(2) Plant-growing Media2．重、难点提示(1) Soil Properties；(2) Plant-growing Media；Lesson 3 Soilless Cultivation（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material：Soilless Culture(2) Soilless Culture Technique2．重、难点提示(1) Re-circulated hydroponics system(2) Nutrient-film technique (NFT) 营养液膜技术；Lesson 4 Drip Irrigation Technology（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material：Drip Irrigation Technology(2) NMSU Scientist Studies Latest Drip Irrigation Technology 2．重、难点提示(1) Drip irrigation(2) Precision agricultureLesson 5 Plasticulture（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material：Plasticulture(2) The Future of Plasticulture: Challenges and Opportunities 2．重、难点提示(1) Plasticulture(2) Controlled environment agricultureLesson 6 Biotechnology and Horticulture（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Haploids and Anther Culture(2) Gene Transfer2．重、难点提示(1) What is biotechnology?(2) Gene TransferLesson 7 Crop Production Situation（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material：Crop Production Situation(2) CO2 Enrichment in Practice2．重、难点提示(1) Production situation 1 — potential yield as defined by CO2, radiation and temperature(2) Production situation 2a — attainable yield as limited by water(3) Production situation 2b — attainable yields as limited by nutrients(4) Production situation 3 — actual yields as reduced by effects of weeds, pests, diseases and pollutantsLesson 8 Dry Matter Production and Distribution（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Dry Matter Production and Distribution(2) The Growth and Yield Responses of strawberry to Elevated CO2 and N Supply 2．重、难点提示(1) Carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis(2) The breakdown of carbohydrates to yield energy for growth and cell activities.Lesson 9 Plant Biological Control and Natural Pollination（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Plant Biological Control and Natural Pollination(2) Insect Biology and Ecology: A Primer2．重、难点提示(1) Natural Pollination(2) Plant Biological ControlLesson 10 Plant Disease（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Plant Disease(2) Chemical Control in Integrated Pest Management (IPM)2．重、难点提示(1) Plant Disease(2) Integrated Pest ManagementLesson 11 Quality and Harvest of Horticultural Products（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Hand Harvesting of Fruit Crops(2) Postharvest Handling of Nine Specialty Cut Flower Species2．重、难点提示(1) Quality of Horticultural Produce(2) Harvesting of Horticultural ProduceLesson 12 Greenhouse Tomatoes（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Greenhouse Tomatoes(2) Botany of Tomato2．重、难点提示(1) Scheduling the Crop(2) Pest ManagementLesson 13 Pruning Fruit Trees（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Pruning Fruit Trees(2) The Jujube Fruit2．重、难点提示(1) Central leader system(2) Open-center systemLesson 14 Assortment of Ornamental Crops（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Assortment of Ornamental Crops(2) Static flowers and dynamic flowers2．重、难点提示(1) Cut flowers and pot plants(2) The main factors determining the quality of ornamental crops Lesson 15 Propagation of Horticultural Crops（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Propagation of Horticultural Crops(2) Selection Programmes in China2．重、难点提示(1) Propagation of Horticultural Crops(2) Kiwifruit Breeding Programmes in New ZealandLesson 16 Writing A Research Report（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Writing A Research Report(2)The Application of Tables and Figures on Writing a Scientific Paper 2．重、难点提示(1) Layout of a research report(2) Tenses of verbs七、学时分配八、课程考核方式1.考核方式笔试；开卷。
园林专业英语
园林专业英语园林学landscape architecture，garden architecture 园林garden and park绿化greening，planting城市绿化urban greening，urban planting城市绿地urban green space公园绿地public park公园park儿童公园children park动物园zoo植物园botanical garden墓园cemetery garden盆景园penjng garden，miniature landscape盲人公园park for the blind花园garden历史名园historical garden and park风景名胜公园famous scenic park纪念公园memorial park街旁绿地roadside green space带状公园linear park专类公园theme park岩石园rock garden社区公园community park生产绿地productive plantation area防护绿地green buffer，green area for environmental protection附属绿地attached green space居住绿地green space attached to housing estate，residential green space 道路绿地green space attached to urban road and square屋顶花园roof garden立体绿化vertical planting风景林地scenic forest land城市绿地系统urban green space system城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning绿化覆盖面积green coverage绿化覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage绿地率greening rate，ratio of green space绿带green belt楔形绿地green wedge城市绿线boundary line of urban green space园林史landscape history，garden history古典园林classical garden囿hunting park苑imperial park皇家园林royal garden私家园林private garden寺庙园林monastery garden园林艺术garden art相地site investigation造景landscaping借景borrowed scencry，view borrowing园林意境poetic imagcry of garden透景线perspective line盆景miniature landscape，penjing插花flower arrangement季相seasonal appearance of plant园林规划garden planning，landscaping planning 园林布局garden layout园林设计garden design公园最大游人量maximum visitors capacity in park 地形设计topographical design园路设计garden path design种植设计planting design孤植specimen planting，isolated planting对植Opposite planting，coupled planting列植linear planting群植group planting，mass planting园林植物landscape plant观赏植物ornamental plant古树名木historical tree and famous wood species 地被植物ground cover plant攀缘植物climbing plant，climber温室植物greenhouse plant花卉flowering plant行道树avenue tree，street tree草坪lawn绿篱hedge花篱flower hedge花境flower border人工植物群落man-made planting habitat园林建筑garden building园林小品small garden ornaments园廊veranda，gallery，colonnade水榭waterside pavilion舫boat house园亭garden pavilion，pavilion园台platform月洞门moon gate花架pergola，trellis园林楹联couplet written on scroll，couplet on pillar园林匾额bian'e in garden园林工程garden engineering绿化工程plant engineering大树移植big tree transplanting假植heeling in，temporary planting基础种植foundation planting种植成活率ratio of living tree适地适树planting according to the environment造型修剪topiary园艺horticulture假山rockwork，artificial hill置石stone arrangement，stone layout掇山piled stone hill，hill making塑山man-made rock work园林理水water system layout in garden驳岸revetment in garden喷泉fountain风景名胜区landscape and famous scenery国家重点风景名胜区national park of China风景名胜区规划landscape and famous scenery planning 风景名胜famous scenery，famous scenic site风景资源scenery resource景物view，feature景点feature spot，view spot景区scenic zone景观landscape，scenery游览线touring route环境容量environmental capacity国家公园national park景观设计园林规划设计专业英语主入口大门/岗亭(车行& 人行) main entrance gate/guard house (for vehicle& pedestrian )2.次入口/岗亭(车行& 人行) 2nd entrance gate/guard house (for vehicle& pedestrian )3.商业中心入口entrance to shopping ctr.4.水景water feature5.小型露天剧场mini amphi-theatre6.迎宾景观-1 welcoming feature-17.观景木台timber deck (viewing)8.竹园bamboo garden9.漫步广场walkway plaza10.露天咖啡廊out door cafe11.巨大迎宾水景-2 grand welcoming feature-212.木桥timber bridge13.石景、水瀑、洞穴、观景台rock'scape waterfall's grotto/ viewing terrace14.吊桥hanging bridge15.休憩台地(低处) lounging terrace (lower )16.休憩台地(高处) lounging terrace (upper )17.特色踏步feature stepping stone18.野趣小溪river wild19.儿童乐园children's playground20.旱冰道slide21.羽毛球场badminton court22.旱景dry landscape23.日艺园japanese garden24.旱喷泉dry fountain25.观景台viewing deck26.游泳池swimming pool27.极可意jacuzzi28.嬉水池wading pool29.儿童泳池children's pool30.蜿蜒水墙winding wall31.石景雕塑rock sculpture32.中心广场central plaza34.桥bridge35.交流广场meditating plaza36.趣味树阵tree battle formation37.停车场paring area38.特色花架trellis39.雕塑小道sculpture trail40.(高尔夫)轻击区putting green41.高尔夫球会所golf clubhouse42.每栋建筑入口entrance paving to unit43.篮球场basketball court44.网球场tennis court45.阶梯***/种植槽terracing seatwall/planter46.广场main plaza47.森林、瀑布forest garden waterfall48.石景园rockery garden49.旱溪dry stream50.凉亭pavilion51.户外淋浴outdoor shower52.拉膜结构tensile structure53.台阶stair54.高尔夫球车停车场parking ( golf car )56.晨跑小路jogging footpath57.车道/人行道driveway /sidewalk58.人行漫步道promenade59.瀑布及跳舞喷泉(入口广场) water fall and dancing fountain ( entry plaza )60.特色入口entry feature 61.石景广场rockery plaza一总论（园林专业英语）001 园林学landscape architecture, garden ar-chitecture002 造园学garden making, landscape garden-ing003 环境园艺学environmental horticulture004 观赏园艺学ornamental horticulture005 园林艺术garden art006 园林美学garden aesthetics007 园林建筑学garden architecture008 园林建筑garden building009 园林工程garden engineering010 园林植物landscape plant011 观赏植物ornamental plant012 盆景miniature landscape, penjing013 园林garden and park014 园林学史history of garden architecture015 园林规划garden planning, landscaping planning 016 园林设计garden design017 园林机具设备gardening machine018 园林管理garden management019 园林生态landscape ecology020 绿化greening, planting021 环境绿化environmental greening022 绿地面积green area023 绿地率ratio of green space024 城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage025 工厂绿化 factory greening, factory garden-ing 026 街道绿化street greening, street planting027 车行道绿化driveway greening028 分车带绿化dividing stripe greening029 人行道绿化sidewalk greening030 群众绿化mass planting movement031 郊区绿化suburban greening032 公路绿化highway greening033 铁路绿化railway greening, railway planting034 堤岸种植bank planting035 阳台绿化balcony greening036 窗台绿化window-sill greening037 屋顶绿化roof greening038 垂直绿化vertical greening039 攀缘绿化climber greening040 桥头绿化bridgehead greening041 花园garden042 专类花园specified flower garden043 花园村garden village044 园林城市landscape garden city045 蔷薇园rose garden046 松柏园conifer garden047 球根园bulb garden048 宿根园perennial garden049 假山园rock garden, chinese rockery050 狩猎场hunting ground051 街心花园street crossing center garden052 小游园petty street garden053 水景园water garden054 铺地园paved garden055 野趣园wild plants botanical garden056 野生植物园wild plants garden057 乡趣园rustic garden058 盆景园penjing garden, miniature land-scape059 动物园zoo, zoological garden060 墓园cemetery garden061 沼泽园bog and marsh garden062 水生植物园aquatic plants garden063 学校园school garden064 室内花园indoor garden065 芳香花园fragrant garden066 盲人花园garden for the blind067 公园park, public park068 城市公园city park, urban park069 区公园regional park070 儿童公园children park071 体育公园sports park072 森林公园forest park073 纪念公园memorial park074 烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park075 综合公园comprehensive park076 文化公园cultural park077 文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park 078 中央公园central park079 天然公园natural park080 海滨公园seaside park, seabeach park081 古迹公园historic site park082 河滨公园riverside park083 湖滨公园lakeside park084 路边公园roadside park, street park085 娱乐公园amusement park086 雕塑公园sculpture park087 休憩公园recreation park088 疗养公园sanatorium park089 国家公园national park090 邻里公园neighborhood park091 特种公园special park092 植物园botanical garden093 植物公园abeled plants park094 高山植物园alpine garden095 热带植物园tropical plants garden096 药用植物园medical plants garden, herb garden 097 绿地green space098 公共绿地public green space099 单位绿地unit green area100 城市绿地urban green space101 街道广场绿地street and square green area 102 居住区绿地residential quarter green area103 防护绿地green area for environmental protection 104 郊区绿地suburban green space105 街坊绿地residential block green belt106 附属绿地attached green space107 生产绿地productive plantation area108 苗圃nursery109 风景landscape, scenery110 自然景观natural landscape111 人文景观human landscape, scenery of humanities 112 草原景观prairie landscape113 山岳景观mountain landscape, alpine landscape 114 地理景观geographical landscape115 湖泊景观lake view116 郊区景观suburban landscape117 地质景观geological landscape118 喀斯特景观karst landscape119 植物景观plants landscape, flora landscape2.1 中国园林史英文对照120 中国古典园林classical chinese garden121 中国传统园林traditional chinese garden122 中国古代园林ancient chinese garden123 中国山水园chinese mountain and water garden 124 帝王宫苑imperial palace garden125 皇家园林royal garden126 私家园林private garden127 江南园林garden on the yangtze delta2.2 西方园林史英文对照128 西方古典园林western classical garden129 英国式园林english style garden130 中英混合式园林anglo-chinese style garden 131 意大利式园林italian style garden132 西班牙式园林spanish style garden133 法兰西式园林french style garden134 勒诺特尔式园林le notre’s style garden135 文艺复兴庄园renaissance style villa136 洛可可式园林rococo style garden137 巴洛克式园林baroque style garden138 庄园manor, villa garden139 廊柱园peristyle garden, patio140 绿廊xystus141 迷阵maze, labyrinth2.3 典型中西园林142 灵囿ling you hunting garden143 灵沼ling zhao water garden144 灵台ling tai platform garden145 阿房宫e-pang palace146 上林苑shang-lin yuan147 未央宫wei-yang palace148 洛阳宫luoyang palace149 华清官hua-qing palace150 艮岳gen yue imperial garden151 圆明园yuan-ming yuan imperial garden152 颐和园yi-he yuan imperial garden,summer palace 153 承德避暑山庄chengde imperial summer resort154 苏州园林suzhou traditional garden155 悬园hanging garden156 英国皇家植物园royal botanical garden, kew garden 157 凡尔赛宫苑versailles palace park158 枫丹白露宫园fontainebleau palace garden2.4 园林艺术类159 景view, scenery, feature160 远景distant view161 近景nearby view162 障景obstructive scenery, blocking view163 借景borrowed scenery, view borrowing164 对景opposite scenery, view in opposite place 165 缩景miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery 166 漏景leaking through scenery167 框景enframed scenery168 尾景terminal feature169 主景main feature170 副景secondary feature171 配景objective view172 夹景vista line, vista173 前景front view174 背景background175 景序order of sceneries176 景点feature spot, view spot177 仰视景观upward landscape178 俯视景观downward landscape179 季相景观seasonal phenomena180 气象景观meteorological diversity scenery 181 视野visual field182 秋色fall color, autumn color183 园林空间garden space184 开敞空间wide open space, wide space 185 封闭空间enclosure space186 意境artistic conception, poetic imagery 187 苍古antiquity188 空灵spaciousness, airiness189 动观in-motion viewing190 静观in-position viewing191 视错觉visual illusion192 园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden 193 对称平衡symmetrical balance194 不对称平衡asymmetrical balance195 左右对称bilateral symmetry196 辐射对称radial symmetry197 透景线perspective line198 轴线axis, axial line199 主轴main axis200 副轴auxiliary axis201 暗轴hidden axis, invisible axis202 树冠线skyline203 园林色彩艺术art of garden colors204 单色谐调monochromatic harmony205 复色谐调compound chromatic harmony206 对比色突出contrast colors accent207 近似色谐调approximate colors harmony208 暖色warm color209 冷色cool color210 色感color sense211 城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning 212 绿地系统green space system213 公共绿地定额public green space quota214 公共绿地指标public green space norm215 绿地布局green space layout216 吸引圈attractive circle217 吸引距离attractive distance218 有效半径effective radius219 绿地资源green space resource220 绿地效果green space effect221 绿地规划程序planning procedure of the green space 222 空间规划space planning223 形象规划image plan224 实施规划implementary plan225 必要生活空间necessary living space226 余暇生活空间leisure time living space 227 利用频度usage frequency228 树种规划planning of trees and shrubs 229 绿地类型type of green space230 环状绿型annular green space231 块状绿地green plot232 点状绿地green spot233 放射状绿地radiate green space234 楔状绿地wedge-shaped green space 235 缓冲绿地buffer green space236 防音绿地noiseproof green space237 科学景观论scientific landscape theory 238 园林保留地reserve garden239 公园规划park planning240 园林总体规划garden master planning 241 总平面规划site planning242 园林分区garden zoning243 安静休息区tranquil rest area244 儿童活动区children playing space245 儿童游戏场children playground, playlot 246 体育运动区sports activities area247 野餐区picnic place248 散步区pedestrian space249 群众集会区mass meeting square250 观赏植物区ornamental plants area251 观赏温室区display greenhouse area, display conservatory area 252 草坪区lawn space253 绿荫区shade tree section254 历史古迹区historical relics area255 青少年活动区youngsters activities area256 诱鸟区bird sanctuary area257 钓鱼区fishing center258 野营区camp site259 游人中心visitors center260 服务中心service center261 探险游乐场adventure ground262 文化活动区cultural activities area263 道路系统approach system, road system264 环形道路系统circular road system265 方格形道路系统latticed road system266 放射形道路系统radiate road system267 自然式道路系统informal road system268 规整式道路系统formal road system269 混合式道路系统mixed style road system270 园林规划图garden planning map271 园林规划说明书garden planning direction272 城市公园系统urban park system273 公园分布distribution of parks274 公园类型park type, park category275 公园间距distance between parks276 公园形式park styles277 游览区 excursion area, open-to-public area 278 非游览区no-admittance area279 办公区administrative area280 服务区service center281 动休息区dynamic rest space282 静休息区static rest space283 娱乐演出区entertaining performance place 284 主要入口main entrance285 次要入口secondary entrance286 人流量visitors flowrate287 车流量vehicle flowrate288 公园道路park road289 公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio290 游人容纳量visitors capacity291 风景资源调查 landscape resource evaluation292 风景学scenicology293 风景规划landscape plan294 风景设计landscape design295 游览路线touring route296 旅游资源tourism resource297 旅游地理tourism geography298 旅游地质tourism geology299 历史名城famous historical city300 文化名城famous cultural city301 文化遗址ancient cultural relic302 天然博物馆natural open museum303 风景地貌natural geomorphology304 造型地貌imaginative geomorphologic figuration 305 风景区scenic spot, scenic area306 风景名胜 famous scenery, famous scenic site 307 特异景观风景区 specific natural scenes area 308 民族风俗风景区scenic spot of minority customs 309 高山风景区alpine scenic spot310 海滨风景区seabeach scenic spot311 森林风景区forest scenic spot312 高山草甸风景区alpine tundra landscape spot 313 峡谷风景区valley scenic spot314 江河风景区river landscape district315 湖泊风景区lake round scenic spot316 温泉风景区hot spring scenic spot317 瀑布风景区waterfall scenic spot318 禁伐禁猎区region forbidden to tree cutting and hunting 319 封山育林区region closed for afforestation320 天池风景区crater lake scenic spot321 自然保护区nature protection area322 科学保护区protection area for scientific research323 天然纪念物natural monument324 生物圈保护区biosphere protection area2.5 园林设计专业英文对照325 园林设计师landscape architect, garden designer326 园址测量图garden site survey map327 地形图topographic map, contour map328 种植设计planting design329 地形改造设计topographical reform design330 种植大样图detail planting design331 造价分析cost analysis332 园林形式garden style333 规整式园林formal garden style334 非规整园林informal garden style335 几何式园林geometric garden style336 自然式园林natural garden style337 混合式园林mixed garden style338 近代巴洛克式园林modern baroque style 339 马克斯抽象园林r.b. marx abstract garden 340 园林区划garden area division341 园林分区规划garden block planning342 庭院花园courtyard garden343 前庭front yard, forecourt344 后庭back yard, rear yard345 中庭patio346 厨园kitchen yard347 沉[床]园sunken garden348 窗园window garden349 墙园wall garden350 宅园home garden351 台地园terrace garden352 冬园winter garden353 切花园cut flower garden354 屋顶花园roof garden355 后花园back yard garden356 园林地形改造topographical reform of garden357 土山earth piled hill, artificial mound358 假山rockery, artificial rockwork359 太湖石taihu lake stone, water modelled stone 360 黄石yellowish brown stone361 人造假山石artificial stone, man-made stone 362 孤赏石monolith, standing stone363 掇山piled stone hill, hill making364 叠石stones laying365 板石flag stone366 散点石scattered stone367 抱角石corner stone368 屋基石foundation stone369 排衙石guard stone370 屏石screen stone371 石岸rock bank372 石阶stone steps373 汀步stepping stone on water surface374 附壁石stone appended to wall375 石花台stone flower bed376 石凳stone bench377 假山石挡土墙rock retaining wall378 干砌石dry stone wall379 假山石楼梯rock stairway380 石亭stone pavilion381 石洞stone cavern382 石窟grotto383 置石stone arrangement, stone layout 384 拱石arch stone385 拱顶石key stone386 园林水景water scenes of garden387 水体water body388 水面water surface389 水池pool390 水塘pond391 喷泉fountain392 喷水池fountain pool393 涉水池wading pool394 倒影池mirror pool, reflecting pool395 睡莲池water-lily pool396 喷水管布置piping schema397 钓鱼塘fishing pond398 高水位池塘high water table pond399 池边坐人矮墙seat wall surrounded pool 400 隐头喷泉secret fountain401 岛园island garden402 半岛园peninsula garden403 小岛isle404 瀑布waterfall405 小瀑布cascade406 湖lake407 矶rock projecting over water408 水帘洞water curtain cave409 园桥garden bridge410 拱桥arch bridge411 石板桥stone slab bridge412 木板桥plank bridge413 圆木桥log bridge414 亭桥pavilion bridge415 曲桥zigzag bridge416 壁泉wall fountain417 饮水喷头drinking fountain418 植物配植plant arrangement419 树木配植arrangement of trees and shrubs 420 群植group planting, mass planting421 孤植specimen planting, isolated planting 422 丛植clump planting423 组植group planting424 林植forest planting425 列植linear planting426 对植opposite planting, coupled planting 427 环植circular planting428 带植belt planting429 散植scattered planting, loose planting 430 边缘种植edge planting431 边界种植boundary planting432 整形种植architectural planting433 基础种植foundation planting434 角隅种植corner planting435 景框种植planting as enframent436 门卫种植guard planting437 篱恒种植fence planting438 障景种植screen planting439 背景种植background planting440 林下种植underwood planting441 路边种植roadside planting442 绿篱hedge443 树墙espalier444 庭荫树shade tree445 园景树specimen tree446 风景林amenity forest, ornamental forest 447 行道树avenue tree, street tree448 纪念林memorial forest449 整型树topiary tree450 花篱flower hedge’451 刺篱thorny plants hedge452 常绿绿篱evergreen hedge453 落叶绿篱deciduous hedge454 高篱high hedge455 沟中边篱hah-hah fence456 图案矮篱pattern dwarf hedge457 迷宫绿篱labyrinth hedge458 整剪绿篱clipped hedge459 自然式花篱natural flowering hedge460 边篱boundary fence461 园篱garden fence, garden hedge462 纯林pure forest463 混交林mixed forest464 林间隙地open space in woodland465 杂木林spinney466 树冠覆盖面tree canopy467 草坪lawn468 整形草坪formal lawn469 开花草坪flowering lawn470 牧场草坪meadowy land471 花坛flower bed472 路边花坛roadside flower bed473 带状花坛ribbon flower bed474 时钟花坛flower clock475 盆栽花坛potted flower bed, basined flower bed 476 高设花台raised flower bed477 毛毡花坛carpet bed478 镶嵌花坛mosaic bed479 铺石花坛paved bed480 灌木花坛shrub bed481 图案花坛群parterre482 草药花坛herbaceous flower bed483 花结花坛knot bed484 整形花坛formal flower bed485 花境flower border486 花桶flower tub487 植树箱planting box488 活动花坛movable flower bed489 瓶饰garden vase490 灌木花境shrub border491 混合花境mixed border492 园林道路设计garden road design, garden path design 493 漫步路trail, footway494 小径alley, path495 川草坪岛lawn island496 安全岛traffic island, refuge island497 转弯曲度turning curvature498 转弯半径turning radius499 踏面landing pitch500 步石stepping stone501 涉水踏步wading step502 错铺路crazy paving path503 随意组合方石板路flag stone path paved at random 504 花纹路pattern path505 林荫路mall506 林荫大道boulevard507 花园路parkway508 林间小道path in woodland509 种植池planting bed510 树池保护格栅tree grate511 树干保护套栏tree guard512 树池坐凳矮墙seatwall-surrounded planting 513 路面线纹score line514 传统园林建筑traditional garden building 515 凉亭summer shelter516 活树亭arbor, tent arbor517 蘑菇亭mushroom pavilion518 茅亭thatched pavilion519 竹亭bamboo pavilion520 茶亭tea booth, tea kiosk521 回廊cloister522 水廊corridor on water523 曲廊zigzag veranda524 扒山廊sloping gallery525 楼廊two-storied gallery526 画舫painted pleasure boat527 石舫stone boat528 不击舟immovable pleasure boat529 诗条石poem-engraved stone slab530 月洞门moon gate531 扶手栏杆handrail532 坐凳栏杆seat rail533 石碑stone tablet, stele534 园林露天剧场open garden theater535 园林露天舞池open garden dancing place 536 露天音乐台outdoor music stand537 眺望台prospect deck538 繁殖温室plant propagation greenhouse539 展览温室public conservatory540 月池new-moon pool541 园林小品small garden ornaments542 磁砖壁画painted tile mural tablet543 园椅garden chair, garden seat544 园凳garden bench545 园桌garden table546 园灯garden lamp547 日规sundial548 鸟浴bird bath549 鸟舍bird cottage, nestle box550 鸟笼bird cage, bird coop551 悬篮hanging basket552 野鸟喂食器bird feeder553 额匾horizontal inscribed board554 楹联couplet written on scroll, couplet on pillar555 引露天烤炉open barbecue556 树棚living-tree pergola557 花架pergola558 花格架trellis, treillage559 点景牌楼 naming pailou, decorated archway560 园林施工garden layout, garden construction561 种植工程planting engineering562 大树移植big tree transplanting563 裸根移植bare root transplanting564 土球移植ball transplanting565 沟植trench planting566 假植heeling in, temporary planting567 播种草坪seeding lawn568 铺草皮块草坪sodding lawn569 假山工程rockery engineering570 掇山五法five methods" of rock piling571 等分平衡法method of making the rock equa-tional and balanced572 前轻后重法method of making the front part of rock lighter than the back part 573 上轻下重法method of lowering the center of gravity of rocks574 纹理统一法method of unifying the rock veins575 石料统一法method of unifying the rock mate-rials576 观赏树木ornamental tree and shrub578 观果植物fruit-effect plant579 观枝干植物plants with ornamental trunks and branches 580 指示植物indicating plant581 主景植物accent plant582 耐湿植物damp tolerant plant583 抗风植物wind-resistant plant584 耐盐碱植物saline-alkali tolerant plant585 市花city flower586 市树city tree587 国花national flower588 国树national tree589 芳香植物fragrant plant590 抗污染植物pollution resistant plant591 环保植物environment protecting plant592 高山植物alpine plant593 岩生植物rock plant594 攀缘植物climbing plant, climber595 地被植物ground cover plant596 阴生植物shade plant597 装饰植物decorative plant598 装缘植物edging plant600 草坪植物lawn plant, lawn grass601 花坛植物bedding plant602 球根植物bulbous plant603 宿根植物perennial plant, perennial604 水生植物aquatic plant, hydrophyte605 旱生植物xerophyte606 沼泽植物bog plant, swamp plant607 室内装饰植物indoor decorative plant, house plant 608 切花cut flower609 垂枝植物pendulous plant, weeping plant610 缠绕植物twiner, twinning plant611 针叶植物needle-leaved plant612 阔叶植物broad-leaved plant613 斑叶植物variegate-leaved plant614 松柏植物conifer615 常绿植物evergreen plant616 半常绿植物semi-evergreen plant617 不耐寒植物tender plant618 半耐寒植物half-hardy plant619 耐寒植物hardy plant620 耐旱植物drought enduring plant621 山石材料stone material622 昆山石kunshan stone623 钟乳石stalactite624 灵壁石lingbi stone625 英德石yingde stone626 青石qing stone627 宣石xuan stone628 房山石fangshan stone629 观赏动物ornamental animal630 观赏鸟类ornamental bird631 观赏兽类ornamental beast632 观赏昆虫类ornamental insect中国古典园林----classical Chinesegarden中国传统园林----traditional Chinese garden中国古代园林----ancient Chinese garden中国山水园----Chinese mountain and water garden 帝王宫苑---- imperial palace garden皇家园林----royal garden私家园林----private garden江南园林----garden on the Yangtze delta西方古典园林----western classical garden英国式园林---- English style garden中英混合式园林----angle Chinese style garden 意大利式园林----Italian style garden西班牙式园林----Spanish style garden法兰西式园林----French style garden勒诺特尔式园林----le notre's style garden文艺复兴庄园----renaissance style garden洛可可式园林----rococo style garden巴洛克式园林----baroque style garden庄园----manor,villa garden廊柱园----peristyle garden,patio绿廊----xystus迷阵----maze,labyrinth灵囿----ling you hunting garden周代术语灵沼----ling zhao water garden周代术语灵台----ling tai platform garden周代术语阿房宫----e-pang palace秦代术语上林苑----shang-lin yuan汉代术语未央宫----wei-yang palace汉代术语洛阳宫----luoyang palace魏代术语华清宫----hua-qing palace唐代术语艮岳----gen yue imperial garden宋代术语圆明园----yuan-ming yuan imperial garden颐和园----yi-he yuan imperial garden承德避暑山庄----chengde imperial summer resort苏州园林----suzhou traditional garden悬园---- hanging garden 又称“悬空园”，“架高园”。
(整理)园林英语园林学标准英语大全
【园林英语】园林学标准英语大全【园林英语】园林学标准英语大全02 园林学02.1 总论2.0001 园林学landscape architecture, garden ar-chitecture 2.0002 造园学garden making, landscape garden-ing2.0003 环境园艺学environmental horticulture2.0004 观赏园艺学ornamental horticulture2.0005 园林艺术garden art2.0006 园林美学garden aesthetics2.0007 园林建筑学garden architecture2.0008 园林建筑garden building2.0009 园林工程garden engineering2.0010 园林植物landscape plant2.0011 观赏植物ornamental plant2.0012 盆景miniature landscape, penjing2.0013 园林garden and park2.0014 园林学史history of garden architecture2.0015 园林规划garden planning, landscaping planning 2.0016 园林设计garden design2.0017 园林机具设备gardening machine2.0018 园林管理garden management2.0019 园林生态landscape ecology2.0020 绿化greening, planting2.0021 环境绿化environmental greening2.0022 绿地面积green area2.0023 绿地率ratio of green space2.0024 城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage2.0025 工厂绿化factory greening, factory garden-ing 2.0026 街道绿化street greening, street planting2.0027 车行道绿化driveway greening2.0028 分车带绿化dividing stripe greening2.0029 人行道绿化sidewalk greening2.0030 群众绿化mass planting movement2.0031 郊区绿化suburban greening2.0032 公路绿化highway greening2.0033 铁路绿化railway greening, railway planting 2.0034 堤岸种植bank planting2.0035 阳台绿化balcony greening2.0036 窗台绿化window-sill greening2.0037 屋顶绿化roof greening2.0038 垂直绿化vertical greening2.0039 攀缘绿化climber greening2.0040 桥头绿化bridgehead greening2.0041 花园garden2.0042 专类花园specified flower garden2.0043 花园村garden village2.0044 园林城市landscape garden city2.0045 蔷薇园rose garden2.0046 松柏园conifer garden2.0047 球根园bulb garden2.0048 宿根园perennial garden2.0049 假山园rock garden, Chinese rockery2.0050 狩猎场hunting ground2.0051 街心花园street crossing center garden2.0052 小游园petty street garden2.0053 水景园water garden2.0054 铺地园paved garden2.0055 野趣园wild plants botanical garden2.0056 野生植物园wild plants garden2.0057 乡趣园rustic garden2.0058 盆景园penjing garden, miniature land-scape 2.0059 动物园zoo, zoological garden2.0060 墓园cemetery garden2.0061 沼泽园bog and marsh garden2.0062 水生植物园aquatic plants garden2.0063 学校园school garden2.0064 室内花园indoor garden2.0065 芳香花园fragrant garden2.0066 盲人花园garden for the blind2.0067 公园park, public park2.0068 城市公园city park, urban park2.0069 区公园regional park2.0070 儿童公园children park2.0071 体育公园sports park2.0072 森林公园forest park2.0073 纪念公园memorial park2.0074 烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park2.0075 综合公园comprehensive park2.0076 文化公园cultural park2.0077 文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park 2.0078 中央公园central park2.0079 天然公园natural park2.0080 海滨公园seaside park, seabeach park2.0081 古迹公园historic site park2.0082 河滨公园riverside park2.0083 湖滨公园lakeside park2.0084 路边公园roadside park, street park2.0085 娱乐公园amusement park2.0086 雕塑公园sculpture park2.0087 休憩公园recreation park2.0088 疗养公园sanatorium park2.0089 国家公园national park2.0090 邻里公园neighborhood park2.0091 特种公园special park2.0092 植物园botanical garden2.0093 植物公园abeled plants park2.0094 高山植物园alpine garden2.0095 热带植物园tropical plants garden2.0096 药用植物园medical plants garden, herb garden 2.0097 绿地green space2.0098 公共绿地public green space2.0099 单位绿地unit green area2.0100 城市绿地urban green space2.0101 街道广场绿地street and square green area2.0102 居住区绿地residential quarter green area2.0103 防护绿地green area for environmental protection 2.0104 郊区绿地suburban green space2.0105 街坊绿地residential block green belt2.0106 附属绿地attached green space2.0107 生产绿地productive plantation area2.0108 苗圃nursery2.0109 风景landscape, scenery2.0110 自然景观natural landscape2.0111 人文景观human landscape, scenery of humanities 2.0112 草原景观prairie landscape2.0113 山岳景观mountain landscape, alpine landscape 2.0114 地理景观geographical landscape2.0115 湖泊景观lake view2.0116 郊区景观suburban landscape2.0117 地质景观geological landscape2.0118 喀斯特景观karst landscape2.0119 植物景观plants landscape, flora landscape02.2 园林史02.2.1 中国园林史2.0120 中国古典园林classical Chinese garden2.0121 中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden2.0122 中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden2.0123 中国山水园Chinese mountain and water garden2.0124 帝王宫苑imperial palace garden2.0125 皇家园林royal garden2.0126 私家园林private garden2.0127 江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta02.2.2 西方园林史2.0128 西方古典园林western classical garden2.0129 英国式园林English style garden2.0130 中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden 2.0131 意大利式园林Italian style garden2.0132 西班牙式园林Spanish style garden2.0133 法兰西式园林French style garden2.0134 勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre’s style garden 2.0135 文艺复兴庄园Renaissance style villa2.0136 洛可可式园林Rococo style garden2.0137 巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden2.0138 庄园manor, villa garden2.0139 廊柱园peristyle garden, patio2.0140 绿廊xystus2.0141 迷阵maze, labyrinth02.2.3 典型中西园林2.0142 灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden2.0143 灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden2.0144 灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden2.0145 阿房宫E-Pang Palace2.0146 上林苑Shang-Lin Yuan2.0147 未央宫Wei-Yang Palace2.0148 洛阳宫Luoyang Palace2.0149 华清官Hua-Qing Palace2.0150 艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden2.0151 圆明园Yuan-Ming Y uan Imperial Garden2.0152 颐和园Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace 2.0153 承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort2.0154 苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden2.0155 悬园Hanging Garden2.0156 英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden 2.0157 凡尔赛宫苑Versailles Palace Park2.0158 枫丹白露宫园Fontainebleau Palace Garden02.3 园林艺术2.0159 景view, scenery, feature2.0160 远景distant view2.0161 近景nearby view2.0162 障景obstructive scenery, blocking view2.0163 借景borrowed scenery, view borrowing2.0164 对景opposite scenery, view in opposite place 2.0165 缩景miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery 2.0166 漏景leaking through scenery2.0167 框景enframed scenery2.0168 尾景terminal feature2.0169 主景main feature2.0170 副景secondary feature2.0171 配景objective view2.0172 夹景vista line, vista2.0173 前景front view2.0174 背景background2.0175 景序order of sceneries2.0176 景点feature spot, view spot2.0177 仰视景观upward landscape2.0178 俯视景观downward landscape2.0179 季相景观seasonal phenomena2.0180 气象景观meteorological diversity scenery 2.0181 视野visual field2.0182 秋色fall color, autumn color2.0183 园林空间garden space2.0184 开敞空间wide open space, wide space2.0185 封闭空间enclosure space2.0186 意境artistic conception, poetic imagery 2.0187 苍古antiquity2.0188 空灵spaciousness, airiness2.0189 动观in-motion viewing2.0190 静观in-position viewing2.0191 视错觉visual illusion2.0192 园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden 2.0193 对称平衡symmetrical balance2.0194 不对称平衡asymmetrical balance2.0195 左右对称bilateral symmetry2.0196 辐射对称radial symmetry2.0197 透景线perspective line2.0198 轴线axis, axial line2.0199 主轴main axis 2.0200 副轴auxiliary axis 2.0201 暗轴hidden axis, invisible axis2.0202 树冠线skyline2.0203 园林色彩艺术art of garden colors2.0204 单色谐调monochromatic harmony2.0205 复色谐调compound chromatic harmony 2.0206 对比色突出contrast colors accent2.0207 近似色谐调approximate colors harmony2.0208 暖色warm color2.0209 冷色cool color2.0210 色感color sense2.0211 城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning 2.0212 绿地系统green space system2.0213 公共绿地定额public green space quota2.0214 公共绿地指标public green space norm2.0215 绿地布局green space layout2.0216 吸引圈attractive circle2.0217 吸引距离attractive distance2.0218 有效半径effective radius2.0219 绿地资源green space resource2.0220 绿地效果green space effect2.0221 绿地规划程序planning procedure of the green space 2.0222 空间规划space planning2.0223 形象规划image plan2.0224 实施规划implementary plan2.0225 必要生活空间necessary living space2.0226 余暇生活空间leisure time living space2.0227 利用频度usage frequency2.0228 树种规划planning of trees and shrubs2.0229 绿地类型type of green space2.0230 环状绿型annular green space2.0231 块状绿地green plot2.0232 点状绿地green spot2.0233 放射状绿地radiate green space2.0234 楔状绿地wedge-shaped green space2.0235 缓冲绿地buffer green space2.0236 防音绿地noiseproof green space2.0237 科学景观论scientific landscape theory2.0238 园林保留地reserve garden2.0239 公园规划park planning2.0240 园林总体规划garden master planning2.0241 总平面规划site planning2.0242 园林分区garden zoning2.0243 安静休息区tranquil rest area2.0244 儿童活动区children playing space2.0245 儿童游戏场children playground, playlot2.0246 体育运动区sports activities area2.0247 野餐区picnic place2.0248 散步区pedestrian space2.0249 群众集会区mass meeting square2.0250 观赏植物区ornamental plants area2.0251 观赏温室区display greenhouse area, display conservatory area2.0252 草坪区lawn space2.0253 绿荫区shade tree section2.0254 历史古迹区historical relics area2.0255 青少年活动区youngsters activities area 2.0256 诱鸟区bird sanctuary area2.0257 钓鱼区fishing center2.0258 野营区camp site2.0259 游人中心visitors center2.0260 服务中心service center2.0261 探险游乐场adventure ground2.0262 文化活动区cultural activities area2.0263 道路系统approach system, road system 2.0264 环形道路系统circular road system2.0265 方格形道路系统latticed road system2.0266 放射形道路系统radiate road system2.0267 自然式道路系统informal road system 2.0268 规整式道路系统formal road system2.0269 混合式道路系统mixed style road system 2.0270 园林规划图garden planning map2.0271 园林规划说明书garden planning direction 2.0272 城市公园系统urban park system2.0273 公园分布distribution of parks2.0274 公园类型park type, park category2.0275 公园间距distance between parks2.0276 公园形式park styles2.0277 游览区excursion area, open-to-public area 2.0278 非游览区no-admittance area2.0279 办公区administrative area2.0280 服务区service center2.0281 动休息区dynamic rest space2.0282 静休息区static rest space2.0283 娱乐演出区entertaining performance place 2.0284 主要入口main entrance2.0285 次要入口secondary entrance2.0286 人流量visitors flowrate2.0287 车流量vehicle flowrate2.0288 公园道路park road2.0289 公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio2.0290 游人容纳量visitors capacity2.0291 风景资源调查landscape resource evaluation 2.0292 风景学scenicology2.0293 风景规划landscape plan2.0294 风景设计landscape design2.0295 游览路线touring route2.0296 旅游资源tourism resource2.0297 旅游地理tourism geography2.0298 旅游地质tourism geology2.0299 历史名城famous historical city2.0300 文化名城famous cultural city2.0301 文化遗址ancient cultural relic2.0302 天然博物馆natural open museum2.0303 风景地貌natural geomorphology2.0304 造型地貌imaginative geomorphologic figuration 2.0305 风景区scenic spot, scenic area2.0306 风景名胜famous scenery, famous scenic site 2.0307 特异景观风景区specific natural scenes area 2.0308 民族风俗风景区scenic spot of minority customs 2.0309 高山风景区alpine scenic spot2.0310 海滨风景区seabeach scenic spot2.0311 森林风景区forest scenic spot2.0312 高山草甸风景区alpine tundra landscape spot 2.0313 峡谷风景区valley scenic spot2.0314 江河风景区river landscape district2.0315 湖泊风景区lake round scenic spot2.0316 温泉风景区hot spring scenic spot2.0317 瀑布风景区waterfall scenic spot2.0318 禁伐禁猎区region forbidden to tree cutting and hunting 2.0319 封山育林区region closed for afforestation2.0320 天池风景区crater lake scenic spot2.0321 自然保护区nature protection area2.0322 科学保护区protection area for scientific research2.0323 天然纪念物natural monument2.0324 生物圈保护区biosphere protection area。
《专业英语》Lesson 3 Plants and Environmental Factors
How do we go from seed to plant?
• Germination- seed embryo goes from dormant state to active growing state
– Seed absorbs water and swells – Primary root develops and emerges – Stem or shoot emerges
What are the structural differences between dicot and monocot stems?
• Monocots
– One seed leaf – Parallel veins in leaf – Xylem and phloem found in
bundles in stem
Air
• Humidity • Wind • Air pollution • Elevation (temperature)
Air and elevation
Moisture and plant growth
• Amount • Distribution patterns • Access (location) • Bodies of water and climate • Moisture stress
Aerating root （呼吸根，通气根）
STILT（支柱） ROOTS e.g.
Mangrove 红树
Flower
Where are the reproductive structures of plants and how do
they work?
园林专业英语整理(曹)
《园林基本术语标准》2 通用术语2.0.1 园林学landscape architecture, garden architecture2.0.2 园林garden and park2.0.3 绿化greening, planting2.0.4 城市绿化urban greening, urban planting2.0.5 城市绿地urban green space3 城市绿地系统3.1城市绿地3.1.1 公园绿地public park3.1.2 公园park3.1.3 儿童公园children park3.1.4 动物园zoo3.1.5 植物园botanical garden3.1.6 墓园cemetery garden3.1.7 盆景园penjing garden, miniature landscape3.1.8 盲人公园park for the blind3.1.9 花园garden3.1.10 历史名园historical garden and park3.1.11 风景名胜公园famous scenic park3.1.12 纪念公园memorial park3.1.13 街旁绿地roadside green space3.1.14 带状公园linear park3.1.15 专类公园theme park3.1.16 岩石园rock garden3.1.17 社区公园community park3.1.18 生产绿地productive plantation area3.1.19 防护绿地green buffer, green area for environmental protection3.1.20 附属绿地attached green space3.1.21 居住绿地green space attached to housing estate, residential green space 3.1.22 道路绿地green space attached to urban road and square3.1.23 屋顶花园roof garden3.1.24 立体绿化vertical planting3.1.25 风景林地scenic forest land3.2城市绿地系统规划3.2.1 城市绿地系统urban green space system3.2.2 城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning3.2.3 绿地覆盖面积green coverage3.2.4 绿地覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage3.2.5 绿地率greening rate, ratio of green space3.2.6 绿带green belt3.2.7 楔形绿地green wedge3.2.8 城市绿线boundary line of urban green space4 园林规划与设计4.1.1 园林史landscape history, garden history4.1.2 古典园林classical garden4.1.3 囿hunting park4.1.4 苑imperial park4.1.5 皇家园林royal garden4.1.6 私家园林private garden4.1.7 寺庙园林monastery garden4.2园林艺术4.2.1 园林艺术garden art4.2.2 相地site investigation4.2.3 造景landscaping4.2.4 借景borrowed scenery, view borrowing4.2.5 园林意境poetic imagery of garden4.2.6 透景线perspective line4.2.7 盆景miniature landscape, penjing4.2.8 插花flower arrangement4.2.9 季相seasonal appearance of plant4.3规划设计4.3.1 园林规划garden planning, landscaping planning 4.3.2 园林布局garden layout4.3.3 园林设计garden design4.3.4 公园最大游人量maximum visitors capacity in park 4.3.5 地形设计topographical design4.3.6 园路设计garden path design4.3.7 种植设计planting design4.3.8 孤植specimen planting, isolated planting4.3.9 对植opposite planting, coupled planting4.3.10 列植linear planting4.3.11 群植group planting, mass planting4.4园林植物4.4.1 园林植物landscape plant4.4.2 观赏植物ornamental plant4.4.3 古树名木historical tree and famous wood species 4.4.4 地被植物ground cover plant4.4.5 攀缘植物climbing plant, climber4.4.6 温室植物greenhouse plant4.4.7 花卉flowering plant4.4.8 行道树avenue tree, street tree4.4.9 草坪lawn4.4.10 绿篱hedge4.4.11 花篱flower hedge4.4.12 花境flower border4.4.13 人工植物群落man-made planting habitat4.5.1 园林建筑garden building4.5.2 园林小品small garden ornaments4.5.3 园廊veranda, gallery, colonnade4.5.4 水榭waterside pavilion4.5.5 舫boat house4.5.6 园亭garden pavilion, pavilion4.5.7 圆台platform4.5.8 月洞门moon gate4.5.9 花架pergola, trellis4.5.10 园林楹联couplet written on scroll, couplet on pillar4.5.11 园林匾额bian’e in garden5 园林工程5.0.1 园林工程garden engineering5.0.2 绿化工程plant engineering5.0.3 大树移植big tree transplanting5.0.4 假植heeling in, temporary planting5.0.5 基础种植foundation planting5.0.6 种植成活率ratio of living tree5.0.7 适地适树planting according to the environment5.0.8 造型修剪topiary5.0.9 园艺horticulture5.0.10 假山rockwork, artificial hill5.0.11 置石stone arrangement, stone layout5.0.12 掇山piled stone hill, hill making5.0.13 塑山man-made rockwork5.0.14 园林理水water system layout in garden5.0.15 驳岸revetment in garden5.0.16 喷泉fountain6 风景名胜区6.0.1 风景名胜区landscape and famous scenery6.0.2 国家重点风景名胜区national park of China6.0.3 风景名胜区规划landscape and famous scenery planning 6.0.4 风景名胜famous scenery ,famous scenic site6.0.5 风景资源scenery resource6.0.6 景物view, feature6.0.7 景点feature spot, view spot6.0.8 景区scenic zone6.0.9 景观landscape, scenery6.0.10 游览线touring route6.0.11 环境容量environmental capacity6.0.12 国家公园national park园林学标准英语大全02 园林学02.1 总论2.0001园林学landscape architecture, garden architecture 2.0002 造园学garden making, landscape gardening2.0003 环境园艺学environmental horticulture2.0004 观赏园艺学ornamental horticulture2.0005 园林艺术garden art2.0006 园林美学garden aesthetics2.0007 园林建筑学garden architecture2.0008 园林建筑garden building2.0009 园林工程garden engineering2.0010 园林植物landscape plant2.0011 观赏植物ornamental plant2.0012 盆景miniature landscape, penjing2.0013 园林garden and park2.0014 园林学史history of garden architecture2.0015 园林规划garden planning, landscaping planning 2.0016 园林设计garden design2.0017 园林机具设备gardening machine2.0018 园林管理garden management2.0019 园林生态landscape ecology2.0020 绿化greening, planting2.0021 环境绿化environmental greening2.0022 绿地面积green area2.0023 绿地率ratio of green space2.0024 城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage2.0025 工厂绿化factory greening, factory garden-ing 2.0026 街道绿化street greening, street planting2.0027 车行道绿化driveway greening2.0028 分车带绿化dividing stripe greening2.0029 人行道绿化sidewalk greening2.0030 群众绿化mass planting movement2.0031 郊区绿化suburban greening2.0032 公路绿化highway greening2.0033 铁路绿化railway greening, railway planting2.0034 堤岸种植bank planting2.0035 阳台绿化balcony greening2.0036 窗台绿化window-sill greening2.0037 屋顶绿化roof greening2.0038 垂直绿化vertical greening2.0039 攀缘绿化climber greening2.0040 桥头绿化bridgehead greening2.0041 花园garden2.0042 专类花园specified flower garden2.0043 花园村garden village2.0044 园林城市landscape garden city2.0045 蔷薇园rose garden2.0046 松柏园conifer garden2.0047 球根园bulb garden2.0048 宿根园perennial garden2.0049 假山园rock garden, Chinese rockery2.0050 狩猎场hunting ground2.0051 街心花园street crossing center garden2.0052 小游园petty street garden2.0053 水景园water garden2.0054 铺地园paved garden2.0055 野趣园wild plants botanical garden2.0056 野生植物园wild plants garden2.0057 乡趣园rustic garden2.0058 盆景园penjing garden, miniature land-scape 2.0059 动物园zoo, zoological garden2.0060 墓园cemetery garden2.0061 沼泽园bog and marsh garden2.0062 水生植物园aquatic plants garden2.0063 学校园school garden2.0064 室内花园indoor garden2.0065 芳香花园fragrant garden2.0066 盲人花园garden for the blind2.0067 公园park, public park2.0068 城市公园city park, urban park2.0069 区公园regional park2.0070 儿童公园children park2.0071 体育公园sports park2.0072 森林公园forest park2.0073 纪念公园memorial park2.0074 烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park2.0075 综合公园comprehensive park2.0076 文化公园cultural park2.0077 文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park 2.0078 中央公园central park2.0079 天然公园natural park2.0080 海滨公园seaside park, seabeach park2.0081 古迹公园historic site park2.0082 河滨公园riverside park2.0083 湖滨公园lakeside park2.0084 路边公园roadside park, street park2.0085 娱乐公园amusement park2.0086 雕塑公园sculpture park2.0087 休憩公园recreation park2.0088 疗养公园sanatorium park2.0089 国家公园national park2.0090 邻里公园neighborhood park2.0091 特种公园special park2.0092 植物园botanical garden2.0093 植物公园abeled plants park2.0094 高山植物园alpine garden2.0095 热带植物园tropical plants garden2.0096 药用植物园medical plants garden, herb garden 2.0097 绿地green space2.0098 公共绿地public green space2.0099 单位绿地unit green area2.0100 城市绿地urban green space2.0101 街道广场绿地street and square green area2.0102 居住区绿地residential quarter green area2.0103 防护绿地green area for environmental protection 2.0104 郊区绿地suburban green space2.0105 街坊绿地residential block green belt2.0106 附属绿地attached green space2.0107 生产绿地productive plantation area2.0108 苗圃nursery2.0109 风景landscape, scenery2.0110 自然景观natural landscape2.0111 人文景观human landscape, scenery of humanities 2.0112 草原景观prairie landscape2.0113 山岳景观mountain landscape, alpine landscape 2.0114 地理景观geographical landscape2.0115 湖泊景观lake view2.0116 郊区景观suburban landscape2.0117 地质景观geological landscape2.0118 喀斯特景观karst landscape2.0119 植物景观plants landscape, flora landscape02.2 园林史02.2.1 中国园林史2.0120 中国古典园林classical Chinese garden2.0121 中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden2.0122 中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden2.0123 中国山水园Chinese mountain and water garden2.0124 帝王宫苑imperial palace garden2.0125 皇家园林royal garden2.0126 私家园林private garden2.0127 江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta02.2.2 西方园林史2.0128 西方古典园林western classical garden2.0129 英国式园林English style garden2.0130 中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden2.0131 意大利式园林Italian style garden2.0132 西班牙式园林Spanish style garden2.0133 法兰西式园林French style garden2.0134 勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre’s style garden2.0135 文艺复兴庄园Renaissance style villa2.0136 洛可可式园林Rococo style garden2.0137 巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden2.0138 庄园manor, villa garden2.0139 廊柱园peristyle garden, patio2.0140 绿廊xystus2.0141 迷阵maze, labyrinth02.2.3 典型中西园林2.0142 灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden2.0143 灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden2.0144 灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden2.0145 阿房宫E-Pang Palace2.0146 上林苑Shang-Lin Yuan2.0147 未央宫Wei-Yang Palace2.0148 洛阳宫Luoyang Palace2.0149 华清官Hua-Qing Palace2.0150 艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden2.0151 圆明园Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden2.0152 颐和园Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace 2.0153 承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort2.0154 苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden2.0155 悬园Hanging Garden2.0156 英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden 2.0157 凡尔赛宫苑Versailles Palace Park2.0158 枫丹白露宫园Fontainebleau Palace Garden02.3 园林艺术2.0159 景view, scenery, feature2.0160 远景distant view2.0161 近景nearby view2.0162 障景obstructive scenery, blocking view2.0163 借景borrowed scenery, view borrowing2.0164 对景opposite scenery, view in opposite place 2.0165 缩景miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery 2.0166 漏景leaking through scenery2.0167 框景enframed scenery2.0168 尾景terminal feature2.0169 主景main feature2.0170 副景secondary feature2.0171 配景objective view2.0172 夹景vista line, vista2.0173 前景front view2.0174 背景background2.0175 景序order of sceneries2.0176 景点feature spot, view spot2.0177 仰视景观upward landscape2.0178 俯视景观downward landscape2.0179 季相景观seasonal phenomena2.0180 气象景观meteorological diversity scenery 2.0181 视野visual field2.0182 秋色fall color, autumn color2.0183 园林空间garden space2.0184 开敞空间wide open space, wide space2.0185 封闭空间enclosure space2.0186 意境artistic conception, poetic imagery2.0187 苍古antiquity2.0188 空灵spaciousness, airiness2.0189 动观in-motion viewing2.0190 静观in-position viewing2.0191 视错觉visual illusion2.0192 园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden2.0193 对称平衡symmetrical balance2.0194 不对称平衡asymmetrical balance2.0195 左右对称bilateral symmetry2.0196 辐射对称radial symmetry2.0197 透景线perspective line2.0198 轴线axis, axial line2.0199 主轴main axis2.0200 副轴auxiliary axis2.0201 暗轴hidden axis, invisible axis2.0202 树冠线skyline2.0203 园林色彩艺术art of garden colors2.0204 单色谐调monochromatic harmony2.0205 复色谐调compound chromatic harmony2.0206 对比色突出contrast colors accent2.0207 近似色谐调approximate colors harmony2.0208 暖色warm color2.0209 冷色cool color2.0210 色感color sense2.0211 城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning 2.0212 绿地系统green space system2.0213 公共绿地定额public green space quota2.0214 公共绿地指标public green space norm2.0215 绿地布局green space layout2.0216 吸引圈attractive circle2.0217 吸引距离attractive distance2.0218 有效半径effective radius2.0219 绿地资源green space resource2.0220 绿地效果green space effect2.0221 绿地规划程序planning procedure of the green space 2.0222 空间规划space planning2.0223 形象规划image plan2.0224 实施规划implementary plan2.0225 必要生活空间necessary living space2.0226 余暇生活空间leisure time living space2.0227 利用频度usage frequency2.0228 树种规划planning of trees and shrubs2.0229 绿地类型type of green space2.0230 环状绿型annular green space2.0231 块状绿地green plot2.0232 点状绿地green spot2.0233 放射状绿地radiate green space2.0234 楔状绿地wedge-shaped green space2.0235 缓冲绿地buffer green space2.0236 防音绿地noiseproof green space2.0237 科学景观论scientific landscape theory2.0238 园林保留地reserve garden2.0239 公园规划park planning2.0240 园林总体规划garden master planning2.0241 总平面规划site planning2.0242 园林分区garden zoning2.0243 安静休息区tranquil rest area2.0244 儿童活动区children playing space2.0245 儿童游戏场children playground, playlot2.0246 体育运动区sports activities area2.0247 野餐区picnic place2.0248 散步区pedestrian space2.0249 群众集会区mass meeting square2.0250 观赏植物区ornamental plants area2.0251 观赏温室区display greenhouse area, display conservatory area 2.0252 草坪区lawn space2.0253 绿荫区shade tree section2.0254 历史古迹区historical relics area2.0255 青少年活动区youngsters activities area2.0256 诱鸟区bird sanctuary area2.0257 钓鱼区fishing center2.0258 野营区camp site2.0259 游人中心visitors center2.0260 服务中心service center2.0261 探险游乐场adventure ground2.0262 文化活动区cultural activities area2.0263 道路系统approach system, road system2.0264 环形道路系统circular road system2.0265 方格形道路系统latticed road system2.0266 放射形道路系统radiate road system2.0267 自然式道路系统informal road system2.0268 规整式道路系统formal road system2.0269 混合式道路系统mixed style road system2.0270 园林规划图garden planning map2.0271 园林规划说明书garden planning direction2.0272 城市公园系统urban park system2.0273 公园分布distribution of parks2.0274 公园类型park type, park category2.0275 公园间距distance between parks2.0276 公园形式park styles2.0277 游览区excursion area, open-to-public area2.0278 非游览区no-admittance area2.0279 办公区administrative area2.0280 服务区service center2.0281 动休息区dynamic rest space2.0282 静休息区static rest space2.0283 娱乐演出区entertaining performance place2.0284 主要入口main entrance2.0285 次要入口secondary entrance2.0286 人流量visitors flowrate2.0287 车流量vehicle flowrate2.0288 公园道路park road2.0289 公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio2.0290 游人容纳量visitors capacity2.0291 风景资源调查landscape resource evaluation2.0292 风景学scenicology2.0293 风景规划landscape plan2.0294 风景设计landscape design2.0295 游览路线touring route2.0296 旅游资源tourism resource2.0297 旅游地理tourism geography2.0298 旅游地质tourism geology2.0299 历史名城famous historical city2.0300 文化名城famous cultural city2.0301 文化遗址ancient cultural relic2.0302 天然博物馆natural open museum2.0303 风景地貌natural geomorphology2.0304 造型地貌imaginative geomorphologic figuration2.0305 风景区scenic spot, scenic area2.0306 风景名胜famous scenery, famous scenic site2.0307 特异景观风景区specific natural scenes area2.0308 民族风俗风景区scenic spot of minority customs2.0309 高山风景区alpine scenic spot2.0310 海滨风景区seabeach scenic spot2.0311 森林风景区forest scenic spot2.0312 高山草甸风景区alpine tundra landscape spot2.0313 峡谷风景区valley scenic spot2.0314 江河风景区river landscape district2.0315 湖泊风景区lake round scenic spot2.0316 温泉风景区hot spring scenic spot2.0317 瀑布风景区waterfall scenic spot2.0318 禁伐禁猎区region forbidden to tree cutting and hunting 2.0319 封山育林区region closed for afforestation2.0320 天池风景区crater lake scenic spot2.0321 自然保护区nature protection area2.0322 科学保护区protection area for scientific research2.0323 天然纪念物natural monument2.0324 生物圈保护区biosphere protection area。
园艺技术专业英语
园艺技术专业英语Horticultural TechnologyHorticultural technology refers to the application of scientific knowledge and techniques in the cultivation, propagation, and management of plants for various purposes, such as food production, landscaping, and ornamental purposes. This field of study is often pursued as a major or specialization within the larger field of horticulture.Below are some commonly used terms and phrases in English related to horticultural technology:1. Plant propagation - The process of reproducing and multiplying plants through various methods such as seed sowing, cutting, grafting, and tissue culture.2. Plant breeding - The deliberate manipulation and selection of desirable traits in plants to create new varieties or hybrids with improved characteristics.3. Pest management - The control and prevention of pests and diseases that can damage plants, using integrated pest management strategies that emphasize biological, cultural, and chemical control methods.4. Irrigation systems - The mechanisms and processes used to deliver water to plants in a controlled manner, ensuring optimal hydration without wastage.5. Greenhouse technology - The design, construction, and management of controlled environment structures, called greenhouses, to provide optimal growing conditions for plants throughout the year.6. Soil fertility - The ability of soil to provide essential nutrients and support plant growth, including the use of fertilizers, organic matter, and soil amendments to enhance soil fertility.7. Plant nutrition - The study of essential nutrients required by plants for their growth and development, including the understanding of nutrient deficiencies and the application of fertilizers or nutrient supplements.8. Plant physiology - The study of how plants function and respond to their environment, including processes such as photosynthesis, transpiration, and hormone regulation.9. Landscape design - The art and science of planning and arranging outdoor spaces, incorporating plants, hardscapes, and other elements to create aesthetically pleasing and functional landscapes.10. Arboriculture - The cultivation, management, and study of trees, including practices such as tree pruning, tree care, and tree risk assessment.11. Turf management - The science and practice of maintaining and caring for grass surfaces, such as lawns and sports fields, including practices such as mowing, fertilization, and pest control.12. Floriculture - The cultivation and industry associated with growing flowers and ornamental plants for purposes such as cut flowers, potted plants, and floral arrangements.Note: The information provided is a basic overview and may not cover all aspects of horticultural technology. Vocabulary and concepts may vary depending on the specific region or institution.。
八年级下册 谈论植物和园艺 英语作文
八年级下册谈论植物和园艺英语作文Gardening: My Green Thumb JourneyI never really paid much attention to plants and gardening until a few years ago when my mom decided to start a little vegetable garden in our backyard. At first, I thought it was just another hobby she'd get bored with after a few weeks like her pottery phase or that time she went overboard buying stuff to make homemade candles. But this gardening thing really stuck with her.She started small, just planting some tomatoes, peppers, and herbs in a little corner of the yard. I have to admit, I made fun of her a bit at first. Seeing my usually well-put-together mom out there in her gardening clothes, covered in dirt, was an amusing sight. But then the plants started growing and producing vegetables and something clicked for me. There was something satisfying about planting a seed, caring for it, and watching it sprout into an actual fruit or veggie that we could eat.That's when I got curious and started asking my mom questions about what she was doing out there. She was happy to share her newfound gardening knowledge with me, teaching me about things like soil composition, nutrient needs for differentplants, pruning, pest control, and more. I was amazed by how much there was to learn.Pretty soon, I had my own little plot in the garden where I could experiment and try growing different plants myself. We had more tomatoes than we knew what to do with, so I learned about canning them into sauces. The strawberry plants I started from seeds were prolific producers, so I learned how to make jam. Eating food that I'd grown from seed gave me such a sense of accomplishment.As my interest grew, so did the scope of my gardening adventures. I joined the local 4-H club that had a vegetable gardening project, and my mom agreed to be one of the adult leaders. Through 4-H, I met other kids around my age who were really into gardening too. It was fun to learn from the adult master gardeners while hanging out with friends who shared my new passion.I'll never forget the pride I felt after submitting some of my homegrown produce at the county fair and winning ribbons. Yeah, I had definitely caught the gardening bug in a big way!My gardening obsession only grew from there. I checked out every book on the subject from the library, watched endless YouTube videos, and planted any seed packet I could get myhands on. My poor parents had to keep installing more raised beds for me to overplant. I was determined to get our entire yard under cultivation.Some of my more memorable gardening experiences:The Great Tomato Blight of 2021 - Some fungal disease devastated all my tomato plants one year despite my best efforts to control it. I learned a tough lesson about plant diseases and being over-reliant on one crop.Owl Surprises - We put up some owl houses around the garden area to try attracting natural pest predators. One day I was harvesting some lettuce and nearly jumped out of my skin when an owl flew out right in front of me!Butterfly Ranching - I got really into planting wildflowers and other plants specifically to try attracting butterflies and support their populations as pollinators. I even raised and released a bunch of monarch butterflies one summer.Worm Composting - Another obsession of mine was vermiculture — raising worms tocompost our food waste to make fertilizer for the gardens. I had an entire worm farm and worm-related accessories filling up my closet.As you can see, I went just a little overboard with this gardening thing. But I loved every minute of my all-consuming plant hobby. Looking back, I'm so grateful for the life skills I learned through gardening — patience, responsibility, problem-solving, composting and recycling, business management by selling some of my produce, and so much more.These days, I've had to scale back my gardening a bit due to being busy with high school, sports, and college applications. But I'll never lose my deep appreciation for the magic of plants and growing your own food. I already can't wait to have my own garden again after heading off to college.Maybe I'll even get a gardening job at the school's greenhouse or farms if they have them. Or start a community garden in my new town. Who knows? I just know that the skills, lessons, and sheer joy I got from gardening will stick with me for life. Thanks, mom, for inadvertently sparking one of the most enriching hobbies and passions of my youth!。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
• Root hairs- single cell roots
located a few mm back from root tip, absorb water
• Root cap- mass of cells that
– Stigma- sticky surface for capturing pollen at top of styles
– Style- tube-like structure that connects stigma and ovary
– Ovary- contains ovules or eggs
protects root tips from coarse soil
What are the differences between taproot and fibrous root systems?
• Taproot
– One large primary root that grows down + small secondary roots
• Whitish or tan in color • Make up one-half or more of the entire plant body • Absorb water and nutrients from the soil then transport
them above ground • Serve to anchor and support the top portion on plant • Can store carbohydrates to be used later for energy by
• Petals- brightly colored structures on flower used to attract pollinators
• Stamens- male reproductive parts containing filament and anther surrounding female parts
plant
What are the parts of a root system?
• Primary root- first structure to
emerge from germinating seed
• Secondary root- arises from
the primary root – Don’t transplant seedlings or
Aerating root （呼吸根，通气根）
STILT（支柱） ROOTS e.g.
Mangrove 红树
Flower
Where are the reproductive structures of plants and how do
they work?
• Sepals- green leaf-like structures under the petals
– Filament-stalk that supports anther – Anther- produces pollen or male sex cells
• Pistils- female reproductive parts containing stigma, style, and ovary
• Fibrous root
– Root develops into a number of small primary and secondary roots
• Grow shallow near the soil line • Subjected to drought and
mineral deficiencies • Most landscape plants
The structure of flowers
Pollen grains
How do we get seeds?
• Pollination- occurs when pollen grains are transferred from anther to stigma
Roots hang down in mid-air and absorb water from rainfall
Examples : Wild Pine; Some Orchids
Schefflera bonsai （鹅掌藤）
Banyan tree（印度榕树）
PROP ROOTS
e.g. Corn
Lesson 3
Plants and Environmental Factors
AXILLARY BUD
TERMINAL BUD FLOWER
FRUIT
NODE
NODE
INTERNODE
STEM
NODE
MAIN ROOT
LEAF
LATERAL OR SIDE
ROOT
SHOOT SYSTEM
ROOT SYSTEM
• Dicots
– Produce two seed leaves – Branched leaf vein system – Xylem and phloem cells
located in separate areas of the stem
What are the functions of roots?
What are modified roots?
• Adventitious roots (不定根)
– Begin growing from stem or leaf – Grow from cuttings after being placed in growing
medium
Plant attaches itself to tree branch or telephone wire
What are the structural differences between dicot and monocot stems?
• Monocots
– One seed leaf – Parallel veins in leaf – Xylem and phloem found in
bundles in stem