TypesofSensors（各种类型的传感器）外文翻译
传感器与检测技术英文书籍英语
传感器与检测技术英文书籍英语Sensors and Detection Technologies: A Comprehensive Guide.Introduction.Sensors and detection technologies play a crucial role in various scientific, industrial, and commercial applications. These technologies enable us to measure, monitor, and analyze physical, chemical, and biological parameters in real-time or over time. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of the different types of sensors, their working principles, applications, and advancements in sensing technologies.Types of Sensors.1. Physical Sensors:Pressure sensors: Measure force or pressure applied toan object.Temperature sensors: Detect changes in temperature and provide real-time temperature readings.Position sensors: Determine the position or displacement of an object.Velocity and acceleration sensors: Measure the speed and acceleration of moving objects.2. Chemical Sensors:Gas sensors: Detect and measure the presence and concentration of gases in the environment.Biosensors: Utilize biological recognition elements to detect specific molecules or analytes.Chemical arrays: Employ multiple sensors to provide a comprehensive analysis of chemical composition.3. Biological Sensors:Biosensors: Detect and measure biological substancesor organisms.Microfluidic devices: Enable precise control and manipulation of small fluid volumes for biological analysis.Lab-on-a-chip: Integrate multiple analytical functions into a single portable device.4. Optical Sensors:Optical fiber sensors: Utilize optical fibers to transmit light signals and detect changes in thesurrounding environment.Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors: Measure strain, temperature, and other parameters based on the wavelength shift of reflected light.Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors: Utilize theinteraction of light with metal nanoparticles to detect changes in refractive index caused by specific molecules.Working Principles.Sensors convert physical, chemical, or biological signals into electrical or optical signals. The working principles vary depending on the sensor type:1. Physical Sensors:Piezoelectric sensors: Generate an electrical charge when subjected to mechanical stress or vibration.Thermistors and thermocouples: Change their electrical resistance or generate voltage in response to temperature changes.Potentiometers: Measure position or displacement by varying resistance as a movable contact slides along a resistive element.2. Chemical Sensors:Electrochemical sensors: Utilize electrochemical reactions to generate electrical signals proportional to the analyte concentration.Optical sensors: Detect changes in light absorption, reflection, or fluorescence caused by the presence of specific molecules.3. Biological Sensors:Antibody-based sensors: Employ specific antibodies to bind and detect target molecules or organisms.Nucleic acid-based sensors: Utilize DNA or RNA sequences to detect and analyze specific genetic material.Applications.Sensors and detection technologies find applications in a wide range of fields, including:Environmental monitoring: Air quality, water quality, and soil analysis.Industrial automation: Process control, robotics, and quality assurance.Medical diagnostics: Blood analysis, disease detection, and patient monitoring.Agricultural technology: Crop monitoring, soilnutrient analysis, and pest detection.Aerospace and defense: Navigation, guidance, andtarget detection.Advancements in Sensing Technologies.Miniaturization and integration: Development of smaller, more integrated sensors with improved portability and cost-effectiveness.Enhanced sensitivity and selectivity: Advancements in materials science and signal processing techniques to achieve higher detection limits and reduced false positives.Wireless connectivity: Integration of sensors with wireless communication technologies for remote monitoring and data transmission.Artificial intelligence (AI): Utilization of AI algorithms to enhance sensor performance, analyze data in real-time, and make predictions or recommendations.Conclusion.Sensors and detection technologies are essential tools for scientific research, industrial processes, and various commercial applications. The different types of sensors, their working principles, and recent advancements enable us to gather valuable information, monitor processes, and make informed decisions. Continued research and development in sensing technologies hold the promise of further innovation and expanded capabilities in the future.。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译
自动化专业英语原文和翻译引言概述：自动化专业是一门涉及自动控制系统和自动化设备的学科，它主要研究如何利用现代科技手段实现生产和工程过程的自动化。
在学习和研究自动化专业时，了解并掌握相关的英语术语和表达是非常重要的。
本文将介绍一些自动化专业常见的英语原文和翻译，以帮助读者更好地理解和运用这些术语。
一、传感器与测量（Sensors and Measurements）1.1 传感器类型（Types of Sensors）- 温度传感器（Temperature Sensor）：用于测量环境或物体的温度。
- 压力传感器（Pressure Sensor）：用于测量液体或气体的压力。
- 光电传感器（Photoelectric Sensor）：用于检测光的存在或光的强度。
1.2 传感器原理（Principles of Sensors）- 电阻式传感器（Resistive Sensor）：利用物体电阻的变化来测量物理量。
- 压电传感器（Piezoelectric Sensor）：利用压电效应来转换压力为电信号。
- 光电传感器（Photoelectric Sensor）：利用光电效应来检测光的存在或光的强度。
1.3 传感器应用（Applications of Sensors）- 工业自动化（Industrial Automation）：传感器在工业自动化中广泛应用，用于监测和控制生产过程。
- 智能家居（Smart Home）：传感器在智能家居中用于检测环境参数，如温度、湿度和光照强度。
- 医疗设备（Medical Devices）：传感器在医疗设备中用于监测患者的生理参数，如心率和血压。
二、控制系统（Control Systems）2.1 开环控制（Open-loop Control）- 定义：开环控制是指输出信号不受反馈信号影响的控制系统。
- 特点：简单、稳定性差、无法纠正误差。
2.2 闭环控制（Closed-loop Control）- 定义：闭环控制是指输出信号受到反馈信号影响的控制系统。
外文翻译--计算机病毒
英文原文computer virusWith the computer in all areas of social life, the extensive use of computer virus attacks and prevention techniques are expanding. According to reports, the world suffer from computer virus infections and attacks of hundreds of millions of events, which seriously interferes with the normal life of human society, to the computer networks and systems have brought tremendous potential threats and destruction. At the same time, the virus also in the field of war, widely used in the Gulf War, the recent Kosovo war, both sides have used computer viruses to attack enemy, destroy the opponent's computer networks and weapons control systems, to a certain political objectives and military objectives. Can be expected, with the computer, the growing popularity of Internet use, in-depth to prevent computer viruses will be more and more national attention.A computer virus is a group by copying itself to infect other software programs. When the program runs, the embedded virus also will be run and infect other programs. Some viruses do not attack with a malicious code, but more carriers of the virus carrying code, if it is pre-configured environment for excitation, to infection and destruction. Maurice compiled from 80 of the first "worm" virus program so far, the world has appeared in many different types of viruses.It has long been the main goal of computer design is the pursuit of improved information processing capabilities and lower production costs, and inadequate attention to security problems are. The various components of a computer system, interface interface, conversion between various levels, there are many loopholes and weak links. Hardware designeven consider the lack of overall security, software, there are also more risks and potential threats. Testing of computer systems, the current lack of automated software testing tools and a complete inspection means, the vulnerability of computer systems for the generation and dissemination of computer viruses provides an opportunity; the global World Wide Web (www) so that the "Earth Village "and the implementation of the computer virus to create a space; new computer technology [/ url] in the continuous application of electronic systems for the realization of computer viruses, the objective conditions. Experts believe that the distributed data processing, re-programming embedded computers, network communications, computer standardization, software standardization, the standard message format, a standard data link, have made it possible for computer viruses. Implementation of computer virus's core technology is an effective solution injected into the virus. Which targets a variety of other systems, and from the computer host to a variety of sensors, bridges, etc., so that their computers are at a critical time trick or collapse, can not play a role. Current research from the foreign point of view, the virus injection methods are the following:1. Radio mode. Mainly through the radio transmitting the signature to the other electronic systems. This approach is the best way into the computer virus, while technical difficulties are greatest. Possible ways are: ① the other electronic systems directly to the radio receiver or transmitter device, so the receiver to process it and spread the virus to the target. ② posing as legitimate wireless transmission of data. Obtained or used according to standard protocols and data formats of radio transmission, emission pattern, to enable lawful transmission signal mixed into the receiver, and then enter the information network.③ looking for other information systems to protect the worst place to put the virus injection. Unprotected by the other data link will transmitthe virus to be protected or the target of the link.2. "Cure" approach. That the virus prior to the hardware store (such as chips) and software, then the hardware and software, directly or indirectly delivered to each other, so that the virus directly transmitted to the other electronic system to activate when needed to achieve the attack purpose. This attack is very subtle, even if the chip or component is thoroughly checked, it is difficult to ensure there are no other special features. At present, many computer components dependent on imports, the storm of this, the chip is vulnerable to attack.3. Backdoor attacks. Back door, a computer security system in a small hole, or maintenance by the software designers invented to allow people who know of its existence to bypass normal security measures into the system. Attacks in the form of back door there are many kinds, such as electromagnetic pulse can control the virus into the target system. Computer intruders often carried out through the back door attacks, such as the current widespread use of WINDOWS98, there is such a back door.4. Data control chain invasive. With the wide application of Internet technology to make computer viruses through the chain of computer systems, data control invasive as possible. Modification technique using the remote, you can easily change the data in the normal path of the control chain.In addition to these methods, but also through other ways into the virus.Because computer viruses are likely to cause great losses to users, people began to try every means to carry out preventive measures. Approximate methods are the following:1. Establishment of an effective computer virus protection system. Effective computer virus protection system should include multiple protection layers. One is access control layer; second layer of virus detection; third virus containing layer; Fourth, virus removal layer;Fifth, system recovery layer; six layers of contingency plans. The six computer protection system, there must be effective support for hardware and software technologies, such as safety design and standard operation.2. To prevent electromagnetic radiation and electromagnetic leakage. Electromagnetic shielding methods to block the electromagnetic radiation, so that can not only achieve the purpose of preventing leakage of computer information, and can prevent the "electromagnetic radiation type" virus attacks.3. Strengthen the building of a computer emergency response unit. Automated system should be set up security support unit to address issues related to the computer defensive.Computer virus attack and defense is evolving, to stay ahead of the computer virus against the position, must be based on trends, to implement key techniques in the follow-up study. Implementation of the follow-up study should focus on the following aspects: First, the model of computer viruses. Second, computer virus injection method, focused on "curing" stimulate the virus. Third, computer virus attacks, wireless networks focus on the standardization of data transfer and its security vulnerability and high-frequency electromagnetic pulse virus human virus, the effectiveness of the gun home. Fourth, studies dealing with computer viruses, security policy and defense technologies.中文翻译计算机病毒随着计算机在社会生活各个领域的广泛运用，计算机病毒攻击与防范技术也在不断拓展。
传感器英文
传感器英文SensorsIntroductionSensors are devices that detect and respond to physical or chemical stimuli in the environment, converting them into signals that can be processed by electronic systems. They are essential components of many modern technologies, including consumer electronics, industrial machinery, and environmental monitoring systems. The field of sensors is continually evolving, driven by advances in materials science, microfabrication techniques, and signal processing algorithms. This article provides an overview of the different types of sensors and their applications in various fields.Types of SensorsSensors can be classified based on the type of stimulus they detect, and the way they convert it into an electrical signal. The following are some of the most common types of sensors:Optical Sensors: These sensors detect light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation, such as infrared or ultraviolet radiation. They are used in applications such as proximity sensing, color detection, and machine vision.Temperature Sensors: These sensors measure changes in temperature and are used in applications such as HVAC systems, refrigeration, and medical devices.Pressure Sensors: These sensors measure changes in pressure, either absolute or relative, and are used in applications such as automotive systems, industrial machinery, and medical devices.Flow Sensors: These sensors measure the flow rate of fluids and are used in applications such as water meters, fuel flow meters, and medical devices.Acoustic Sensors: These sensors detect sound waves and are used in applications such as noise monitoring, speech recognition, and sonar systems.Chemical Sensors: These sensors detect changes in the chemical composition of gases or liquids and are used in applications such as gas detection, water quality monitoring, and medical diagnostics.Biological Sensors: These sensors detect changes in biological systems, such as the concentration of biomolecules or the electrical activity of cells. They are used in applications such as biosensors, drug discovery, and medical diagnostics.Motion Sensors: These sensors detect changes in motion, either acceleration or velocity, and are used in applications such as robotics, gaming, and sports performance analysis.In addition to the above categories, sensors can be further classified based on their operating principles, such as capacitive, resistive, inductive, or piezoelectric. Each type of sensor has its advantages and limitations, and the choice of sensor depends largely on the specific application requirements.Applications of SensorsSensors are used in a wide range of applications, from consumer electronics to industrial automation to environmental monitoring. Some of the most common applications of sensors are:Smartphones and Wearables: Modern smartphones incorporate a variety of sensors, including accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, and proximity sensors, to enable features such as motion sensing, face recognition, and augmented reality. Wearable devices, such as fitness trackers and smartwatches, also use sensors to monitor physical activity, heart rate, and sleep patterns.Automotive Systems: Sensors play a critical role in modern automobiles, helping to monitor and control various parameters such as engine performance, emissions, airbag deployment, and driver behavior. Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) use sensors such as cameras, radar, and lidar to enable features such as adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, and collision avoidance.Industrial Automation: Sensors are used extensively in industrial machinery to monitor parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, and vibration. They enable real-time monitoring and control of manufacturing processes, improving reliability, efficiency, and safety.Medical Devices: Sensors are used in a variety of medical devices, from blood pressure monitors to glucose meters to MRI machines. They enable precise measurement and monitoring of physiological parameters, improving diagnosis and treatment outcomes.Environmental Monitoring: Sensors are used to monitor air and water quality, weather conditions, and other environmental parameters. They enable early detection of pollution or hazardous conditions, and help to protect public health and safety.Security and Surveillance: Sensors are used in surveillance cameras, motion detectors, and access control systems to detect and respond to unauthorized activity. They provide an effective means of enhancing security and safety in public spaces and private property.ConclusionSensors are essential components of many modern technologies, enabling precise measurement and control of physical and chemical parameters in the environment. Their applications span a wide range of industries, from consumer electronics to industrial automation to environmental monitoring. As technologies continue to evolve, sensors are likely to play an even more significant role in shaping the world around us.。
传感器中英文介绍
传感器中英文介绍Company Document number：WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998. sensorssensors(English name: transducer/sensor) is a kind of detection device, can feel the measured information, and will feel information transformation according to certain rule become electrical signal output, or other form of information needed to satisfy the information transmission, processing, storage, display, record and control requirements.Sensor's features include: miniaturization, digital, intelligent, multi-functional, systematic and network. It is the first step of automatic detection and automatic control. The existence and development of the sensor, let objects have sensory, such as touch, taste and smell let objects become live up slowly. Usually according to its basic cognitive functions are divided into temperature sensor, light sensor, gas sensor, force sensor, magnetic sensor, moisture sensor, acoustic sensor, radiation sensitive element, color sensor and sensor etc. 10 major categories.temperature transducerTemperature sensors (temperature transducer) refers to can feel temperature translates into usable output signal of the sensor. The temperature sensor is the core part of the temperature measuring instrument, wide variety. According to measuring methods could be divided into two types: contact and non-contact, according to the sensor material and electronic component features divided into two categories, thermal resistance and thermocouple.1 principle of thermocoupleThermocouple is composed of two different materials of metal wire, the welded together at the end. To measure the heating part of the environment temperature, can accurately know the temperature of the hot spots. Because it must have two different material of the conductor, so called the thermocouple. Different material to make the thermocouple used in different temperature range, their sensitivity is also each are not identical. The sensitivity of thermocouple refers to add 1 ℃ hot spot temperature changes, the output variation of potential difference. For most of the metal material support thermocouple, this value about between 5 ~ 40 microvolt / ℃.As a result of the thermocouple temperature sensor sensitivity has nothing to do with the thickness of material, use very fine material also can make the temperature sensor. Also due to the production of thermocouple metal materials have good ductility, the slight temperature measuring element has high response speed, can measure the process of rapid change.Its advantages are:(1)high precision measurement. Because of thermocouple direct contact with the object being measured, not affected by intermediate medium.(2)the measurement range. Commonly used thermocouple from 1600 ℃ to50 ℃ ~ + sustainable measurement, some special thermocouple minimum measurable to - 269 ℃ ., gold iron nickel chrome), the highest measurable to + 2800 ℃ (such as tungsten rhenium).(3) simple structure, easy to use. Thermocouple is usually composed of two different kinds of metal wire, but is not limited by the size and the beginning of, outside has protective casing, so very convenient to use. The thermocouple type and structure of the form.2. The thermocouple type and structure formation(1)the types of thermocoupleThe commonly used thermocouple could be divided into two types: standard thermocouple and non-standard thermocouple. Standard thermocouple refers to the national standard specifies its thermoelectric potential and the relationship between temperature, permissible error, and a unified standard score table of thermocouple, it has with matching display instrument to choose from. Rather than a standard thermocouple or on the order of magnitude less than the range to use standardized thermocouple, in general, there is no uniform standard, it is mainly used for measurement of some special occasions.Standardized thermocouple is our country from January 1, 1988, thermocouple and thermal resistance of all production according to IEC international standard, and specify the S, B, E, K, R, J, T seven standardization thermocouple type thermocouple for our country unified design.(2)to ensure that the thermocouple is reliable, steady work, the structure of thermocouple requirements are as follows:①of the two thermocouple thermal electrode welding must be strong;②two hot electrode should be well insulated between each other, in case of short circuit;③compensation wires connected to the free cod of a thermocouple to convenient and reliable;④protect casing thermal electrodes should be able to make sufficient isolation and harmful medium.3.The thermocouple cold end temperature compensationDue to the thermocouple materials are generally more expensive (especially when using precious metals), and the temperature measurement points are generally more far, the distance to the instrument in order to save materials, reduce cost, usually adopt the compensating conductor) (the free end of the cold junction of the thermocouple to the steady control of indoor temperature, connected to the meter terminals. It must be pointed out that the role of the thermocouple compensation wire extension hot electrode, so that only moved to the control room of the cold junction of the thermocouple instrument on the terminal, it itself does not eliminate the cold end temperature change on the influence of temperature, cannot have the compensation effect. So, still need to take some of the other correction method to compensate of the cold end temperature especially when t0 indicates influence on measuring temperature 0 ℃.Must pay attention to when using thermocouple compensating conductor model match, cannot be wrong polarity, compensation conductor should be connected to the thermocouple temperature should not exceed 100 ℃.传感器传感器（名称：transducer/sensor）是一种检测装置，能感受到被测量的信息，并能将感受到的信息，按一定规律变换成为电信号或其他所需形式的信息输出，以满足信息的传输、处理、存储、显示、记录和控制等要求。
传感器技术0绪论中英对照
0.4 New trend and direction of sensor R&D
Dr. Jinbo Fu
Chapter1:Preface
3
Chapter0: Preface 绪论
身体与机器人的对应关系
传感器是获取自然领域中信息的主要途径与手段
Dr. Jinbo Fu
Chapter1:Preface
灵敏度高，精度适当(high sensitivity and appropriate accuracy)—即
位移displacement（线linear位移、角angular位 移）、尺寸size、形状shape；力force、力矩 torque、应力stress、重量weight、质量mass、转 速speed of rotation、线速度linear velocity； 振动幅度amplitude of vibration、频率frequency、 加速度acceleration、噪声noice
Chapter1:Preface
12
The classification of sensor 传感器的分类
按传感器原理来分类
电阻式resistive，光电式photoelectric（红外式infrared、光 导纤维式optical fiber），电感式inductive，谐振式 resonant，电容式capacitive，霍尔式hall（磁式 magnetic），阻抗式impedance（电涡流式eddy current），超声式ultrasonic，磁电式electromagnetic， 同位素式isotopic，热电式electrothermic，电化学式 electrochemical，压电式piezoelectric，微波式microwave
各种传感器介绍ppt英文
Actuators & Sensors in Mechatronics: Introduction to Sensors
K. Craig 1
Types of Applications of Measurement Instrumentation
• Monitoring of Processes and Operations • Control of Processes and Operations • Experimental Engineering Analysis
Actuators & Sensors in Mechatronics: Introduction to Sensors K. Craig 6
• Note
– The distinction among monitoring, control, and analysis functions is not clear-cut; the category decided on may depend somewhat on your point of view and the apparent looseness of the classification should not cause any difficulty. – It is now extremely common for engineers to include in the design of a machine or process, as dedicated components, computers of various sizes. Computers are important, but the computer “component” of many machines and processes is often not the critical system element in terms of either technical or economic factors. Rather, components external to the computer, the actuators and sensors, are more often the limiting factors in the system design.
传感器中英文介绍
. sensorssensors(English name: transducer/sensor) is a kind of detection device, can feel the measured information, and will feel information transformation according to certain rule become electrical signal output, or other form of information needed to satisfy the information transmission, processing, storage, display, record and control requirements.Sensor's features include: miniaturization, digital, intelligent, multi-functional, systematic and network. It is the first step of automatic detection and automatic control. The existence and development of the sensor, let objects have sensory, such as touch, taste and smell let objects become live up slowly. Usually according to its basic cognitive functions are divided into temperature sensor, light sensor, gas sensor, force sensor, magnetic sensor, moisture sensor, acoustic sensor, radiation sensitive element, color sensor and sensor etc. 10 major categories.temperature transducerTemperature sensors (temperature transducer) refers to can feel temperature translates into usable output signal of the sensor. The temperature sensor is the core part of the temperature measuring instrument, wide variety. According to measuring methods could be divided into two types: contact and non-contact, according to the sensor material and electronic component features divided into two categories, thermal resistance and thermocouple.1 principle of thermocoupleThermocouple is composed of two different materials of metal wire, the welded together at the end. To measure the heating part of the environment temperature, can accurately know the temperature of the hot spots. Because it must have two different material of the conductor, so called the thermocouple. Different material to make the thermocouple used in different temperature range, their sensitivity is also each are not identical. The sensitivity of thermocouple refers to add 1 ℃hot spot temperature changes, the output variation of potential difference. For most of the metal material support thermocouple, this value about between 5 ~ 40 microvolt / ℃.As a result of the thermocouple temperature sensor sensitivity has nothing to do with the thickness of material, use very fine material also can make the temperature sensor. Also due to the production of thermocouple metal materials have good ductility, the slight temperature measuring element has high response speed, can measure the process of rapid change.Its advantages are:(1)high precision measurement. Because of thermocouple direct contact with the object being measured, not affected by intermediate medium.(2)the measurement range. Commonly used thermocouple from 1600 ℃to 50 ℃ ~ + sustainable measurement, some special thermocouple minimum measurable to - 269 ℃ (e.g., gold iron nickel chrome), the highest measurable to + 2800 ℃ (such as tungsten rhenium).(3) simple structure, easy to use. Thermocouple is usually composed of two different kinds of metal wire, but is not limited by the size and the beginning of, outside has protective casing, so very convenient to use. The thermocouple type and structure of the form.2. The thermocouple type and structure formation(1)the types of thermocoupleThe commonly used thermocouple could be divided into two types: standard thermocouple and non-standard thermocouple. Standard thermocouple refers to the national standard specifies its thermoelectric potential and the relationship between temperature, permissible error, and a unified standard score table of thermocouple, it has with matching display instrument to choose from. Rather than a standard thermocouple or on the order of magnitude less than the range to use standardized thermocouple, in general, there is no uniform standard, it is mainly used for measurement of some special occasions.Standardized thermocouple is our country from January 1, 1988, thermocouple and thermal resistance of all production according to IEC international standard, and specify the S, B, E, K, R, J, T seven standardization thermocouple type thermocouple for our country unified design.(2)to ensure that the thermocouple is reliable, steady work, the structure of thermocouple requirements are as follows:①of the two thermocouple thermal electrode welding must be strong;②two hot electrode should be well insulated between each other, in case of short circuit;③compensation wires connected to the free cod of a thermocouple to convenient and reliable;④protect casing thermal electrodes should be able to make sufficient isolation and harmful medium.3.The thermocouple cold end temperature compensationDue to the thermocouple materials are generally more expensive (especiallywhen using precious metals), and the temperature measurement points are generally more far, the distance to the instrument in order to save materials, reduce cost, usually adopt the compensating conductor) (the free end of the cold junction of the thermocouple to the steady control of indoor temperature, connected to the meter terminals. It must be pointed out that the role of the thermocouple compensation wire extension hot electrode, so that only moved to the control room of the cold junction of the thermocouple instrument on the terminal, it itself does not eliminate the cold end temperature change on the influence of temperature, cannot have the compensation effect. So, still need to take some of the other correction method to compensate of the cold end temperature especially when t0 indicates influence on measuring temperature 0 ℃.Must pay attention to when using thermocouple compensating conductor model match, cannot be wrong polarity, compensation conductor should be connected to the thermocouple temperature should not exceed 100 ℃.传感器传感器（英文名称：transducer/sensor）是一种检测装置，能感受到被测量的信息，并能将感受到的信息，按一定规律变换成为电信号或其他所需形式的信息输出，以满足信息的传输、处理、存储、显示、记录和控制等要求。
形容多个传感器之间可以相互独立的英文单词
形容多个传感器之间可以相互独立的英文单词全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hey guys, do you know what sensors are? Sensors are like little helpers that can detect things like light, temperature, motion, and lots of other stuff. They are super cool because they can collect information and send it to other devices to help them work better.Now, what if we have lots of sensors that can work together but also do their own thing? That would be awesome, right? Well, guess what? There are sensors like that, and they are called Independent Sensors!Independent Sensors are sensors that can work together to gather information, but they can also work by themselves. This means that each sensor can do its own job without needing to rely on the other sensors. It's like each sensor is a little superhero with its own superpowers!With Independent Sensors, we can collect lots of different data at the same time and make our devices even smarter. For example, we can use Independent Sensors to monitor thetemperature in a room, detect when someone walks in, and adjust the lighting to make the room more comfortable.So, the next time you see a sensor, remember that it might be an Independent Sensor that can do lots of amazing things all by itself. How cool is that? Sensors are truly superheroes in the tech world!篇2Once upon a time, in a wonderful world of technology, there were many sensors. These sensors were like little detectives, always on the lookout for clues and information. Each sensor had its own special job to do, like detecting temperature, light, sound, motion, and many more.One day, the sensors decided to have a meeting to discuss how they could work together to make the world a better place. They gathered in a circle and started sharing their ideas. The temperature sensor suggested that they could work together to monitor the climate and help scientists understand how the Earth's temperature was changing. The light sensor chimed in, saying they could collaborate to create smart lighting systems that could save energy and reduce electricity bills.The sound sensor joined the conversation and proposed that they could team up to create smart homes that could respond to voice commands and play music in different rooms. The motion sensor got excited and suggested they could work together to develop security systems that could detect intruders and keep homes safe.As the sensors continued brainstorming, they realized the power of working independently but still being able to communicate and collaborate when needed. They understood that by being able to work on their own tasks, they could gather more information and provide better solutions to the problems they were facing.And so, the sensors went back to their respective places, ready to work independently but always knowing that they could count on each other when needed. And from that day on, the world became a smarter, more efficient place thanks to the amazing sensors and their ability to work together while still being independent. The end.篇3Hey guys, today I want to talk to you about sensors! Have you ever heard of sensors before? They are like little detectives that can sense things around them.So, there are different types of sensors, and the cool thing is that they can work independently from each other. This means that they can sense and collect data separately without interfering with each other.For example, there are motion sensors that can detect when someone is moving. Then there are temperature sensors that can tell you how hot or cold it is in a room. And don't forget about light sensors that can adjust the brightness of a screen based on how bright or dark it is around you.Isn't it amazing that all these sensors can do their own thing without getting in each other's way? It's like each sensor has its own superpower and they work together to make our lives easier and more efficient.Next time you see a sensor, remember that it's like a little superhero that can sense and react to its surroundings all on its own. And who knows, maybe one day you'll come up with your own sensor invention that will change the world! Isn't that exciting? Let's keep learning and exploring the wonderful world of sensors together!篇4Hey guys, do you know what sensors are? Sensors are like little detectives that can detect things around us and send signals to other devices. How cool is that, right? Now, imagine if there are multiple sensors working together, but each of them can also do its own thing independently. That's like having a team of superheroes, each with their own special power!So, what exactly do these independent sensors do? Well, let me tell you. Each sensor has its own job to do, like the temperature sensor measures how hot or cold things are, the motion sensor detects movements, and the light sensor measures the brightness of light. They all work together to gather information and send it to a central system.But here's the amazing part - even though they work together as a team, each sensor can also work on its own. This means that if one sensor stops working, the others can still continue to do their job. It's like having a backup plan in case something goes wrong.Having multiple independent sensors not only makes our lives easier but also makes things more efficient. You can think ofthem as little helpers that never get tired and are always looking out for us.In conclusion, sensors are like the unsung heroes of our everyday lives. They may be small, but they play a big role in helping us understand and interact with the world around us. So next time you see a sensor, remember to give it a little nod of appreciation for all the hard work it does!篇5Title: The Amazing World of Sensors!Hey everyone, do you know what sensors are? Sensors are like little helpers that can detect things around them and send signals to tell us what's going on. Cool, right?Now, imagine a bunch of sensors working together, but each one doing its own thing. That's right, sensors can be independent and still work together to give us all the information we need. It's like a team of superheroes, each with their own special powers!There are so many different types of sensors out there. Some can detect light, others can sense temperature, and some can even pick up on sound. It's incredible how they all have their ownunique abilities, but can still communicate with each other to keep us informed and safe.Imagine a world where sensors can work together seamlessly, without getting in each other's way. They can share information and help us understand the world around us better. It's like a big sensor party, with each sensor bringing something special to the table.So next time you see a sensor, remember that it's not just a little gadget – it's a smart and independent helper that can make our lives easier and more connected. Sensors are truly amazing, and the possibilities of what they can do when they work together are endless. Let's celebrate the incredible world of sensors and all the amazing things they can help us achieve!篇6Title: The Amazing SensorsHey guys, did you know that sensors are super cool? They are like little detectives that can sense things around them. And guess what? They can even work together but still be independent. How awesome is that?So, what is a sensor anyway? Well, a sensor is a device that can detect changes in its environment and send signals to other devices. It's like having superpowers, right? There are many different types of sensors, like temperature sensors, motion sensors, and even light sensors.Now, let's talk about how sensors can work together but still be independent. Imagine you have a bunch of sensors in a room. Each sensor can sense different things, like the temperature or the amount of light in the room. Even though they are all sensing different things, they can still work together to give us a complete picture of what's happening in the room.For example, let's say there is a fire in the room. The temperature sensor will detect the increase in heat, while the motion sensor will detect any movement. Both sensors will send signals to a central system, which will then alert us about the fire. Even though the sensors are working together to detect the fire, they are still independent in their own functions.In conclusion, sensors are amazing little devices that can work together but still be independent. They help us understand the world around us better and keep us safe. So next time you see a sensor, remember how cool and useful they are!篇7Title: Sensors Can Play Together and Be Independent!Hey guys, have you ever heard of sensors? They are super cool devices that can detect things like light, temperature, sound, and even motion! The best part is, they can work together to make our lives easier and more fun!One amazing thing about sensors is that they can all do their own thing without depending on each other. For example, a light sensor can detect when it's dark and turn on the lights, while a motion sensor can tell when someone is moving and sound an alarm. They don't need to talk to each other to do their jobs –they just do it!But you know what's even cooler? Sensors can actually communicate with each other and share information too! They can team up to create smart homes, where they work together to make things like thermostats and security systems smarter and more efficient. It's like they have their own secret language that they use to talk to each other and make decisions.So next time you see a sensor, remember how amazing it is that they can play together and be independent at the same time. Who knows, maybe one day you'll even be able to create yourown sensor network and make your house the smartest on the block! So keep exploring and have fun with sensors – the possibilities are endless!篇8Hey guys, do you know what sensors are? Sensors are like little detectives that can detect things like temperature, light, sound, and even movement. Cool, right?Today, we're going to talk about multiple sensors and how they can work independently from each other. That means each sensor can do its own job without relying on the others. It's like each sensor has its own superpower!Imagine a room with different sensors in it. One sensor can measure the temperature and tell us if it's hot or cold. Another sensor can sense if someone is moving in the room. And another sensor can detect how bright or dark it is. Each sensor is like a superhero with their own special ability!When all these sensors work together, they can give us a lot of information about the room. For example, if the temperature sensor says it's hot, but the movement sensor says no one is in the room, we know that maybe the sun is shining through the window and heating up the room.And the best part is, each sensor can do its job without interfering with the others. They can all collect data at the same time and give us a complete picture of what's happening. It's like having a team of superheroes working together to keep us safe and informed.So next time you see a sensor, remember that it's like a little detective with its own superpower. And when multiple sensors work together, they can give us a lot of valuable information to help us understand the world around us. Cool, right? Sensors are awesome!篇9Sensors are super cool! They're like little detectives that can sense all sorts of things around them. And you know what's even cooler? Multiple sensors can work together, but also be independent at the same time!Imagine you have a bunch of different sensors in your room. One sensor could be checking the temperature, while another one checks the light levels. They don't have to rely on each other to do their job - each sensor can work on its own to collect data. But when they come together, they can give you a complete picture of what's going on in the room!For example, let's say the temperature sensor notices that it's getting really hot in the room. It can send a signal to the other sensors, like the air conditioner sensor, to kick in and cool things down. And if the light sensor detects that it's too dark, it can signal the lights to turn on.Having multiple independent sensors working together is like having a team of superheroes keeping an eye on things. They each have their own superpower, but when they team up, they can save the day!So next time you see a sensor, remember that it's not just a stand-alone gadget - it's part of a team that's always looking out for you. And that's pretty awesome, if you ask me!篇10One day, my teacher taught us about sensors. She said sensors are like our eyes and ears, they can help us see and hear things. But what's really cool is that there are many different types of sensors that can work all by themselves!There are sensors that can detect light, sensors that can measure temperature, and even sensors that can tell us how fast something is moving. Each sensor has its own special job to do,but they can all work independently without needing help from other sensors.My teacher also told us that sensors can be found in all sorts of things around us, like our phones, cars, and even our homes. They help make our world a safer and more convenient place to live in.I think it's amazing how sensors can work all on their own, without needing anyone else to help them. It's like they have their own superpowers! So next time you see a sensor, think about all the amazing things it can do by itself. Sensors are truly awesome!。
传感器中英文介绍
. sensorssensors(English name: transducer/sensor) is a kind of detection device, can feel the measured information, and will feel information transformation according to certain rule become electrical signal output, or other form of information needed to satisfy the information transmission, processing, storage, display, record and control requirements.Sensor's features include: miniaturization, digital, intelligent, multi-functional, systematic and network. It is the first step of automatic detection and automatic control. The existence and development of the sensor, let objects have sensory, such as touch, taste and smell let objects become live up slowly. Usually according to its basic cognitive functions are divided into temperature sensor, light sensor, gas sensor, force sensor, magnetic sensor, moisture sensor, acoustic sensor, radiation sensitive element, color sensor and sensor etc. 10 major categories.temperature transducerTemperature sensors (temperature transducer) refers to can feel temperature translates into usable output signal of the sensor. The temperature sensor is the core part of the temperature measuring instrument, wide variety. According to measuring methods could be divided into two types: contact and non-contact, according to the sensor material and electronic component features divided into two categories, thermal resistance and thermocouple.1 principle of thermocoupleThermocouple is composed of two different materials of metal wire, the welded together at the end. To measure the heating part of the environment temperature, can accurately know the temperature of the hot spots. Because it must have two different material of the conductor, so called the thermocouple. Different material to make the thermocouple used in different temperature range, their sensitivity is also each are not identical. The sensitivity of thermocouple refers to add 1 ℃hot spot temperature changes, the output variation of potential difference. For most of the metal material support thermocouple, this value about between 5 ~ 40 microvolt / ℃.As a result of the thermocouple temperature sensor sensitivity has nothing to do with the thickness of material, use very fine material also can make the temperature sensor. Also due to the production of thermocouple metal materials have good ductility, the slight temperature measuring element has high response speed, can measure the process of rapid change.Its advantages are:(1)high precision measurement. Because of thermocouple direct contact with the object being measured, not affected by intermediate medium.(2)the measurement range. Commonly used thermocouple from 1600 ℃to 50 ℃ ~ + sustainable measurement, some special thermocouple minimum measurable to - 269 ℃ (e.g., gold iron nickel chrome), the highest measurable to + 2800 ℃ (such as tungsten rhenium).(3) simple structure, easy to use. Thermocouple is usually composed of two different kinds of metal wire, but is not limited by the size and the beginning of, outside has protective casing, so very convenient to use. The thermocouple type and structure of the form.2. The thermocouple type and structure formation(1)the types of thermocoupleThe commonly used thermocouple could be divided into two types: standard thermocouple and non-standard thermocouple. Standard thermocouple refers to the national standard specifies its thermoelectric potential and the relationship between temperature, permissible error, and a unified standard score table of thermocouple, it has with matching display instrument to choose from. Rather than a standard thermocouple or on the order of magnitude less than the range to use standardized thermocouple, in general, there is no uniform standard, it is mainly used for measurement of some special occasions.Standardized thermocouple is our country from January 1, 1988, thermocouple and thermal resistance of all production according to IEC international standard, and specify the S, B, E, K, R, J, T seven standardization thermocouple type thermocouple for our country unified design.(2)to ensure that the thermocouple is reliable, steady work, the structure of thermocouple requirements are as follows:①of the two thermocouple thermal electrode welding must be strong;②two hot electrode should be well insulated between each other, in case of short circuit;③compensation wires connected to the free cod of a thermocouple to convenient and reliable;④protect casing thermal electrodes should be able to make sufficient isolation and harmful medium.3.The thermocouple cold end temperature compensationDue to the thermocouple materials are generally more expensive (especiallywhen using precious metals), and the temperature measurement points are generally more far, the distance to the instrument in order to save materials, reduce cost, usually adopt the compensating conductor) (the free end of the cold junction of the thermocouple to the steady control of indoor temperature, connected to the meter terminals. It must be pointed out that the role of the thermocouple compensation wire extension hot electrode, so that only moved to the control room of the cold junction of the thermocouple instrument on the terminal, it itself does not eliminate the cold end temperature change on the influence of temperature, cannot have the compensation effect. So, still need to take some of the other correction method to compensate of the cold end temperature especially when t0 indicates influence on measuring temperature 0 ℃.Must pay attention to when using thermocouple compensating conductor model match, cannot be wrong polarity, compensation conductor should be connected to the thermocouple temperature should not exceed 100 ℃.传感器传感器（英文名称：transducer/sensor）是一种检测装置，能感受到被测量的信息，并能将感受到的信息，按一定规律变换成为电信号或其他所需形式的信息输出，以满足信息的传输、处理、存储、显示、记录和控制等要求。
传感器制程及工作原理
传感器制程及工作原理Sensors are devices that detect and respond to some type of input from the physical environment. 传感器是检测和响应物理环境输入的设备。
They are an essential component in many electronic and mechanical systems, providing crucial information for a wide range of applications. 它们是许多电子和机械系统中不可或缺的组成部分，为各种应用提供关键信息。
There are many different types of sensors, each with its own unique design and function. 有许多不同类型的传感器，每种传感器都有其独特的设计和功能。
Some common examples include temperature sensors, pressure sensors, proximity sensors, and motion sensors. 一些常见的例子包括温度传感器、压力传感器、接近传感器和运动传感器。
Each type of sensor operates based on specific principles and physical properties, allowing them to detect and measure different types of stimuli. 每种类型的传感器都是基于特定原理和物理属性工作的，使它们能够检测和测量不同类型的刺激。
The manufacturing process of sensors involves several key steps, including design, fabrication, assembly, and testing. 传感器的制造过程涉及几个关键步骤，包括设计、制造、装配和测试。
数据采集系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Data Acquisition SystemsData acquisition systems are used to acquire process operating data and store it on，secondary storage devices for later analysis. Many or the data acquisition systems acquire this data at very high speeds and very little computer time is left to carry out any necessary, or desirable, data manipulations or reduction. All the data are stored on secondary storage devices and manipulated subsequently to derive the variables ofin-terest. It is very often necessary to design special purpose data acquisition systems and interfaces to acquire the high speed process data. This special purpose design can be an expensive proposition.Powerful mini- and mainframe computers are used to combine the data acquisition with other functions such as comparisons between the actual output and the desirable output values, and to then decide on the control action which must be taken to ensure that the output variables lie within preset limits. The computing power required will depend upon the type of process control system implemented. Software requirements for carrying out proportional, ratio or three term control of process variables are relatively trivial, and microcomputers can be used to implement such process control systems. It would not be possible to use many of the currently available microcomputers for the implementation of high speed adaptive control systems which require the use of suitable process models and considerable online manipulation of data.Microcomputer based data loggers are used to carry out intermediate functions such as data acquisition at comparatively low speeds, simple mathematical manipulations of raw data and some forms of data reduction. The first generation of data loggers, without any programmable computing facilities, was used simply for slow speed data acquisition from up to one hundred channels. All the acquired data could be punched out on paper tape or printed for subsequent analysis. Such hardwired data loggers are being replaced by the new generation of data loggers which incorporate microcomputers and can be programmed by the user. They offer an extremely good method of collecting the process data, using standardized interfaces, and subsequently performing the necessary manipulations to provide the information of interest to the process operator. The data acquired can be analyzed to establish correlations, if any, between process variables and to develop mathematical models necessary for adaptive and optimal process control.The data acquisition function carried out by data loggers varies from one to 9 in system to another. Simple data logging systems acquire data from a few channels while complex systems can receive data from hundreds, or even thousands, of input channels distributed around one or more processes. The rudimentary data loggers scan the selected number of channels, connected to sensors or transducers, in a sequential manner and the data are recorded in a digital format. A data logger can be dedicated in the sense that it can only collect data from particular types of sensors and transducers. It is best to use a nondedicated data logger since any transducer or sensor can be connected to the channels via suitable interface circuitry. This facility requires the use of appropriate signal conditioning modules.Microcomputer controlled data acquisition facilitates the scanning of a large number of sensors. The scanning rate depends upon the signal dynamics which means that some channels must be scanned at very high speeds in order to avoid aliasing errors while there is very little loss of information by scanning other channels at slower speeds. In some data logging applications the faster channels require sampling at speeds of up to 100 times per second while slow channels can be sampled once every five minutes. The conventional hardwired, non-programmable data loggers sample all the channels in a sequential manner and the sampling frequency of all the channels must be the same. This procedure results in the accumulation of very large amounts of data, some of which is unnecessary, and also slows down the overall effective sampling frequency. Microcomputer based data loggers can be used to scan some fast channels at a higher frequency than other slow speed channels.The vast majority of the user programmable data loggers can be used to scan up to 1000 analog and 1000 digital input channels. A small number of data loggers, with a higher degree of sophistication, are suitable for acquiring data from up to 15, 000 analog and digital channels. The data from digital channels can be in the form of Transistor- Transistor Logic or contact closure signals. Analog data must be converted into digital format before it is recorded and requires the use of suitable analog to digital converters (ADC)．The characteristics of the ADC will define the resolution that can be achieved and the rate at which the various channels can be sampled. An in-crease in the number of bits used in the ADC improves the resolution capability. Successive approximation ADC's arefaster than integrating ADC's. Many microcomputer controlled data loggers include a facility to program the channel scanning rates. Typical scanning rates vary from 2 channels per second to 10, 000 channels per second.Most data loggers have a resolution capability of ±0.01% or better, It is also pos-sible to achieve a resolution of 1 micro-volt. The resolution capability, in absolute terms, also depends upon the range of input signals, Standard input signal ranges are 0-10 volt, 0-50 volt and 0-100 volt. The lowest measurable signal varies form 1 t, volt to 50, volt. A higher degree of recording accuracy can be achieved by using modules which accept data in small, selectable ranges. An alternative is the auto ranging facil-ity available on some data loggers.The accuracy with which the data are acquired and logged-on the appropriate storage device is extremely important. It is therefore necessary that the data acquisi-tion module should be able to reject common mode noise and common mode voltage. Typical common mode noise rejection capabilities lie in the range 110 dB to 150 dB. A decibel (dB) is a tern which defines the ratio of the power levels of two signals. Thus if the reference and actual signals have power levels of N, and Na respectively, they will have a ratio of n decibels, wheren＝10 Log10（Na /Nr）Protection against maximum common mode voltages of 200 to 500 volt is available on typical microcomputer based data loggers.The voltage input to an individual data logger channel is measured, scaled and linearised before any further data manipulations or comparisons are carried out.In many situations, it becomes necessary to alter the frequency at which particu-lar channels are sampled depending upon the values of data signals received from a particular input sensor. Thus a channel might normally be sampled once every 10 minutes. If, however, the sensor signals approach the alarm limit, then it is obviously desirable to sample that channel once every minute or even faster so that the operators can be informed, thereby avoiding any catastrophes. Microcomputer controlledintel-ligent data loggers may be programmed to alter the sampling frequencies depending upon the values of process signals. Other data loggers include self-scanning modules which can initiate sampling.The conventional hardwired data loggers, without any programming facilities, simply record the instantaneous values of transducer outputs at a regular samplingin-terval. This raw data often means very little to the typical user. To be meaningful, this data must be linearised and scaled, using a calibration curve, in order to determine the real value of the variable in appropriate engineering units. Prior to the availability of programmable data loggers, this function was usually carried out in the off-line mode on a mini- or mainframe computer. The raw data values had to be punched out on pa-per tape, in binary or octal code, to be input subsequently to the computer used for analysis purposes and converted to the engineering units. Paper tape punches are slow speed mechanical devices which reduce the speed at which channels can be scanned. An alternative was to print out the raw data values which further reduced the data scanning rate. It was not possible to carry out any limit comparisons or provide any alarm information. Every single value acquired by the data logger had to be recorded eventhough it might not serve any useful purpose during subsequent analysis; many data values only need recording when they lie outside the pre-set low and high limits.If the analog data must be transmitted over any distance, differences in ground potential between the signal source and final location can add noise in the interface design. In order to separate common-mode interference form the signal to be recorded or processed, devices designed for this purpose, such as instrumentation amplifiers, may be used. An instrumentation amplifier is characterized by good common-mode- rejection capability, a high input impedance, low drift, adjustable gain, and greater cost than operational amplifiers. They range from monolithic ICs to potted modules, and larger rack-mounted modules with manual scaling and null adjustments. When a very high common-mode voltage is present or the need for extremely-lowcom-mon-mode leakage current exists（as in many medical-electronics applications），an isolation amplifier is required. Isolation amplifiers may use optical or transformer isolation.Analog function circuits are special-purpose circuits that are used for a variety of signal conditioning operations on signals which are in analog form. When their accu-racy is adequate, they can relieve the microprocessor of time-consuming software and computations. Among the typical operations performed are multiplications, division, powers, roots, nonlinear functions such as for linearizing transducers, rimsmeasure-ments, computing vector sums, integration and differentiation, andcurrent-to-voltage or voltage- to-current conversion. Many of these operations can be purchased in available devices as multiplier/dividers, log/antilog amplifiers, and others.When data from a number of independent signal sources must be processed by the same microcomputer or communications channel, a multiplexer is used to channel the input signals into the A/D converter.Multiplexers are also used in reverse, as when a converter must distribute analog information to many different channels. The multiplexer is fed by a D／A converter which continually refreshes the output channels with new information.In many systems, the analog signal varies during the time that the converter takes to digitize an input signal. The changes in this signal level during the conversion process can result in errors since the conversion period can be completed some time after the conversion command. The final value never represents the data at the instant when the conversion command is transmitted. Sample-hold circuits are used to make an acquisition of the varying analog signal and to hold this signal for the duration of the conversion process. Sample-hold circuits are common in multichannel distribution systems where they allow each channel to receive and hold the signal level.In order to get the data in digital form as rapidly and as accurately as possible, we must use an analog/digital (A/D) converter, which might be a shaft encoder, a small module with digital outputs, or a high-resolution, high-speed panel instrument. These devices, which range form IC chips to rack-mounted instruments, convert ana-log input data, usually voltage, into an equivalent digital form. The characteristics of A/D converters include absolute and relative accuracy, linearity, monotonic, resolu-tion, conversion speed, and stability. A choice of input ranges, output codes, and other features are available. The successive-approximation technique is popular for a large number ofapplications, with the most popular alternatives being the counter-comparator types, and dual-ramp approaches. The dual-ramp has been widely-used in digital voltmeters.D/A converters convert a digital format into an equivalent analog representation. The basic converter consists of a circuit of weighted resistance values or ratios, each controlled by a particular level or weight of digital input data, which develops the output voltage or current in accordance with the digital input code. A special class of D/A converter exists which have the capability of handling variable reference sources. These devices are the multiplying DACs. Their output value is the product of the number represented by the digital input code and the analog reference voltage, which may vary form full scale to zero, and in some cases, to negative values.Component Selection CriteriaIn the past decade, data-acquisition hardware has changed radically due to ad-vances in semiconductors, and prices have come down too; what have not changed, however, are the fundamental system problems confronting the designer. Signals may be obscured by noise, rfi，ground loops, power-line pickup, and transients coupled into signal lines from machinery. Separating the signals from these effects becomes a matter for concern.Data-acquisition systems may be separated into two basic categories:（1）those suited to favorable environments like laboratories -and（2）those required for hostile environments such as factories, vehicles, and military installations. The latter group includes industrial process control systems where temperature information may be gathered by sensors on tanks, boilers, wats, or pipelines that may be spread over miles of facilities. That data may then be sent to a central processor to provide real-time process control. The digital control of steel mills, automated chemical production, and machine tools is carried out in this kind of hostile environment. The vulnerability of the data signals leads to the requirement for isolation and other techniques.At the other end of the spectrum-laboratory applications, such as test systems for gathering information on gas chromatographs, mass spectrometers, and other sophis-ticated instruments-the designer's problems are concerned with the performing of sen-sitive measurements under favorable conditions rather than with the problem ofpro-tecting the integrity of collected data under hostile conditions.Systems in hostile environments might require components for wide tempera-tures, shielding, common-mode noise reduction, conversion at an early stage, redun-dant circuits for critical measurements, and preprocessing of the digital data to test its reliability. Laboratory systems, on the other hand, will have narrower temperature ranges and less ambient noise. But the higher accuracies require sensitive devices, and a major effort may be necessary for the required signal /noise ratios.The choice of configuration and components in data-acquisition design depends on consideration of a number of factors:1. Resolution and accuracy required in final format.2. Number of analog sensors to be monitored.3. Sampling rate desired.4. Signal-conditioning requirement due to environment and accuracy.5. Cost trade-offs.Some of the choices for a basic data-acquisition configuration include：1 ．Single-channel techniques.A. Direct conversion.B. Preamplification and direct conversion.C. Sample-hold and conversion.D. Preamplification, sample-hold, and conversion.E. Preamplification, signal-conditioning, and direct conversion.F. Preamplification, signal-conditioning, sample-hold, and conversion.2. Multichannel techniques.A. Multiplexing the outputs of single-channel converters.B. Multiplexing the outputs of sample-holds.C. Multiplexing the inputs of sample-holds.D. Multiplexing low-level data.E. More than one tier of multiplexers.Signal-conditioning may include:1. Radiometric conversion techniques.B. Range biasing.D. Logarithmic compression.A. Analog filtering.B. Integrating converters.C. Digital data processing.We shall consider these techniques later, but first we will examine some of the components used in these data-acquisition system configurations.MultiplexersWhen more than one channel requires analog-to-digital conversion, it is neces-sary to use time-division multiplexing in order to connect the analog inputs to a single converter, or to provide a converter for each input and then combine the converter outputs by digital multiplexing.Analog MultiplexersAnalog multiplexer circuits allow the timesharing of analog-to-digital converters between a numbers of analog information channels. An analog multiplexer consists of a group of switches arranged with inputs connected to the individual analog channels and outputs connected in common（as shown in Fig. 1）．The switches may be ad-dressed by a digital input code.Many alternative analog switches are available in electromechanical and solid-state forms. Electromechanical switch types include relays, stepper switches,cross-bar switches, mercury-wetted switches, and dry-reed relay switches. The best switching speed is provided by reed relays（about 1 ms）．The mechanical switches provide high do isolation resistance, low contact resistance, and the capacity to handle voltages up to 1 KV, and they are usually inexpensive. Multiplexers using mechanical switches are suited to low-speed applications as well as those having high resolution requirements. They interface well with the slower A/D converters, like the integrating dual-slope types. Mechanical switches have a finite life, however, usually expressed innumber of operations. A reed relay might have a life of 109 operations, which wouldallow a 3-year life at 10 operations/second.Solid-state switch devices are capable of operation at 30 ns, and they have a life which exceeds most equipment requirements. Field-effect transistors（FETs）are used in most multiplexers. They have superseded bipolar transistors which can introduce large voltage offsets when used as switches.FET devices have a leakage from drain to source in the off state and a leakage from gate or substrate to drain and source in both the on and off states. Gate leakage in MOS devices is small compared to other sources of leakage. When the device has a Zener-diode-protected gate, an additional leakage path exists between the gate and source.Enhancement-mode MOS-FETs have the advantage that the switch turns off when power is removed from the MUX. Junction-FET multiplexers always turn on with the power off.A more recent development, the CMOS-complementary MOS-switch has the advantage of being able to multiplex voltages up to and including the supply voltages. A±10-V signal can be handled with a ±10-V supply.Trade-off Considerations for the DesignerAnalog multiplexing has been the favored technique for achieving lowest system cost. The decreasing cost of A/D converters and the availability of low-cost, digital integrated circuits specifically designed for multiplexing provide an alternative with advantages for some applications. A decision on the technique to use for a givensys-tem will hinge on trade-offs between the following factors:1. Resolution. The cost of A/D converters rises steeply as the resolution increases due to the cost of precision elements. At the 8-bit level, the per-channel cost of an analog multiplexer may be a considerable proportion of the cost of a converter. At resolutions above 12 bits, the reverse is true, and analog multiplexing tends to be more economical.2. Number of channels. This controls the size of the multiplexer required and the amount of wiring and interconnections. Digital multiplexing onto a common data bus reduces wiring to a minimum in many cases. Analog multiplexing is suited for 8 to 256 channels; beyond this number, the technique is unwieldy and analog errors be-come difficult to minimize. Analog and digital multiplexing is often combined in very large systems.3. Speed of measurement, or throughput. High-speed A/D converters can add a considerable cost to the system. If analog multiplexing demands a high-speedcon-verter to achieve the desired sample rate, a slower converter for each channel with digital multiplexing can be less costly．4. Signal level and conditioning. Wide dynamic ranges between channels can be difficult with analog multiplexing. Signals less than 1V generally require differential low-level analog multiplexing which is expensive, with programmable-gain amplifiers after the MUX operation. The alternative of fixed-gain converters on each channel, with signal-conditioning designed for the channel requirement, with digital multi-plexing may be more efficient.5. Physical location of measurement points. Analog multiplexing is suitedfor making measurements at distances up to a few hundred feet from the converter, since analog lines may suffer from losses, transmission-line reflections, and interference. Lines may range from twisted wire pairs to multiconductor shielded cable, depending on signal levels, distance, and noise environments. Digital multiplexing is operable to thousands of miles, with the proper transmission equipment, for digital transmission systems can offer the powerful noise-rejection characteristics that are required for29 Data Acquisition Systems long-distance transmission.Digital MultiplexingFor systems with small numbers of channels, medium-scale integrated digital multiplexers are available in TTL and MOS logic families. The 74151 is a typical example. Eight of these integrated circuits can be used to multiplex eight A/D con-verters of 8-bit resolution onto a common data bus.This digital multiplexing example offers little advantages in wiring economy, but it is lowest in cost, and the high switching speed allows operation at sampling rates much faster than analog multiplexers. The A/D converters are required only to keep up with the channel sample rate, and not with the commutating rate. When large numbers of A/D converters are multiplexed, the data-bus technique reduces system interconnections. This alone may in many cases justify multiple A/D converters. Data can be bussed onto the lines in bit-parallel or bit-serial format, as many converters have both serial and parallel outputs. A variety of devices can be used to drive the bus, from open collector and tristate TTL gates to line drivers and optoelectronic isolators. Channel-selection decoders can be built from 1-of-16 decoders to the required size. This technique also allows additional reliability in that a failure of one A/D does not affect the other channels. An important requirement is that the multiplexer operate without introducing unacceptable errors at the sample-rate speed. For a digital MUX system, one can determine the speed from propagation delays and the time required to charge the bus capacitance.Analog multiplexers can be more difficult to characterize. Their speed is a func-tion not only of internal parameters but also external parameters such as channel, source impedance, stray capacitance and the number of channels, and the circuit lay-out. The user must be aware of the limiting parameters in the system to judge their ef-fect on performance.The nonideal transmission and open-circuit characteristics of analog multiplexers can introduce static and dynamic errors into the signal path. These errors include leakage through switches, coupling of control signals into the analog path, and inter-actions with sources and following amplifiers. Moreover, the circuit layout can com-pound these effects.Since analog multiplexers may be connected directly to sources which may have little overload capacity or poor settling after overloads, the switches should have a break-before-make action to prevent the possibility of shorting channels together. It may be necessary to avoid shorted channels when power is removed and a chan-nels-off with power-down characteristic is desirable. In addition to the chan-nel-addressing lines, which are normally binary-coded, it is useful to have inhibited or enable lines to turn all switches off regardless of the channel being addressed. This simplifies the external logic necessary to cascade multiplexers and can also be useful in certain modes of channeladdressing. Another requirement for both analog and digital multiplexers is the tolerance of line transients and overload conditions, and the ability to absorb the transient energy and recover without damage.数据采集系统数据采集系统是用来获取数据处理和存储在二级存储设备，为后来的分析。
传感器英文介绍作文
传感器英文介绍作文Introduction to Sensors。
Sensors are devices that are used to detect, measure, and respond to changes in the environment. They are used in a wide range of applications, from monitoring the temperature of a room to measuring the speed of a car. Sensors can be found in everyday devices such as smartphones, cars, and home appliances.Types of Sensors。
There are many different types of sensors, each designed to measure a specific parameter. Some common types of sensors include:1. Temperature sensors These sensors measure the temperature of a given environment. They are commonly used in thermostats, refrigerators, and ovens.2. Pressure sensors These sensors measure the pressure of a given environment. They are commonly used in car engines, HVAC systems, and industrial machinery.3. Light sensors These sensors detect the amount of light in a given environment. They are commonly used in cameras, smartphones, and security systems.4. Motion sensors These sensors detect motion in a given environment. They are commonly used in security systems, automatic doors, and gaming consoles.5. Proximity sensors These sensors detect the presence of objects in a given environment. They are commonly used in smartphones, cars, and industrial machinery.Applications of Sensors。
传感器——通信电子工程类中英文翻译、外文翻译
What is a smart sensorOne of the biggest advances in automation has been the development and spread of smart sensors. But what exactly is a "smart" sensor? Experts from six sensor manufacturers define this term.A good working "smart sensor" definition comes from Tom Griffiths, product manager, Honeywell Industrial Measurement and Control. Smart sensors, he says, are "sensors and instrument packages that are microprocessor driven and include features such as communication capability and on-board diagnostics that provide information to a monitoring system and/or operator to increase operational efficiency and reduce maintenance costs."No failure to communicate"The benefit of the smart sensor," says Bill Black, controllers product manager at GE Fanuc Automation, "is the wealth of information that can be gathered from the process to reduce downtime and improve quality." David Edeal, Temposonics product manager, MTS Sensors, expands on that: "The basic premise of distributed intelligence," he says, is that "complete knowledge of a system, subsystem, or component's state at the right place and time enables the ability to make 'optimal' process control decisions."Adds John Keating, product marketing manager for the Checker machine vision unit at Cognex, "For a (machine vision) sensor to really be 'smart,' it should not require the user to understand machine vision."A smart sensor must communicate. "At the most basic level, an 'intelligent' sensor has the ability to communicate information beyond the basic feedback signals that are derived from its application." saysEdeal. This can be a HART signal superimposed on a standard 4-20 mA process output, a bus system, or wireless arrangement. A growing factor in this area is IEEE 1451, a family of smart transducer interface standards intended to give plug-and-play functionality to sensors from different makers.Diagnose, programSmart sensors can self-monitor for any aspect of their operation, including "photo eye dirty, out of tolerance, or failed switch," says GE Fanuc's Black. Add to this, says Helge Hornis, intelligent systems manager, Pepperl+Fuchs, "coil monitoring functions, target out of range, or target too close." It may also compensate for changes in operating conditions. "A 'smart' sensor," says Dan Armentrout, strategic creative director, Omron Electronics LLC, "must monitor itself and its surroundings and then make a decision to compensate for the changes automatically or alert someone for needed attention."Many smart sensors can be re-ranged in the field, offering "settable parameters that allow users to substitute several 'standard' sensors," says Hornis. "For example, typically sensors are ordered to be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC). An intelligent sensor can be configured to be either one of these kinds."Intelligent sensors have numerous advantages. As the cost of embedded computing power continues to decrease, "smart" devices will be used in more applications. Internal diagnostics alone can recover the investment quickly by helping avoid costly downtime.Sensors: Getting into PositionAs the saying goes, 'No matter where you go, there you are.' Still, most applications require a bit more precision and repeatability than that, so here's advice on how to select and locate position sensors.The article contains online extra material.What's the right position sensor for a particular application? It depends on required precision, repeatability, speed, budget, connectivity, conditions, and location, among other factors. You can bet that taking the right measurement is the first step to closing the loop on any successful application.Sensor technologies that can detect position are nearly as diverse as applications in providing feedback for machine control and other uses. Spatial possibilities are linear, area, rotational, andthree-dimensional. In some applications, they're used in combination. Sensing elements are equally diverse.Ken Brey, technical director, DMC Inc., a Chicago-based system integrator, outlined some the following position-sensing options.Think digitallyFor digital position feedback:∙Incremental encoders are supported by all motion controllers; come in rotary and linear varieties and in many resolutions; are simulated by many other devices; and require a homing process to reference the machine to a physical marker, and when power is turned off.∙Absolute encoders are natively supported by fewer motion controllers; can be used by all controllers that have sufficient available digital inputs; report a complete position within theirrange (typically one revolution); and do not require homing.∙Resolvers are more immune to high-level noise in welding applications; come standard on some larger motors; simulate incremental encoders when used with appropriate servo amps; and can simulate absolute encoders with some servo amps.∙Dual-encoder feedback, generally under-used, is natively supported by most motion controllers; uses one encoder attached to the motor and another attached directly to the load; and is beneficial when the mechanical connection between motor and load is flexible or can slip.∙Vision systems , used widely for inspection, can also be used for position feedback. Such systems locate objects in multiple dimensions, typically X, Y, and rotation; frequently find parts ona conveyor; and are increasing in speed and simplicity.A metal rolling, stamping, and cut-off application provides an example of dual-encoder feedback use, Brey says. 'It required rapid and accurate indexing of material through a roll mill for a stamping process. The roll mill creates an inconsistent amount of material stretch and roller slip,' Brey explains.'By using the encoder on the outgoing material as position feedback and the motor resolver as velocity feedback in a dual-loop configuration, the system was tuned stable and a single index move provided an accurate index length. It was much faster and more accurate than making a primary move, measuring the error, then having to make a second correction move,' he says.Creative, economicalSam Hammond, chief engineer, Innoventor, a St. Louis, MO-area system integrator, suggests that the application's purpose should guide selection of position sensors; measurements and feedback don't have to be complex. 'Creative implementations can provide simple, economical solutions,' he says. For instance, for sequencing, proximity sensors serve well in many instances.Recent sensor applications include the AGV mentioned in lead image and the following.∙In a machine to apply the top seals to tea containers, proximity and through-beam sensors locate incoming packages. National Instruments vision system images are processed to find location ofa bar code on a pre-applied label, and then give appropriate motorcommands to achieve the desired position (rotation) setting to apply one of 125 label types. Two types of position sensors were used. One was a simple inductive proximity sensor, used to monitor machine status to ensure various motion components were in the right position for motion to occur. The camera also served as a position sensor, chosen because of its multi purpose use, feature location, and ability to read bar codes.∙ A progressive-die stamping machine operates in closed loop. A linear output proximity sensor provides control feedback for optimizing die operation; a servo motor adjusts die position in the bend stage. A linear proximity sensor was selected to give a dimensional readout from the metal stamping operation; data are used in a closed-loop control system.∙Part inspection uses a laser distance measurement device to determine surface flatness. Sensor measures deviation in return beams, indicating different surface attributes to 10 microns insize. An encoder wouldn't have worked because distance was more thana meter. Laser measurement was the technology chosen because it hadvery high spatial resolution, did not require surface contact, and had a very high distance resolution.An automotive key and lock assembly system uses a proximity sensor for detecting a cap in the ready position. A laser profile sensor applied with a robot measures the key profile.What to use, where?Sensor manufacturers agree that matching advantages inherent to certain position sensing technologies can help various applications.David Edeal, product marketing manager, MTS Sensors Div., says, for harsh factory automation environments, 'the most significant factors even above speed and accuracy in customer's minds are product durability and reliability. Therefore, products with inherently non-contact sensing technologies (inductive, magnetostrictive, laser, etc.) have a significant advantage over those that rely on physical contact (resistive, cable extension, etc.)'Other important factors, Edeal says, are product range of use and application flexibility. 'In other words, technologies that can accommodate significant variations in stroke range, environmental conditions, and can provide a wide range of interface options are of great value to customers who would prefer to avoid sourcing a large variety of sensor types. All technologies are inherently limited with respect to these requirements, which is why there are so many options.'Edeal suggest that higher cost of fitting some technologies to a certain application creates a limitation, such as with linear variabledifferential transformers. 'For example, LVDTs with stroke lengths longer than 12 inches are rare because of the larger product envelope (about twice the stroke length) and higher material and manufacturing costs. On the other hand, magnetostrictive sensing technology has always required conditioning electronics. With the advent of microelectronics and the use of ASICs, we have progressed to a point where, today, a wide range of programmable output types (such as analog, encoder, and fieldbus) are available in the same compact package. Key for sensor manufacturers is to push the envelope to extend the range of use (advantages) while minimizing the limitations (disadvantages) of their technologies.'Listen to your appDifferent sensor types offer distinct advantages for various uses, agrees Tom Corbett, product manager, Pepperl+Fuchs. 'Sometimes the application itself is the deciding factor on which mode of sensing is required. For example, a machine surface or conveyor belt within the sensing area could mean the difference between using a standard diffused mode sensor, and using a diffused mode sensor with background suppression. While standard diffused mode models are not able to ignore such background objects, background suppression models evaluate light differently to differentiate between the target surface and background surfaces.'Similarly, Corbett continues, 'a shiny target in a retro-reflective application may require use of a polarized retro-reflective model sensor. Whereas a standard retro-reflective sensor could falsely trigger when presented with a shiny target, a polarized retro-reflective model uses a polarizing filter to distinguish the shiny target from the reflector.'MTS' Edeal says, 'Each technology has ideal applications, which tend to magnify its advantages and minimize its disadvantages. For example, inthe wood products industry, where high precision; varied stroke ranges; and immunity to high shock and vibration, electromagnetic interference, and temperature fluxuations are critical, magnetostrictive position sensors are the primary linear feedback option. Likewise, rotary optical encoders are an ideal fit for motor feedback because of their packaging, response speed, accuracy, durability, and noise immunity. When applied correctly, linear position sensors can help designers to ensure optimum machine productivity over the long haul.'Thinking broadly first, then more narrowly, is often the best way to design sensors into a system. Edeal says, 'Sensor specifications should be developed by starting from the machine/system-level requirements and working back toward the subsystem, and finally component level. This is typically done, but what often happens is that some system-level specifications are not properly or completely translated back to component requirements (not that this is a trivial undertaking). For example, how machine operation might create unique or additional environmental challenges (temperature, vibration, etc.) may not be clear without in-depth analysis or past experience. This can result in an under-specified sensor in the worst situation or alternatively an over-specified product where conservative estimates are applied.'Open or closedEarly in design, those involved need to decide if the architecture will be open-loop or closed-loop. Paul Ruland, product manager, AutomationDirect, says, 'Cost and performance are generally the two main criteria used to decide between open-loop or closed-loop control in electromechanical positioning systems. Open-loop controls, such as stepping systems, can often be extremely reliable and accurate when properly sized for the system. The burden of tuning a closed-loop systemprior to operation is not required here, which inherently makes it easy to apply. Both types can usually be controlled by the same motion controller. A NEMA 23 stepping motor with micro-stepping drive is now available for as little as $188, compared to an equivalent servo system at about $700.'Edeal suggests, 'Control systems are created to automate processes and there are many good examples of high-performance control systems that require little if any feedback. However, where structural system (plant) or input (demand or disturbance) changes occur, feedback is necessary to manage unanticipated changes. On the process side, accuracy—both static and dynamic—is important for end product quality, and system stability and repeatability (robustness) are important for machine productivity.'For example,' Edeal says, 'in a machining or injection molding application, the tool, mold or ram position feedback is critical to the final dimension of the fabricated part. With rare exceptions, dimensional accuracy of the part will never surpass that of the position sensor. Similarly, bandwidth (response speed) of the sensor may, along with response limitations of the actuators, limit production rates.'Finally, a sensor that is only accurate over a narrow range of operating conditions will not be sufficient in these types of environments where high shock and vibration and dramatic temperature variations are common.'The latestWhat are the latest position sensing technologies to apply to manufacturing and machining processes and why?Ruland says, 'Some of the latest developments in positioning technologies for manufacturing applications can be found in even the simplest ofdevices, such as new lower-cost proximity switches. Many of these prox devices are now available for as little as $20 and in much smaller form factors, down to 3 mm diameter. Some specialty models are also available with increased response frequencies up to 20 kHz. Where mounting difficulties and cost of an encoder are sometimes impractical, proximity switches provide an attractive alternative; many position control applications can benefit from increased performance, smaller package size, and lower purchase price and installation cost.'Corbett concurs. 'Photoelectric sensors are getting smaller, more durable, and flexible, and are packed with more standard features than ever before. Some new photoelectrics are about half the size of conventional cylindrical housings and feature welded housings compared with standard glued housings. Such features are very desirable in manufacturing and machining applications where space is critical and durability is a must. And more flexible connectivity and mounting options—side mount or snout mount are available from the same product—allow users to adapt a standard sensor to their machine, rather than vice versa.'Another simple innovation, Corbett says, is use of highly visible,360-degree LED that clearly display status information from any point of view. 'Such enhanced LED indicates overload and marginal excess gain, in addition to power and output. Such sensors offer adjustable sensitivity as standard, but are available with optional tamperproof housings to prevent unauthorized adjustments.'Photoelectric SensorsPhotoelectric sensors are typically available in at least nine or more sensing modes, use two light sources, are encapsulated in three categories of package sizes, offer five or more sensing ranges, and can be purchasedin various combinations of mounting styles, outputs, and operating voltages. It creates a bewildering array of sensor possibilities and a catalog full of options.This plethora of choices can be narrowed in two ways: The first has to do with the object being sensed. Second involves the sensor's environment.Boxed inThe first question to ask is: What is the sensor supposed to detect? "Are we doing bottles? Or are we detecting cardboard boxes?" says Greg Knutson, a senior applications engineer with sensor manufacturer Banner Engineering.Optical properties and physical distances will determine which sensing mode and what light source work best. In the case of uniformly colored boxes, for example, it might be possible to use an inexpensive diffuse sensor, which reflects light from the box.The same solution, however, can't be used when the boxes are multicolored and thus differ in reflectivity. In that case, the best solution might be an opposed or retroreflective mode sensor. Here, the system works by blocking a beam. When a box is in position, the beam is interrupted and the box detected. Without transparent boxes, the technique should yield reliable results. Several sensors could gauge boxes of different heights.Distance plays a role in selecting the light source, which can either be an LED or a laser. LED is less expensive. However, because LED are a more diffuse light source, they are better suited for shorter distances. A laser can be focused on a spot, yielding a beam that can reach long distances. Tight focus can also be important when small features have tobe sensed. If a small feature has to be spotted from several feet, it may be necessary to use a laser.Laser sensors used to cost many times more than LED. That differential has dropped with the plummeting price of laser diodes. There's still a premium for using a laser, but it's not as large as in the past.Environmental challengesOperating environment is the other primary determining factor in choosing a sensor. Some industries, such food and automotive, tend to be messy, dangerous, or both. In the case of food processing, humidity can be high and a lot of fluids can be present. Automotive manufacturing sites that process engines and other components may include grit, lubricants, and coolants. In such situations, the sensor's environmental rating is of concern. If the sensor can't handle dirt, then it can't be used. Such considerations also impact the sensing range needed because it may be necessary to station the sensor out of harm's way and at a greater distance than would otherwise be desirable. Active alarming and notification may be useful if lens gets dirty and signal degrades.Similar environmental issues apply to the sensor's size, which can range from smaller than a finger to something larger than an open hand. A smaller sensor can be more expensive than a larger one because it costs more to pack everything into a small space. Smaller sensors also have a smaller area to collect light and therefore tend to have less range and reduced optical performance. Those drawbacks have to be balanced against a smaller size being a better fit for the amount of physical space available.Sensors used in semiconductor clean room equipment, for example, don't face harsh environmental conditions, but do have to operate in tight spaces. Sensing distances typically run a few inches, thus the sensorstend to be small. They also often make use of fiber optics to bring light into and out of the area where changes are being detected.Mounting, pricingAnother factor to consider is the mounting system. Frequently, sensors must be mechanically protected with shrouds and other means. Such mechanical and optical protection can cost more than the sensor itself—a consideration for the buying process. If vendors have flexible mounting systems and a protective mounting arrangement for sensors, the products could be easier to implement and last longer.List prices for standard photoelectric sensors range from $50 or so to about $100.Laser and specialty photoelectric sensors cost between $150 and $500. Features such as a low-grade housing, standard optical performance, and limited or no external adjustments characterize the lower ends of each category. The higher end will have a high-grade housing, such as stainless steel or aluminum, high optical performance, and be adjustable in terms of gain or allow timing and other options. Low-end products are suitable for general applications, while those at the higher end may offer application-specific operation at high speed, high temperature, or in explosive environments.Finally, keep in mind that one sensing technology may not meet all of the needs of an application. And if needs change, a completely different sensor technology may be required. Having to switch to a new approach can be made simpler if a vendor offers multiple technologies in the same housing and mounting footprint, notes Ed Myers, product manager at sensor manufacturer Pepperl+Fuchs. If that's the case, then one technology can be more easily swapped out for another as needs change.译文什么是智能传感器自动化领域所取得的一项最大进展就是智能传感器的发展与广泛使用。
介绍一个传感器的作文
介绍一个传感器的作文English Answer:Introduction to Sensors.Sensors are devices that detect and measure physical or chemical properties of their environment. They are used in a wide variety of applications, including manufacturing, healthcare, environmental monitoring, and security.Sensors can be classified into two main types:Analog sensors output a continuous signal that is proportional to the measured property.Digital sensors output a discrete signal that represents the measured property in a quantized form.Sensors can also be classified by the type of property they measure, such as:Temperature sensors measure temperature.Pressure sensors measure pressure.Flow sensors measure the flow rate of a fluid.Chemical sensors measure the concentration of a particular chemical compound.Motion sensors measure movement.Sensors are an essential part of many modern technologies. They are used in everything from smartphones to cars to medical devices. As technology continues to develop, sensors will become even more important in our lives.How Sensors Work.Sensors work by converting a physical or chemical property into an electrical signal. This signal can then beprocessed by a computer or other electronic device to determine the value of the measured property.The most common type of sensor is the resistive sensor. Resistive sensors change their resistance in response to a change in the measured property. For example, a temperature sensor might use a thermistor, which is a resistor that changes its resistance in response to changes in temperature.Other types of sensors include capacitive sensors, inductive sensors, and piezoelectric sensors. Capacitive sensors measure capacitance, inductive sensors measure inductance, and piezoelectric sensors measure the piezoelectric effect.Applications of Sensors.Sensors are used in a wide variety of applications, including:Manufacturing: Sensors are used to monitor and controlmanufacturing processes. For example, sensors can be usedto measure the temperature of a furnace or the flow rate of a fluid.Healthcare: Sensors are used to monitor patients'vital signs and to diagnose and treat diseases. For example, sensors can be used to measure a patient's blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen levels.Environmental monitoring: Sensors are used to monitor the environment for pollution and other hazards. For example, sensors can be used to measure the levels of air pollution or the concentration of chemicals in water.Security: Sensors are used to protect buildings and property from theft and vandalism. For example, sensors can be used to detect movement or to sound an alarm when a window or door is opened.Sensors are an essential part of many modern technologies. As technology continues to develop, sensors will become even more important in our lives.中文回答：传感器简介。
传感器技术论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
传感器技术论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献中英文对照资料外文翻译文献附件1:外文资料翻译译文传感器新技术的发展传感器是一种能将物理量、化学量、生物量等转换成电信号的器件。
输出信号有不同形式，如电压、电流、频率、脉冲等，能满足信息传输、处理、记录、显示、控制要求，是自动检测系统和自动控制系统中不可缺少的元件。
如果把计算机比作大脑，那么传感器则相当于五官，传感器能正确感受被测量并转换成相应输出量，对系统的质量起决定性作用。
自动化程度越高，系统对传感器要求越高。
在今天的信息时代里，信息产业包括信息采集、传输、处理三部分，即传感技术、通信技术、计算机技术。
现代的计算机技术和通信技术由于超大规模集成电路的飞速发展，而已经充分发达后，不仅对传感器的精度、可靠性、响应速度、获取的信息量要求越来越高，还要求其成本低廉且使用方便。
显然传统传感器因功能、特性、体积、成本等已难以满足而逐渐被淘汰。
世界许多发达国家都在加快对传感器新技术的研究与开发，并且都已取得极大的突破。
如今传感器新技术的发展，主要有以下几个方面:利用物理现象、化学反应、生物效应作为传感器原理，所以研究发现新现象与新效应是传感器技术发展的重要工作，是研究开发新型传感器的基础。
日本夏普公司利用超导技术研制成功高温超导磁性传感器，是传感器技术的重大突破，其灵敏度高，仅次于超导量子干涉器件。
它的制造工艺远比超导量子干涉器件简单。
可用于磁成像技术，有广泛推广价值。
利用抗体和抗原在电极表面上相遇复合时，会引起电极电位的变化，利用这一现象可制出免疫传感器。
用这种抗体制成的免疫传感器可对某生物体内是否有这种抗原作检查。
如用肝炎病毒抗体可检查某人是否患有肝炎，起到快速、准确作用。
美国加州大学巳研制出这类传感器。
传感器材料是传感器技术的重要基础，由于材料科学进步，人们可制造出各种新型传感器。
例如用高分子聚合物薄膜制成温度传感器;光导纤维能制成压力、流量、温度、位移等多种传感器;用陶瓷制成压力传感器。
电子鼻外文翻译
电子鼻June 2009 -- QA/QCBy: Ray MarsiliContributing Editor分析化学家和感官科学家两组食品科学研究人员经常发现很难发现彼此对食品研究的贡献!分析化学家谴责感官科学家的主体性,可怜的再现性,常出现可能发生在感官测试(特别是描述性测试)的不确定结果,而感觉科学家可能私下议论分析化学家的无能,期待已久的分析数据并不能以任何好的方式来辨别食物的气味。
新技术—电子鼻，能使两种类型的研究人员满意。
“电子鼻”，因为它感觉更像人类的鼻子，比分析化学家深奥的工具更科学,这种高科技的对食物的客观分析足以让即使是最因循守旧的分析食品化学家满意。
在某种意义上,它允许研究人员设想食物的香气和味道。
电子鼻技术并没有打算把它代替感官或气相色谱/质谱联用(GC / MS)分析。
相反,它是一个潜在的有价值的工具,它的应用介于这两个学科之间。
电子鼻技术的发展是均在南安普顿大学,图卢兹大学有超过10年的研究。
尽管分析化学家和感官科学家有时作为竞争对手,他们已学到了最好的方法把两个学科结合起来去研究食物的香气和味道。
电子鼻技术很可能被证明是另一个工具,补充仪器分析和感官检验的不足,用于食品科学家们传统上对味道和芳香的食物的研究。
因为食品的风味和香气是这样一个具有挑战性的和复杂的研究领域,越多工具越好。
这种仪器的主要优势是在几秒钟内,提供客观、可再生的香气，在多数应用中比人类的鼻子更敏感。
“电子鼻”工作机理除了咸的,甜的,一些其他的味觉体验,人们普遍认为在食品原料香气和滋味是由于大部分人的感觉器官的互动与挥发性有机化学成分的挥发产生的。
有些食物可以包含几十个甚至几百个这些挥发性有机化学成分,GC / MS或其他复杂的仪器技术在试图解决这些问题令人沮丧。
与色谱技术相比,电子鼻技术并不试图分开或解决所有挥发性成分。
相反,它使用一个数组,每个传感器的挥发性的化学反应有一些不同—就像人类的鼻子的功能。
温度传感器分类中英文资料
温度传感器分类及原理介绍英文文献原文Temperature Sensor ICs Simplify DesignsWhen you set out to select a temperature sensor, you are no longer limited to either an analog output or a digital output device. There is now a broad selection of sensor types, one of which should match your system's needs.Until recently, all the temperature sensors on the market provided analog outputs. Thermistors, RTDs, and thermocouples were followed by another analog-output device, the silicon temperature sensor. In most applications, unfortunately, these analog-output devices require a comparator, an ADC, or an amplifier at their output to make them useful.Thus, when higher levels of integration became feasible, temperature sensors with digital interfaces became available. These ICs are sold in a variety of forms, from simple devices that signal when a specific temperature has been exceeded to those that report both remote and local temperatures while providing warnings at programmed temperature settings. The choice now isn't simply between analog-output and digital-output sensors; there is a broad range of sensor types from which to choose.Classes of Temperature SensorsFour temperature-sensor types are illustrated in Figure 1. An ideal analog sensor provides an output voltage that is a perfectly linear function of temperature (A). In the digital I/O class of sensor (B), temperature data in the form of multiple 1s and 0s are passed to the microcontroller, often via a serial bus. Along the same bus, data are sent to the temperature sensor from the microcontroller, usually to set the temperature limit at which the alert pin's digital output will trip. Alert interrupts the microcontroller when the temperature limit has been exceeded. This type of device can also provide fan control.Figure 1. Sensor and IC manufacturers currently offer four classes of temperature sensors."Analog-plus" sensors (C) are available with various types of digital outputs. The V OUT versus temperature curve is for an IC whose digital output switches when a specific temperaturehas been exceeded. In this case, the "plus" added to the analog temperature sensor is nothing more than a comparator and a voltage reference. Other types of "plus" parts ship temperature data in the form of the delay time after the part has been strobed, or in the form of the frequency or the period of a square wave, which will be discussed later.The system monitor (D) is the most complex IC of the four. In addition to the functions provided by the digital I/O type, this type of device commonly monitors the system supply voltages, providing an alarm when voltages rise above or sink below limits set via the I/O bus. Fan monitoring and/or control is sometimes included in this type of IC. In some cases, this class of device is used to determine whether or not a fan is working. More complex versions control the fan as a function of one or more measured temperatures. The system monitor sensor is not discussed here but is briefly mentioned to give a complete picture of the types of temperature sensors available.Analog-Output Temperature SensorsThermistors and silicon temperature sensors are widely used forms of analog-output temperature sensors. Figure 2 clearly shows that when a linear relationship between voltage and temperature is needed, a silicon temperature sensor is a far better choice than a thermistor. Over a narrow temperature range, however, thermistors can provide reasonable linearity and good sensitivity. Many circuits originally constructed with thermistors have over time been updated using silicon temperature sensors.Figure 2. The linearity of thermistors and silicon temperature sensors, two popular analog-output temperature detectors, is contrasted sharply.Silicon temperature sensors come with different output scales and offsets. Some, for example, are available with output transfer functions that are proportional to K, others to °C or °F. Some of the °C parts provide an offset so that negative temperatures can be monitored using a single-ended supply.In most applications, the output of these devices is fed into a comparator or a n A/D converter to convert the temperature data into a digital format. Despite the need for these additional devices,thermistors and silicon temperature sensors continue to enjoy popularity due to low cost and convenience of use in many situations.Digital I/O Temperature SensorsAbout five years ago, a new type of temperature sensor was introduced. These devices include a digital interface that permits communication with a microcontroller. The interface is usually an I²C or SMBus serial bus, but other serial interfaces such as SPI are common. In addition to reporting temperature readings to the microcontroller, the interface also receives instructions from the microcontroller. Those instructions are often temperature limits, which, if exceeded, activate a digital signal on the temperature sensor IC that interrupts the microcontroller. The microcontroller is then able to adjust fan speed or back off the speed of a microprocessor, for example, to keep temperature under control.This type of device is available with a wide variety of features, among them, remote temperature sensing. To enable remote sensing, most high-performance CPUs include an on-chip transistor that provides a voltage analog of the temperature. (Only one of the transistor's two p-n junctions is used.) Figure 3 shows a remote CPU being monitored using this technique. Other applications utilize a discrete transistor to perform the same function.Figure 3. A user-programmable temperature sensor monitors the temperature of a remote CPU's on-chip p-n junction.Another important feature found on some of these types of sensors (including the sensor shown in Figure 3) is the ability to interrupt a microcontroller when the measured temperature falls outside a range bounded by high and low limits. On other sensors, an interrupt is generated when the measured temperature exceeds either a high or a low temperature threshold (i.e., not both). For the sensor in Figure 3, those limits are transmitted to the temperature sensor via the SMBus interface. If the temperature moves above or below the circumscribed range, the alert signal interrupts the processor.Pictured in Figure 4 is a similar device. Instead of monitoring one p-n junction, however, it monitors four junctions and its own internal temperature. Because Maxim's MAX1668 consumes a small amount of power, its internal temperature is close to the ambient temperature. Measuring the ambient temperature gives an indication as to whether or not the system fan is operating properly.Figure 4. A user-programmable temperature sensor monitors its own local temperature and the temperatures of four remote p-n junctions.Controlling a fan while monitoring remote temperature is the chief function of the IC shown in Figure 5. Users of this part can choose between two different modes of fan control. In the PWM mode, the microcontroller controls the fan speed as a function of the measured temperature by changing the duty cycle of the signal sent to the fan. This permits the power consumption to be far less than that of the linear mode of control that this part also provides. Because some fans emit an audible sound at the frequency of the PWM signal controlling it, the linear mode can be advantageous, but at the price of higher power consumption and additional circuitry. The added power consumption is a small fraction of the power consumed by the entire system, though.Figure 5. A fan controller/temperature sensor IC uses either a PWM- or linear-mode control scheme.This IC provides the alert signal that interrupts the microcontroller when the temperature violates specified limits. A safety feature in the form of the signal called "overt" (an abbreviated version of "over temperature") is also provided. If the microcontroller or the software were to lock up while temperature is rising to a dangerous level, the alert signal would no longer be useful. However, overt, which goes active once the temperature rises above a level set via the SMBus, is typically used to control circuitry without the aid of the microcontroller. Thus, in thishigh-temperature scenario with the microcontroller not functioning, overt could be used to shutdown the system power supplies directly, without the microcontroller, and prevent a potentially catastrophic failure.This digital I/O class of devices finds widespread use in servers, battery packs, and hard-disk drives. Temperature is monitored in numerous locations to increase a server's reliability: at the motherboard (which is essentially the ambient temperature inside the chassis), inside the CPU die, and at other heat-generating components such as graphics accelerators and hard-disk drives. Battery packs incorporate temperature sensors for safety reasons and to optimize charging profiles, which maximizes battery life.There are two good reasons for monitoring the temperature of a hard-disk drive, which depends primarily on the speed of the spindle motor and the ambient temperature: The read errors in a drive increase at temperature extremes, and a hard disk's MTBF is improved significantly through temperature control. By measuring the temperature within the system, you can control motor speed to optimize reliability and performance. The drive can also be shut down. In high-end systems, alerts can be generated for the system administrator to indicate temperature extremes or situations where data loss is possible.Analog-Plus Temperature Sensors"Analog-plus" sensors are generally suited to simpler measurement applications. These ICs generate a logic output derived from the measured temperature and are distinguished from digital I/O sensors primarily because they output data on a single line, as opposed to a serial bus.In the simplest instance of an analog-plus sensor, the logic output trips when a specific temperature is exceeded. Some of these devices are tripped when temperature rises above a preset threshold, others, when temperature drops below a threshold. Some of these sensors allow the temperature threshold to be adjusted with a resistor, whereas others have fixed thresholds.The devices shown in Figure 6 are purchased with a specific internal temperature threshold. The three circuits illustrate common uses for this type of device: providing a warning, shutting down a piece of equipment, or turning on a fan.Figure 6. ICs that signal when a temperature has been exceeded are well suited forover/undertemperature alarms and simple on/off fan control.When an actual temperature reading is needed, and a microcontroller is available, sensors that transmit the reading on a single line can be useful. With the microcontroller's internal counter measuring time, the signals from this type of temperature sensor are readily transformed to a measure of temperature. The sensor in Figure 7 outputs a square wave whose frequency is proportional to the ambient temperature in Kelvin. The device in Figure 8 is similar, but the period of the square wave is proportional to the ambient temperature in kelvins.Figure 7. A temperature sensor that transmits a square wave whose frequency is proportional to the measured temperature in Kelvin forms part of a heater controller circuit.Figure 8. This temperature sensor transmits a square wave whose period is proportional to the measured temperature in Kelvin. Because only a single line is needed to send temperature information, just a single optoisolator is required to isolate the signal path.Figure 9, a truly novel approach, allows up to eight temperature sensors to be connected on this common line. The process of extracting temperature data from these sensors begins when the microcontroller's I/O port strobes all the sensors on the line simultaneously. The microcontroller is then quickly reconfigured as an input in order to receive data from each of the sensors. The data are encoded as the amount of time that transpires after the sensors are strobed. Each of the sensors encodes this time after the strobe pulse within a specific range of time. Collisions are avoided by assigning each sensor its own permissible time range.Figure 9. A microcontroller strobes up to eight temperature sensors connected on a common line and receives the temperature data transmitted from each sensor on the same line.The accuracy achieved by this method is surprisingly high: 0.8°C is typical at room temperature, precisely matching that of the IC that encodes temperature data in the form of the frequency of the transmitted square wave. The same is true of the device that uses the period of the square wave.These devices are outstanding in wire-limited applications. For example, when a temperature sensor must be isolated from the microcontroller, costs are kept to a minimum because only one optoisolator is needed. These sensors are also of great utility in automotive and HVAC applications, because they reduce the amount of copper running over distances.Anticipated Temperature Sensor DevelopmentsIC temperature sensors provide a varied array of functions and interfaces. As these devicescontinue to evolve, system designers will see more application-specific features as well as new ways of interfacing the sensors to the system. Finally, the ability of chip designers to integrate more electronics in the same die area ensures that temperature sensors will soon include new functions and special interfaces.中文翻译温度传感器芯片简化设计当选择一个温度传感器时，将不再局限于模拟输出或数字输出设备。
传感器的用途与分类
传感器的用途与分类Sensors: Applications and Classifications.Sensors are transducers that convert physical, chemical, or biological quantities into electrical signals. They play a vital role in various industries and applications, including:Industrial automation: Monitoring and controlling manufacturing processes, such as temperature, pressure, and flow rates.Environmental monitoring: Detecting and measuring pollutants, such as toxic gases, particulate matter, and radiation.Medical diagnosis and treatment: Monitoring vital signs, detecting diseases, and administering therapies.Automotive engineering: Enhancing safety andperformance through features such as lane departure warnings, adaptive cruise control, and engine management systems.Consumer electronics: Enabling features such as touchscreens, accelerometers, and facial recognition in smartphones, tablets, and wearable devices.Sensor Classification.Sensors can be classified based on several criteria, including:Physical quantity measured: Temperature, pressure, flow rate, acceleration, etc.Sensing technology: Electrical, optical, mechanical, chemical, etc.Output signal type: Analog, digital, or pulse.Application: Industrial, environmental, medical, etc.Principle of operation: Resistive, capacitive, inductive, piezoelectric, etc.Common Types of Sensors.Some of the most commonly used sensors include:Temperature sensors: Thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and thermistors.Pressure sensors: Piezoresistive, capacitive, and strain gauge sensors.Flow sensors: Ultrasonic, electromagnetic, and thermal mass flow sensors.Acceleration sensors: Piezoelectric, capacitive, and inertial sensors.Optical sensors: Photodiodes, phototransistors, and photomultiplier tubes.Selection Criteria for Sensors.When selecting a sensor, it is crucial to consider factors such as:Accuracy and precision: The degree to which the sensor measures the target quantity accurately and repeatably.Sensitivity: The smallest detectable change in the measured quantity.Operating range: The range of values that the sensor can measure accurately.Environmental compatibility: The ability of the sensor to withstand harsh conditions, such as temperature extremes, vibration, and chemical exposure.Cost: The cost of the sensor and any associated installation and maintenance expenses.中文回答：传感器的用途。
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TypesofSensors（各种类型的传感器）外文翻译Types of SensorsⅠ.Pressure sensorsModel FDS05-P Diffused Silicon Pressure Sensor: Tee intelligent industrial pressure sensor adopts the imported sensor of high quality. with great defending grade，it can work in any caustic condition. By linking external , linking external canola，it can measure the temperature of the medium with high temperature. It is stable and capable of limiting current in positive direction and protecting in negative direction. It is with the ability of intelligent temperature and linearity compensation with the temperature of一40℃~+ 140℃.It is widely used in petrifaction ,metallurgy, electric power and light spinning.Ⅱ.Load cell &torque sensorsSuspended arm type Bx5: Its elastomeric adopts cutting (or curved) hanging girder configuration, so it is low in height and with high configuration intensity. It is good against fatigue and eccentricity. It is stable and reliable in product performances，high in precision, and convenient in mount-up and use. It is suitable for force measurement and weighting such as strap balance, chute balance, flat balance and ground balance .Loading type: pull ox push .Ⅲ.Temp& hum sensorsMote MSTB Temperature Transducer: A sensor module is fitted in the temperature trans-ducker’s terminal block，which uses a specific chip to magnify and has linearization approach to improve the measurement precision .Tie cold junction needs no compensation. Sa it is with high direct load capacity , large transfer distance and strong ability of ants-external interference。
It is widely used for temperature measurement in electric power, petroleum, chemicals，building materials, and scientific research.Ⅳ.Displacement sensorsEddy Current Displacement Vibration Sensor ST-1:Electric vortex sensors are non-con-tact displacement and vibration，sensors which adopt high frequency electric vortex effect principle .they can do non-contact measurement for the moving parameters of the moving metal object, especially for the objects within measurement range. They are used for tong-term checking and measuring of vibrations and displacement in mechanism and heat dilation of vortex and machine shell，on-line automatic checking and automatic controlling of production line，measurement of manifold small distance end small moving in scientific research and so on. At present, they are widely used in energy sources. chemicals, medicine，vehicles, metallurgy，ranching making, war industry, scientific research ,teaching and other fields. V. Flow sensorsVortex Flow sensor LUGB-A:LUGB-A series intelligent vortex flow sensors are locale display instruments whose main components are vortex flow sensor and hard-core is singe chip microprocessor of micro-power. The products adopt microcomputer and micro-power techniques, They are sarong in function, compact in configuration and simple in manipulation. they are great instrumentsfor flow measurement of liquid, gas and steam in petroleum, chemicals, electric power, metallurgy and other fields.Ⅵ.Liquid-level sensorsUltrasonic Airborne Level Meter HD700: The ultrasonic liquid level meter HD700 adopts the principle of measurement of time-of-arrival to measure the height of the level。
It is non-contactinstrument, good resistance to disturbance and causticity，easy to mount-up，maintain and use suitable for being used in sophisticated environment of the industry locale .It adopts the specific ultrasonic sensor which has small power and receiving and sending in small bland area .It is high in precision，stable with line-measurement，capable of temperature compensation and against to causticity，The height of the level is displayed digitally, and the 4-20mA signal is outputted at the same time.Ⅶ.Display instrumentsDigital Single Input Intelligent Instrument X5T:X5T series intelligent instruments，combined with various analog sensors and transmitters ,implement measurement display，transformation, .track record and warning of temperature，pressure，flow，liquid level，elements，force displacement.Ⅷ.V&A sensorsCurrent Transducer LA 58一P: Current sensor of close loop (compensated) using Hall principle .It has an insulating crust in accord with LJG94-VU standard，installed on printing plug board. Characteristics such as excellent precision，well linearity，low temperature excursion, optimal react time，wide frequency band ,no plug damage and strong anti-jamming .Use field such as alternating current frequency timing, servo pole, static transform dragged by direct current dynamo，battery power supply, UPS，SMPS and electric welding power supply.Voltage Transducer LV28-P: Voltage sensor of close loop(compensated) using Hall principle，It has an insulating crust in accord with UL94-V0 standard. When we measure。