《Metaphor隐喻》课件
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语言学考点--隐喻(metapher)课件
隐喻和明喻的真值条件经常是不同的
张三像只大猩猩可能是真的，张三是只大猩猩 则一定是假的。这种论证依赖于真值条件意义 理论，否则就不能成立。
如果说隐喻所用的词儿另有一个〔隐含的〕意 义，那么，隐喻本身就会消失。例如我们说， the spirit of God moved upon the face of the water〔上帝的圣灵临近水面〕，如果这句话 里的face另有一个隐含的或曰扩展的意义，可 以用来述说水的表面，那么，水就有了面，水 面就不再是一个隐喻。牵涉到第二种意义的是 两可〔ambivalence〕，隐喻则并不牵涉第二 种意义，否则我们就要等隐喻死了以后才彻底 掌握这种意义。
The government still hopes to stem the tide of inflation.（隐喻）
(4a) The driver drove the bus too fast down the hill, so the brakes failed. (4b) The driver’s overrapid downhill driving of the bus caused brake failure. (4a)是一致式，(4b)通过语法隐喻把(4a) 的两个小句向下转移为两个名词性词组结构。
英国有个古诗人，John Donne，曾有这样的 句子：our blood labours to beget spirits〔我 们的血液辛勤劳作以孕育精神〕，现代人把这 视作隐喻，但原作者其实是在直陈字面的意思。
名词化
（1a）The brakes failed. (1b) brake failure (1a)为非隐喻形式，其中的the brakes是表示 参与者的名词，failed则是表示物质过程的动 词，但在(1b) 中句子转化成了名词短语。
metaphor暗喻PPT课件
little vessels then and there arranged in order, r
eady to gave imperial gallons of faell full to the brim.
那位讲话的人, 校长和在场的第三位成年人都
metaphor
.
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Definition
Metaphor（汉译名为“隐喻”或“暗喻”），是 一种比喻，它不用比喻词，直接把甲事物 （喻体）当作乙事物（本体）来描述，其 比喻关系隐含在句意中，从而更生动、更 深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力
.
2
Definition
Webster’s New World Dictionary的解释是： “a figure of speech containing an implied c
谁也没有料想到, 尤其是我, 更没有想到我的案子会越搞 越大, 以至成了美国历史上最闻名的审判之一。 would snowball (滚雪球) 是把“案件”比喻为“雪球”
The street around the threestorey red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands s elling hot dogs.
omparison, in which a word or phrase o
rdinarily and primarily used of one thing is a pplied to another”这个解释的意思是说，隐 喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格，他通常的 基本用法是，表述某一事物的词或短语被 用来表述另外的一种事物。由于比喻是隐 含的，决定了它的本体与喻体的关系必然 十分紧密。
《Metaphor隐喻》PPT课件
4. The thinking mode involved
– A IS B.
• The economy is a machine.
-- The economy is overheating.
-- to fine-tune (微调) inflation.
• The economy is a rocket / an airplane / a space craft.
• How could any man ever understand the workings of a woman’s mind?
• The coffee was perfect and by the time I was
halfway through my first cup my brain was ticking
.
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The mind is a machine.
• He is still grinding out a solution.
• His mind isn’t operating today.
• He is a little rusty today.
• I can’t think; I am running out of steam (losing vigor).
over much more briskly.
.
10
An argument is war.
• abstract
• what we are unfamiliar with
• concrete
• what we are familiar with
-- We use a concept that we are familiar with to describe or understand another concept that we are not so familiar with.
隐喻(metaphor)
Definition
To be specifically
Comparison is implied. It is also a comparison between two unlike elements with a similar quality. But unlike a simile, this comparison is implied, not expressed with the word "as" or "like". Metaphor compares two different things by speaking of one in ter ms of the other. Unlike a simile or analogy, metaphor asserts that one t hing is another thing, not just that one is like another.
Examples
Related to Body Organ
Tongue in cheek (假心假意) Medical finger （无名指 ） From the bottom of one’s heart（真诚地） With a strong arm （使用高压手段 ） Using fist law （使用暴力法则 ） Have one’s foot on the neck of another person （残暴地控 制别人 ） Have the gallows in one‘ s face （这人看面相不得善终 ） Yellow streak down one‘ s back （显示该人性格懦弱 ）
Examples
Metaphor in the Sentence
第二讲含而不露的 隐喻metaphor 优质课件
第二讲： 隐喻（metaphor)
Questions: 1. What is metaphor? 2. What features dose it have? 3. How to appreciate metaphor in English
and Chinese? 4. Can you find more examples of this figure
thing is applied to another.
----Webster’s New World Dictionary
A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poetry. A comparison is usually implicit; whereas in simile it is explicit.
The next time Frank went to the restaurant, he walked up to the
hostess and told his guest, “ I want to introduce you to my friend
Venus.”
Simile and Metaphor
Life is like an isthmus between two eternities. 生活像永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。 Life is an isthmus between two eternities. 生活是永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。 Happiness is like sunshine: it is made up of very little beams. 幸福像阳光，皆由细小的光束构成。 The sunshine of happiness is made of very little beams. 幸福的阳光由非常细小的光束构成。 He is as stubborn as a mule. 他犟得像头骡子。 He is a mule. 他是头犟骡
修辞Metaphor ppt课件
PPT课件
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Three purposes Description Illumination Illustration
PPT课件
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Description
1. The hallway was zebra-striped with darkness and moonlight.
• A description of the alternate bands of light and shade in the hall, like a Zebra’s stripes.
Visible metaphor Invisible metaphor Sustained metaphor Extended metaphor Mixed metaphor
Dead metaphor
PPT课件
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Visible metaphor
Definition: both the primary term (tenor) and the secondary term (vehicle) are present in the sentence.
• Function: leaves room for the reader’s imagination.
• Eg: The machine sitting at that desk was no longer a man; it was a busy New York broker...(O. Henry)
movement of the
Heard it on the Agean, and
Into his mind the turbid ebb and flow
themselves against the
语言学教程Metaphorppt课件
2) Verbal metaphor Verbal metaphor refers to the metaphor whose metaphorical implication is expressed by verb. * Her eyes bored into him. * Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
8) Alphabetic metaphor Alphabetic metaphor refers to a metaphor in which a letter of alphabet serves as vehicle * Long lines of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls, working their way slowing acro.ss the fields.
6) Denominative-verb metaphor When a noun serves as a verb, it becomes a denominative verb, which has two-fold meaning. In this case, this metaphorical meaning is expressed by the denominal verb, which is known as denominative-verb metaphor.
* He was such a marvellous person that whenever he recognized a spark of genius, he'd water it.
8) Alphabetic metaphor Alphabetic metaphor refers to a metaphor in which a letter of alphabet serves as vehicle * Long lines of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls, working their way slowing acro.ss the fields.
6) Denominative-verb metaphor When a noun serves as a verb, it becomes a denominative verb, which has two-fold meaning. In this case, this metaphorical meaning is expressed by the denominal verb, which is known as denominative-verb metaphor.
* He was such a marvellous person that whenever he recognized a spark of genius, he'd water it.
《英语文体学要略》-MetaphorPPT课件
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(Edgar Allan Poe)
他的眼睛紧盯着他，一脸严肃得像石头。
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"... a succession of startled substitutes had stood before them, ducked, winced and fled."
(Edward Blishen)
一连串吓坏了的代课老师曾站在他们的面前，像鸭子一样闪
过去的事，一切都同梦幻一般消失。 她展眉而笑，宛如轻风拂起湖面的涟漪。
（于敏《西湖印影》）
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泉水澄净碧绿，像泻玉泼翠一样。 （吴伯箫《难老泉》）
他们上树的本领可真不错，差不多比得上猿猴。 （吴伯箫《野孩子》）
新雨之后，苍翠如濯的山岗，云气弥漫，仿佛罩着轻纱的少 妇，显得那么忧郁，沉默。 （钟梅音《乡居闲情》）
小园里，春色如醇酒。 （王怡之《绿》）
返回
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隐喻Metaphor
The light music of whisky falling into glasses made an agreeable interlude.
(James Joyce)
注入酒杯的威士忌就像轻音乐成了宜人的插 曲。
"His eyes were bent fixedly before him and throughout his whole countenance there reigned a stony rigidity."
• 汉语常用的比喻词有“像、如、犹如、如同、比、好比、 似乎、似的、仿佛、犹、若、一样、一般”等等。
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I wondered lonely like a cloud. (William Wordsworth)
《Metaphor隐喻》PPT课件
• Lack of control is down:
I’m on top of the situation.
He is under my control.
• Happy is up:
• Sad is down.
I’m feeling up today. He is really low these days.
.
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Up & Down – Orientational metaphor
• Virtue is up:
• Lack of virtue is down:
She’s an upstanding That was a low-down thing
citizen.
to do.
• Rational is up:
tried to sneak into the dining room, hoping not to be noticed by others.
.
4
3 The formula “A is B” -- For a better understanding of metaphor • The nouns, verbs, adj.s, or adv.s are used to indicate the reference (喻体). • - The romance was a plant. • - The economy is a machine. • - She is a container. • - The temperature was a murderer. • - We were sheep.
• China’s pulling its players from the finale is a stinging slap.
《Metaphor隐喻》
tried to sneak into the dining room, hoping not to be noticed by others.
.
3 The formula “A is B” -- For a better understanding of metaphor • The nouns, verbs, adj.s, or adv.s are used to indicate the reference (喻体). • - The romance was a plant. • - The economy is a machine. • - She is a container. • - The temperature was a murderer. • - We were sheep.
different domains. Unlike simile, the
-- A is B.
comparison is
implied rather than
clearly expressed.
.
- The world is a stage. - A romance was budding. - The economy is overheating. - She exploded. - The temperature fell to a murderous -40。C. - Embarrassed at our noisy children, we sheepishly
• concrete
• what we are familiar with
-- We use a concept that we are familiar with to describe or understand another concept that we are not so familiar with.
.
3 The formula “A is B” -- For a better understanding of metaphor • The nouns, verbs, adj.s, or adv.s are used to indicate the reference (喻体). • - The romance was a plant. • - The economy is a machine. • - She is a container. • - The temperature was a murderer. • - We were sheep.
different domains. Unlike simile, the
-- A is B.
comparison is
implied rather than
clearly expressed.
.
- The world is a stage. - A romance was budding. - The economy is overheating. - She exploded. - The temperature fell to a murderous -40。C. - Embarrassed at our noisy children, we sheepishly
• concrete
• what we are familiar with
-- We use a concept that we are familiar with to describe or understand another concept that we are not so familiar with.
《英语中的暗喻》课件
总结词
隐喻和明喻虽然都是比喻，但存在明显的区别。隐喻更侧重于暗示和间接性，而明喻则更注重直接的比较和明确的相似之处。
详细描述
隐喻和明喻都是比喻的一种形式，但它们在表达方式上存在明显的差异。明喻通常明确指出两个不同事物之间的相似之处，使用诸如“像”、“似”等词语来连接本体和喻体。例如，“她像一朵花一样美丽”。而隐喻则不直接说明相似之处，而是通过暗示来引导读者或听众理解两者之间的相似之处。例如，“她是一朵盛开的花朵”。隐喻更侧重于暗示和间接性，而明喻则更注重直接的比较和明确的相似之处。
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Common metaphorical examples in English
总结词：狡猾
详细描述：在英语中，“He is a fox”这个表达通常用来形容一个人狡猾、机智、善于计谋。这个比喻来源于狐狸的天性，因为狐狸在动物界中以狡猾和机智著称。
总结词：独立
详细描述：在英语中，“She is a cat”这个表达通常用来形容一个女性独立、自主、不受他人控制。这个比喻来源于猫的特性，因为猫常常被视为一种独立、自主的动物，它们不需要依赖其他动物就能生存。
Identify the subject and the comparison: In a metaphor, the subject and the comparison are crucial elements. The subject is what the speaker is trying to express, while the comparison is how they are comparing it to something else. For example, in the metaphor "Life is a journey," the subject is life and the comparison is to a journey.
Metaphor(隐喻)
Mary
and her mother are as like as two peas. 玛丽和她母亲长得酷似。 [analysis] "as like as two peas" is an idiomatic way meaning very much alike in English. Note that in Chinese this comparison forms an insult.
Hale Waihona Puke He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. --- by George Eliot.
这个人就像一只骄傲自负的公鸡，以为太阳升起是 为了听它啼鸣。 [analysis] A cock crows every morning at the sunrising time is a well-known fact and needs no explanation, "he" is compared to a cock and easily his self-expressing which is only a personal quality becomes visual and conceivable.
Simile(明喻)
Simile develops out of the Latin word "similis" meaning "like". A simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. The comparison is purely imaginative. To make the comparison, words like as, as...so, and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. [ Simile(明喻)一词源于拉丁语，意思是：象、如 … 一样。 明喻直接比较两个或两个以上不同的人或事物，英语中常用 的喻词是like和as。明喻比较的不同的人和事物之间必须至 少有一个共同点，而所进行的比较纯属想象。]
英语中的暗喻
那男孩儿一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了 下去。
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The boy is shooting up fast. 这个小孩长得特快。
Waves thundered against the rocks. 水浪猛烈地拍打着岩岸。
The corridor was flooded with boys and girls.
他尾随着她走进洞穴。
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Exercise:
I have been wrestling with this problem
for half ah hour. 我钻研这个问题已经半小时了。
The train steamed into the station.
火车吐着气开进了车站。
He needled his way through the crowd.
他穿过人群。
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( 3 )形容词型 ( adjective metaphors ) It is a thorny problem／issue／subject. 这是个棘手的问题(题目) 。
The girl is a dead shot. 这位姑娘是神枪手!
wood. 双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。
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Do not put the cart before the horse. 勿将本末倒置。
Do not wash your dirty linen in public. 家丑不可外扬。
Tomorrow is another (a new) day. 重振旗鼓，东山再起。
He loves a rosy cheek. 他喜欢玫瑰色面颊。
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The boy is shooting up fast. 这个小孩长得特快。
Waves thundered against the rocks. 水浪猛烈地拍打着岩岸。
The corridor was flooded with boys and girls.
他尾随着她走进洞穴。
精选版课件ppt
11
Exercise:
I have been wrestling with this problem
for half ah hour. 我钻研这个问题已经半小时了。
The train steamed into the station.
火车吐着气开进了车站。
He needled his way through the crowd.
他穿过人群。
精选版课件ppt
12
( 3 )形容词型 ( adjective metaphors ) It is a thorny problem／issue／subject. 这是个棘手的问题(题目) 。
The girl is a dead shot. 这位姑娘是神枪手!
wood. 双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。
精选版ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้件ppt
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Do not put the cart before the horse. 勿将本末倒置。
Do not wash your dirty linen in public. 家丑不可外扬。
Tomorrow is another (a new) day. 重振旗鼓，东山再起。
He loves a rosy cheek. 他喜欢玫瑰色面颊。
隐喻和转喻的区别PPT课件
What’s metaphor and metonymy?
By Xue 2014.12.3
1
Metaphor: a word or phrase used to describe sb/sth else, in a way that is different from its normal use, in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful, for example she has a heart of stone隐喻
You Know, The More Powerful You Will Be
结束语
感谢聆听
不足之处请大家批评指导
Please Criticize And Guide The Shortcomings
讲师：XXXXXX XX年XX月XX日
转喻：在同一理想化认知模型中，有一个
概念实体为另一个概念实体提供心理通道
的认知过程。Kovescses,2002
2
如果说认知语言学是研究语言特征如何反映 人类的认知方式，那么隐喻就是对两者关系
最明确的诠释 ——Grady,1997
• 隐喻与概念隐喻 • 隐喻普遍存在我们的日
常生活中，语言中有隐 喻，思维和行为中也存 在隐喻。 • 我们在言语交际活动中 使用的是相同的概念系 统，因而也是隐喻性的。 • 这些统称为概念隐喻。
邻近性可以是
1.空间上， •Kovesces, 2.时间上， 2002
3.因果上。
•相同点：转喻同隐喻一样，是人类的一种基本思维方式和认知手段。
By Xue 2014.12.3
1
Metaphor: a word or phrase used to describe sb/sth else, in a way that is different from its normal use, in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful, for example she has a heart of stone隐喻
You Know, The More Powerful You Will Be
结束语
感谢聆听
不足之处请大家批评指导
Please Criticize And Guide The Shortcomings
讲师：XXXXXX XX年XX月XX日
转喻：在同一理想化认知模型中，有一个
概念实体为另一个概念实体提供心理通道
的认知过程。Kovescses,2002
2
如果说认知语言学是研究语言特征如何反映 人类的认知方式，那么隐喻就是对两者关系
最明确的诠释 ——Grady,1997
• 隐喻与概念隐喻 • 隐喻普遍存在我们的日
常生活中，语言中有隐 喻，思维和行为中也存 在隐喻。 • 我们在言语交际活动中 使用的是相同的概念系 统，因而也是隐喻性的。 • 这些统称为概念隐喻。
邻近性可以是
1.空间上， •Kovesces, 2.时间上， 2002
3.因果上。
•相同点：转喻同隐喻一样，是人类的一种基本思维方式和认知手段。
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-- to cement one’s popularity -- the shattered foundations of
one’s life -- The theory was totally based on
solid foundation. 《Metaphor隐喻》
4. The thinking mode involved – A IS B.
《Metaphor隐喻》
Metaphor
1. What is metaphor? 2 What is metaphor
• Metaphor is a
composed of?
comparison of two -- the subject (本体)
unlike things from different domains.
unfamiliar with
• concrete
• what we are familiar with
-- We use a concept that we are familiar with to describe or understand another concept that we are not so familiar with.
economy stops growing but this does not produce a recession (衰退).
《Metaphor隐喻》
4. The thinking mode involved
The nouns: • internet • stock market • stock market bubbles • bullet train • solar storm • Pittsburgh summit (峰会) • Only a few would go that far and
vigor). • How could any man ever understand the
workings of a woman’s mind?
• The coffee was perfect and by the time I was halfway through my first cup my brain was
• The economy is a macቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱine.
-- The economy is overheating. -- to fine-tune (微调) inflation.
• The economy is a rocket / an airplane / a space craft.
-- The economy soared / skyrocketed. -- The economy plunged. -- In economics, a soft landing is a situation in which the
《Metaphor隐喻》
The mind is a machine.
• He is still grinding out a solution. • His mind isn’t operating today. • He is a little rusty today. • I can’t think; I am running out of steam (losing
《Metaphor隐喻》
4. The thinking mode involved
– A IS B.
• … is a plant.
-- A romance was budding. -- The brilliant founders branched
into many areas. • … is a building.
- Embarrassed at our noisy children, we
sheepishly tried to sneak into the dining room,
hoping not to be noticed by others.
《Metaphor隐喻》
3 The formula “A is B” -- For a better understanding of metaphor • The nouns, verbs, adj.s, or adv.s are used to indicate the reference (喻体). • - The romance was a plant. • - The economy is a machine. • - She is a container. • - The temperature was a murderer. • - We were sheep.
Metaphor 暗喻
《Metaphor隐喻》
Objectives
• To know what metaphor is. • To know the thinking mode reflected by metaphor. • To know the classifications of metaphor. • To know the significance of learning metaphor.
commit crimes.
The references:
• net • market • bubbles • bullet • storm • summit • go that far
《Metaphor隐喻》
.4 The thinking mode involved
• abstract • what we are
Unlike simile, the
-- the reference (喻体) -- A is B.
comparison is
implied rather
than clearly
expressed.
《Metaphor隐喻》
- The world is a stage. - A romance was budding. - The economy is overheating. - She exploded. - The temperature fell to a murderous -40。C.
one’s life -- The theory was totally based on
solid foundation. 《Metaphor隐喻》
4. The thinking mode involved – A IS B.
《Metaphor隐喻》
Metaphor
1. What is metaphor? 2 What is metaphor
• Metaphor is a
composed of?
comparison of two -- the subject (本体)
unlike things from different domains.
unfamiliar with
• concrete
• what we are familiar with
-- We use a concept that we are familiar with to describe or understand another concept that we are not so familiar with.
economy stops growing but this does not produce a recession (衰退).
《Metaphor隐喻》
4. The thinking mode involved
The nouns: • internet • stock market • stock market bubbles • bullet train • solar storm • Pittsburgh summit (峰会) • Only a few would go that far and
vigor). • How could any man ever understand the
workings of a woman’s mind?
• The coffee was perfect and by the time I was halfway through my first cup my brain was
• The economy is a macቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱine.
-- The economy is overheating. -- to fine-tune (微调) inflation.
• The economy is a rocket / an airplane / a space craft.
-- The economy soared / skyrocketed. -- The economy plunged. -- In economics, a soft landing is a situation in which the
《Metaphor隐喻》
The mind is a machine.
• He is still grinding out a solution. • His mind isn’t operating today. • He is a little rusty today. • I can’t think; I am running out of steam (losing
《Metaphor隐喻》
4. The thinking mode involved
– A IS B.
• … is a plant.
-- A romance was budding. -- The brilliant founders branched
into many areas. • … is a building.
- Embarrassed at our noisy children, we
sheepishly tried to sneak into the dining room,
hoping not to be noticed by others.
《Metaphor隐喻》
3 The formula “A is B” -- For a better understanding of metaphor • The nouns, verbs, adj.s, or adv.s are used to indicate the reference (喻体). • - The romance was a plant. • - The economy is a machine. • - She is a container. • - The temperature was a murderer. • - We were sheep.
Metaphor 暗喻
《Metaphor隐喻》
Objectives
• To know what metaphor is. • To know the thinking mode reflected by metaphor. • To know the classifications of metaphor. • To know the significance of learning metaphor.
commit crimes.
The references:
• net • market • bubbles • bullet • storm • summit • go that far
《Metaphor隐喻》
.4 The thinking mode involved
• abstract • what we are
Unlike simile, the
-- the reference (喻体) -- A is B.
comparison is
implied rather
than clearly
expressed.
《Metaphor隐喻》
- The world is a stage. - A romance was budding. - The economy is overheating. - She exploded. - The temperature fell to a murderous -40。C.