美国独立战争【英文精品】
独立战争英文作文
独立战争英文作文英文：The American Revolutionary War, also known as the War of Independence, was a pivotal moment in the history of the United States. It was a time of great upheaval and struggle as the American colonies fought for their freedom from British rule. As a soldier in the Continental Army, I witnessed firsthand the hardships and sacrifices made by my fellow patriots as we battled against the powerful British forces.One of the most memorable moments for me was the winter at Valley Forge. The harsh conditions and lack of supplies made it a difficult time for all of us. Many soldiers fell ill and died, and morale was low. However, it was during this time that we truly came together as a unified force. We endured the hardships together and emerged stronger than ever. It was a turning point in the war, and it showed the resilience and determination of the American people.Another significant event was the Battle of Saratoga. This was a major victory for the American forces and a turning point in the war. It boosted morale and convinced the French to openly support the American cause. It was a moment of triumph and celebration for all of us who had fought so hard for our freedom.The war was not without its challenges and setbacks, but ultimately, the American colonies emerged victorious. The signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 marked the official end of the war and the beginning of a new nation. It was a time of great joy and pride for all of us who had fought for the ideals of liberty and independence.中文：美国独立战争，也被称为独立战争，是美国历史上的一个关键时刻。
英语作文 美国独立战争
英语作文美国独立战争The American Revolution, also known as the War of Independence, was a conflict between Great Britain and thirteen of its North American colonies, which declared themselves independent in 1776 as the United States of America. The war began in 1775 and ended in 1783, resulting in the formation of a new nation and the establishment of a democratic government.The causes of the American Revolution were many and complex. One of the main issues was taxation without representation, as the British government imposed taxes on the colonies without their consent or input. This led to widespread protests and boycotts, and eventually to the formation of the Continental Congress, which declared independence on July 4, 1776.The war itself was long and brutal, with both sides suffering significant losses. The British had a superior military force, but the Americans had the advantage offighting on their own soil and were able to use guerrilla tactics to their advantage. Key battles included the Siege of Boston, the Battle of Saratoga, and the Battle of Yorktown, which ultimately led to the surrender of British General Cornwallis and the end of the war.The American Revolution had far-reaching consequences, both for the United States and for the world. It established the first modern democracy and inspired other countries to fight for their own independence and self-determination. It also led to the expansion of American territory and the growth of its economy, as well as the abolition of slavery and the advancement of civil rights.In conclusion, the American Revolution was a pivotal moment in world history, marking the birth of a new nation and the triumph of democratic ideals over tyranny and oppression. Its legacy continues to inspire people around the world to fight for their own freedom and equality, and to work towards a better future for all.。
美国独立战争(英文版ppt)最新PPT课件
1.
Rebellious mood
2.
Introduction
? The Revolutionary war ? The Background ? The Causes ? The Process ? The Significance
The revolutionary war
1775-1783
? Also known as the American Revolution
? Between the British and the North American colonies
? The war of liberation and bourgeois revolution
The Causes
? The development of economy in North America colonies
? British colonial domination hindered the development of American capitalism
British Actions
WAR 1765
1767
1770
Intolerable Acts Tea Act
1773 1774
Colonial Responses
Colonists were angry
Smuggling
The Stamp Act Congress & Sons of Liberty
More boycotts & Daughters of Liberty
America ? Appointed George Washington as commander
独立战争 英语
独立战争英语The American Revolutionary War, also known as the American War of Independence, was a pivotal event in the history of the United States. This conflict, which lasted from 1775 to 1783, saw the thirteen American colonies break away from the British Empire and establish an independent nation, the United States of America.The roots of the American Revolutionary War can be traced back to the French and Indian War, which was fought between 1754 and 1763. This conflict, in which the British and their colonial allies defeated the French and their Native American allies, resulted in the British gaining control of much of North America. However, the war also left the British government heavily in debt, and they sought to recoup their losses by imposing new taxes and regulations on the American colonies.The colonists, who had grown increasingly resentful of British rule, resisted these new measures. They argued that they were being taxed without representation in the British Parliament, a principle known as "no taxation without representation." Tensions escalated as the British government cracked down on colonial resistance, leading to a series of confrontations between colonial militias and Britishtroops.The first major battle of the war took place on April 19, 1775, in the towns of Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts. British troops, sent to arrest colonial leaders and seize their weapons, were met by colonial militiamen, who engaged them in a series of skirmishes. The "shot heard 'round the world," as it became known, marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary War.Over the next eight years, the war raged on, with the colonists facing significant challenges in their fight for independence. The British had a well-trained and well-equipped army, while the colonial forces were largely made up of untrained militia members. However, the colonists were able to secure important victories, such as the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, which convinced the French to enter the war on the side of the Americans.The turning point of the war came in 1781, when the British army, led by General Charles Cornwallis, was forced to surrender at the Battle of Yorktown. This victory, which was aided by the arrival of French troops and naval support, effectively ended the war and paved the way for the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783, which formally recognized the United States as an independent nation.The American Revolutionary War had a profound impact on thecourse of world history. It not only established the United States as a sovereign nation, but also inspired other colonies around the world to fight for their own independence. The ideals of liberty, democracy, and self-determination that were at the heart of the American Revolution continue to resonate today, and the legacy of the war can be seen in the political and social institutions of the United States and other democratic nations.The American Revolutionary War was a complex and multifaceted conflict, with a wide range of factors contributing to its outcome. Political, economic, and social factors all played a role in shaping the course of the war, and the actions of both the British and the colonists had far-reaching consequences. The war also had a significant impact on the lives of the people who lived through it, with many sacrificing their lives in the pursuit of independence.Overall, the American Revolutionary War was a pivotal moment in the history of the United States and the world. It marked the birth of a new nation, and the ideals that it championed continue to inspire people around the globe to this day.。
美国独立战争简介
● 1775年5月，各殖民地民兵主动进攻，并围困波士顿。6月17日，殖民地民兵在波士顿外围邦克 山战斗中首战告捷，歼灭英军1000人。
● 1776年3月，威廉·豪指挥的英军被迫从波士顿撤至哈利法克斯待援。 8月底，豪率英军3．2万人， 在海军舰队配合下进攻纽约。华盛顿率1．9万人与英军打阵地战，结果损失惨重，被迫于 11月率 余部5000人撤往新泽西，英军占领纽约。当年圣诞节前夕和新年之夜，华盛顿利用英军疏于戒备 之机，奇袭特伦顿和普林斯顿得手，俘敌近千人，士气大振。
● 英国由于工业革命的开始，除了更进一步要使北美成为原料供给地和工业品的市场外，还迫切要 求毛皮贸易和西部工地。因此，英国极力阻止殖民地向西部发展，把殖民地局限于阿巴拉契亚山 以东地区。英国的西部土地政策加深了殖民地和宗主国的矛盾，助长了殖民地的反英情绪。
● 同时，北美又是英国国内工业制成品倾销的市场，是供应英国国内工业生产的原料基地，它保证 了英国贸易额的顺差，使英国资产阶级和新贵族获得巨额利润；英国宗主国还采取不同的殖民统 治形式，尽量割裂各个殖民地，企图长期保持其在北美的殖民地制度。但是，由于殖民地经济的 发展，各殖民地内部之间联系的加强，独立自主地发展统一经济，以摆脱殖民地经济依附于宗主 国的要求日益强烈。
● 1774年9月，在费城召开了第一届大陆会议，大陆会议是北美殖民地摆脱英国的殖民统治朝着全国性地方政 权方向发展的开始。会议宣称强制法令是违宪的，拒绝服从，号召殖民地组织军队，中断同英国的一切贸易， 会议还起草了《权利宣言和怨由陈情书》，向国王递交了请愿书，但没有公开提出独立的要求，承认英国议 会有权管理北美的商业。大陆会议还成立了大陆协会，对英国进行贸易抵制。
● 1775-1778年为战争的第一阶段，主战场在北部，英军占据优势。战争开始后，英军主动进攻， 企图迅速扑灭殖民地的革命烈火。其总的战略是:海军控制北美东部沿海，以陆军分别从加拿大和 纽约南北对进，打通向普兰湖、哈得孙河谷一线，以孤立反英最坚决的新英格兰诸殖民地，然后 将其他殖民地各个击破。大陆军因力量薄弱，除战争初期远征一次加拿大外，基本上处于守势， 采取待机破敌，争取外援的方针。
美国独立战争
The startingThe American War of independence War in 1783 Independence1775 ~ of the British North America, the 13 colonies against British colonial rule, the revolutionary War for national independence. North American war of independence and says the American revolution, or. The war is mainly to fight the British empire began in the economic policy, but afterwards but because of France, Spain and the Netherlands joined war against the British empire, and make war far beyond the scope of the British North America. At the same time, many Indian people both war.The causesSince the 13 colonies belong to British, the economy in colonies developed very fast. And with the development of economy, the people in the colonies wanted more power to determine their business. But the policy of the British Government was to bring the development under their control and collect more taxes from the colonies.In order to finance a large army stationed in America, the British Government collected more money from the colonies and requited回报the colonies to provide the troops with fuel, light, bedding and other things.The East India Company, a vital source of British wealth, was in financial straits. To help the company turn the corner, the British Government granted it the monopoly垄断over all the tea exported to the colonies without paying duty .Thus the company could easily undersell the independent tea merchants and the smugglers in the colonies, who organized strong opposition to this unequal treatment.Boston Tea PartyOn the might of December 16, 1773, a band of men, disguised as Indians and led by Samuel Adams, boarded three British ships lying at anchor in Boston and dumped their tea cargo, which was from China, into the sea. 342 chest of tea valued at about ﹩75,000 were thus destroyed. This carrel to be known as the “Boston Tea Party”.The British Government was thus forced to take actions. Otherwise, it would lose face before the world for its failure to control its own colonies.the Stamp Act（可讲可不讲）The next increase in the tension came in 1765 with the Stamp Act and a trade act know as the Sugar Act. It was the Stamp Act that caused the mostprotest. This was a direct tax, levied on the paper required for legal transactions and on newspapers. It had been proposed in 1764, and the Americans had been given the year to suggest alternative methods of raising the money needed to administer and defend the colonies. Instead, this year was used to organise opposition to the act.The developmentIn the face of such a grave situation, colonial delegates代表from 12 colonies (Georgia didn’t send its delegates) met in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774,to consult upon the present unhappy state of the colonies. This meeting has been known as the First Continental Congress, which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods. Colonial militia units were organized.The spark火花came in the Boston area on April 19, 1775. When American revolutionaries were removing munitions 军需品from the arsenals兵工厂in the small towns of Lexington and Concord, about 50 kilo meters from Boston. Some British troops, after a night of marching, reached the village of Lexington, they met about 50 minutemen民兵. There was a dense fog and shots soon broke out from both sides. The American minutemen were forced to withdrawn leaving 8 of their dead upon the spot. Many Americans nearly heard the shots and began to prepare themselves. When the farmers at North Bridge. It was here that these American farmers fired” the shot heard round the world”.While the alarms of Lexington and Concord were still resounding, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, in a house which later becomes known as Independence Hall. In the meeting, the delegate agreed to support the war. The congress founded a Continental Army and Navy, and appointed George Washington as commander, who was a Virginian militia commander. It also appointed a committee to draft a formal declaration. Thomas Jefferson was in charge of drafting the Declaration of Independence. One after another, the colonies cast off their hesitation and, through their assemblies, declared of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and some other members, was appointed to draw up the Declaration of Independence. After three weeks of discussion, the committee prepared the famous document which was formally adopted on July 4, 1776, a day which has been celebrated each year as Independence Day or National Day in the United Seated. In fact it was the beginning of struggle.At the beginning of the war, the Americans suffered repeatedly setbacks. But, with Franklin’s successful diplomatic activities were a great help to thewar efforts. On Christmas Day of 1776, French-Americans defeated the British troops at Trenton, New Jersey. Before long, the American troops defeated the British at Saratoga in Northern New York. This was a great turning point of the war, leading directly to an alliance between the U.S and the France.In 1781, Washington, with the help of the French army, penned the British troops at York town. On Virginia coast and, on October 19, the same year, the British general Cornwallis surrendered.In September 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed. The peace treaty British recognized the independence, freedom, and sovereignty of the 13 states. The large expansion of land to the west of the colonies, with the Mississippi as the western limit, was also given to the 13 states.The American War of Independence was of great historical importance and influence. A new republic emerged浮现that a just cause will sooner or later win while the evil cause will surely lose. It also had great international influence. For example, the colonies in Spanish America rose up one after another to overthrow Spanish colonial rule. It also helped to promote the national liberation struggle of the colonies in the world.。
美国独立战争
1774年英国政府通过一系列“强制法案”（Coercive Acts），旨在加强控制。这些法案虽然是针对麻塞诸塞州，但被北美居民称作“不可容忍的法案”，后来费城等其他港口也陆续响应，终于导致1775年4月的美国独立战争。
独立战争的开始
1775年4月19日，波士顿人民在来克星顿上空打响了独立战争的第一枪，来克星顿的枪声拉开了美国独立战争的序幕。莱克星顿的北美民兵
波士顿倾茶事件
波士顿倾茶事件
波士顿倾茶事件(Boston Tea Party) 又称波士顿茶党事件。1773年发生的北美殖民地波士顿人民反对英国东印度公司垄断茶叶贸易的事件。1773年，英国政府为倾销东印度公司的积存茶叶，通过《救济东印度公司条例》。该条例给予东印度公司到北美殖民地销售积压茶叶的专利权，免缴高额的进口关税，只征收轻微的茶税。条例明令禁止殖民地贩卖“私茶”。东印度公司因此垄断了北美殖民地的茶叶运销，其输入的茶叶价格较“私茶”便宜百分之五十。该条例引起北美殖民地人民的极大愤怒，人们饮用的走私茶占消费量的十分之九。纽约、费城、查尔斯顿人民拒绝卸运茶叶。[5] 波士顿革命分子塞谬尔·亚当斯领导的一个由三组每组50个当地人组成的组织“自由之子”，打扮成印第安人偷偷摸到三艘船上，将船上货物捣毁，并将342箱茶叶倒入港口内。当时，灯把晚上照得像白天一样，很多人起来看热闹，整个过程相当平和及安静。但是此举得到来自各个方面的批评，英国政府下令关闭波士顿港口，直到他们把扔下茶叶的钱偿还，还将战船和军队驶入殖民地。 前新泽西州州长本杰明·富兰克林认为被倾倒的茶叶应该被赔偿，表示愿意用自己的钱来赔。英国认为这是对殖民政府的挑衅。
1765年，英国人又想出个新花样：印花税。他们规定，一切公文、契约合同，执照、报纸、杂志、广告、单据、遗嘱，都必须贴上印花税票，才能生效可流通。这激起殖民地人民极大的愤怒，于是，“自由之子”、“通讯委员会”等秘密反英组织相继出现，各地都发生了反英事件，抵制英货、赶走税吏、焚烧税票、武装反抗等等。这一切引起了英国政府的恐慌，他们立即派军队镇压。反英的怒火在殖民地人民心中燃烧，一场争取独立和自由的战火即将在北美大陆上燃烧起来了。 1765年，英国国会为转嫁沉重的军费负担而向英属北美殖民地直接征税的条例。七年战争后，英国政府为了进一步控制殖民地和镇压印第安人，派遣一万名军队常驻北美，由当地负责全部开支。1765年3月22日，英国国会通过的印花税条例规定，北美殖民地的印刷品包括报纸、书刊、契据、执照、文凭、纸牌、入场券等均需加贴印花税票，税额自2便士到几英镑不等，违者罚款或监禁。该条例定于11月1日起生效。印花税条例遭到殖民地人民的强烈反对。殖民地人民坚持只有通过他们自己的议会才能作出征税决定。“自由之子”、“通讯委员会”等秘密会社组织起来，带领群众捣毁税局，焚烧印花税票，把税吏身上涂满柏油、粘上羽毛、游街示众。11月印花税法生效前，全殖民地税吏都被迫辞职。1765年10月，在纽约召开全殖民地反对印花税法大会。会上通过拒绝向英交纳印花税等14项决议。为抵制印花税条例，全殖民地展开抵制英货运动，从而导致英国对殖民地的出口额大幅度下降。英国30个城市的商人和制造商联合向议会上书请求废除印花税法。英国议会于1766年3月18日，最后通过废除印花税条例的决议。[2]
美国独立战争（美国民族独立战争）详细资料大全
美国独立战争（美国民族独立战争）详细资料大全美国独立战争（英语：American Revolutionary War，1775年—1783年），或称美国革命战争，是大英帝国和其北美十三州殖民地的革命者，以及其他几个欧洲强国之间的一场战争。
这场战争是始于为了对抗英国的经济政策，但后来却因为法国加入战争对抗英国，而使战争的范围远远超过英属北美之外。
由于英国一直以来对殖民地进行剥削，对北美殖民地经济的发展起到严重阻碍作用，为了对抗英国的经济政策，北美人民奋起抗争。
始于1775年4月的莱克星顿枪声，1776年7月4日大陆会议通过了由托马斯·杰斐逊执笔起草的《独立宣言》，宣告了美国的诞生。
基本介绍•名称：美国独立战争•地点：北美洲、十三殖民地（英国）•时间：1775年—1783年•参战方：美利坚合众国（未被承认）、法兰西王国、西班牙王国、荷兰王国 VS 大英帝国•结果：签订《巴黎和约》，北美十三殖民地正式独立成为美利坚合众国•参战方兵力：美军：35,000人参加大陆军；340,000人参加过民兵•56,000名英军士兵、78艘皇家海军舰船•伤亡情况：美军：近50,000人伤亡•英军：近20,000人伤亡•主要指挥官：乔治·华盛顿、亨利·柯林顿•性质：资产阶级革命、民族解放运动•原因：英国殖民统治阻碍了北美经济发展•导火线：1773年波士顿倾茶事件•开始标志：1775年4月莱克星顿枪声•结束标志：1783年英国承认美国独立•根本目的：推翻殖民统治，实现民族独立•领导者（美）：华盛顿、杰斐逊、亚当斯、法拉格特•领导者（英）：康华利、柏高英、乔治三世•转折战役：萨拉托加战役•重大战役：约克镇战役•重点城市：波士顿、纽约、约克镇、费城背景,起因,经过,第一阶段,第二阶段,第三阶段,实力对比,结果,影响,评价,背景美国独立战争，或称美国革命战争（英语：American Revolutionary War，1775年—1783年），是大英帝国和其北美十三州殖民地的革命者，以及其他几个欧洲强国之间的一场战争。
The war of independence
聚集在英王街海关周围的人情绪更为激昂。英军前 来镇压，面对情绪激愤的人们，士兵在慌乱中向群 众开了枪，当场打死3人，后又有2人因伤势过重， 次日死去。 第一个被打死的是种植园奴隶出身的黑人群众领袖 C· 阿塔克斯。这次流血事件史称“波士顿惨案”。 波士顿惨案的消息很快传到其他城市，人民纷纷起 来抗议英军驻扎。波士顿这座仅有1.7万人的城市， 竟有五万人加入到给死难者送葬的行列中。英国军 队被迫撤出波士顿。
The impact of the war
1.The war made people realize the importance of a strong national government.
2. The war strengthened the feeling of a national unity and patriotism. 3. For almost 10 years after the war, the Americans turned their attention to the development of the western part of the continent. 4. It made both Britain and the U.S. realized that their disputes should be solved through negotiation.
The causes of the independence war
1.the economic development of north America, British colonies 2. The formation of the American notion 3.North America’s active request getting rid of British oppression for national independence 4. British colonial oppression and exploitation
美国独立战争
My View On the War of Independence0815102023 商务英语一班张媛The American Independence War lasted eight years from 1775 to 1783 . The Americans fought against the British colonial rule and for the national liberation . After the people’s fierce fight , the Americans won the war .There are three reasons for the American Independence War . First , the economic development of the first thirteen colonies . Through the trade with the Franch , Dutch and Spanish , especially Britain , the economy of the thirteen colonies developed rapidly . In the north , the capitalistic economy developed and shipbuilding industry became the main industry ; In the south , the plantation economy blossomed . Second , the formation of the American people . The immigrants from Europe and the native Indians gradually merged together and developed the uniform market . English became the uniform language . Third , the colonial oppression of Britain and rebellion of the American people . After the Frence and Indian war , a series of British policies , such as the Sugar Act , Stamp Act withdrew the colonists’territorial expansion and the economic development . All of these caused the hostility among the Americans . The colonies boycotted English goods . Boston Tea Party which happened in 1773 , became the fuse of the American Independence War .On April 19 ,1775 , British troops tried to confiscate the munitions of the Massachusetts militia . However , they were defeated by the hidden American militia in Lexington . The battle of Lexington marked the beginning of the American Independence War .After the war broke out , the colonial leaders met in the Philadelphia for the Second Continental Congress . The Congress organised the Continental Army and appointed George Washington commander-in-chief of the Army . In July 4 , 1776 , The Congress also adopted The Declaration of Independence, which offically meant the formation of the United Stated of America . The document greatly encouraged the morales of the Americans . Later on , July 4 was regarded as the Day of American Independence .In the early stage of the war , the colonies were in an unfavorable position . They didn’t have enough population and they lacked a well-trained army , officers , equipment and money . However , the American soldiers had a higher morale than the British soldiers did . They were also supported by France and other Eurepean nations . In 1777 , the Americans defeated the British Army in Saratogo . The battle of Saratogo changed the situation on the battlefield and became the turning point of the war . Afterwards , the Americans changed their policies and gained the initiative of the war . Finally in 1781 , the combined armies of America and France defeated the British army . The British army surrended in Yorktown . The peace settlement signed in 1783 acknowledged the independence , freedom and sovereignty of the thirteen states .After the Independence of America , the new constitution of 1787 was adopted on September 17 , 1787 . George Washington was elected as the first president of America .The American Independence War ended the British colonial rule and made great contribution to the development of American capitalism . It also accelerated the revolution of Europe and South America . However , the slavery still existed , waiting for solution .。
美国独立战争(英文)
In 1777 October17 Ill-judged of British army Lieutenant General John Burgoyne (中将约翰伯 was forced to surrender his entire army
Significance
of
formed
3.5 Peace treaty
-- Treaty of Versailles 凡尔赛
The treaty was signed in Paris in 1783. British recognized American independence. The peace treaty acknowledged the independence, freedom, and sovereignty of the 13 states.
The War of Independence –
The American Revolution
Introduction
I. The background of the war II. Cause blasting fuse III. Process 1.The outset of war 2. The widening theatre of war 3. Turning point 4. Final Victory 5. Peace treaty Ⅳ.The sprit of the Americans Ⅴ.Significance
Ⅱ.CAUSE
1.The economic development of North America，British colonies 2.The formation of the American nation 3.North America's active request getting rid of British oppression for national independence 4.British colonial oppression and exploitation
美国独立战争(英语课件)
The American War of Independence (1775-1783)
Background of the War
Situation before and after 1763 The Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts The Boston Massacre & Committees of Correspondence The Boston Tea Party and the Intolerable Acts
The beginning of getting organized for the com
East India Company sent to America large quantities of tea / Evening, December 16, 1773
About 50 men disguised themselves as Indians who went on board, broke open the tea chests and poured the tea into the water.
美国独立战争英文介绍【精】
The Quartering Act 1765
said that colonists must provide for salaries, housing, and supplies for British soldiers. The colonists did not agree and did not obey!
Writs of Assistance
The king angered the colonists again by enacting the Writs of Assistance, which was another old law. This allowed the use of general search warrants, which let them search anyone, anytime, anywhere. The colonists were very angry and protested.
Townshend Acts 1767
Another act, the Townshend Acts of 1767, placed taxes on glass, lead, paint and tea and was used to pay salaries of colonial officers – including governors & judges. In response, the colonists boycotted all British goods.
placed taxes on any articles written on paper. This included newspapers, wills, licenses, deeds, and pamphlets.
美国独立战争
美国独立战争背景美国独立战争（The American Revolution,American War of Independence, American Revolutionary War, 1775–1783），也称―北美独立战争‖。
指1775年波士顿人民在美国来克星顿与英军交战拉开独立战序幕到1783年英军在法国签订《巴黎条约》投降的战争。
美国独立战争既是一次民族独立战争，又是一次资产阶级革命。
17世纪初期，英国人开始在北美大西洋沿岸建立殖民地。
一百多年后英国在北美的殖民地已有13个。
这些殖民地的居民除英国移民和土著居民印第安人外，还有来自欧洲其他国家的人以及非洲来的黑人奴隶。
每个殖民地都由英国派来的总督统治。
这时的殖民地已经开发了大量的种植园，建立了纺织、炼铁、采矿等多种工业，经济比较繁荣。
在1756-1763年的“七年战争”（Seven Year's War)中，为争夺对北美殖民地的控制，英国与法国进行了长期的战争。
英国虽然打败了法国，控制了北美大部分地区，但因长期的战争而导致财政困难。
于是，英国政府不断地向北美各殖民增加税收，并实行高压政策，对殖民地进行蛮横的压榨和残酷的剥削。
英国的剥削及殖民地居民的反抗殖民地人民希望减低对英国本土的依赖自英国开发海外殖民地以来，为了维护英国本土的垄断利益，颁布了一些限制殖民地经济发展的法令，例如《航海条例》。
随着北美殖民地自身发展，殖民地人民越来越希望减低对英国本土的依赖，寻求独立发展其自身的经济。
然而，这却引起了英国当局的不满，因为英国当局希望北美殖民地能继续充当其廉价的原材料供应地及商品倾销的市场，因此，英国当局开始采取很多高压政策以阻遏殖民地经挤的自由发展。
英国当局首先颁布法令，不准殖民地居民向西开拓，并禁止其发行自己的纸币，再对其课以重税及解散其议会。
60年代，英国在北美殖民地为增加税收，颁布1765年的《印花税条例》和1767年的《唐森德税法》。
美国独立战争 American War of Independence
Passage 1American War of IndependenceI. Colonial PeriodMost people who came to the British colonies in the 1600s were English. Others came from The Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, France, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. By 1690, 250,000 people lived in the New World. By 1790, there were 2.5 million people.People came for different reasons. Some left their homes to escape war. Others sought political or religious freedom. Some had to work as servants to pay back the cost of their trip before gaining their freedom. Some, like black Africans, arrived as slaves.In time, the 13 colonies developed within three distinct regions.The first settlements were along the Atlantic coast and on rivers that flowed into the ocean. In the Northeast, trees covered the hills and stones filled the soil, but water power was available. The Northeast was called New England, and it included Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. The economy was based on timber, fishing, shipbuilding, and trade.The middle colonies included New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. The weather was milder and the countryside was more varied. People worked in industry and agriculture. The society was more diverse and sophisticated. People living in New York came from all over Europe.The Southern colonies included Virginia, Georgia, and North Carolina and South Carolina. The growing season was long and the soil was fertile. Most people were farmers. Some owned small farms that they worked themselves. The wealthy farmers owned large plantations and used African slaves as workers.The relationships between settlers and Native Americans (also called Indians) were good and bad. In some areas, the two groups traded and were friendly. In most cases, as the settlements grew bigger, the settlers forced the Indians to move.As time went on, all the colonies developed governments based on the British tradition of citizen participation. In Britain, the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689 limited the power of the king and gave more power to the people.The American colonists closely observed these changes. Colonial assemblies claimed the right to act as local parliaments. They passed laws that limited the power of the royal governor and increased their own authority. Disagreements between the royal governors and the assemblies continued. The colonists realized that their interests often were different from Britain’s interests. At first, the colonists wanted self-government within a British commonwealth. Only later did they want independence.II. The Road to IndependenceThe ideas of liberalism and democracy are the basis of the U.S. political system. As the colonists built their new society, they believed more strongly in these ideas. Britain’s 13 colonies grew in population and economic strength during the 1700s. Although ruled by a distant government, the colonists governed many local affairs.After Britain won a costly war with France in the 1750s, the colonists were asked to help pay for the war, and for Britain’s large empire. Thes e policies restricted the colonists’ way of life.For example, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 restricted the colonists from settling new land. The Currency Act of 1764 made it illegal to print paper money in the colonies. The Quartering Act of 1765 forced the colonists to provide food and housing for the royal soldiers. The Stamp Act of 1765 taxed all legal papers, licenses, newspapers, and leases.The Stamp Act united the colonists in an organized resistance. The main problem was that they weren’t allowe d to participate in the government that taxed them.In October 1765, 27 delegates from nine colonies met in New York. They passed resolutions saying that the individual colonies should have the right to impose their own taxes. This satisfied most of the delegates, but a small number of radicals wanted independence from Britain.One of those people was Samuel Adams of Massachusetts. He wrote newspaper articles and made speeches. The groups he helped to organize became a big part of the revolutionary movement.By 1773, colonial traders, who were angry with British regulation of the tea trade, were interested in Sam Adams’s ideas. In December 1773, a group of men sneaked on three British ships in Boston harbor and threw the cargo oftea overboard. This event became known as the Boston Tea Party.The British Parliament punished Massachusetts by closing Boston’s port and by restricting local authority. Colonists called these new laws the Intolerable Acts and united to oppose them. All the colonies except Georgia sent representatives to Philadelphia in September 1774 to talk about their ―present unhappy state.‖ It was the First Continental Congress.Colonists were angry with the British for taking away their rights, but not everyone agreed on the solution. Loyalists wanted to stay subjects under the king. Moderates wanted to compromise and build a better relationship with the British government. The revolutionaries wanted complete independence. They began collecting weapons and getting men ready—waiting for the fight for independence.III. RevolutionThe American Revolution and the war for independence from Britain began with a small fight between British troops and colonists on April 19, 1775. The British troops left Boston, Massachusetts, planning to take weapons and ammunition from revolutionary colonists.At Lexington, they met armed colonists who were called Minutemen because they could be ready to fight in a minute. The Minutemen planned to protest silently and not shoot unless the British shot first.The British ordered the Minutemen to leave. The colonists obeyed, but as they left, someone fired a shot. The British troops attacked the Minutemen with guns and bayonets.Fighting broke out in other places along the way as the British soldiers in their bright red uniforms returned to Boston. More than 250 ―redcoats‖ were killed or wounded. The Americans lost 93 men.Colonial representatives hurried to Philadelphia for the Second Continental Congress. More than half voted to go to war against Britain. They decided to form one army from the colonial forces. George Washington of Virginia became the commander-in-chief.At the same time, they sent King George III a peace resolution to try to avoid a war. The king rejected it. On August 23, 1775, the king said the American colonies were in rebellion.The desire for independence increased in the next few months. Thomas Paine, a radical political thinker, argued for independence and against hereditary monarchy in his pamphlet Common Sense. He described two possible conditions for America. The people could remain unequal citizens under a king, or they could live in an independent country with hopes of liberty and happiness.The Second Continental Congress created a committee to write a document that outlined the co lonies’complaints against the king and explained their decision to separate from Britain. The reasons were based on French and British ideas. Thomas Jefferson was the main writer of the Declaration of Independence.The Declaration of Independence told the world of a new nation and its beliefs about human freedom. It argued that political rights are basic human rights and are universal.The Second Continental Congress accepted this document on July 4, 1776. The Fourth of July became Independence Day in the United States.The colonies and Britain went to war. British soldiers defeated General Washington’s forces in New York and took control of Philadelphia, forcing the Second Continental Congress to flee. The Continental Army won at Saratoga in New York and at Princeton and Trenton in New Jersey. George Washington had problems getting the men and materials he needed to fight the war.In 1778, France recognized the United States as an independent country and signed a treaty of alliance. France helped the United States as a way to weaken Britain, its long-time enemy.There were battles from Montreal, Canada, to Savannah, Georgia. A huge British army surrendered at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. The war ended when a peace treaty was signed in Paris on April 15, 1783. In this treaty, Britain and other nations recognized the United States as an independent nation.Quiz1. How many original colonies were there?A. 50B. 13C. 172. Which European country owned the colonies?A. SpainB. The NetherlandsC. Britain3. Which act caused the greatest reaction from the colonists?A. The Currency ActB. The Stamp ActC. The Quartering Act4. What did the colonists throw into Boston Harbor?A. StampsB. British paper moneyC. Tea5. What did moderates in the colonies wish for in their relationship to Britain?A. For everything to stay the way it wasB. To move to Britain and leave the coloniesC. A compromise and a better relationship with the British government6. The British soldiers were also called what?A. RedcoatsB. MinutemenC. Roundheads7. Who was the commander-in-chief of the colonial army?A. Thomas PaineB. Thomas JeffersonC. George Washington8. What American holiday celebrates the colonists’ victory?A. Veteran’s DayB. Declaration DayC. Fourth of July。
美国独立战争英语作文
美国独立战争英语作文The American War of Independence, also known as the American Revolutionary War, was a pivotal conflict that took place between 1775 and 1783. It was a fight for freedom and self-governance by the thirteen American colonies against British rule.The war began with the shots fired at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, marking the first military engagements of the conflict. The colonists, who were seeking to protect their rights and liberties, formed the Continental Army, led by General George Washington. The British, with a well-established military, were a formidable opponent.Throughout the war, key battles such as the Battle of Bunker Hill, the Battle of Saratoga, and the Siege of Yorktown played crucial roles in shaping the outcome. The Battle of Saratoga, in particular, was a turning point, as it convinced France to support the American cause, providing vitalmilitary and financial assistance.The war was not only fought on the battlefield but also through diplomacy. The Treaty of Paris, signed in 1783, officially ended the war and recognized the independence of the United States. This treaty marked the end of British colonial rule and the beginning of a new nation.The American War of Independence had profound effects on theworld. It inspired other nations to seek independence and self-governance. The ideals of liberty, equality, and the right to self-determination that were fought for during this war continue to resonate today.In conclusion, the American War of Independence was a defining moment in history that shaped the modern world. It was a struggle for freedom and the establishment of a new nation based on democratic principles. The bravery and determination of those who fought for independence continue to inspire people around the world.。
美国独立战争
The American War of IndependenceThe American war of independence is also called the North American Independence War. It refers to Boston people's war against the British army in Lexington in the United States in 1775, and last until the British signed the treaty of Paris in France in 1783. The American war of independence is regarded as not only a national independence war, but also a bourgeois revolution.When we mentioned it ,we are easily linked with the following phrases, the Boston Massacre, the Stamp Act, the Boston Tea Party,the noise of gunfire from Lexington and the declaration of independence.In March 1770, British colonial offical butchered the Boston people controled by the North American colonies,five Americans were killed by British troops.The whole matter was called the Boston Massacre which was one indirect reason that lead to the American war of Independence.The Boston Tea Party o ccurred on December 16, 1773. For the colonised was dissatisfied with the British colonists about collecting the Stamp,they poured the tea into the river in order to fight against the British parliament, which causes the famous American Independence War directlly. It was the key point of the American revolution. As a result of the long-time war,the declaration of independence was carried out on the July 4, 1776.The war of independence was a bourgeois revolution, which overthrew the British colonial rule, and created the United States of America. Thus the victory of the War of American Independence promoted the bourgeois revolution in Europe and Latin America. But the American war of Independence did not solve the land problem, nor did the problem of slavery, which led to the outbreaks of the American Civil War.。
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• Parliament rejected the First Continenta Congress’ petition • April 1775 Br. Commander in Boston sent detachment of troops to nearby Lexington and Concord
Advantages
•Naval power •Wealth •Professional army • Ireland worry •French backstab
• disjointed/jealous •Badly organized •No currency
Disadvantages
•No Wm பைடு நூலகம்itt to organize
– Shot heard around the world – British lost 1/3 of their army
On the Eve of the Revolution ?
Britain
• pop adv 3:1
Americans
• defensive fight
• self sustaining agric •Moral advantage just cause
• Liked American cousins
Write this down!
Second Continental Congress
• May 1775 • Conservative • No well defined desire for independence • Best political move - drafting G Washington • Va to balance Ma - aristocrat to balance “masses”
The Road to Revolution
• What is meant by “salutary neglect” and how does this lead directly to the revolution?
Revolution?
What was the Revolutionary mov’t at its core really all about? The amount of taxation? The right of Parliament to tax? The political corruption of Britain and the virtue of America? The right of a king to govern America? The colonies’ growing sense of nat’l identity apart from Britain? Was the Revolution truly a radical overturning of gov’t and society - the usual definition of a “revolution - or something far more limited or even “conservative” in its defense of traditional rights?
Whose Revolution
Varying viewpoints: whose revolution?
An ideological view of the Revolution as resulting from the colonists’ ideas about liberty and power. “The colonists believed they saw emerging from the welter of events during the decade after the Stamp Act a pattern whose meaning was unmistakable…They saw about them, with increasing clarity, no merely mistaken, or even evil, policies violating the principles upon which freedom rested, but what appeared to be evidence of nothing less than a deliberate assault launched surreptitiously by plotters against liberty both in England and in America…. This belief transformed the colonists’ struggle…” Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (1967)
Whose Revolution
Varying viewpoints: whose revolution?
Progressive view of the Revolution as product of social conflict among colonial groups. “It was the opposition of interests In America that chiefly made men extremists On either side…. Those men who wished to take a safe middle ground, who wished neither to renounce their country nor to mark themselves as rebels, could no longer hold together” Carl L. Becker Beginnings of the American People (1915)