中西方饮食文化差异论文
中西餐桌礼仪差异论文
中西餐桌礼仪差异论文中西餐桌礼仪差异论文随着当今世界全球化步伐的加快,中国与其他国家在政治,经济,文化等方面的联系越来越紧密。
而礼仪无疑在这种联系中发挥着无比重要的作用,而各国由于在历史传统,风俗习惯,宗教信仰等方面,对礼仪都有着各自不同的理解,同时又有着具有民族特色的礼仪传统。
以下是中西餐桌礼仪差异论文,欢迎阅读。
深受中西方社会文化,历史文化及其各种社会因素的影响,使两种文化的距离相差甚远。
在中国,任何一个宴会,不管是什么目的,都会有一种形式。
就是大家团团围坐,共享一席;宴席要用圆桌,这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌共趣的气势。
美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心,它既是一桌人欣赏品尝的对象,又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。
人与人相互敬酒相互让菜劝菜,再美好的事物面前,体现了人与人之间相互尊重争让的美德。
反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响,便于集体的情感交流,因而至今难以改革而西方这个主要以面食为主的群体,餐桌礼仪的细节就显得更加繁琐而有条不紊。
他们所用的餐则是分餐制,人自扫盘中菜,不管他人碗里汤,互不相扰。
西方人喝酒也听凭自愿,白兰地,威士忌,鸡尾酒,喜欢什么喝什么,想喝多少喝多少,所尊重的是个人意志,体现出的饮食思想观念要合理的多。
综上,中西礼仪千万种,以下是我对餐桌礼仪的一些浅析方法。
一、出席时间的差异中国人是多样化时间观念的人,西方人是单一时间观念的人。
要求做任何事情都要严格遵守日程安排,该干什么就干什么,一般说来,时间多样化模式的中国人更倾向于迟到半小时之后到达,主人似乎也早有思想准备,通常会在这段等待的时间里安排些其他节目,如打牌,喝喝茶,聊聊天等,让一些先到的客人们消磨时间。
对于这种迟到现象主客双方都习以为常,并不将之视为对主人邀请的一种轻视或者不礼貌的行为。
在西方国家各种活动都按预定的时间开始,迟到是很不礼貌的,正式的宴会要求准时到达,十分钟后不到者,将会被视为不合礼仪,是对主人及其他客人的不尊重。
中美饮食论文
中美饮食论文引言中美两国的饮食文化在世界范围内都拥有重要地位。
中华食文化源远流长,讲究营养均衡、口味多样;而美国饮食文化则以多样性和快餐文化而闻名。
本文将比较中美两国的饮食文化,探讨其异同并分析其中的原因。
1. 饮食习惯1.1 中华饮食文化中国是一个拥有五千年文明历史的古老国家,因此其饮食文化也流传至今。
中国饮食文化的标志主要有以下几个方面:•营养均衡:中华饮食文化中强调五谷杂粮、蔬菜水果、鱼肉蛋奶等食物的搭配,追求饮食的平衡和健康。
•烹饪技巧:中国有着丰富的烹饪技巧,如蒸、炒、炸、煮、炖等多种烹饪手法,使得食物保持原汁原味的同时增添了口感。
•地域差异:中国地域广阔,不同地区的饮食文化也存在差异,如川菜、粤菜、鲁菜等代表了不同地方的饮食传统。
1.2 美国饮食文化美国是一个移民国家,拥有多元化的饮食文化。
美国饮食文化的特点主要有以下几个方面:•多样性:美国饮食文化受到各国移民的影响,融合了来自世界各地的饮食习惯,如意大利披萨、墨西哥玉米卷等。
因此,美国被称为一个全球美食的集合地。
•快餐文化:美国是快餐文化的发源地,快餐食品如汉堡、炸鸡、薯条等已经成为国际知名的美式食品,并迅速传遍全球。
•超大份量:美国人对食物的要求通常是“量大且物美”,大份量的食物已经成为美国餐桌上的一种常态。
2. 饮食习惯的差异中美饮食文化存在一些差异,主要表现在以下几个方面:2.1 食材选择在食材选择上,中美两国由于地理环境和文化差异而存在不同。
中国食材以大米、面食、豆类、肉类、海鲜等为主,讲究食物的新鲜和滋补功效。
而美国则以牛肉、猪肉、鸡肉等肉类为主,同时辅以各类蔬菜和水果。
2.2 烹饪方式中华饮食文化注重食物的原味,烹饪方式多样。
常见的烹饪方法有蒸、煮、炒、炖等。
而美国饮食文化倾向于煎炸烤等高温烹饪方式,以追求食物的口感和香气。
2.3 用餐方式中国人通常以米饭或面食为主食,搭配多样的菜肴,采用筷子进行进食。
而美国人则以主食和菜肴的分别进食,用刀叉进行取食,注重菜肴的口感和味道。
中西方饮食差异论文
中西⽅饮⾷差异论⽂论⽂常⽤来指进⾏各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的⽂章,它既是探讨问题进⾏学术研究的⼀种⼿段,⼜是描述学术研究成果进⾏学术交流的⼀种⼯具。
论⽂⼀般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正⽂、参考⽂献和附录等部分组成。
论⽂在形式上是属于议论⽂的,但它与⼀般议论⽂不同,它必须是有⾃⼰的理论系统的,应对⼤量的事实、材料进⾏分析、研究,使感性认识上升到理性认识。
中西⽅饮⾷差异论⽂1 摘要:饮⾷⽂化是跨⽂化交际中⾮语⾔⽂化的重要组成部分之⼀。
了解中西⽅饮⾷⽂化的差异,对于外语学习者来讲,不仅能加深对所学语⾔⽂化的理解,更能提⾼跨⽂化交际的成功率。
本⽂从中西⽅饮⾷⽂化⽤餐形式和礼仪的差异、饮⾷观念的差异、饮⾷结构的差异、烹饪的差异等⽅⾯⼊⼿,对中西⽅饮⾷⽂化进⾏了⽐较,⽬的在于明确中西⽅饮⾷⽂化差异,消除界限,增进了解,促进交流。
关键词:中西⽅饮⾷⽂化⽂化差异形式和礼仪观念结构 ⼀、引⾔ 饮⾷⽂化是跨⽂化交际中⾮语⾔⽂化的重要组成部分之⼀。
饮⾷与⽂化紧密相关,不同的民族因其⽣活地域、⽓候环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,⽽创造出不同的饮⾷⽂化。
传统的西⽅⽂化是畜牧⽂化和海洋⽂化,⽽中国是农耕⽂化和陆地⽂化,两种不同的⽂化反映出⼈们⽣活⽅式的差异,⽽饮⾷的差异则深刻透露⾃⾝的⽂化背景。
⼆、中西⽤餐形式和礼仪的差异 中国⾃古以来的礼仪就有以和为贵的思想观念,以和为贵的思想体现在从古⾄今中国⼈在开席时都有⼀家⼈在⼀起就餐的观念,体现了中国传统的饮⾷礼仪。
中国⼈的聚⾷制延续千年。
在中国,任何⼀个宴席,都是⼤家团团围坐,共享⼀席。
筵席要⽤圆桌,从形式上营造团结、礼貌、共趣的⽓氛。
这就是聚⾷制,聚⾷制的起源很早,从许多地下⽂化遗存的发掘可见,古代炊间和聚⾷的地⽅是统⼀的,炊间在住宅的中央,上有天窗出烟,下有篝⽕,⽕上安放陶釜、陶⿍,在⽕上做炊,就⾷者围⽕聚⾷。
这种聚⾷古俗⼀直延续⾄后世。
美味佳肴放在⼀桌⼈的中⼼,它既是⼀桌⼈欣赏、品尝的对象,⼜是⼀桌⼈感情交流的媒介物。
跨文化交际论文中外饮食文化差异(英文)
Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 1 IntroductionAs the economy and culture developing rapidly, having dinner is not only for people basic physical need, but also the important skill in social communication. Good manners and courtesy have become increasingly common understanding of the public. With the deepening of reform and opening up policy in China and the strengthening of communication between China and West, people have a great number of opportunities to have dinner with foreigners. A lot of table manners, such as arriving time, seat arrangement, and order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and communication, reflect different culture and life-style in nations or countries. There are many differences of table manners between China and western countries.It is extremely important for people to understand these differences to avoid making mistakes and promote the development of humanity culture and achieve interpersonal harmony in both countries.1Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 2 Literature ReviewIt is a common sense that different countries have different cultures. Table manners, as a kind of social customs, are deeply influenced by culture and vary in many different kinds of areas. China has characteristic table manners with a long history, and western countries also have their own table manners. To some degree, having good table manners is a symbol of a nation’s civilization and an expression of a person’s moral cultivation.2Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 3 Cultural Differences of Table Manners3.1 Arriving TimeAs we all know that Chinese people often arrive half an hour later than the predicted time and the host also seems to have prepares for that. When they are waiting for other guests, the host always arranges some games so that the guests who come earlier would not feel boring. While in western countries, people do things strictly and all the activities begin on time. People should arrive at the party on time especially the formal banquets. It is considered as impolite and contempt for the host and other guests if one arrives 10 minutes later.3.2 Seat ArrangementIn Chinese table manners, seating arrangement is the most important part. The seat of honor, reserved for the banquet’s master or the highest status’s guest, is in the center facing east or facing the door. And the other higher position guests sit closer tothe master of the banquet. The lowest position guests sit furthest from the seat of honor. If it is a round table, the one facing the door is the guest of honor. The seats on the left hand are second, and then in turn fourth and sixth and so on. The guests on the right hand are the same.While in western countries, it is different. When the hostess announced dinner is ready, male host will lead guests to the table in turn, and the hostess walks behind them. Some host will also place name card on the table to show the seat.3.3 Order of Serving DishesChinese meals usually begin with appetizers. There are often four or five kinds of appetizers, such as, cold meats, preserved eggs, smoked fish and vegetable relishes. All these food are arranged beautifully on separate dishes or on one large platter. Then the hot food should be served. There is an important rule to serve the whole duck, chicken and fish, which is don’t put the head and tail to the major seat. After the hot dishes, then comes the main course, rice. At last, desserts and fruits are provided to help digestion.In western countries, the first dish is appetizer as well. The second dish is soup. The third dish is fish dish. Meat and poultry dishes is the fourth dish, which also known as the main course. And the most representative is beef and steak. Salad can be a kind of side dish, which can be arranged either after or with the meat dish. The sixth dish is dessert, such as pudding, ice cream, cheese, fruit and so on. The final drink is coffee with cream or tea with sugar.3Differences of Table Manners between China and West3.4 TablewareChinese people mainly use bowl, chopsticks and spoons. Chopsticks are the most important tableware in China. While in serving English meals, they use so much tablewares with different kinds and sizes. There are different kinds of glasses, spoons, plates, bowls and knives. The main tablewares in western are knives, forks, spoons, glass and napkin.3.5 Behaviour and CommunicationWhen on the dinner table, Chinese people talked a lot and enjoy the delicious food at the same time, which means the hospitality and sincere of hostess. Because they believe that the lively atmosphere on the dinner table reflects the cheerful of guests and the warmth of family. While in western, during the dinner, people talked little and cut their own food in the plate quietly.4Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 4 Main Factors Causing the Differences4.1 GeographyThe geographical location and the environment lead to the differences between Chinese and western cultures. People in different places will have differentbehaviours and cultures.4.2 TraditionWith thousands of years of Chinese traditional culture, we believe that we should take care of others and cooperate with others. Chinese people use cheap chopsticks as tableware which can reflect Chinese collective consciousness. In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr. Yi Zhongtian said that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is individual consciousness. The western culture, to be self-centered, the boundary between people is very clear and they usually do not allow mutual interference. That makes western table manners without sharing a plate of food. Knife and fork also can reflect individual consciousness, and noble west of life.4.3 CustomPeople from different countries have different cultures and customs, especially in the aspects such as greeting, thanks, apology, flattery, and making telephone calls. When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, the host always picks food for guests and tries his best to make guests eat and drink more. While in western countries, the host would just let their guests help themselves and they would never carry food to their guest’s bowl.5Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 5 Trend of SyncretismNowadays, an increasing number of western restaurants appear in many cities in China and an increasing number of people like to have meals in it. People have gradually learned western table manners in their daily life. It is obvious that the Chinese diet conception is sensible, and the western diet idea is rational. Now, the difference seems to become blurred with the strengthening of communication between China and West and the development of science. Instead of paying attention to the color, flavor and taste of the food, Chinese people, like the westerners, pay more attention to its health and nutrition. This dissemination and development of western style food has unavoidably made great influence on Chinese food and beverage industry, which made Chinese style food trade change in the aspects of managing concept, management mode, productive means, personnel cultivation and so on.6Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 6 ConclusionSocial background, historical and cultural differences lead to the differences between Chinese and Western table manners. To some extent, table manner is a reflection of the kind of lifestyle, and the formation of habits which can not be obtained in a short period of time. It is actually a kind of historical and cultural sedimentation and extension. Knowing the differences, people can easily understandthe culture of each other. In face of these differences, we should comprehend and respect their habits and culture and remember that every culture is equal to the other. Only recognizing cultural differences between China and West and making a reasonable and effective integration, can we establish a social cultural etiquette system of contemporary China and reach the ideal harmonious society.7Differences of Table Manners between China and WestReferences[1] 易中天. 餐桌上的文化[J]. 当代学生, 2004(10).[2] 杨柳,田丹丹,苑富山. 中美餐桌礼仪刍议[J]. 从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异[J]. 硅谷, 2008(18).8。
中西饮食文化的差异 论文
Hunan Information Science V ocational CollegeGraduation ThesisSubject: A Comparison of Food Culture BetweenChina and Western CountriesName: Tang WenStudent No.: 1103020239Specialty and Class: Business English,Class 2Department: Department of Hunan and ArtsSupervisor: Fang leiyiDate:2014-3-16ContentsIntroduction (1)1.Introduction to Diet Idea (2)1.1Diet Idea in Western Countries (2)1.2Diet Idea in China (3)2.The Differences of Diet Object Between China and Western Countries (3)2.1Materials of Food (3)2.2Differences of Diet Object (4)2.2.1Chinese Food Advocates.. Vegetarianism (5)2.2.2Western Food Pay Attention to Nutrition (5)3.The Different Method Of Diet (6)3.1Dinning Way (6)3.2 Table Ware (6)3.3 Dinning Etiquette (7)4.The Future Prospects Of Chinese and Western Diet (8)Conclusion (9)Bibliography (10)Acknowledgements (11)摘要在悠久的历史文化中,中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学造就了中西文化的差异,从而造就了中西方饮食文化的差异。
你有30分钟的时间写一篇关于中美文化饮食差异的短文
你有30分钟的时间写一篇关于中美文化饮食差异的短文
《中美文化饮食差异》
由于文化背景和历史传统的不同,中美两国在饮食文化上存在着显著的差异。
这些差异不仅体现在食物的选择、烹饪方法上,还包括用餐习惯和礼仪等方面。
美国是一个移民国家,其饮食文化受到来自世界各地移民的影响,因此形成了一种多元化的饮食风格。
美国人喜欢食用快餐、烤肉、汉堡、炸鸡等高热量、高脂肪的食物。
此外,美国人还非常注重食物的外观和口感,他们喜欢在食物中添加各种调味料和佐料,以满足自己的味蕾需求。
相比之下,中国的饮食文化更加注重食物的色、香、味、形的协调统一。
中国菜肴讲究荤素搭配、色香味俱佳,而且非常注重食材的选择和烹饪方法的合理性。
在中国,不同地区有着不同的饮食习惯和特色菜肴,如川菜、粤菜、湘菜等。
在用餐习惯和礼仪方面,中美两国也存在着一些差异。
在美国,人们通常使用刀叉就餐,而且在用餐时喜欢分餐制;而在中国,人们则更习惯使用筷子就餐,并且在用餐时往往采用共餐制。
中美两国的饮食文化各有特色。
了解并尊重彼此的饮食差异有助于增进两国人民之间的相互理解和友谊。
同时,通过相互学习和交流,我们可以促进中美两国饮食文化的融合与发展。
中西方文化之间的差异表现及原因论文精选4篇
中西方文化之间的差异表现及原因论文精选4篇【摘要】:中西两家因为深受不同的社会文化、历史文化和各种社会背景的影响,从而导致两种不同文化的产生,餐桌礼仪文化业因此应运而生,餐桌礼仪文化是饮食文化的一部分,中西饮食文化的不同是中西民族文化差异的重要组成部分。
每个国家、每个地区的每种民族都在饮食中自觉不自觉的透露着自己深刻的文化背景。
本着重论述中西方在餐桌礼仪文化上的差异,剖析中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异的具体表现渊源。
【关键词】:餐桌礼仪文化差异宴会礼仪(1)在当你应邀赴宴时,你对同桌进餐的人和餐桌上的谈话,大概要比对饮食要更感兴趣。
因此进餐时,应该尽可能地少一些声响,少一些动作。
(2)女主人一拿起餐巾时,你也就可以拿起你的餐巾,放在腿上。
有时餐巾中包有一只小面包;如果是那样的话就把它取也,放在旁边的小碟上。
(3)餐巾如果很大,就双叠着放在腿上;如果很小,就全部打开。
千万别将餐巾别在领上或背心上,也不要在手中乱揉。
可以用餐巾的一角擦去嘴上或手指上的油渍或脏物。
千万别用它来擦刀叉或碗碟。
(4)正餐通常从汤开始。
在你座前最大的一把匙就是汤匙,它就在你的右边的盘子旁边。
不要错用放在桌子中间的那把匙子,因为那可能是取蔬菜可果酱用的。
(5)在女主人拿起她的匙子或叉子以前,客人不得食用任何一道菜。
女主人通常要等到每位客人都拿到菜后才开始。
她不会像中国习惯那样,请你先吃。
当她拿起匙或叉时,那就意味着大家也可以那样做了(6)如果有鱼这道菜的话,它多半在汤以后送上,桌上可能有鱼的一把专用叉子,它也可能与吃肉的叉子相似,通常要小一些,总之,鱼叉放在肉叉的外侧离盘较远的一侧。
(7)通常在鱼上桌之前,鱼骨早就剔净了,如果你吃的那块鱼还有刺的话,你可以左手拿着面包卷,或一块面包,右手拿着刀子,把刺拨开。
(8)如果嘴里有了一根刺,就应悄悄地,尽可能不引起注意地用手指将它取出,放在盘子边沿上,别放在桌上,或扔在地下。
法国餐桌礼仪七忌答应对方的邀请后如果临时有事要迟到甚至取消约会,必须事先通知对方。
中西饮食文化差异论文怎么写
中西饮食文化差异论文怎么写饮食文化是文化的重要组成部分之一,不同的国家,不同的文化背景,饮食文化也各具特色。
下面是店铺为大家整理的中西饮食文化差异论文,供大家参考。
中西饮食文化差异论文篇一:浅谈中西饮食文化差异摘要:本文主要介绍中西文化及其差异,从文化和差异两方面叙述。
中西饮食文化的发展历史分别叙述美国和中国不同的文化历程,由于两方面不同的文化底蕴,在饮食上出现了差异。
本文主要从观念上的差异、宴会礼仪的差异,中西饮食文化的融合等方面展开论述。
最后介绍了西方饮食对中国产生的影响,从正反两方面论述。
了解中西饮食文化差异的同时,接受可以接受的部分并与中国饮食相融合,使我们日常生活中的饮食更加丰富,但又不乏自身特色。
这才是我们正确对待中西饮食文化的态度。
关键词:中西差异饮食文化餐饮礼节不同的民族和国家存在着各具特色的饮食文化。
具有浓郁的民族性和多样性的特点。
饮食文化的差异也是跨文化交际中影响交际结果的因素之一。
中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化;西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。
中西饮食文化的碰撞和交流丰富了全球的饮食文化。
一、从筷子与刀叉文化看中西饮食观念的差异刀叉因为适应欧洲人饮食习惯而出现,它和筷子影响了东西方不同的生活观念。
中华饮食刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。
据游修龄教授的研究,刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧民族的生活习惯有关,他们马上生活随身带刀,往往将肉烧熟,割下来就吃。
后来走向定居生活后,欧洲以畜牧业为主,面包之类是副食,直接用手拿。
主食是牛羊肉,用刀切割肉,送进口里。
到了城市定居以后,刀叉进入家庭厨房,才不必随身带。
由此不难看出今天作为西方主要餐具的刀和筷子身份很是不同,它功能多样,既可用来宰杀、解剖、切割牛羊的肉,到了烧熟可食时,又兼作餐具。
大约15世纪前后,为了改进进餐的姿势,欧洲人才使用了双尖的叉。
用刀把食物送进口里不雅观,改用叉叉住肉块,送进口里显得优雅些。
叉子才是严格意义上的餐具,但叉子的弱点是离不开用刀切割在前,所以二者缺一不可。
中西方饮食文化异同比较
中西方饮食我文化异同比较[摘要]:在悠悠历史长河中,中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学造就了中西方文化的差异,本论文通过主要介绍中西方各自不同的风俗,地理,材料,观念,习惯的差异而造成的中西方不同的饮食文化差异。
餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。
正是因为这些差异,餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。
中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。
中国人注重“天人合一”,西方人注重“以人为本”。
[关键词]:饮食文化中国饮食西方饮食差异融合一、中西饮食文化的差异(一)中西方饮食结构的差异中国人的主食以谷类及其制品如面食为主,副食则以蔬菜为主,辅以肉类。
据西方的植物学者的调查,中国人吃的蔬菜有600多种,比西方多六倍。
西方人的主食以肉类、奶类为主。
故有人根据中西方饮食的明显差异这一特点,把中国人称为植物性格,西方人称为动物性格。
中国人每天进食的蔬菜比西方人多得多,而西方人虽每天进食大量蛋白质,但肠胃功能却因进食纤维素太少而受到影响,因此消化系统的患病率及患癌率均大大超过中国;中国人喜爱粗粮,而西方人偏爱精白粉等细粮。
而实际上,粗粮所含营养物质要比细粮多;中国人爱吃植物油,而西方人做菜喜用含胆固醇较高的动物油,此外每天还摄入大量黄油。
怪不得美国人心血管发病率特别高:中国城乡居民都喜爱豆浆、豆腐、豆芽等豆制品,而西方人却往往“敬而远之”其中一个最大的差异就是西方人不吃动物内脏,不吃动物头尾与皮,这在中国是难以理解的;而在中国,鸡脚则为鸡身上相当贵重的部位,可以做“泡椒凤爪”;鸭掌可以做“金鱼鸭掌”;用鱼头可以做“砂锅炖鱼头”;用猪肠可以做“九转大肠”;用猪脚可以做“白云猪手”,连猪心上的血管,也可做“烩管廷”。
中外饮食文化冲突英语作文
中外饮食文化冲突英语作业从这几篇英语作文中,可以适当了解到中西饮食文化的巨大差异。
接下来跟随小编一起来看看吧。
中西饮食文化差异英语作文篇1The Food Culture Difference Between China and West Studying food cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject. It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives. It has special status in the Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west. As one of the world ancient nations, China’s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization. But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic.Differences in ConceptsChinese diet is a sense of beauty diet and pays attention to the "color, flavor, taste " regardless of the nutrition . Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood”that is difficult for one to say anything. Evenusing the "color, flavor, shape and implement "which people often said to make the" realm "reification, is still difficult to crown all.中西饮食文化差异英语作文篇2The major differences of eating culture between the West and Chinaa.The use of tablewareAs we all know, chopsticks is our traditional tableware. We use chopsticks and spoon mostly and cups,plates,bowls and saucers are essential.The western use knife and fork.to eat..Their knifes can be divided into consumption knife, meat knife, friet knife, butter knife, fish knife and so on. The also have many kinds of forks like consumption fork, fish fork, and lobster fork.b.The way to cookChina has very rich kind of cooking methods, such as braising, quick boiling, scaling, stewing, gradual simmering, slow red cooking, steaming, decoction and so on, up to more than thirty kinds. Besides, the dishes cooked with these methods are numerous. That is why Chinese feel it is very interesting to cook, while the Westerners emphasize too much on scientific diet and the collocation of nutrition. They cook according to scientific disciplines all the time, which is mechanized and monotonous, therefore without any joy.c.The order of saving dishesIn a Chinese banquet cold dishes are the first served, next the hot dishes and the main course come with the following of soup, then follows the main food or desserts. Fruits often come the last. In a western banquet the serving order is different. The first course of Western dinner is appetizer. Appetizers have specific flavors, mainly salty or sour. They are few in amount but high in qualities. Different from Chinese dinners, the second course of Western dinner is soup. Western soup can be divided into four kinds, clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cool soup which can be divided into more kinds. The third course of a Western dinner is non-stable dish. Usually, aquatic products, eggs, bread is called non-stable dish. The fourth course of Western dinner is the main course, which contains meat and bird species. The fifth course of Western dinner is dishes made of vegetables. Westerners often eat raw vegetables, so vegetables are often made into salad. The six course of Western dinner is dessert, such as pudding, pancakes, ice cream, cheese and fruits. The last course contains beverage, coffee or tea.中西饮食文化差异英语作文篇3The Western diet culture differenceWestern diet due to geographical characteristics, influence ofclimate factors such as environment, customs, appears in the ingredients, flavors, cooking methods, different degrees of differences in eating habits. It is because of these differences, diet has a strong regionalcharacter. Differences between Chinese and Western culture makes a difference of Chinese and Western food culture, and this difference from the West in ways of thinking and policy. Chinese focus on "Heaven", Westerners focus on "people-oriented".Nutrition and delicious(营养与美味)Due to West philosophy thought of different, Westerners Yu diet heavy science, heavy science is emphasizes nutrition, so Western diet to nutrition for highest guidelines, eating like for a bio of machine added fuel, special emphasizes food of nutrition components, protein, and fat, and carbohydrates, and vitamin and the various inorganic elements of content is match expedient, calories of supply is right, and these nutrition components is can for eating who full absorption, has no other side effects. Knowledge of these problems are cooking, and how color, fragrance and taste of the dishes, it is first requested. Sanhedrin Premier diet in Western countries--France, its food culture in many ways and weapproximate, but access to nutritional problems, will open the distance between the two sides.Five flavors mixed with the operation aimed at the pursuit of delicious cooking in China, during the processing of the hot frying and slow fire attack for a long time may cause destruction of the nutritional components of food. France is also the pursuit of delicious cooking, butat the same time not forgetting "nutrition" that premise, consistently delicious is that they do not care nutrition for the taking. Especially modern cooking trends occurred in the 1960 of the 20th century, with special emphasis on health, diet, to the pursuit of light oil, emphasized the use of fresh raw materials, stressed during the cooking process to maintain original nutrition and taste, so vegetables are eaten raw. So that the Western diet nutrition is universal。
中西方饮食文化的差异论文
中西方饮食文化的差异论文任何一个民族的饮食文化包括这个民族的饮食特点与饮食习惯,这种特点与习惯又肯定能够在不同程度上反映这个民族的血统、生存历史和生存环境。
以下是店铺整理分享的关于中西方饮食文化的差异论文的相关文章,欢迎阅读!中西方饮食文化的差异论文篇一浅析中西方饮食文化的差异民以食为天,饮食文化是民族文化中的一个极为重要的组成部分,它同人们的物质生活和精神生活都有着千丝万缕的联系,其中所包含的民间文化的遗传信息十分丰富。
任何一个民族的饮食文化包括这个民族的饮食特点与饮食习惯,这种特点与习惯又肯定能够在不同程度上反映这个民族的血统、生存历史和生存环境。
一. 引言中西文化历来是世界文化的两大派系,而饮食在两个文化中部占有非常重要的地位。
中西文化之间的差异从而造就了中西饮食文化的差异,在两种不同的文化背景下,中西方饮食习俗,不论在其观念、性质,还是在其方式、对象等诸多方面,所存在的差异是非常鲜明的。
饮食文化包括食物的加工、消费和享受三个方面。
本文主要从这几个方面来谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。
二. 中西方饮食文化的差异1. 饮食观念的差异中国人的饮食强调感性和艺术性,追求饮食的口味感觉,而不注意食物的营养成分,多从“色、香、味、形”等方面来评价饮食的好坏优劣,追求的是一种难以言传的意境。
简单地说,中国人吃的是口味,“味”,是中国饮食的魅力所在。
中国人饮食的目的,除了果腹充饥,同时还满足对美味的渴望,带来身心的愉悦。
对比注重“味”的中国饮食,西方的饮食是一种理性饮食观念。
西方人喜好小而精。
对于烹饪食物,营养性和美味性就是他们的出发点和目的地。
他们全力开发和研究食物在不同状态下的营养差异,特别讲求食物的营养成分,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜,热量的供给是否恰到好处以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收,有无其他副作用。
这种价值理念的差别形成了中餐过分注重饭菜色、香、味的特点,而西方人则自始至终坚持着从营养角度出发,轻视饭菜的其他功能2. 饮食内容的差异中国自古就是农业大国,饮食结构以谷类即淀粉为主,肉吃的较少,粮食较多,再以蔬菜搭配,蔬菜可以说占主导地位。
中西饮食文化的差异(学士论文)
The Differences Between Chinese and Western Food Dietetic Culture中西饮食文化的差异College of MinshengHenan UniversityMay 2011AcknowledgementThere are a lot of people who help me to contribute to the completion of this thesis. Firstly, my deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Zhu Taiyin , my teacher for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has led me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent ad illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Secondly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers, who lead me into the world of English. They instructed and helped me a lot in the past four years.Last, owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.[Abstract]: This thesis explores the differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture. The food dietetic culture plays an important role in the world culture. The differences between Chinese and Western culture created the differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture. Different countries have their own food dietetic cultural. In different cultural contexts, both in concept, objects, manner, tableware, etiquette and nature, these differences are obvious. But as the communication and integration of the international, Chinese and western food culture will be developed in common communicate. This will play a significant role to promote the communication of culture in the world.[Key Words]:intercultural communication; food dietetic culture; culturedifferences[摘要]:本篇论文探讨了中西方饮食文化的差异.饮食文化在世界文化中起着非常重要的作用.中西方文化的差异带来了中西饮食文化的差异,不同的国家有自己不同的饮食文化特点.在不同的文化背景下,无论是在观念,对象,方式,餐具还是礼仪等各方面,这些不同都是显而易见的.但是,随着国际的交流与融合,中西饮食文化业将会在交流中共同发展,这对全世界范围内的文化交流将起到促进作用.[关键词]: 跨文化交际; 饮食文化; 文化差异ContentsAbstract (Engl ish) (i)Abstract (Chinese) (ii)Introduction (1)Chapter One Chinese and Western Food Dietetic Culture (3)1.1 Characteristics of Chinese food dietetic culture (3)1.2 Characteristics of the Western food dietetic culture (3)Chapter Two Differences in the performance of Chinese and Western Food (5)2.1 Differences between Chinese and Western diet concept (5)2.2 Differences between Chinese and Western diet objects (6)2.3 Differences between Chinese and Western diet manner, tableware andetiquette (7)2.3.1 Diet manner (7)2.3.2 Diet tableware (8)2.3.3 D iet etiquette (9)2.4 Differences between Chinese and Western diet nature (9)Chapter Three Reasons for the differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture (11)3.1 The impact of the geographical environment (11)3.2 The impact of the economic system (11)Conclusion (14)Bibliography (15)IntroductionWith the deepening of the international communication, in different countries or cultural background, the communication of people are increasing all the time, and the communication between them is called intercultural communication. Intercultural communications gradually becomes an indispensable content of people's life. Due to the differences of regional, different nations and countries form different cultures. People with different cultural backgrounds behavior or habits is endless and same, they have their social statute or habits, reflected in the political economy, education religion, culture , art and so on. America famous newly chemical representative figure White is called “father of cult urology”, he put the culture as a kind of special and objective social phenomenon, and as a complete system (White, 1949). So specially, what is culture? Chen Huawen once lists cases to illustrate the connotation and importance of culture; he said “culture is like air and water that permeates every corner of our lives, people are enjoying the culture achievements that were created by predecessors in every time, also, people are inventing new culture in every moment. Our progress is the result of the culture creation and developing.”(Chen Huawen, 2001:2) When people are communicating under the different culture background, the language and non-language factors which influence of message effect are make communication hen culture. If foreign language learners are lack of knowledge for its behavior and function, it will appear inappropriate behavior, resulting in the communication barriers, and it is difficult for effective cross-cultural communication, as a result causes of communication error.The diet is the first need for human’s survival and development; also it is the one of the basic form of social life. However under the different cultural background, having different diet idea and diet custom, then finally form the different diet culture. Food culture is an important part in the intercultural communication. Understand the differences between Chinese and western diet culture and its origin, for foreign language learners, not only increase the understanding of the target language culture,but also improve the success rate of intercultural communication, avoid the misunderstandings and communication barriers just because of the inappropriate way or behavior .In Sun Weixue’s book <<culture of America>>, he once pointed out any country in the world should carry out cultural exchanges and publicity actively, this is not only benefit to their native culture, but also spread the culture in worldwide .(Sun Weixue, 2004) This paper expounded from various of the differences between Chinese and western food dietetic culture, enhance mutual understanding and facilitate communication.Chapter One Chinese and Western Food Dietetic Culture 1.1 Characteristics of Chinese food dietetic cultureChina is one of the most ancient countries on the world, it has the long history of 5000 years, and created innumerable splendid civilization. In this culture, it makes China contain more expansive and profound diet. It has experienced several thousand years of history development, and has become one of the most important Chinese traditional cultures of department.Because of the district difference in our land, it gradually formed four major cuisines that is Sichuan cuisine, Guangdong cuisine, Shandong cuisine and Chaozhou cuisine. This four major cuisine have different features, but in common is with making complex fastidious, the product methods are very complex, and have a great diversity of taste and dishes, this is amazing. Because of our vast land, there are differences in climate, products and custom in every place. For a long time, on food was formed many flavor. Our country has been have the saying of “ south rice north noodles”, in the taste, it has the differences that “sour in east, hot in west, sweet in south and salty in north", it mainly have four flavor about Bashu, Qilu, Haiyangn and Yuemin. ( Zou Guangwen, 1998) On the other hand, all the year round, according to season for eat is a feature in China’s cooking. Since ancient times, our country has been according to season changes to taste, and dishes. Winter taste strong, summer flavor cleaner; in the winter more braised stews, summer more cold.In the long-term development, evolution and accumulation process, Chinese people gradually formed its own unique food folk from many aspects, such as diet structure, food production, food utensils, nutrition healthy and diet aesthetic, this created a diet with unique flavor of the Chinese food culture, become a pearl of the world food culture.1.2 Characteristics of the Western food dietetic cultureRational westerners pay more attention to the nutrition and survival. Due to the different philosophical thoughts of Chinese and western, westerners in diet takes thescience, takes the science about nutrition, so the nutrition is the supreme principle in the western diet.Eating like a biological machine add fuel, especially about the food's nutrition composition, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and all kinds of inorganic element content,( Dang Binghua, 2010) whether calorie supply properly, and whether these nutrients can be fully absorbed, and presence of other side effects, and dishes color, fragrance and taste is the second requirement. Even in the west’s leading power –France, even though in many aspects the diet culture is similar with our diet, but a contact to nutrition, both sides will the gap. While French cook also pursued delicious, but also adhere to the “nutrition” this one major premise, they don’t agree with pieces of nutrition and beg delicious.In the culture of diet, westerners have the culture descent of nomads and sailing nationality, they hunting, breeding, aided by acquisition and planting, they eat more meet, the eating, wearing and using are took of animals, even the western medicine are made from animals to take. Pay more attention to animal protein and fat intake, in the structure of diet, also with animal figurines in the majority, it is mainly dishes, beef, chicken, pork, mutton and fish. So the meat diet has been very high in proportion. In modern times, planting proportion is increasing, but the proportion in meat still higher than Chinese.Chapter Two Differences in the performance of Chinese andWestern food dietetic2.1 Differences between Chinese and Western diet conceptChinese people are thinking highly of eat. “B read is the staff of life”, this old adage explained that we see eating as important as days. Because our national for thousands of years are in the low level of productivity, people always do not have enough to eat, so they would have a unique food culture that eating is very important.I think this is probably from a survival to needs. Li Xiaohong pointed out: “I f a culture put ate as primary, so it will appear two phenomena: on one hand will put the food function to acme, not only survive, but also use it to maintain healthy, this is also the culture basis that “diet cures more than the doctors”. On the other hand, the excessive attention to eat, it can make the person praise highly of delicious pursuit.”(Li Xiaohong, 2010: 33)In China, the pursuit of delicious reached almost acme, Chinese living overseas to open restaurants for industry in the world, it has become our settlement fundamental.Unfortunately, when we put the pursuit of delicious as the first requirement, we are neglecting the most fundamental nutritional value of food. Many of our traditional foods are through hot fried and long time boil, cover the dish nutrients to sabotage, many nutrients are loss in the machining process. As a result of nutrition problem, in fact touched on the Chinese culinary culture to the greatest weakness. Folk have saying, “It is of great importance of eating and whether the food is delicious or not depends on taste”, this is the pursuit of delicious make us ignore the real meaning of dinner.European is represented the western, also, his culture has a long history. In the middle ages, the European culture has very perfect, during this period; the old western food culture has been formed. Its main features are: most food with flour primarily, raw material also more abundant, its production method is simple, but also in China pays much attention to taste.China's five mixed cookery aims to pursue delicious, its processing process of hot fried and long time of fire, this can make dishes nutrients were damaged. (Lin Lirui, 2009) In western countries, especially in 1960s, appearing the emergence of modern cooking thought, with particular emphasis on health care, reduce weight, thus less oil, emphasize the pursuit of light by fresh materials, emphasizing the cooking process of nutrients and maintain the original taste, so the vegetables are basically raw. So says the heavy nutrition in western diet is universal.2.2 Differences between Chinese and Western diet objectsWesterners believe that cuisine is the longing, so only eat of meat, chicken this "hard food"; While Chinese cuisine is "taste". So the Chinese cooking with makings also show great randomness, many westerners as something is the outcast, this in China are excellent raw material, foreign chefs can't handle this things, but to a Chinese chef hands, this can turn decayed for magical. It serves to show the Chinese diet in the wide randomness of materials.According to the survey of western plant scholars, Chinese eat vegetables have more than 600 specious, it is six times more than the west. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are common food, only in holidays or volunteers at the higher living standards, it can enters the usual diet, so since ancient times, we will have saying of "food feed", food feed is the dominant statement in our usual diet. The Chinese make plant as the main dish, and has a lot of contact with the advocacy of Buddhism. Their think the animal is "the life", but plants the laws of nature "not to work", therefore, advocates the vegetarianism. (Yang Naiji, 1993)Westerners in introducing the food characteristic of their own country, they feel more attention about reasonable collocation of nutrition than China. They have more developed food industry, such as canned, fast food. Although the taste is common, saving time and the nutrition is good. So in common, human body of their country is stronger than Chinese: tall, long legs, broad shoulders and developed muscle; But Chinese appears narrow skinny, short legs and the color is yellow. Someoneaccording to the obvious differences in characteristic of western diet object, the Chinese character known as the plants, the Western character known as animals.2.3 Differences between Chinese and Western diet manner, tablewareand etiquette2.3.1 Diet mannerChinese and Western food is quite different from the way that such differences also have an impact on the national character. In China, any of the feast, whatever the purpose, there will be only one form, that is, we were sitting around, sharing one seat. The banquet must use the round table; this formally has created one kind of unity, politeness, altogether the interest atmosphere. The delicacy delicacies put on table of people's centers, it not only is the object which table of people appreciates, tastes, also is a table of people sentiments exchange intermedium. People propose a toast of each other for food, vegetables, in the face of good things, reflects the mutual respect between people, the virtues of comity. Duo Xiaoping said that: “A lthough from the health perspective, this kind of food have obvious deficiency, it meets the general mind of happy in our national, reflects the influence thoughts to offspring about Chinese classical philosophy, facilitate the emotional communicated of collective, and yet difficult to reform”.( Duo Xiaoping, 2005: 12)Freedom westerner is individual serving when they eating, the first is the point of all the food, they can eat what something, and it also showed respect for the West on the personality. After serving up, people eat the entire various one and their random add spices, the second course dish to eat after eating, before and after the two never mixed vegetables to eat. The most popular form of buffet in western is individual eating, incompatible interference, and lack of the emotional appeal for chat with each other.In the western-style banquets, food and wine are very important, but in fact it is setoff. The core of banquet in friendship, through the conversation with neighbors, in order to achieve the friendship. If the companionship of party is compared withdance, then it can be said that Chinese banquet is like collective dance, and western banquet is like dancing between women and men. Therefore, the purpose of companionship is obvious between Chinese banquet and western banquet, only Chinese banquet more reflected in all guest, and western banquet more reflected the friendship between adjacent guests. And Chinese food is more obvious differences between them were western popular buffet. This method is: we need display all the food, should not fixed in his seat to eat, you can walk freedom, this method in favor of the emotional communicated between individuals, not speak all the words on the table, this also showed respect for the personality and self.Therefore, in the final analysis is differences between perceptual and rationality. However, the difference seems to be with the development of science and become blurred. More and more Chinese no longer only paying attention to food color, fragrance and taste, they pay more attention to its health and nutrition. Especially after the experience of SARS. Also, because of people are more and more busy with job, they think when doing the Chinese food is too much trouble, not equal convenient to come a hamburger and so on. So in dietary the differences were not too clear.2.3.2 Diet tablewareIn the space of diet tableware, the differences are more obvious. As we know, Chinese people including some Asian countries, use chopsticks, spoon, when they have a meal also use bowl to fill. But how about westerners? They are fill food use plate, to use a knife and fork to eat, there are specialized spoon to drink soup. Chopsticks and knife, fork as two kinds of representative tableware for the east and west, they affected the different lifestyle of eastern and western, representing two kinds of different wisdom.As we know the emergence of a knife and fork is much later than chopsticks, it was originally the ancient nomadic origin and the European lifestyle; they carry knives for live, and often cooked the meat, then cut off to eat. After settle the city, the knives and forks into the family kitchen, at this time, people just do not have to carry them. However, only about the 18th century, there was found the fork for fourfork. Therefore, western people using a knife and fork, just four or five hundred years of history. Compared with the simple chopsticks, the type of knife and fork much more, knife and fork belong to the special tools, but because of this "special" often show "great wisdom appears stupid", so they are often ignored by their people.Different people have different views, it is difficult to draw the conclusions that the relationship of thinking method between chopsticks and knife and fork. However, there is scientific basis of use of chopsticks is better training your thinking ability. From a physiological point of view, Hu Wenzhong has made a study of chopsticks, he found that when you eating with chopsticks, it affect the human body of thirty joints and fifty muscles, there by stimulating the activity of brain systems,it brings agility and quick thinking.(Hu Wenzhong, 1999)And there is no doubt that the chopsticks have the scientific principles.2.3.3 Diet etiquetteIn etiquette, both in the west and Chinese are even more different. In ancient China, during people have the dinner, they have a set of unnecessary and over elaborate formalities. When people eat together, not just eat their own interests. If you eat with others, you must check the hands clean. Do not put extra food into the pot, and do not post occupied food. After dinner, guests should pack up and move the dishes on the table, take them to the master, then the master get off, you should request them do not work, then the guests sit down again. Some of this ritual is essential in modern manners. In the west banquet, the master generally folder the dish only once for the guests, and the remaining self-consumption by the guests, if guests do not eat, you should not let them to eat, according to the habit of Chinese, people are not frequently provide guests to drink and take the food. When people eating, do not make the noise, but the guests should pay attention to appreciate the food by the master. If talking to people, only overstated with your neighbors, do not talk to people with the distance.2.4 Differences between Chinese and Western diet natureFrom the different concepts, the western diet tends to scientific and rational, Chinese food tends to artistic and emotional. After cooking the delicious food, diet was originally designed to supply a life-sustaining nutrition.Li Mingying said: “the focus of the western diet custom raw diet is just an extension of utility, and customs of the Chinese diet's emphasis on flavor, put the food into the art. We can see the point from two different diet concepts, the western diet is increasing normalization, and the Chinese diet is more randomness. ( Li Mingying, 1997: 03)Chapter Three Reasons for the differences between Chineseand Western food dietetic culture3.1 The impact of the geographical environmentChina is the closed continental geographical, this environment limited the thinking of the Chinese people within the local community, they good at summing up the experiences and lessons from their predecessors, they like “history as a mirror”, and their spatial awareness is weak. (Bian Haoyu, 2004) This mentality of inward-looking led to the Chinese people have the personality of stability and quiet, they lack of curiosity about the new things, and also they lack of interest in the unknown things. So the Chinese diet food is more have the regional characteristics, different places have the different favorite food to eat, the north have the lower temperature than south, especially in the winter, the weather is very cold, so in the diet of the north, a large proportion of fat and protein in the food, especially in pastoral areas, the food of pastoralists is majority of milk and meat, also they like eating noodles. And the food diet of southerners is based on the plant, the residents have the habit of drinking soup and eat porridge, no matter if the food has been put on, they must be the first to eat soup, drink soup before eating a bit, after fond, they also have another bowl of soup to drink, this to be considered as eating a meal. And they mainly eat rice.The majority of western countries are in the open ocean environment of geography, they developed industry and seafaring, since the ancient Greece, they have valued the study of natural objects, and they exploring the mysteries of the natural heritage. At the same time, the marine environment, mountain tsunami, unrest, this all constitutes the personality of the western nation pay attention to the space expansion and military conquest. So westerners have a scientific attitude of the food diet, this also very standard and arbitrary, and they like to eat the meat food.3.2 The impact of the economic systemMarx once said: “Ideas of consciousness is initially directly with peopleproduce the material activity, and people's physical contact and the reality of language intertwined production.” (Marx, 1972: 89) This point of view clear expressed the symbiotic isomorphism relations between the cultural and economic activity. Peter, Koslowski also said that, “the most important ec onomic behavior is decided by the cultural, their cultural engraved with cultural cachet.”(Peter, Koslowski, 1999: 229) The real economic growth depends on the culture. The traditional economy of China is a typical self-sufficient economy. People are more law-abiding and conservative, because they can live for the whole life rely on a piece of land. And their culture is more introverted. Moreover, China’s ancient civilization originated in the river basin, it belongs the agricultural civilization, "agricultural civilization character" inspired the Asian emphasis on ethics, and the principle of life is “harmony, and love for the high”. In the ancient China, people are still more poor rather than the western countries, at that time, the lower people just required eat their fill and wear the warm clothes, the Chinese people in the old ancient, because without something to eat and drink, a lot of people and children are being starved to death. You can not image the horror in that time. Followed the progress and development of the social, people have been get the basic meet in terms of food, they do not worried just because they have not enough food to eat, on the other hand, people are paying attention to the nutrition of diet food, and trying to convince themselves to eat more healthy, more nutrition, so now there have been many so-called food therapy.The ancient Greek civilization of the west is originated in the Aegean coast, belongs to the Marine civilization, besides Europe's farming is not far as China's agriculture as important in ancient society, so the Europeans like to explore the world, and their cultural is more comparative extroversion. Lai Anfang is mentioned in the book of <<An outline introduction to Britain and America>>, “pursuit of freedom and eq uality has been the guiding principles and goal of the western culture.”(Lai Anfang, 2004: 229) And through the industrial revolution, the western countries is early enter into the industry economy, "industrial civilization character" contributed to thewesterners have stronger struggle spirit and legal consciousness to protect one’s own interest. These also can manifest in their eating habits.ConclusionThe differences between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture is obvious, and they have their own strengths. Followed the economic globalization and the accelerated flow of information changes, Chinese and western food culture will be continued integration in the collision, complement each other in the fusion. Chinese food now has begun focus on food, nutrition, health, the science of cooking, western food also begun to develop from the realm of Chinese food’s color, smell, taste and meaning. Chinese and western food culture will be developed in common communicate. This will play a significant role to promote the communication of culture in the world.BibliographyLeslie ,White. 1949. The science of culture. New York: Random.Peter, Koslowski. 1999. Post-modernism culture. Ludwig Maximilian Muenchen University. 卞浩宇,2004, <<论中西饮食文化的差异>>。
英语论文中西方饮食文化差异
英语论文中西方饮食文化差异AbstractWith the continuous development of globalization, cultural exchanges between the East and the West have become increasingly frequent. Food, as an important part of culture, reflects the differences between Eastern and Western cultures to a large extent. This paper aims to explore the differences in food culture between Eastern and Western countries, including the historical background, dietary habits, ingredients, cooking methods, and table manners. By examining the cultural factors behind these differences, we can gain a deeper understanding of the rich diversity and uniqueness of Eastern and Western food cultures.IntroductionFood is not only a source of nutrition but also a carrier of culture. It reflects the values, beliefs, and customs of a society. The cultural differences between Eastern and Western countries are evident in their respective food cultures. In this paper, we will examine the differences in food culture from various aspects, ranging from historical factors to table manners.A. Historical BackgroundThe development of food culture in Eastern and Western countries is closely related to their historical background. Eastern countries, such as China and Japan, have a long history of agriculture, which shapes their food culture characterized by rice as a staple food and the use of chopsticks for eating. In contrast, Western countries, such as France and Italy, have a long history of animal husbandry and the cultivation of wheat. This influencestheir food culture characterized by bread and pasta as staple foods and the use of forks and knives.B. Dietary HabitsThe dietary habits of Eastern and Western countries also differ significantly. Eastern countries emphasize balance and harmony in their meals. They believe in the concept of yin and yang, and their meals typically consist of a combination of grains, meat or fish, vegetables, and soy products. In contrast, Western countries tend to have more varied and individualistic eating patterns. They often have three main meals a day, with a focus on meat, dairy products, and a wide range of fruits and vegetables.C. IngredientsThe choice of ingredients in Eastern and Western cuisines is another area where differences can be observed. Eastern cuisines heavily rely on soy sauce, soybean oil, and various fermented products, such as miso and soybean paste. These ingredients contribute to the umami taste that is prominent in Eastern dishes. In contrast, Western cuisines commonly use butter, cream, and various cheeses to enhance flavors. Moreover, the use of herbs and spices, such as basil, thyme, and oregano, is prevalent in Western cuisines, adding depth and complexity to dishes.D. Cooking MethodsThe cooking methods employed in Eastern and Western cuisines also differ significantly. Eastern cuisines often involve stir-frying, steaming, and boiling, which are quick and efficient methods that retain the natural flavors and textures of ingredients. In contrast, Western cuisines often involvebaking, grilling, and roasting, which allow flavors to develop through caramelization and browning. Slow cooking methods, such as stewing and braising, are also commonly used in Western cuisines to tenderize meats and enhance flavors.E. Table MannersTable manners and etiquette also vary between Eastern and Western cultures. Eastern cultures, such as China and Japan, emphasize the importance of communal dining and the sharing of dishes. Meals are often served family-style, and it is considered polite to take small portions and try a bit of everything. In Western cultures, individual plates are more common, and each person's meal is often separate and portioned individually. Additionally, the use of utensils differs, where chopsticks are used in Eastern cultures and forks, knives, and spoons are used in Western cultures.ConclusionIn conclusion, the differences in food culture between Eastern and Western countries can be attributed to their historical background, dietary habits, choice of ingredients, cooking methods, and table manners. These differences reflect the values, beliefs, and customs of each culture. By understanding and appreciating these differences, we can promote cultural exchange and enhance mutual understanding between Eastern and Western societies.。
毕业论文:浅谈中西方饮食文化的差异
浅谈中西方饮食文化的差异摘要: 本篇论文主要探讨了中西方饮食文化的差异。
在世界文化这一大旋窝中,饮食文化在世界文化中起着十分重要的作用。
中国是一种农耕文化的陆地文化,而传统的西方文化是一种畜牧文化的海洋文化,两种不同的文化反映出人们生活方式的差异,其中饮食文化更是具有代表性的一个方面。
餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。
正是因为这些差异,餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。
中华饮食以食表意、以物传情,其博大精深不可言喻。
西方饮食精巧专维、自成体系。
中西饮食文化的差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。
在中国,烹调是一种艺术;在西方,烹调则是一种劳动。
在不同的文化背景下,无论是在饮食观念、饮食对象、饮食方式等各个方面,这些饮食文化的差异都是显而易见的。
随着国际之间的交流与融合,中西饮食文化业将会在交流中共同发展,这对全世界范围内的文化交流将起到促进的作用。
关键词: 差异文化饮食文化引言中美饮食文化的差异在一定程度上会引起文化误区。
比如,在很多中国人眼中,汉堡包、肯德基、麦当劳就是典型的美国食品。
而事实并非如此。
美国的食物很杂。
美国人一般而言都比较吃墨西哥、中国、泰国和印度食物。
因此,在本文中,主要从双方的饮食观念、饮食对象、饮食方式等方面来具体探讨中西饮食文化的差异。
从不同的角度去探讨彼此饮食文化的差异,不仅可以提高人们在文化交流的意识和适应能力,还可以增强我们对外国文化的理解、宽容和接受。
这使中西饮食文化业能在交流中共同发展,相互融合,而且对全世界范围内的文化交流将起到很好的促进作用.营养观念1.1中方的观念在中国的饮食文化中,人们对饮食味道的追求远远超过了对营养的注重,只要好吃又要好看,营养反而显得不重要了。
由于中华民族几千年来生产力都处于低下的水平,人们总是吃不饱,所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化。
人们常说的“色、香、味俱全”,味是最重要的。
中西饮食差异论文
中西饮⾷差异论⽂当代,论⽂常⽤来指进⾏各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的⽂章,简称之为论⽂。
它既是探讨问题进⾏学术研究的⼀种⼿段,⼜是描述学术研究成果进⾏学术交流的⼀种⼯具。
它包括学年论⽂、毕业论⽂、学位论⽂、科技论⽂、成果论⽂等,论⽂⼀般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正⽂、参考⽂献和附录等部分组成,其中部分组成可有可⽆。
中西饮⾷差异论⽂1 中国⼈对于饮⾷的要求很⾼,但并不在营养⽅⾯,⼤部都在⼝味、形式上,对于⼝味的追求表现出中国⼈的调和思维,⽽烹饪也追求这种调和之美。
此外,在⽂化礼节上,中国⼈把饮⾷放到了很⾼的位置,⽐如⽇常⽣活中朋友好久不见,为了表⽰对其尊敬要⼀起吃饭,为了促成与客户的合作,要⼀起吃饭,逢年过节⼤家团圆,还要⼀起吃饭;总之,饮⾷以成为⼀种礼节性的需要,不再仅仅是果腹充饥的功能。
相对于中国对⼝味注重的饮⾷观,西⽅⼈则⽐较注重营养的搭配,强调饮⾷的营养,对于⾷物中所含的维⽣素、脂肪、蛋⽩质等⽅⾯的要⽰较⾼。
西⽅⼈在进⾏烹饪时,他们会将营养的追求放在⾸位,仔细的研究⾷物中有没有副作⽤、营养失衡等,并不会过分地追求⼝味。
总⽽⾔之,在西⽅⼈的饮⾷思维⾥,吃饭不简简单单地是为了填补肚⼦,也不是为了享受美味,⽽是⾃⼰⽣存与健康的保证。
从此可以看出,在饮⾷观念上,中国强调⼝味追求形式,⽽忽略了⾷物的营养搭配,西⽅⼈则较为注重⾷物的健康分配,注重营养均衡。
⼀、⽤餐⽅式的差异 在⽤餐⽅式上,中国与西⽅社会存在着巨⼤差异。
中国⼈是喜欢热闹的,因⽽逢年过节,⼈们都喜欢⼀家围在⼀⼤桌饭菜前⼀起就餐;在公司年会时,领导与下级员⼯也会在⼀起聚餐,⼤家有说有笑,边说边聊;在吃饭时⼈们都会很活跃,相互敬酒、劝菜等等,整体营造出⼀种热闹温暖的氛围。
这样的饮⾷⽅式,在中国的很多场合都会⽤到,特别是在中秋节、春节等节⽇⾥,全家⼈从四⾯⼋⽅回到⼀块⼉过节,家⾥的⽼⼈或者是擅长烹饪的⼈会做⼀⼤桌⼦的菜,其乐融融的⼀起吃饭,并祝福、拜年等等,讲究的是⼀种和睦、团圆的⽓氛。
中西方饮食文化差异英语专业论文
An Analysi s to the Differences between Chinese and Western Food CulturebyLi GengheClass 1,Grade 09Tutor:Foreign Languages College ofCapital Normal UniversitySep 21,2009摘要本文旨在通过分析中西方饮食文化的差异以及在全球化的影响下两种饮食文化的相互互补和兼容来了解饮食文化的方方面面以及通过它来指导我们的餐饮实践活动,在提高认识的基础上扬长避短,改善饮食结构,提高饮食质量。
对跨文化交际中的饮食文化差异进行研究也能增进中西方人民的相互了解,促进交流,享受不同的饮食带来的不一样的感受。
为了使研究得出科学的结论,具有更强的说服力,本文作者主要用对比的方法对两种不同饮食文化的差异进行深入的分析,包括烹调准则、文化特征、饮食对象、用餐方式和用餐礼仪五个方面,总结出各自的特点、优缺点以及不同的历史渊源,最后倡导中餐西用把两者结合起来。
本文分为五个部分来介绍。
关键词:饮食文化;中西;差异AbstractThis paper aims to understand the complicated aspects of food culture and to guide the catering things in restaurants and so on. In order to achieve this goal, this paper makes an analysis in detail to the differences of food culture between the Chinese and Western as well as the mutual supplementation and compatibleness of the two food cultures under the globalization. In the basis of improving our ability of realization, we should enhance the strong points and avoids weaknesses, improving diet structure, advancing the diet quality and ensuring everyone to have healthy diet in their daily life. The study conducted of the differences of food culture in the macroscopic field of cross-cultural communication also can promote the mutual understanding between the people of the East and West. It could promote the exchange and make people enjoy the different feelings through the different diet. In order to make out a more scientific study conclusion which has a strong persuasive power, this paper makes a thorough analysis with the contrasting method to the differences of the two different food cultures. And this is carried out in the following five aspects: cooking criteria, cultural characteristics, food objects, eating habits and table manners. From this, I summarize their respective characteristics, the good and bad points and the different historical origins as well as finally initiate a dining approach to unify them together. This article is divided into five parts.Key Words: Food cultures; The Chinese and Western; DifferencesTable of Contents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ I II Outline............................................................................................................................................. I V I. Introduction of Food Culture . (1)A. Characteristics of Chinese Food Culture (2)B. Characteristics of the Western Food Culture (3)II. Analysis of Cultural Differences between Chinese and Western Food (4)A. Different Cooking Criteria: ‘Norms’ and ‘Casual’ (4)1. Norm and Exactness in Western Cooking (4)2. Flavor and Liberty in Chinese Cooking (5)B Different Cultural Characteristics: ‘Individuality’ and ‘Harmony’ (6)1. Westerners’ individuality (7)2. Chinese Harmony (8)C. Different Food Objects (9)D. Different Eating Habits (10)E. Different Table Manners (12)III. Underlying Causes (13)IV. Significances to the Hotel Catering Departments Based on the Study (14)V. Conclusion (16)References (18)OutlineThesis Statement: The differences between Chinese and Western food culture are derived from the differences in their ways of thinking and philosophy of life, and ever since the ancient times, Chinese and Western food culture’s collision and exchange have largely promoted the progress and development of human society to some degree, making the food culture become an important part of world culture.I.Food Culture IntroductionA.Characteristics of Chinese Food CultureB.Characteristics of the Western Food CultureII.Analysis to the Cultural Differences between Chinese and Western FoodA.Different Cooking Criteria: ‘Norms’ and ‘C asual’1、Norm and Exactness in Western Cooking2、Flavor and Liberty in Chinese CookingB.Different Cultural Characteristics: ‘Individuality’ and ‘H armony’1、Westerners’ Individuality2、Chinese HarmonyC.Different Food ObjectsD.Different Eating HabitsE.Different Table MannersIII.Underlying CausesIV.Significances to the Hotel Catering Departments Based on the StudyV.ConclusionAn Analysis to the Differences betweenChinese and Western Food Culture The differences between Chinese and Western food culture are derived from the differences in their different ways of thinking and Philosophies of life: Chinese people pay attention to the harmony and unite between Heaven and Man; while Westerners focus on people-orientation;Chinese sitology uses food to express feeling and message and the meaning is too deep and hard to describe. However, the Western interpretation of food is that it has to be kickshaw, and has its own style.Ever since the ancient times, Chinese and Western food culture’s collision and exchange have largely promoted the progress and development of human society to some degree, making the food culture become an important part of world culture.I.Introduction of Food CultureFood culture refers to the technical, scientific and artistic aspects in the process of the food production and food consumption, the development and utilization of food ingredients in specific social groups , as well as the diet-based customs, traditions, ideology and philosophy, in a word, the sum of all the food things of a combination of the way, process, function of food production and consumption(张亚红, 2009).The study on food culture is extremely rich in content. Generally, it can be chosen from two aspects: the first is, the whole analysis and research aiming at specific groups of food culture phenomenon and the second is the specific analysis and research on acertain area of the food culture phenomenon.A.Characteristics of Chinese Food CultureThe diet is actually the content of our daily life, but why do we say that it contains specific culture? This is because the diet has a special status in the Chinese culture. And it is also different between China and the West. Chinese people's diet starts as early as in the Qin Dynasty. At that time, the typical diet primarily consists of the miscellaneous grains, in addition to some supplementary food such as vegetables and meat. Certainly this kind of diet relates to our Chinese first religion Buddhism a lot which advocates vegetarian diet. And the rice is the staple food, but the vegetable is to get food down. The rice is not delicious, so people must eat the vegetable which is more delicious than rice to get the rice down. And this urges Chinese cooking to make the unsavory food to become the delicious food, which gradually becomes the most important goal of cooking. Moreover the technology of diet processing in Chinese cooking is first-class, thus manifesting the characteristics of Chinese culture. The Chinese cooking's diet process technology is first-class in the world, thus it has manifested the Chinese culture characteristic.All these enable the Chinese diet culture to have the following characteristics. First, the Chinese cooking technology has developed a lot and many things which do not look like eatable food in the W esterners’ eyes can become the food rich in the appearance, the fragrance and the taste under the Chinese chef's careful cooking. Second, Chinese recipes are widespread, and everything that can be eaten will be fullused. and everything that can be eaten will be fully used. The West botanist, the Chinese eat more than six times types of vegetables than the Westerners. Third, For the Chinese people, the pursuit of eating is just to pursue best happiness of life, food becoming the first requirement.B.Characteristics of the Western Food CultureIn the Western diet, meat always has a high proportion because the diet was initially base mainly on animal husbandry. In the modern times, although the proportion of crop cultivation has been increasing, the proportion of meat in the diet is still much higher than that of China. As the natural delicious taste of meat, for the Westerners there is no need of too much decoration for food, limiting the development of cooking. Europeans mostly use tools to show their affluence, for instance, the number of kinds and luxury become the content to care about. Moreover, they will not make the pursuit of eating which is easy to satisfy to be the pursuit of the best happiness.We take Europe and America as a representative for the West, for its culture similarly has a well-established and long history. To the middle ages, the European culture had grown up, and during that time the old West’s diet culture had already formed. Its main feature was: the bread flour was the staple food, raw material was also very rich, their manufacturing method was simpler than that of China, but they also paid great attention to the taste.II.Analysis of Cultural Differences between Chinese and WesternFoodThere are distinctive food cultures in different nations and countries, with strong national character and diversity of features. Food Product, due to the geographical features, the climate of the environment and the customs and so on, will appear great difference in the raw materials, taste, cooking methods and eating habits. The comparison of the differences between Chinese and Western food culture will be from the following five areas: different cooking criteria, different cultural characteristics, different food objects, different eating habits and different table manners.A. Different Cooking C riteria: ‘Norms’ and ‘C asual’1.Norm and Exactness in Western CookingWesterners emphasize science and nutrition, so the whole process of cooking is in strict accordance with the scientific norm. The use of recipes is an excellent proof to this. In the Western recipes the measurement is calculated by grams and in the surface the recipe seems to be scientific. Westerners are always holding recipes to go to buy food and make dishes, but compared to Chinese cooking, it isa very mechanical thing, so in front of complex circumstances it is oftenpowerless. And this consistency has led to a drawback of Western food-the lack of features.When people are in different places, when you want to taste the local cuisine, definitely no one would choose foods like Kentucky Fried Chicken,because Fried Chicken requires not only the ingredients according to recipes, but also the temperature of the oil, fried chicken, and the time. The process must be strict in accordance with specifications, so the world's KFC taste is the same. In addition, the standardized cooking requires preparing ingredients, adding the spices accurate to grams, cooking time accurate to seconds.As the production of standardized Western dishes, it makes cooking into a mechanical work. There is no creativity. Steak, fried chicken and salad are always taking the same kinds of forms,so cook’s work has become an extremely monotonous mechanical work, like an automated assembly-line worker, or even by a robot to act in his place.Moreover, a dish in different regions, different seasons and for different people has the same taste. There is no change. Even in high-leveled banquet, the diet has no more elegant table tools and more luxurious decoration, but the dish is still the same kind.2.Flavor and Liberty in Chinese CookingWhat the Westerners can not understand is that the Chinese cooking does not pursue the accurate standardization, but respect randomness. Looking carefully at China's recipes, you will find that the amount of raw materials to prepare and the amount of spices to add are just vague concepts, such as "a spoon", "bowl", "little bit" and so on, but how much is actually “a spoon, ‘a bowl”and “a little”,there is no specific criteria. Chinese cooking, not only pays attention to the major cuisines having their own flavor and characteristics, but also the same dish of the same cuisine willhave some changes for the different spices used in the match with a variety of different side dishes according to individual hobbies and characteristics. Sometimes, to make the same dish, the same chef will do some adjustments according to different seasons different occasions and the different identities, tastes and requirements of different people. It may even change because of our own emotional Change. It uses different spices to cook a "Mapo tofu" for the guests in Sichuan and Su Zhou. Another example is “Braised F ish”, in winter the dish should be dark in color and the taste should be strong, while in summer it should be light in both color and taste. For people in Jiang Su and Zhe Jiang provinces, braised fish can be seasoned with sugar, but for the Chuanxiang customers, it should be made spicier. From this,we can see that without the randomness changeable Chinese cuisine, we will lose its unique charm. The randomness of the food processing infinitely expands Chinese recipes. A variety of raw materials, cutting techniques, spices and cooking methods make a cross-combination which can make one material into a dozen or dozens of dishes. Xingjian’s "All sheep seats," Guangdong's "all-fish seats and Beijing's "a whole duck" are the best proofs of this. The most commonly used raw material--- chicken, in a Cantones e chef’s hands, will be made into dozens or even hundreds of courses of dishes. This arbitrariness creates a dazzling array of dishes in Chinese cuisine.B Different Cultural Characteristics: ‘Individuality’ and ‘H armony’The master of Taiwan Guoxue Mr. Qian Mu,(金炳镐,1999), in the preface of "Modern Chinese Academic Lun Heng" writes, “Cultures differences, it is not thesame as the academic. China attaches importance to harmony, while the Western emphasize the difference."Eastern and Western culture differences also affect their own food culture. Chinese and Western food culture clearly reflects this cultural identity of "harmony" and " individuality respectively "(金炳镐,1999).1.Westerners’ individualityContrast to oriented "flavor" of Chinese food, Western food is a rational concept. The color, smell, taste, shape, and nutrition must be assured that a day’s intake of calories, vitamins and protein and so on should be given attention to. In a word, nutrition comes first. The concept of eating with the West as a whole philosophy is to adapt the system. At a banquet, you might pay attention to food containers, the use of materials, and the colors of the dishes, but no matter how high-end luxurious, the steak from Los Angeles to New York has only one flavor, no art at all. In a main course, there is no mixture of different materials, chicken is chicken, steak is steak, Even if it has been a mixed dish, it is also carried out in the plate For example, in a "French lamb chops," there are mashed potatoes on one side next to Hill lamb chops and green beans being cooked in the other side of the distribution plus a few film Tomato into it. There is a sharp contrast in color, but the tastes of raw materials are separate, with its own flavor. Even if it is a matched dish, it is just like “1+1=2”, very simple and perspicuity. What have been discussed above has manifested this kind of social culture of Westerners' individuality.2.Chinese HarmonyChinese have always been regarding "and" and "harmony" as the most beautiful realm, and this idea of 'harmony' embodied in the cooking is reflected in the "five flavor harmony". That is, cooking food needs to make “five flavor harmony” on the basis of retaining the natural tastes of raw materials, using the basic law of five element theory to guide the reconciliation, which not only accords with the timing, but also with the season in order to cook out delicious dishes.. So, in Chinese food almost every dish needs two or more of the raw materials and a variety of spices to reconcile in the cooking. Even home-style cooking is generally reconciled with meat and vegetables, such as the Jiu Huang Chao Rousi, pineapple Sweet and sour pork, tomatoes, scrambled eggs and ribs winter melon soup. Chinese people regard “to cook dish”as "cooking" which means combine cooking and blending into one for a beautiful taste. Here we put stress on the measurement and the overall co-ordination. It contains a wealth of dialectic thinking of Chinese philosophy. Everything is measured according to the wonderful taste and the coordination. The frequent changes within the degree lead to the richness of Chinese cuisine and its varieties. The key reason why Chinese food has its own unique charm is that it has its wonderful taste. However, the generation of the delicious taste lies in the wonderful reconciliation of the initial taste of food, the cooked flavor after heating, the ingredients and excipies, as well as the sauce flavor of harmonic integration. Therefore, the Chinese cooking is not just as simple as a "1 +1 = 2" thing, but "1 +1" is equal to "3" or more.C.Different Food ObjectsThe Westerners have the traditions of nomadic and seafaring nations, leading their living mainly on fishing and hunting and supplementary on the cultivation they have more meat food and all they need in their daily life are taken from animals and even the refining materials of medicine are also taken from animals. They pay more attention to the intake of animal protein and fat, and their diet structure mostly consists of animal dishes, mainly beef, chicken, pork, mutton and fish. Therefore, meat has a high proportion in the diet. In modern times, the crop farming has been increasing a lot, but the proportion of meat in the diet is still higher than that of Chinese people.According to a survey of Western Botanist, there are more than 600 kinds of vegetables for Chinese people, six times more than in the West. In fact, in Chinese cuisine, the vegetarian is a common food. Meat dish becomes a common diet only in the holidays or in affluent families, so ever since ancient times there is a saying of "vegetarian food" which leads a dominant position in everyday diet. The Chinese make the plant-based dishes to be the main dishes, which has many ramifications with the Buddhists advocacy. They regard animals as "beings," while plants as "no soul", therefore, they advocate vegetarianism. In introducing the characteristics of the Western diet, the Westerners put more emphasis on nutrition than the Chinese. They have relatively well-developed food industries, such as canned food, fast food and so on. Although the taste is monotonous, it can save time, and it is rich in nutrition, so generally the people in their countries can grow stronger than the Chinese people:They have tall height, long legs, wide shoulders and muscular body, while the Chinese have diminutive body, narrow shoulders, short legs and weak constitutions. According to the fact that the Western diet is significantly different in the characteristics of the food objects from the Chinese diet, someone called the Chinese plant character, and the Westerners the animal character.The differences of the diet content between the Chinese and the Western are also reflected in that The Westerners like to eat cold dishes, from the cold dish platter, salad to cold drinks, the table strewn with cold dish. However, the Chinese people like hot food, in addition that a few samples in the front of the main dishes are cold, the main course is hot. In the Chinese view, the hot food getting cold will lose much flavor. In order to get the delicious taste of food we should eat hot food. As the saying goes, “Food when hot has three delicacies.”D.Different Eating HabitsIn the way of having dinner, in China, no matter what the banquet is, people tend to sit around to enjoy the food placed in the middle of the table which are not only the subjects for people at the table to enjoy, but also a medium to share their feelings. At the table, the Chinese people would like to urge somebody to drink and zugreifen with each other, happily. It seems harmonious and joyful. But it is largely different for the Westerners. When they get together to dinner or host a party, they are less enthusiastic than Chinese people, and between the guests and the host the atmosphere is more casual. Westerners pay more attention to the independence of the individual, so theyeat separately. There’s no joy chatting with each other at the table. Chinese food served on the table pays attention to a rich variety of dishes, generally 8 or 10 dishes, 12 plates, with diversity in species, from the cold plate to the main course, to the soup, to dessert, to the fruit, and it also pays attention to the order. The Western banquets are based on cattle, sheep, pork chops and other staple food. The variety is less and people do not pay attention to the serving order. And the differences on the dining tools are much more apparent.As we all know, the Chinese people, including the yellow race of people in some other Asian countries, use chopsticks or spoon to eat with the bowl filled with rice, while the Westerners use plate to serve food, a knife and fork to cut to eat, and special soup spoon to have soup. Detailed analyzing, Chinese chopsticks are the main tableware, supplemented by spoon and various shaped cups, plates, bowls, and plates. Chinese cooking pays attention to the shape, size, and color of utensils coordinated with the dishes, what is so called "Beautiful utensils", and treats the diet as the arts from which to get a kind of beautiful art enjoyment. Mostly Westerners use metal knife and fork, mainly including stainless steel or silver-plated, silver and other tableware, as well as a variety of cups, plates, and cup, dish that carry out different uses and cannot be mixed. But the Western Food does not emphasize the art beauty on the dishes or tableware like what Chinese do. Its type of tableware and shape of dishes are relatively monotonous. In short, the Westerners focus on the content of food, while the Chinese stress the appearance or styles and the feelings or experience from it.In summary, chopsticks and knife and fork, as two kinds of most representative Dining tools of East and West, have a far-reaching effect on the lifestyle of both East and West, representing two different kinds of intelligence.E.Differences Table MannersThe table manners are greatly different between East and West. In ancient China, during the meal there was a set of complicated etiquettes.A quote said in the book of Rites • Qu Kee, (596 AD),“when all people have a dinner together, you cannot eat only caring about yourself and ignoring others. Before you have a dinner with others, you must check your hands clean. Do not put the extra rice back into the pot, do not possess the food you specifically like, and do not winnow the hot meals. After dinner, guests should get up to pack the tableware to the owner, and at the same time the owner gets up, ask the guests not to work, and then the guests sit down again”.Some of these rituals are also necessary in modern times. In the West banquet, the host helps the guest to food for only once, and then asks them to help themselves. If the guests do not want to eat any more, don’t persuade them to eat any more, which is like the Chinese people's habit of urging somebody to drink and zugreifen frequently. It is not allowed to make a noise while eating the food, but the guests should pay attention to appreciate the meals that the owners prepared (张亚红,2009). If you want to talk with people, you can only talk with the ones beside you but not the distant ones.III.U nderlying CausesThe differences in social development, traditional culture and thought, and life customs create differences between Chinese and Western food culture. There are two major characteristics of Chinese culture. The first one is the pursuit of applicable things without all non-useful things. Historically, all of the practical technologies were very advanced, such as agricultural science and technology and medicine, while the non-practical things can not be well-developed. The second one is that Chinese culture shows unique characteristics of love. The core of Confucian thought “Hell’s Angel" has far-reaching impact on China's traditional culture.However, in the Western culture, In the progress of conquering the nature and fostering a scientific awareness, the West pay special attention to the development of rational thought. Rationality has become typical of Western culture. Rationality means that in the process of the exploration of nature we make sober reflection, analysis and rigorous logic reasoning, and seek to act in line with the objective laws of nature. At the same time in the process of understanding the nature, people continue to understand themselves. Another major feature of Western culture is that they focus on personal dignity., taking the individual as a center. The interests of everyone are clear enough. Everyone has his own living space, without mutual interference.Cultural differences affect the differences in diet. The idea is that whenpeople eat the food production and consume in the process of forming ideas, they are impacted greatly by natural sciences, humanities, especially philosophy.Different philosophical thought and the resulting formation of cultural spirit and ways of thinking will produce a different concept of diet. China's food concept reconciles five flavors; the Western diet idea is prominent personality, which is mainly because of Chinese and Western countries‘philosophical thought and hence arises from the formation cultural spirit and ways of thinking.IV.Significances to the Hotel Catering Departments Based on theStudyThe study of Chinese and Western food culture differences can not only make us better understand the eating characteristics of the Western nations, but also sum up our own diet characteristics in order to get others to make up our own weaknesses and learn from all the scientific and advanced concepts, put aside our culture in the dross, improve and enhance the quality of our diet. At the same time by means of such wrap-up and research, we can carry forward the Chinese nation's fine cultural traditions of food, which has been continuously updated and developed. These are the significances from the macroscopic sense. While in the microscopic sense, the study of the differences between Chinese and the Western food culture is conducive to China's tourist hotels catering to guide the design and development of food products. Based on Chinese and Western food culture differences, tourism and hotel catering departments should note the following points:(1)The design and development of food product should be nutrition-based,paying attention to a reasonable nutrition match. The initial motivation of eating is to sustain human survival and development. Protein, fat and vitamins are the basic materials of life to maintain normal metabolism of people. So, in the design of food products, we should adopt a scientific attitude, reasonably equipping human body with all the necessary nutrients. Whether Western or Chinese food, we must achieve this point, especially in making Western food.(2)We should achieve a perfect combination of the dining environment with thediversification of food products. China’s to urist hotels in the development of food products should pay attention to combine the Chinese and Western food cultures. As far as the restaurant is concerned, there should be Chinese and Western restaurants, style halls, banquet halls, as well as self-service restaurants, which offer a variety of dining establishments. Dishes listed in the menu should also be diverse to meet the different needs of Chinese and foreign guests. Chinese guests rarely have Western food as their main dinner, while Western guests can not always eat Chinese food in China, so star-rated hotels should not only supply Chinese food, but also supply formal Western food.(3)We can develop Chinese food specialty products to attract tourists. Chinesefood culture has a long history and is renowned in the world, with many foreign tourists coming here especially. We not only consolidate and maintain the old products, but also develop new special products, and constantly open。
中西方饮食文化差异
中西方饮食文化差异篇一:中西方饮食文化异同比较中西方饮食我文化异同比较[摘要]: 在悠悠历史长河中,中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学造就了中西方文化的差异,本论文通过主要介绍中西方各自不同的风俗,地理,材料,观念,习惯的差异而造成的中西方不同的饮食文化差异。
餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。
正是因为这些差异,餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。
中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。
中国人注重“天人合一”,西方人注重“以人为本”。
[关键词]:饮食文化中国饮食西方饮食差异融合一、中西饮食文化的差异(一)中西方饮食结构的差异中国人的主食以谷类及其制品如面食为主,副食则以蔬菜为主,辅以肉类。
据西方的植物学者的调查,中国人吃的蔬菜有600多种,比西方多六倍。
西方人的主食以肉类、奶类为主。
故有人根据中西方饮食的明显差异这一特点,把中国人称为植物性格,西方人称为动物性格。
中国人每天进食的蔬菜比西方人多得多,而西方人虽每天进食大量蛋白质,但肠胃功能却因进食纤维素太少而受到影响,因此消化系统的患病率及患癌率均大大超过中国;中国人喜爱粗粮,而西方人偏爱精白粉等细粮。
而实际上,粗粮所含营养物质要比细粮多;中国人爱吃植物油,而西方人做菜喜用含胆固醇较高的动物油,此外每天还摄入大量黄油。
怪不得美国人心血管发病率特别高:中国城乡居民都喜爱豆浆、豆腐、豆芽等豆制品,而西方人却往往“敬而远之”其中一个最大的差异就是西方人不吃动物内脏,不吃动物头尾与皮,这在中国是难以理解的;而在中国,鸡脚则为鸡身上相当贵重的部位,可以做“泡椒凤爪”;鸭掌可以做“金鱼鸭掌”;用鱼头可以做“砂锅炖鱼头”;用猪肠可以做“九转大肠”;用猪脚可以做“白云猪手”,连猪心上的血管,也可做“烩管廷”。
(二)中西方烹饪方式的差异中国饮食“蒸、煮、焖、炖、煨、烧、爆、烤、煎、炒、烹、炸、拌” 等样样精妙。
中西方餐桌文化差异论文
中西方饮食文化差异以及餐桌礼仪的对比摘要:中西两家因为深受不同的社会文化、历史文化和各种社会背景的影响,从而导致两种不同文化的产生,餐桌礼仪文化业因此应运而生,餐桌礼仪文化是饮食文化的一部分,中西饮食文化的不同是中西民族文化差异的重要组成部分。
每个国家、每个地区的每种民族都在饮食中自觉不自觉的透露着自己深刻的文化背景。
本文着重论述中西方在餐桌礼仪文化上的差异,剖析中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异的具体表现和渊源。
Chinese and western two because by different social and cultural, historical and cultural and social background of influence, resulting in two different cultures of generation, table manners culture industry so arises at the historic moment, table manners culture is part of the diet culture, Chinese and western diet culture of different cultural differences between Chinese and western nations is an important component. Every country and every area of each nationality they are consciously or unconsciously in food in the revealed himself deep cultural background. This paper elaborates on table manners cultural differences between Chinese and western table manners, analyzes the cultural differences between the concrete manifestation and origins.关键词: 跨文化交际; 饮食文化; 餐桌礼仪; 文化差异进入21世纪以来, 跨文化交际已经成为人们生活中不可或缺的内容。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
课程论文英美文化课程论文系别:教育二系专业年级:初教六班*****学号:********指导教师:***职称:讲师2015年 6 月13 日目录中文摘要...........................................................................英文摘要...........................................................................前言 (1)1中西方饮食文化差异………………………………………………1~51.1中美饮食文化的历史差异 (1)1.2中西方饮食观念的差异 (3)1.3中西方中美饮食文化食材差异 (5)1.4中西方饮食文化的用餐方式及餐具差异 (5)2中西方饮食文化的相互影响及思考 (5)参考文献: (7)[摘要]:本篇论文探讨了中西方饮食文化的差异,饮食文化在世界文化中起着非常重要的作用。
中西方文化的差异带来了中西饮食文化的差异,不同的国家有自己不同的饮食文化特点。
在不同的文化背景下,无论是在观念、对象、方式、餐具、还是礼仪等各方面,这些不同都是显而易见的。
但是,随着国际的交流与融合,中西饮食文化业将会在交流中共同发展,这对全世界范围内的文化交流将起到促进作用。
[关键词]: 跨文化交际; 饮食文化; 文化差异前言随着人们经济水平的不断提高,人们对饮食质量的要求也越来越高,而随着中国与世界接轨,麦当劳,肯德基等快餐及西餐越来越多的渗透到了中国的餐饮文化中。
而中国的饮食也在西方许多国家享有盛誉。
现今,中国人走向世界各地并带去我们的饮食文化,而外国人也逐渐走进中国传播他们的饮食文化,因此便出现了多种不同饮食文化并存的局面。
餐饮产品由于地域特征、气候环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。
正是因为这些差异,餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。
中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。
中国人注重“天人合一”,西方人注重“以人为本”。
1.1中美饮食文化的历史差异中西文化历来是世界文化的两大派系,而饮食在两个文化中都占有非常重要的地位。
我们将会通过大量调查得来的数据及细致的研究为您分析中西方饮食文化的异同,优劣,希望对您今后的饮食结构的改善有所帮助。
历史上,中国是世界上最古老的国家之一,有五千年的悠久而厚重的历史。
千百年来形成了博大精深的文化.随着时间的流逝以及辽阔国土的地域差异,四大菜系逐渐形成,四大菜系自成体系,各有特点,但共同点是用料复杂考究,制作方法复杂。
口味多种多样。
西方以欧美为代表,其文化同样源远流长.到中世纪,欧洲文化已十分完善,在此期间,旧西方的饮食文化已经形成.其主要特点为:主食以面粉为主,原料也较为丰富,制作方法较中国简单,但同时也十分注重口味。
1.2中西方饮食观念的差异1.2.1中方的观念在中国的饮食文化中,人们对饮食味道的追求远远超过了对营养的注重,只要好吃又要好看,营养反而显得不重要了。
由于中华民族几千年来生产力都处于低下的水平,人们总是吃不饱,所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化。
人们常说的“色、香、味俱全”,味是最重要的。
而中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力,关键也就在于它的味。
中国人饮食重艺术和感性,追求“美味”始终是饮食的最高要义。
中国饮食中,为了追求美味,往往会造成部分营养的缺失。
菜肴的形是外在的东西,而味却是内在的东西,重内在而不刻意修饰外表,重菜肴的昧而不过分展露菜肴的形,这正是中国饮食观念最重要的表现。
但中国饮食并非不重视营养的搭配。
唐代时出现了药膳,现在又有“药疗不如食疗”的提法,都体现了中国人自古以来就重视饮食营养的搭配。
但中国传统的营养理论讲求的是模糊概念,某种食物有营养,对身体有好处,并没有像西方人那样有具体的数据分析。
1.2.2西方的观念在西方人的饮食文化中,人们对食物营养的追求远远超过了色香味形.西方的饮食是一种理性饮食,西方人特别讲究食物的营养成分及搭配,把饮食当作一门科学,以现实主义的态度去注重饮食的营养功能,追求“营养”是饮食的最高要义。
食物营养成分是否合理,是否符合科学要求,是西方人评价美食的核心标准。
西方人通常认为饮食仅是生存手段,比较重视食物营养素和能量的供应状况,而很少把饮食与精神享受联在一起,这反映出一种强烈的实用性和功利性。
西方人吃东西时,不论食物的色、香、味、形如何,而营养一定要得到保证,讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等,而对于食物的色、香、味却不是那么在乎。
即便口味千篇一律。
甚至比起中国的美味佳肴来,简直单调得如同嚼蜡,但理智告诉他:一定要吃下去,因为有营养。
说得不好听,就像给机器加油一样。
对西方人来说,食物的味道则是次要的。
如果加热烹调,会造成营养损失;那就半生不熟,甚至于干脆生吃。
为了更好的保留食物的营养成分,西方人对很多食物选择生食或者烹至半生半熟。
因此,西方人的饮食可以用“方便实用”来概括面包、果酱、奶酪、黄油、生蔬菜等进行简单的组合就可以构成一顿有营养的早餐。
1.2中西方中美饮食文化食材差异中国饮食文化主要起源于农耕文化,农耕文化决定了中国饮食结构以农作物为主,肉类为辅。
而且中国地域广阔,土地肥沃,种植技术较高,自然粮食作物产量多和种类丰富,相反动物的养殖较少,故食粮食较多。
中国人的膳食结构就是以粮、豆、蔬、果、谷类等植物性食料为基础,主、副食界线分明.主食是五谷,副食是蔬菜,外加少量的肉食.因此中国人在备餐时,饮食是以植物为主、动物为辅.主食主要是大米和面食,饮料主要是茶和酒水。
西方饮食文化主要起源于畜牧文化,畜牧文化决定了西方饮食结构尤其偏重于肉类与乳制品。
西方国家因气候因素不适合农作物的种植.故以畜牧业为主,农业为辅。
动物的养殖技术较高,肉类产量较多,农业产品主要是小麦,葡萄等,故饮食以动物为主。
西方人的饮食结构上,也以动物类菜品居多,主要是牛肉、鸡肉、猪肉、羊肉和鱼等,具有“三高(高蛋白、高脂肪、高热能)”特点。
因此肉食在饮食中比例一直很高,到了近代,种植业比重增加,但是肉食在饮食中的比例仍然要比中国入的高.因此西方备餐时的饮食主要是以动物为主、植物为辅,主食是面包和肉类(牛、羊、鸡肉)。
饮料主要是咖啡,葡萄酒和牛奶。
1.3中西方饮食文化的用餐方式及餐具差异筷子与刀作为东西方最具代表性的两种餐具,筷子和刀影响了东西方不同的生活方式,代表着不同的两种智慧。
中国,无论什么宴席,都是大家团团围坐,共享一席,美味佳肴放在桌子中间,它既是一桌人享用的对象,又是大家交流感情的媒介。
在餐桌上,中国人喜欢互相劝酒,夹菜,举杯共欢,非常和睦生趣。
西方人聚在一起吃饭或请客时,劝酒,夹菜没有中国人热情,客人与主人间没那么客气,而更注重个人的独立性,各吃各的,没有中国人聊欢共乐的情趣;在餐具方面,差异就更甚明显。
中国人的餐具主要是筷子、辅之以匙,以及各种形状的杯、盘、碗、碟。
中国烹饪讲究餐具的造型、大小、色彩各异,适用于各式各样的餐饮场合。
并且中国烹饪讲究餐具与菜肴协调搭配,讲究”美器”,精美的食物要有精美的器具搭配,并且要注意搭配和谐。
菜肴与器皿在色彩纹饰、在形态上、在空间上都要讲求和谐相配,把饮食当作艺术活动来对待。
让人在一饱口福.还要从中得到一种美的艺术享受。
西方人的餐具以刀叉为主,辅以各种类别的杯、盘、碟、匙和盅。
他们的餐具可以分为五大类:瓷器、银器、金属器、玻璃器皿、上菜盘和厨房用具。
其中,瓷器、金属器和玻璃器皿又有不同的种类和用法。
如茶杯和咖啡杯多为瓷器,刀叉多为金属器,而水杯和酒杯则多为玻璃制品。
二、中西方饮食文化的相互影响及思考中西方文化背景不同,自然会有饮食观念上的差异和饮食方式的不同。
两者各有千秋,单说历史,西餐自然无法和中餐相比。
中国有几千年的历史,饮食文化的博大精深自不必说。
但是很多历史的东西,过去可能是先进的,今天则可能是落后的。
比如就现在的生活节奏来讲中餐做起来远不如来个汉堡方便、快捷。
从卫生的角度看,中餐的饮食方式有明显的不足之处,也有许多需要改进的地方。
人们的生活中既要有传统的中餐,也要有一些西式的食品。
文化差异就动与静,需要的不是个人或集体的评价,而是需要一个“零势面”。
在西方人的眼里,中国的饮食只是单纯的“味”天下,而中国人却最终没有改,西方人也没有察觉到自己的饮食有何不足。
在西方一些哲学家观点认为,没有镜子是不能找到自己的不足,然而,西方人和中国人一样,没有找到一面可以找到自己不足的镜子。
西方饮食文化有何不足?很简单,从肉类煮八成熟就能看出,八成熟的肉类的确实含有比较多的营养,但是,从健康的角度看,他们缺少卫生的眼光,肉类的细菌没能得以杀除,在保证美味、营养的条件下还必须有健康。
从唯物主义观点出发,保证个人健康,才能更好地发展社会、传承文化。
饮食文化不是历史的,也不是现代的,它是从古代到现代在蒸煮实践中得到的。
饮食文化不是属于个人的,也不是属于某个集体的,它是属于全世界的,是历史的累积物及文化的见证。
参考文献:[1]赵红群,世界饮食文化,[M], 时事出版社,2006年版[2]何宏,中外饮食文化,[M], 北京大学出版社,2006年版[3]李曦,中国饮食文化,[M], 高等教育出版社,2002年版[4].东食西渐--西方人眼中的中国饮食文化作者 (英国)(Roberts.J.A.G)罗伯茨译者杨东平[5].当筷子遇上刀叉:看中西饮食文化比较作者杜莉、孙俊秀、高海薇、李云云。