unit 学术英语阅读
unit 1学术英语阅读课件
Step 2: Read the italicised parts of the text. (including Introduction, Conclusion, plus Heading and Subheadings)
Step 3: Discuss with your team members which is an appropriate choice and why.
finish.
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1 Task introduction Economics focus: on the move
• Task 1-1.1 Step 1: Read the text with a purpose.
What is the purpose of this task? (Try and find the intended reader)
✓ What has been justified once more to be of great importance during the new era of globalisation ? International movement of labour
✓ What does a recent study say in terms of this issue？
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Clues for Task 1.2
Questions to consider: ✓ What is the name of this jounal/magazine?
科技英语阅读Unit
• Analysis of Reading Materials for Science and Technology English
• Practice and Improvement of Science and Technology English Reading
• Case Analysis of Science and Technology English Reading
It often uses Latin and Greek roots to form new words
02
Reading Skills for Science and
Technology English
Quick reading skills
Skimming
Read quickly to get the main idea of the text, emphasizing details This skill is useful when you need to quickly understand the structure of the article or identify key information
03
Technical English Vocabulary and
Expression
The Characteristics and Classification of Scientific English Vocabulary
Characteristics
Scientific English vocabulary is precise, concise, and descriptive
Organized Note Taking
外研社学术英语阅读G5-Unit3
Structer
Part1：Para 1~Para2 Problem Commercial pressures have a negative impact on science and we can no longer afford to be indifferent to them. Part2：para3 Reason Many sciences departments have extensive links with many industrara3~Para8 The view on which society can benefit from the science research and some questions from too much business interests of different delegates. Part4:Para9~Para10 It'mainly introduces a different viewpoint over links between scientific research and business interests,and tells us what should we do to solve this problem.
Text3b
Is business bad for science?
Main idea
This article tells us that business is beneficial to science in some ways,then the writer aslo points some problems on pubilc interests by giving some examples ,at last the writer gives us some advantage to use business better.
医学英语阅读uint-2中英对照
第一篇人体疾病第一章对人体的简要概述使我们对两个被认为是医学基础的不同学科有了初步认识,这两个学科就是解剖学与生理学.然而不把病理学包括进去,这种概述是不完整的,因为病理学是研究疾病引起的结构和功能变化的学科.实际上,现代对疾病的研究方法强调病理学与生理学的密切关系,并强调在治疗任何人体疾病时了解病理学与生理学基础的必要性.The brief survey of the human body in Chapter One has given us a glimpse into two different studies that are considered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely anatomy and physiology. However, the picture is not plete without considering pathology, the science that deals with the structural and functional changes produced by the disease. In fact, the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasizes the close relationship of the pathological and physiological aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body diseases.那么什么是疾病呢？它可以被定义为正常机能或者部分机能遭受损害时的一种状态.每一种生物,无论植物还是动物,都会生病.例如,人类常常被微小的细菌感染,但是细菌又转而可能被更加微小的病毒感染.Then what is a disease? It may be defined as a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. People, for example, are often infected by tiny bacteria, but bacteria, in turn, can be infected by even more minute viruses.世界上有数百种疾病,每一种都有其特定的症状和体征,这些都是医生诊断疾病的线索.症状是病人自己能觉察到的,比如,高烧、流血或者疼痛.而体征则是医生能够观察到的,比如,血管扩张或内器官肿大.Hundreds of different diseases exist. Each has its own particular set of symptoms and signs, clues that enable a physician to diagnose the problem. A symptom is something a patient can detect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. A sign is something a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or an enlarged internal body organ.疾病可按不同的标准来分类.例如,流行病是感染某一地区许多人的疾病.当它年复一年地发生在同一地区,就成了一种地方病.急性病发作快、病程短.例如,急性心脏病发作常常没有前兆,而且会很快致命.慢性病发病缓慢,但病程有时会长达数年.风湿热正是由于发病慢、病程长而成为一种慢性病.介于急性与慢性之间的另一种类型被称为亚急性.Diseases can be classified differently. For instance, an epidemic disease is one that strikes many persons in a munity. When it strikes the same region year after year it is an endemic disease. An acute disease has a quick onset and runs a short course. An acute heart attack, for example, often hits without warning and can be quickly fatal. A chronic disease has a slow onset and runs a sometimes years-long course. The gradual onset and long course of rheumatic fever makes it a chronic ailment. Between the acute and chronic, another type is called subacute.疾病也可以依其病原体来划分,例如,传染病指可以在人与人之间传播的疾病,如可通过咳嗽或打喷嚏造成的飞沫进行传播.极小的有机体,如细菌和真菌,可导致传染病.病毒和小虫子也可以.不论病原体是什么,只要它存活于受感染的人体内就能传染给别人.有时,一种致病菌侵入人体后,该人却没有显示患病的症状.于是无症状的病原携带者甚至在自己也不知情的情况下就把疾病传染给了他人.Diseases can also be classified by their causative agents.For instance,an infectious, or municable, disease is the one that can be passed between persons such as by means of airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze. Tiny organisms such as bacteria and fungi can produce infectious diseases. So can viruses and tiny worms. Whatever the causative agent might be, it survives in the person it infects and is passed on to another. Sometimes, a disease-producing organism gets into a personwho shows no symptoms of the disease. The asymptomatic carrier can then pass the disease on to someone else without even knowing he has it.非传染性疾病是由身体机能失调引起的,这包括器官或组织退化、异常细胞生长以与异常的血液生成和血液循环.当然也包括胃、肠、内分泌系统和泌尿生殖系统的紊乱.一些疾病也可能由饮食不足、身体抵抗力下降或神经系统运行不良造成.Noninfectious diseases are caused by malfunctions of the body. These include organ or tissue degeneration, erratic cell growth, and faulty blood formation and flow. Also included are disturbances of the stomach and intestine, the endocrine system, and the urinary and reproductive systems. Some diseases can be caused by diet deficiencies, lapses in the body’s defense system, or a poorly operating nervous system.心理因素和社会因素也会引发残疾和疾病.这些疾病包括毒品成瘾、肥胖、营养不良和由污染造成的健康问题.Disability and illnesses can also be provoked by psychological and social factors. These ailments include drug addiction, obesity, malnutrition, and pollution-caused health problems.而且,上千种乃至更多的遗传性出生缺陷由基因变异引起.由于小小的基因负责产生许多身体所需的化学物质,它们的缺失或者运行不良都会严重损害健康.影响人体化学反应的基因失调被称为先天性代谢失调,某些智力发育迟缓有遗传性.Furthermore, a thousand or more inheritable birth defects result from alternations in gene patterns. Since tiny genes are responsible for producing the many chemicals needed by the body, missing or improperly operating genes can seriously impair health. Genetic disorders that affect body chemistry are called inborn errors of metabolism. Some forms of mental retardation are hereditary.病菌如何侵袭身体人类生活的世界里有许多其他生物为食物和繁衍而竞争.很多致病生物,即病原体,通常被广义地称为病菌,能侵入人体并利用其细胞和液体来满足自己的需求.一般来讲,身体防御系统能够抵抗这些入侵者.Humans live in a world where many other living things pete for food and places to breed. The pathogenic organisms, or pathogens, often broadly called germs that cause many diseases, are able to invade the human body and use its cells and fluids for their own needs. Ordinarily, the body’s defense system can ward off these invaders.病原体能通过多种方式进入人体.一些病原体是被吸入人体的,如引起普通感冒、肺炎和结核病的病菌；有的是通过性接触进入人体的,如引起性病的病原体；还有的是通过受污染的食物、水或器皿进入人体,比如引起肝炎、霍乱和伤寒的病原体.Pathogenic organisms can enter the body in various ways. Some—such as those that cause the mon cold, pneumonia, and tuberculosis—are breathed in. Others—such as those that cause venereal diseases—enter through sexual contact of human bodies. Still others—such as those that cause hepatitis, colitis, cholera, and typhoid fever—get in the body through contaminated food, water or utensils.昆虫作为媒介或者病原体携带者传播疾病.苍蝇能将病菌从人类的排泄物或其他腐烂的物质带到食物和饮料中；蚊子、虱子或其他媒介动物的叮咬也会将病菌传入人体.Insects can spread disease by acting as vectors, or carriers. Flies can carry germs from human waste or other tainted materials to food and beverages. Germs may also enter the body through the bite of a mosquito, louse, or other insect vector. 身体如何抵抗疾病作为第一条防线,健康的身体有许多物理屏障来抵御感染.覆盖在体表或者器官开口处的皮肤和粘膜能在很大程度上抵抗细菌或其他感染体的入侵.如果这些物理屏障遭到损坏或烧伤,身体对感染的抵抗力就会下降.在一些较轻的病情中,可能只会发生疖子和丘疹.在较重的情况下,身体的大面积区域则可能会被感染.As a first line of defense, a healthy body has a number of physical barriers against infection. The skin and mucous membranes covering the body or lining its openings offer considerable resistance to invasion by bacteria and other infectious organisms. If these physical barriers are injured or burned, infection resistance drops. In minor cases, only boils or pimples may develop. In major cases, however, large areas of the body might bee infected.呼吸道尤其容易受到感染.幸好,呼吸道内覆盖了能分泌粘液的细胞,它们能捕获微生物和尘埃.另外,呼吸道内覆有一层叫纤毛的细小绒毛,能象麦田里的小麦一样舞动,轻轻地将异物扫出呼吸道.另外,呼吸道内的异物还常通过擤鼻涕、咳嗽、打喷嚏和清嗓子而被排出.然而,反复感染、抽烟或其他原因会损坏呼吸道,使之容易受感染.Breathing passages are especially vulnerable to infection. Fortunately, they are lined with mucus-secreting cells that trap tiny organisms and dust particles. Also, minute hairs called cilia line the breathing passages, wave like a field of wheat, and gently sweep matter out of the respiratory tract. In addition, foreign matter in the breathing passages can often be ejected by nose blowing, coughing, sneezing, and throat clearing. Unfortunately, repeated infection, smoking and other causes can damage the respiratory passageways and make them more susceptible to infection.很多潜在的入侵者不能在体温〔华氏98.6度或摄氏37度〕下生存.即使能在这种温度下生存繁殖的病菌,在体温升高发烧时也会被杀灭.Many potential invaders cannot stand body temperature <98.6o F or 37o C>. Even those that thrive at that temperature may be destroyed when the body assumes higher fever temperatures.外耳道里的蜡质和泪管里的眼泪能减缓一些细菌的生长速度,而胃酸也能毁掉某种吞食进去的病菌.Wax in the outer ear canals and tears from eye ducts can slow the growth of some bacteria. And stomach acid can destroy certain swallowed germs.身体的第二条防线是血液和淋巴.某些白细胞群聚集在被感染区,通过形成脓肿使感染限于局部.如果脓块不破裂,里面的脓不排出,感染很可能会扩大.发生这种情况时,感染首先被该区域的淋巴腺阻挡.例如,手上的感染向上传到手臂时,手臂上会出现红痕,腋窝淋巴腺肿胀,有触痛感.如果感染得不到控制,将会导致血液中毒.The body’s second line of defense is in the blood and lymph. Certain white blood cells flock to infected areas and try to localize the infection by forming pus-filled abscesses. Unless the abscess breaks and allows the pus to drain, the infection is likely to spread. When this happens, the infection is first blocked by local lymph glands. For example, an infection in the hand travels up the arm, producing red streaks and swollen, tender lymph glands in the armpit. Unless the infection is brought under control, it will result in blood poisoning.Phagocytes are located at various sites to minimize infection. One type in the spleen and liver keeps the blood clean. Others in such high-risk areas as the walls of the bronchi and the intestines remove certain bacteria and shattered cells.位于身体不同部位的吞噬细胞能最大程度地减少感染.肝和脾内的吞噬细胞能保持血液清洁.位于支气管壁和肠壁等高危区域的吞噬细胞能清除某些细菌和破碎的细胞.第二篇诊断与预后诊断在大多数临床就诊过程中,病人会向医生提出一些基本的问题,例如："我怎么了？"、"我的病是什么原因引起的？"这些问题促使医生做出诊断,即确定生病的原因.诊断包括病史、身体检查和实验室检查.In most clinical encounters, the patient presents basic questions to the doctor: What’s wrong with me? What is causing my illness? These questions set the stage for making a diagnosis, i.e. determining the cause of an illness.And a diagnosis is acplished with history, physical examination and laboratory testing.疾病的诊断过程由采集病人的病史开始,医生向病人询问当前和过去所患的疾病、家族病史、生活习惯等等.下表是一个标准病历应包含的内容.The process of diagnosing a disease begins with the person’s heal th history. The physician asks the patient questions on both present and past illnesses, family history of disease, habits and so on. The following table presents typical contents of a standard medical history.病人的一般情况年龄、性别、民族、职业和生育情况〔适用于女性〕主诉用四到五个字,最好是引用患者的自述,陈述就诊的目的与病痛的持续时间.偶尔也可将患的请求作为主诉,如："我需要注射流感疫苗".患者的其他医生##、地址、以与患者的关系现病史每种主要症状,包括什么症状、发生部位、发生时间、轻重程度、时间经过、症状好转或加重的影响因素、既往诊治情况与可能缩小诊断范围相关的问题既往史既往疾病与住院情况、免疫情况、用药情况、过敏史、饮酒、吸烟与有无药物成瘾等社会与职业史描述患者日常生活中典型的一天以与目前疾病对其生活的影响；患者可获得的社会支持〔自家庭、朋友或同事〕与职业史家族史家族中的遗传病史,家族成员的寿命与死亡原因各系统的评估主要器官系统的系统性评估：皮肤、造血系统〔包括淋巴结〕,头、眼、耳、鼻、口、喉颈、乳房、呼吸系统、心血管系统、胃肠道系统、泌尿生殖系统、肌肉骨骼系统、神经系统内分泌系统和精神系统Description of patientAge, gender, race, occupation and parity <for woman>Chief plaintFour or five words, preferably quoting the patient, stating the purpose of the vis and the duration of the plaint. Occasionally the patient states a request inste of a plaint such as I need a flu shot.Other physicians involved in the patient’s careName, address, telephone number, and relationship to the patientHistory of the present illnessFor each major symptom, what, where, when, how much, chronological course, what mak the symptom better or worse, past medical care, questions to narrow diagnost possibilitiesPast medical historyPrevious illnesses and hospitalizations, immunizations, medications the patie takes, allergies, and alcohol, tobacco and drug habitsSocial and occupational historyDescription of a typical day in the patient’s life and how the present illne affects it, social supports <family, friends, and colleagues> available to t patient, and occupational historyFamily historyHistory of genetically related diseases in the patient’s family and longevity a cause of death of family membersReview of systemsSystematic review of major organ systems: skin, hematopoietic system <includi lymph nodes>, head, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, throat, neck, breasts, and respirator cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, nervouendocrine and psychiatric systems询问病史之后是全面的身体检查,内容包括测量身高、体重和血压,对心肺听诊,检查眼、耳和口腔.听力和视力检查有时在常规身体检查中进行.反射检查是简单的神经传导检查,有好几项,包括用橡皮锤在某些部位〔如膝盖〕敲打.Asking the patient’s medical history is followed by the general physical examination which inc ludes measuring height and weight, and taking blood pressure; listening to the heart and lungs with a stethoscope; and examining eyes, ears, and mouth. Tests of hearing and vision are sometimes performed in routine physical examinations. Reflex tests are simple tests of nerve conduction that involve, among several other tests, tapping with a rubber hammer in areas such as the knee.由于体液常常揭示了关于疾病性质的重要信息,所以实验室检查对于确诊疾病起着非常重要的作用.血液检查能判断病人是否贫血,即正常红细胞数量不足,判断病人是否有感染或血液病如白血病.血液分析还能显示是否有营养不良和其他疾病.葡萄糖耐糖试验用于诊断糖尿病,通过检测血糖水平来测量胰岛素的活性.Since body fluids often reveal important information about the nature of the disorder, laboratory testing plays an important role in determining the patient’s disease. Blood tests can determine whether the person has anemia—that is, an insufficient amount of healthy red blood cells—infection, or a blood disease, such as leukemia. Blood analysis can also uncover nutritional deficiencies and other disorders. The glucose-tolerance test, which is used to diagnose diabetes, measures insulin activity by monitoring the level of glucose, or sugar, in the blood.尿液检查用于检测其中是否有葡萄糖、细菌、蛋白质与其他物质.尿液中存在葡萄糖有时是由糖尿病引起的.尿液中有细菌表明肾脏或膀胱有感染,尿液中存在蛋白质可能源于某种肾脏疾病.粪便样品检查旨在寻找致病微生物和便血,便血是肠道病的一个常见症状.Urine is also tested for glucose as well as for bacteria, protein, and other materials. Glucose in the urine is sometimes caused by diabetes. Bacteria in the urine can indicate a kidney or bladder infection, and the presence of protein may result from a kidney disorder. A stool sample is tested for disease-causing microorganisms and for blood, which is often a symptom of intestinal disease.当怀疑有神经系统病变时,常常通过脊液检查来发现微生物和其他不正常成分.鼻腔和喉部的粘液检查常常可用于确定引起呼吸道感染的微生物.Spinal fluid is examined for microorganisms and other unusual contents when a nervous system disorder is suspected. Mucus from the nose and throat can be tested to identify the organisms responsible for respiratory infections.活检是指从人体的某个器官或部位采集组织样品,然后把该样品切成非常薄的切片,用特殊的染料染色,再置于显微镜下观察,以发现细胞的病变.A sample of tissue can be taken from an organ or any other part of the body by a process called biopsy. The tissue is then sliced into very thin sections, stained with special dyes, and studied under the microscope to discover abnormalities in the cells.放射照片〔即X光照片〕被用来检查身体的各个部位.比如,胸片有助于诊断肿瘤、肺炎和结核.X光片也可以显示骨折和肌肉骨骼系统的其他疾病.Radiographs, or x-ray photographs, are used to examine various parts of the body. A chest x- ray, for example, can help diagnose tumors, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. X-rays can also show bone fractures and other conditions of the musculoskeletal system.计算机断层扫描〔CT〕扫描仪是一种特别的X射线相机,它可以获得硬组织和软组织的高清图像.通过每次对身体组织的一个断层进行扫描照相,CT扫描仪可以检测到非常小的肿瘤和其他疾病.puted tomography <CT> scanners are specialized X-ray cameras that take highly detailed images of hard and soft tissues. By picturing one layer of the body’s tissues at a time, CT scanners can detect very small tumors and other disorders.核磁共振〔即磁共振成像〕是一种无副作用、无创的检查方法,运用强磁场下的无线电波来对患者进行检查,并生成脑、心脏、肝脏与其他器官的薄层可视图像.由此产生的对比度高、具有不同色调的图像可以发现肿瘤、缺血组织与斑块.Nuclear magnetic resonance, or magnetic resonance imaging, is a hazard-free, non-invasive method that uses radio waves in the presence of a strong magnetic field to probe a patient and generate visual images of thin slices of the brain, heart, liver, and other organs. The high-contrast, variable-toned images that result can uncover tumors, blood-starved tissues, and plaques.超声检查对于检测肺部和腹腔肿瘤很有效,它使用超高频声波来形成内部器官的电视图像.由于超声波无任何辐射,有时用于确定妊娠期胎儿的大小和位置.Ultrasonography is useful in locating tumors of the lung and abdominal cavity. It employs ultra-high frequency sound waves to form television images of internal organs. Because it produces no radiation, ultrasound is sometimes used during pregnancy to determine the size and position of the fetus.心肌和神经系统产生的电脉冲可以通过特殊设备测量出来.心电图可用于诊断某些心脏疾病,将电极贴在胸口,就可以记录病人在休息或活动时的心脏电活动,如在跑步机上行走时的心脏电活动.脑电图通过连接在头部的电极测量大脑电活动,可检测大脑中的某一区域是否存在波动,如发生癫痫时.肌电图记录肌肉神经的活动,它对于诊断诸如多发性硬化症的退行性神经疾病很有帮助.Both the heart muscle and the nervous system produce electrical impulses that can be measured with special machines. The electrocardiograph is useful for diagnosing certain heart conditions. With electrodes t aped to a person’s chest, the electrical activity of the heart can be recorded while the patient is either resting or performing some activity, such as walking on a treadmill. The electroencephalogram measures the electrical activity of the brain through electrodes attached to the head. This test detects whether there is an area of irritability in the brain, which, for example, occurs in epilepsy. The electromyogram <EMG> records the activity of nerves in muscles. The EMG is helpful in diagnosing degenerative nerve disorders such as multiple sclerosis.肺功能检查主要检测肺和呼吸道的呼吸能力,通过向一根与肺量计相连的管道呼气就可以获得有关呼吸功能的信息.Tests of pulmonary function measure the breathing capacity of the lungs and airways. By exhaling into a tube connected to a machine called a spirometer, information is obtained on respiratory functions.光纤技术使医生能够看到以前只能通过手术才可看到的部位,光纤仪器主要是细如发丝的玻璃纤维,可以进入细小区域,并且深入体腔.光纤技术可用于检查结肠和肺部支气管.Fiber optic technology has allowed physicians to see parts of the body that previously could be seen only by performing surgery. Fiber optic tools are essentially hair-thin glass fibers that can enter small areas and can be moved deep into the body cavities. Fiber optic technology can be used to examine the colon and the bronchial tubes in the lung.盆腔检查用于评估女性的生殖整体健康情况,巴氏涂片可检测宫颈癌.乳房检查能够发现可能是癌症的肿块.乳房X线照相术使用特殊的X射线产生乳房的软组织图像,是一种检测肿瘤的更可靠的方法.A pelvic examination is performed to assess the general reproductive health of a woman. The pap smear is a test for cancer of the cervix. A breast examination can detect lumps that may indicate cancer. Mammography, a procedure that involves using special x-rays to produce an image of the soft tissues of the breast, is a much more reliable way to detect tumors.皮试用于诊断过敏,心理测试用于诊断学习和精神障碍.Skin tests are used to diagnose hypersensitivity conditions, or allergies. Psychological tests are used to diagnose learning and mental disorders.预后医生可能会遇到另一类问题,如："你觉得我的病能康复吗？"或"你能使我病情好转吗？".病人是在询问他们的预后,即关于其疾病的可能性结果的预测.事实上,对于很多患者来说,预后是他们最关心的问题.A physician may encounter another type of questions, such as "Do you think I can get recovered from my condition?" or "Can you help me to stay well?" The patient is asking their prognosis, the forecast of the probable results of his/her disease. In fact, for a great many patients, the prognosis is their biggest concern.因此,将诊断结果告诉病人并与病人讨论治疗过程是非常重要的.如果病情很可能治愈并无后遗症,那么安慰一下患者就行了.然而,最难讨论的预后是关于那些致命性疾病的,尤其是众多癌症.即使是不好的预后,大多数患者也想知道,但在多大程度上告知病人情况主要是由病人而不是医生来决定,医生有责任让病人意识到讨论预后与否将取决于病人的意愿.详细的讨论最好在随访时进行,即在双方有机会相互了解之后.最高明的医生在告知病人事实时也会给予希望,帮助病人走出震惊、否定、抑郁的复杂情绪,并最终接受绝症这一事实.最重要的是,他们会让病人知道医生不会放弃他们.So, it is important to tell the patient the diagnosis and discuss what to expect from the clinical course of the condition. If the illness is likely to resolve without sequelae, reassurance is often all that is needed. However, the most difficult prognoses to discuss are those for fatal illnesses, especially many cancers. Most patients want to know even bad prognoses, but how much a physician tells a given patient should be determined primarily by the patient, not the physician. The physician has the duty to make the patient aware of his/her willingness to discuss the prognosis. Often detailed discussions are best conducted at follow-up visits, after the two have had a chance to get to know each other. The best physicians blend honest fact and hope together, helping the patient through the plicated steps of shock, denial, depression, and acceptance of fatal illness. Most importantly, they make it clear that they will not abandon the patient.第三篇接近病人病人就诊是为了寻求医生的帮助──帮助他/她恢复健康或保持健康,医生的任务就是为病人的健康服务.为此,医生必须努力减轻疾病、缓解痛苦,为有残疾的病人提供帮助,防止病人早逝,最大限度地使病人满意.有人把这些行为概括成为解决五个"D"的问题──疾病〔disease〕、不适〔disfort〕、残疾〔disability〕、死亡〔death〕和不满〔dissatisfaction〕.在上述各个方面医生有时均能获得成功,在最理想的情况下,医生能够预防疾病并帮助病人保持健康；而有时,面对疾病和死亡,医生却无能为力.有时上述的各个方面一无所成,但即便如此,医生也不应放弃努力.针对病人的健康问题,医生应该尝试各种临床手段来挽救病人的健康.When a patient sees a doctor, the patient is seeking help—to regain or retain health. The physician’s task is to work for the patient’s health. The doctor does so by trying to attenuate1disease, by relieving disfort, by assisting the patient with any disability, by preventing premature2 death, and by maximizing contentment3. Some have summarized these activities as tackling "the five D’s" of health—disease, disfort, disability, death, and dissatisfaction. Sometimes there is success in all these areas. In the best of circumstances, the doctor is able to prevent disease and help the patient remain healthy. In other cases, disease and death defeat us. In some cases none of the goals is achieved, but even that oute must not stop us from trying. By focusing on the health of the patient, the doctor tests the myriad4 activities of clinical medicine against the health oute of the patient.治疗和预防越来越多的病人就诊的目的不是诊断而是对正罹患的疾病进行治疗.即使当一个医生必须作出诊断时,也应牢记仅仅作出诊断无法改善病人的健康状况,只有治疗和预防可以.Increasingly, patients visit doctors not for diagnosis but for treatment of ongoing medical problems. Even when a doctor must make the diagnosis, it is important to remember that making a diagnosis alone cannot improve the health of a patient. Only treatment and prevention can.需牢记两条治疗的总则.首先,医生既治疗疾病也治疗病人.每一次临床接触中,医生都应努力让病人感到因为医生病情在好转.对病人来说,当给予具体治疗时,缓解症状,尤其是疼痛和恶心,与使用抗生素控制感染同样重要.其次,疾病治疗的成功,特别是对不住院病人的治疗,通常要求病人的积极配合.Two general principles should be kept in mind about treatment. First, the physician should treat the patient as well as the disease. With every clinical encounter, the physician should strive to ensure that the patient feels better just for having been with the doctor. When prescribing specific treatment, alleviation5 of symptoms, especially pain and nausea6, is often as important to the patient as, say, antibiotics7 for an infection. Second, successful treatment of an illness, especially outside the hospital, usually requires the patient’s active participation.[治疗过程]治疗过程如手术、放疗、血管成形术、化疗〔和有创诊断化验〕必须向病人解释透彻；多数情况下,必须获得病人的签字同意.医生必须帮助病人了解在治疗过程中可能发生的情况、预期的结果和这种结果的发生概率、治疗过程中的副作用与其出现的可能性.知情同意书是医疗相关法律的要求,同样重要的一点,它也是优质临床护理的基础.医疗技术的进步是复杂的,常常花费昂贵,且大多数时候都可能有潜在的并发症.真正的知情同意对医生的临床技巧有很高的要求.医生应以病人的利益为重,做他们的代言人.医生应让病人了解一切必要的情况,但不能用那些深奥难懂的技术细节与一连串听起来十分可怕而医疗过程中又不大可能出现的副作用让病人不知所措.医生应坦诚地给病人以专业性的忠告,同时也应清楚地表明最后的决定仍取决于病人本人.如果经过充分的讨论之后病人对某项医疗措施仍然犹豫不决,多数情况下最好推迟决定治疗是否进行.如果病人由于感到医生的压力而接受有一定风险的检查或治疗,一旦出现并发症,病人会感到特别心烦.Therapeutic Procedures. Therapeutic procedures such as surgery, radiation, angioplasty8,and chemotherapy <as well as invasive diagnostic tests> must be explained thoroughly to the patient; in most cases, signed consent9must be obtained. The physician must help the patient understand what will happen during the procedure, the hoped-for oute and its probability, and adverse effects10of the procedure and their probabilities. Informed consent is a medical-legal requirement, but, just as important, it is a cornerstone11 of excellent clinical care. Technologic advances in medicine are plex, often costly, and rarely without the potential for adverse plications12. True informed consent requires a great deal of clinical skill on the doctor’s part. The physician should act as the patient’s advocate13. The patient should be given the necessary facts but not overwhelmed with inprehensible technical details or a long list of terrifying and improbable adverse effects of a procedure. The physician should freely give professional advice but clearly municate that the final decision is the patient’s. If the patient remains undecided about a procedure after a thorough discussion, in most cases it is best to delay the decision. A patient who feels pressured by the doctor to undergo a risky procedure may be particularly upset if plications arise.[药物治疗]医生的医嘱在医院里可以得到执行,但对于门诊病人来讲则很难保证.用简洁的话语将用药向非住院病人进行解释,说明用药目的、剂量安排,持续用药时间等,这一点特别重要.Medications. pliance14 with physicians’ medication orders is a given in hospital, but this is certainly not true in the ambulatory15 setting. With ambulatory patients it is especially important to explain the medication to the patient, its purpose in simple terms, its dosage16schedule, and how long the patient should continue the medication.应要求病人每次随访时把所有药品都带来,这样做是有好处的.很多病人不知道自己所用药物的名称,所以就瓶中的药片进行说明比单纯解释抽象的药名要容易得多.医生也经常能通过瓶中药片的多少来估计出病人遵医嘱用药的大致情况,虽然在开始服用某一药瓶的药之前,持续用药的病人可能把前后要服用的药物合并在一个瓶子里,也可能把重新买来的药物装入原来的瓶子中,因此想对遵医嘱用药情况作出准确判断有时是不可能的.有时,医生会发现病人没有服用处方中开出的某一种药,医生可能也会发现病人正在服用另一位医生开的药.对于谈到的每一种药,医生都应询问病人的服药时间与是否有什么问题.如果病人服药不当,医生就应确定问题出在哪里：是不了解还是忘记了用药剂量？或是因为药有副作用？或是因为药费昂贵或其他原因等等.It is useful to ask the patient to bring all medicines to each follow-up visit. Many patients do not know the names of their medicines; discussing pills in bottles is easier than abstract medication names. Often the doctor can make a rough estimate of medication pliance by the level of pills in the bottle although for ongoing prescriptions patients may bine bottles or refill prescriptions17before beginning to take the medication in a particular bottle, thus making accurate pliance measurement impossible. Sometimes the physician discovers that the patient does not have one of the prescribed medicines. The doctor may discover that the patient is taking medication prescribed by another physician. For each medicine discussed, the doctor should ask how often the patient is taking it and if there are any problems. If the patient is taking the medicine incorrectly, the physician can determine whether the problem is misunderstanding of the dosage schedule, forgetfulness, an adverse side effect, the cost of the drug, or some other reasons.。
学术英语阅读爱尔兰版课后答案unit 1
学术英语阅读爱尔兰版课后答案unit 11、Will you see to（）that the flowers are well protected during the rainy season? [单选题] *A. it(正确答案)B. meC. oneD. yourself2、On Easter children _______ eggs around the house. [单选题] *A. hunt for(正确答案)B. send forC. prepare forD. ask for3、Allen is looking forward to _______ his American partner at the trade fair. [单选题] *A. meetB. meeting(正确答案)C. be meetingD. having meeting4、I tell my mother not ______ me.（）[单选题] *A. worry aboutB. to worry about(正确答案)C. worry withD. to worry with5、What surprised me ______ was that he succeeded. [单选题] *A. most(正确答案)B. mostlyC. almostD. at most6、What lovely weather,（）? [单选题] *A.is itB. isnt it(正确答案)C. does itD.doesn’t it7、--Do you know _______ girl with long curly hair?--Yes. She is Mary. She plays _______ piano very well. [单选题] *A. a; /B. the; /C. the; the(正确答案)D. a; the8、The paper gives a detailed（）of how to create human embryos (胚胎)by cloning. [单选题] *A. intentionB. description(正确答案)C. affectionD. effort9、Mary's watch is more expensive than _____. [单选题] *A. Susan's(正确答案)B. that of Susan'sC. that of SusanD. Susan10、Stephanie _______ going shopping to staying at home. [单选题] *A. prefers(正确答案)B. likesC. preferD. instead11、—What can I do to help at the old people’s home?—You ______ read stories to the old people. （）[单选题] *A. could(正确答案)B. mustC. shouldD. would12、31．A key ring is used __________ holding the keys. [单选题] *A．toB．inC．for (正确答案)D．with13、We have ______ homework today. （）[单选题] *A. too manyB. too much(正确答案)C. much tooD. very much14、16．We asked ______ engineer we met before to help repair the radio yesterday. [单选题] * A．aB．anC．the(正确答案)D．/15、She returns home every year to _______ the Spring Festival. [单选题] *A. celebrate(正确答案)B. shareC. watchD. congratulate16、Tom sits _______ Mary and Jane. [单选题] *A. amongB. between(正确答案)C. onD. next17、At nine yesterday morning, I ______ an English class while they ______ a PE class.（）[单选题] *A. was having; were having(正确答案)B. had; hadC. was having; hadD. had; were having18、The manager was quite satisfied with his job. [单选题] *A. 担心的B. 满意的(正确答案)C. 高兴的D. 放心的19、I have a _____ every day to keep fit. [单选题] *A. three thousand meter walkB. three-thousands-meters walkC.three-thousand-meters walkD. three-thousand-meter walk(正确答案)20、We often go to the zoo _______ Saturday mornings. [单选题] *A. atB. inC. on(正确答案)D. of21、73．The moonlight goes ____ the window and makes the room bright. [单选题] * A．acrossB．through(正确答案)C．overD．in22、_______, Mr. Smith. [单选题] *A. Here your tea isB. Here is your tea(正确答案)C. Here your tea areD. Here are your tea23、79．On a ________ day you can see the city from here. [单选题] *A．warmB．busyC．shortD．clear(正确答案)24、I was astonished when I heard that Louise was getting married. [单选题] *A. 惊讶(正确答案)B. 气愤C. 高兴D. 想念25、She’s _______ with her present _______ job. [单选题] *A. boring; boringB. bored; boredC. boring; boredD. bored; boring(正确答案)26、1——May I help you? You seem to be having some problems.——_______ , thanks. Ithink I can manage. [单选题] *A. All rightB. No problemC. It’s all right(正确答案)D. There’s no way27、Nearly everything they study at school has some practical use in their life, but is that the only reason _____ they go to school? [单选题] *A. why(正确答案)B. whichC. becauseD. what28、It’s reported that there are more than 300?_______ smokers in China. [单选题] *A. million(正确答案)B. millionsC. million ofD. millions of29、100．The bus can ______ you to the Great Wall. [单选题] *A．leaveB．take(正确答案)C．changeD．spend30、We are very hungry now. Can you _______ us something to eat? [单选题] *A. carryB. takeC. borrowD. bring(正确答案)。
普通学术英语教程(阅读)译文Unit 3
3硅胶能吸收约等于自重40%的水分，并将密闭容器中的相对湿度降低大约40%。通过加热可以去掉硅胶中的水分，加热300华氏度（150摄氏度）以上，硅胶就可以重新使用。
3Silica gel can adsorb about 40 percent of its weight in moisture and can take the relative humidity in a closed container down to about 40 percent. Once the gel issaturated, you can get rid of the moisture and reuse silica gel by heating it above 300 degrees Fahrenheit (150 degrees Celsius).
（464字）
（摘自/human-body/systems/digestive/ate-silica-packet.htm)
Core Reading 2
Here’s to your Health
Joan Duanyer
1As the only freshman on his high school’svarsitywrestling team, Tod was anxious to fit in with his older teammates. One night after a match, he was offered a tequila bottle on the ride home. Tod felt he had to accept, or he would seem like a sissy. He took a swallow, and every time the bottle was passed back to him, he took another swallow after seven swallows, he passed out. His terrified teammates carried him into his home, and his mother then rushed him to the hospital. After his stomach was pumped, Tod learned that his blood alcohol level had been so high that he was lucky not to be in a coma or dead.
学术英语_社科unit5五单元原文及翻译
UNIT 5 Sociology Matters1.Culture is the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs,knowledge,material objects,and behavior.It includes the ideas,values,customs,and artifacts of groups of people.Though culture differ in their customs,artifacts,and languages,they all share certain basic characteristics.Furthermore,cultural characteristics change as cultures develop ,and cultures infuence one another through their technological ,commercial, and artistic achievements.文化是指社会传播学，海关，知识，材料的对象，和行为。
它包括思想，价值观，习俗，和人群的文物。
尽管文化在他们的习俗，文物，和语言不同，但是他们都有一些共同的基本特性。
此外，当文化发展时文化特征也在变化，并且文化通过他们的技术，商业，艺术成就相互影响。
Cultural universals文化共性2.All societies,despite their differences,have developed certain general practices known as cultural universals.Many cultural universals are ,in fact,adaptations to meet essential human needs ,such as people’s need for food ,shelter,and clothing. Anthropologist George murdock compiled a list of cultural that included athletic sports, cooking ,funeral ceremonies,medicine,and sexual restrictions.所有的社会，尽管他们的差别，已经形成了一定的一般做法被称为文化的共性。
Unit-5-学术英语阅读
• g) Most professional activities use statistical thinking.
English for Academic Study: Reading
Unit 5
Anny
Text 4-1
• to acquire knowledge.
• One of the main strands of this course is to encourage and provide ad practice in “reading to learn”, i.e., acquiring information from a text for a given academic This unit takes a general approach to this, in the sense that the main purpose for reading in this gpt a preliminary understanding of a new topic from an introductory text. An example of when students might do this is initial background reading prior to attending a course of lectures on a particular topic. In such circumstances, reading often follows the order of exposition of the writer and does not reading.
学术英语Unit1~4课文翻译
Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。
虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。
我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。
我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。
有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。
如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。
有一天，我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾，试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作，一个医生的脑海机灵转动，需要处理多少个细节。
奥索里奥夫人 56 岁，是我的病人。
她有点超重。
她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。
她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。
她锻炼不够多，最后一次 DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。
尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。
总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。
以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。
她做了血液化验，这是好事。
血糖好点了。
胆固醇不是很好。
可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。
她的肝酶正常吗？她的体重有点增加。
我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行 30 分钟的事。
糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？她的血压还好，但不是很好。
我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻？骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。
我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐，因为这可以预防骨质疏松症？而我现在又要给她加一种药丸，而这种药需要详细说明。
也许留到下一次再说吧？她家里的情况怎么样呢？她现在是否有常见的生活压力？亦或她有可能有抑郁症或焦虑症？有没有时间让她做个抑郁问卷调查呢？健康保养：她最后一次乳房 X 光检查是什么时候做的？子宫颈抹片呢？ 50 岁之后是否做过结肠镜检查？过去 10 年间她是否注射过破伤风加强疫苗？她是否符合接种肺炎疫苗的条件？奥索里奥夫人打断了我的思路，告诉我过去的几个月里她一直背痛。
学术英语读写教程下册unit2
学术英语读写教程下册unit2 Unit 2 of the Academic English Reading and Writing Tutorial focuses on the topic of culture and identity. This unit introduces students to the concept of culture, its impact on individual and collective identity, and how these concepts are explored and analyzed through academic texts. The unit also provides students with strategies for effective reading and writing practices.To start, the unit begins by offering an overview of what culture is and why it is important. Students are encouraged to think critically about the definition of culture and its different dimensions, including beliefs, customs, values, and artifacts. The unit emphasizes the significance of understanding cultural diversity and its role in shaping individuals and societies.Next, students are guided through various academic texts that delve into different aspects of culture and identity. These texts range from scholarly articles and case studies to personal narratives and cultural analyses. Each reading is accompanied by comprehension questions and critical thinking exercises, encouraging students to engage with the materials and develop their analytical skills.In addition to reading, the unit also focuses on developing students' writing skills. Students are introduced to the structure and components of an academic essay, including the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. They are taught how to effectively organize their ideas and support their arguments with evidence from the texts.Furthermore, the unit emphasizes the importance of critical thinking and academic integrity. Students are encouraged to evaluate the credibility and reliability of sources, and to properly cite and reference any information they use in their own writing. This promotes academic integrity and helps students develop their research skills.Throughout the unit, students are provided with exercises and activities that help reinforce the concepts and skills they have learned. These activities include group discussions, brainstorming sessions, and peer editing exercises. The unit also includes a variety of vocabulary-building exercises, helping students expand their academic vocabulary related to culture and identity.Overall, Unit 2 of the Academic English Reading and Writing Tutorial offers students a comprehensive understanding of culture and identity and equips them with essential reading and writing strategies. By engaging with a variety of academic texts, students are able to develop their critical thinking skills, expand their academic vocabulary, and strengthen their ability to communicate their ideas effectively in writing.。
学术英语（社科）Unit2二单元原文及翻译
学术英语（社科）Unit2二单元原文及翻译UNIT 2 Economist1.Every field of study has its own language and its own way of thinking. Mathematicians talk about axioms, integrals, and vector spaces. Psychologists talk about ego, id, and cognitive dissonance. Lawyers talk about venue, torts, and promissory estoppel.每个研究领域都有它自己的语言和思考方式。
数学家谈论定理、积分以及向量空间。
心理学家谈论自我、本能、以及认知的不一致性。
律师谈论犯罪地点、侵权行为以及约定的禁止翻供。
2.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss—these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways. At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.经济学家也一样。
学术综合英语unit3
DoTrffic Tickets Sve Lives?Study Shows Trffic Tickets CouldSve Drivers ’ LivesL ee Dye Pity the poor trffic cop. He ’s the lst guy you wnt to see in your rerview mirror when you ’ re speeding down the highwy. Why isn’t he out looking for murderers insted of niling drivers for minor infrctions of the lw?交通罚单能救命吗？研究显示交通罚单能救司机的命李·戴哎，这可怜的交警。
他是你在高速公路上飞奔时最不情愿在后视镜里看见的人。
他为什么不去抓那些杀人犯，却在这儿为了一点儿芝麻大的交通违规对司机们穷追不舍？Well, ccordingto mjor reserch project by scientists in CndndCliforni, tht copjustmight be sving your life. Or the life of someone else.然而，根据加拿大和加利福尼亚科学家们的一项重要研究，那位 JC 也许恰恰是在救你的命，或者救别的什么人的命。
The reserchers hve found tht trffic ticket reduces driver’s chnce of beinginvolved in ftl ccident by whopping 35 percent, t lest for few weeks. The effect doesn’t lst long, however. Within three tofour months, the ledfoot is bck on the pedlnd the risk of killing yourself or someone else is bck up to where it ws before tht copstred you in the eye nd wrote out tht expensive cittion.研究者们发现一张交通罚单能让司机至少在几周内遭遇重大车祸的概率降低 35% 。
学术英语社科类unit原文及翻译
Cultural Globalization1. Much of the early development of different languages, customs, and otherdiverse aspects worldcultures resultedfromthe isolation of groups of people from one another. It is not surprising , then, that a degree of cultural amalgamation has occurred as improved transportation and communication have brought people of various societies into ever more frequent contact . Analyzing the blurring of cultural differences inevitably includes a great deal about fast food, basketball, rock music,and other such aspects of pop culture,but such analysis does not trivialize the subject,. Instead , a long standing bottom up line of political theoryargues that the world`s people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities that engender familiarity with and confidence in one another to create a global civil society that might evolve into a global nation. By the same process, if transnational civil societies develop, then regional andevenglobal schemes of governance could conceivably form and supplement or supplant the territorial state. Scholars who examine the bottom-up process of transnational integration look for evidence in such factors as the flow of communications and commerce between countries and the spread across borders of what people wear, eat, and do for recreation.1、不同语言、风俗习惯以及其他不同的文化背景下，世界文化的早期发展，是从彼此分离的人群中产生的。
学术英语(社科)Unit1带答案
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Answer: Yes. Reason: If the plane has empty seat, the cost of adding one more passenger is tiny. Here the marginal cost is merely the cost of something to eat, like peanuts, coco, etc.
• Specialized vocabulary • Collocations • Formal and informal English • Signpost language
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
When the price rises: It provides an incentive for buyers to consume less; It provides an incentive for sellers to produce more.
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Uaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Conclusion: Rational people think at the margin. (They make decisions by comparing costs and benefits.)
学术英语_社科Unit5五单元原文及翻译
UNIT 5 Sociology Matters1.Culture is the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs,knowledge,material objects,and behavior.It includes the ideas,values,customs,and artifacts of groups of people.Though culture differ in their customs,artifacts,and languages,they all share certain basic characteristics.Furthermore,cultural characteristics change as cultures develop ,and cultures infuence one another through their technological ,commercial, and artistic achievements.文化是指社会传播学，海关，知识，材料的对象，和行为。
它包括思想，价值观，习俗，和人群的文物。
尽管文化在他们的习俗，文物，和语言不同，但是他们都有一些共同的基本特性。
此外，当文化发展时文化特征也在变化，并且文化通过他们的技术，商业，艺术成就相互影响。
Cultural universals文化共性2.All societies,despite their differences,have developed certain general practices known as cultural universals.Many cultural universals are ,in fact,adaptations to meet essential human needs ,such as people’s need for food ,shelter,and clothing. Anthropologist George murdock compiled a list of cultural that included athletic sports, cooking ,funeral ceremonies,medicine,and sexual restrictions.所有的社会，尽管他们的差别，已经形成了一定的一般做法被称为文化的共性。
Unit 5 学术英语阅读
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
a) The word statistics is used in four different senses. b) Firstly, it refers to a subject of study. c) Secondly, it refers to methods used to collect and interpret data. d) Thirdly, it refers to collections of data. e) Fourthly, it refers to special figures that have been calculated from collections of data. f) A researcher in the statistics department of a firm may quote statistics about sales of a new detergent. g) Most professional activities use statistical thinking. h) Statistics is used by most academic disciplines, including sciences, humanities and literary studies. i) Radio-carbon dating is a statistical technique. j) Statistics is used because of our uncertainty about what we observe in the world around us. k) We can use statistics to predict the average height of school children in one class by using our knowledge of the average height of children in another class. l) Statistics allows us to estimate the extent of our errors. m) We may be almost certain about what a certain child’s height is ./ to the nearest half inch.
学术英语原文2单元
Unit 2 Energy in TransitionThe era of cheap and convenient sources of energy is coming to an end.A transition to more expensive but less polluting sources must now be managed.John P. HoldrenUnderstanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production.But the costs of energy －including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts －detract from well-being.For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy －well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or (more often) of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and co nstraints on growth. The 1970’s, then, represented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs －and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status －energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be plausible that excessive energy costs could pose threats on a par with those of insufficient supply. It also became possible to think thatexpanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.The crucial q uestion at the beginning of the 1990’s is whether the trend that began in the 1970’s will prove to be temporary or permanent. Is the era of cheap energy really over, or will a combination of new resources, new technology and changing geopolitics bring it back? One key determinant of the answer is the staggering scale ofenergy demand brought forth by 100 years of unprecedented population growth, coupled with an equally remarkable growth in per capita demand of industrial energy forms. It entailed the use of dirty coal as well as clean; undersea oil as well as terrestrial; deep gas as well as shallow; mediocre hydroelectric sites as well as good ones; and deforestation as well as sustainable fuelwood harvesting.Except for the huge pool of oil underlying the Middle East, the cheapest oil and gas are already gone. Even if a few more giant oil fields are discovered, they will make little difference against consumption on today’s scale. Oil and gas will have to come increasingly, for most countries, from deeper in the earth and from imports whose reliability and affordability cannot be guaranteed.There are a variety of other energy resources that are more abundant than oil and gas. Coal, solar energy, and fission and fusion fuels are the most important ones. But they all require elaborate and expensivetransformation into electricity or liquid fuels in order to meet society’s needs. None has very good prospects for delivering large quantities of electricity at costs comparable to those of the cheap coal-fired and hydropower plants of the 1960’s. It appears, then, that expensive energy is a permanent condition, even without allowing for its environmental costs.The capacity of the environment to absorb the effluents and other impacts of energy technologies is itself a finite resource. The finitude is manifested in two basic types of environmental costs. External costs are those imposed by environmental disruptions on society but not reflected in the monetary accounts of the buyers and sellers of the energy. “Internalized costs” are increases in monetary costs imposed by measures, such as pollution-control devices, aimed at reducing the external costs.Both types of environmental costs have been rising for several reasons. First, the declining quality of fuel deposits and energy-conversion sites to which society must now turn means more material must be moved or processed, bigger facilities must be constructed and longer distances must be traversed. Second, the growing magnitude of effluents from energy systems has led to saturation of the environment’s capacity to absorb such effluents without disruption. Third, the monetary costs of controlling pollution tend to increase with the percentage of pollutants removed.Despite these expenditures, the remaining uninternalized environmental costs have been substantial and in many cases are growing.Those of greatest concern are the risk of death or disease as a result of emissions or accidents at energy facilities and the impact of energy supplied on the global ecosystem and on international relations.The impacts of energy technologies on public health and safety are difficult to pin down with much confidence. In the case of air pollution from fossil fuels, in which the dominant threat to public health is thought to be particulates formed from sulfur dioxide emissions, a consensus on the number of deaths caused by exposure has proved impossible. Widely differing estimates result from different assumptions about fuel compositions, air pollution control technology, power-plant sitting in relation to population distribution, meteorological conditions affecting sulfate formation, and, above all, the relation between sulfate concentrations and disease.Large uncertainties also apply to the health and safety impacts of nuclear fission. In this case, differing estimates result in part from differences among sites and reactor types, in part from uncertainties about emissions from fuel-cycle steps that are not yet fully operational (especially fuel reprocessing and management of uranium-mill tailings) and in part from different assumptions about the effects of exposure to low-dose radiation. The biggest uncertainties, however, relate to the probabilities and consequences of large accidents at reactors, at reprocessing plants and in the transport of wastes.Altogether, the ranges of estimated hazards to public health from both coal-fired and nuclear-power plants are so wide as to extend from negligible to substantial in comparison with other risks to the population. There is little basis, in these ranges, for preferring one of these energy sources over the other. For both, the very size of the uncertainty is itself a significant liability.Often neglected, but no less important, is the public health menace from traditional fuels widely used for cooking and water heating in the developing world. Perhaps 80 percent of global exposure to particulate air pollution occurs indoors in developing countries, where the smoke from primitive stoves is heavily laden with dangerous hydrocarbons. A disproportionate share of this burden is borne, moreover, by women (who do the cooking) and small children (who indoors with their mothers).The ecological threats posed by energy supply are even harder to quantify than the threats to human health and safety from effluents and accidents. Nevertheless, enough is known to suggest they portend even larger damage to human well-being. This damage potential arises from the combination of two circumstances.First, civilization depends heavily on services provided by ecological and geophysical processes such as building and fertilizing soil, regulating water supply, controlling pests and pathogens, and maintaining a tolerable climate; yet it lacks the knowledge and the resources to replace nature’sservices with technology. Second, human activities are now clearly capable of disrupting globally the processes that provide these services. Energy supply, both industrial and traditional, is responsible for a striking share of the environmental impacts of human activity. The environmental transition of the past 100 years －driven above all by a 20-fold increase in fossil-fuel use and augmented by a tripling in the use of traditional energy forms －has amounted to no less than the emergence of civilization as a global ecological and geochemical force.Of all environmental problems, the most threatening, and in many respects the most intractable, is global climate change. And the greenhouse gases most responsible for the danger of rapid climate change come largely from human endeavors too massive, widespread and central to the functioning of our societies to be easily altered: carbon dioxide (CO2) from deforestation and the combustion of fossil fuels; methane from rice paddies, cattle gusts and the exploitation of oil and natural gas; and nitrous oxides from fuel combustions and fertilizer use.The only other external cost that might match the devastating impact of global climate change is the risk of causing or aggravating large-scale military conflict. One such threat is the potential for conflict over access to petroleum resources. Another threat is the link between nuclear energy and the spread of nuclear weapons. The issue is hardly less complex and controversial than the link between CO2 and climate; many analysts,including me, think it is threatening indeed.能源资源价格低廉、使用便捷的时代已经过去了，目前应向尽管价格较高、但污染较小的资源转变。
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Session 2
Xin Zhao
Quick review
➢Aims of learning this course; ➢Reasons of reading and academic reading; ➢Reading strategies (Techniques) ➢Mix of Top-down & Bottom-up teaching
finish.
1 Task introduction Economics focus: on the move
• Task 1-1.1 Step 1: Read the text with a purpose.
What is the purpose of this task? (Try and find the intended reader)
organisation of the text.)
Step 2: Read the italicised parts of the text again. (including Introduction, Conclusion, plus Heading and Subheadings)
Step 3: Highlight the key words from these parts;
Key words
✓ economics ✓ history of immigration ✓ future ✓ migration of workers ✓ economic change ✓ international movement of labour ✓ restrict migration ✓ economic factors ✓ liberal immigration regime
cast/shed/throw light on sth
• Something or someone that casts/sheds/throws light on a situation provides an explanation for it or information which makes it easier to understand
✓What is the date of publication?
May 12, 2001
Task 1.2 Identifying Main Topic
✓ What is the biggest cause of economic change? Migration of workers
✓ What has been justified once more to be of great importance during the new era of globalisation ? International movement of labour
approach;
Economics focus & Immigration
Text 1
Economics focus: On the move
Economic analysis sheds light on the history of immigration and on its future
1 Task introduction Economics focus: on the move
• Task 1-1.2
Step 1: Read the text with a purpose. What is the purpose of this task? (Try and predict the contents and guess the
of background information that a specialist would not expect to read, not very technical) ✓ The style of writing (relatively short sentences, short paragraphs)
Step 2: Read the italicised parts of the text. (including Introduction, Conclusion, plus Heading and Subheadings)
Step 3: Discuss with your team members which is an appropriate choice and why.
Task 1.1 Who is the intended reader?
Possible reasons: ✓ The source of the text (The Economist) ✓ The type of information (fairly superficial, quite a lot
1 Task introduction Economics focus: on the move
• Task 1: Deciding if a text is useful • Encourage students to read selectively to
achieve the reading purpose; • Discourage students from reading from start to
✓ What does a recent study say in terms of this issue？
It is economic factors that have been the most important throughout the history of migration.
Clues for Task 1.2
Questions to consider: ✓ What is the name of this jounal/magazine?
The Economist
✓What section does this text belong to?
Finance and Economics