大学英语四级语法知识讲解
大学英语四级考试的考点有哪些知识点汇总
英语四级考试的考点有哪些一、语法部分考查重点1 、虚拟语气的考点为：would rather＋that从句＋一般过去时；It is vital／necessary／important／urgent ／imperative ／desirable ／advisable ／natural ／essential ＋that ＋（ should ）动词原形；proposal ／suggestion ＋that ＋动词原形；It is time／about time／high time＋that＋一般过去时；lest ＋that ＋should ＋动词原形；if only＋that＋would＋动词原形。
2 、状语从句的考点为：非if 引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用at times ，provided ，so long as ，in case ，once 等来替代if ；由 even if ／so，now that ，for all 等引导的让步状语从句；just ／hardly...when引导的时间状语从句；more than ，as...as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。
3 、独立主格结构：多以逻辑主语＋分词的形式出现。
4 、情态动词：多与完成时形式连用。
5、定语从句：重点考查介词＋关系代词（which）和 as 作为关系代词。
二、词汇部分考查重点1、动词、名词与介词的搭配如： popular ／patient ＋with ；yield ／s olution ／adapt ／transfer ／access ＋to ；accuse／require ＋of ；charge ＋for ；under ＋discussion等等。
2、习惯用法如： confess to ／set about ／be used to ＋doing ；be supposed to ／have／make sb．＋ do 等。
英语四级语法知识点有哪些
英语四级语法知识点有哪些英语四级语法知识点1、词类冠词：关注冠词表示特指、泛指、类指的用法。
形容词和副词：形容词的排序也不容忽视。
动词词组：几乎每年必考，今年依旧需要关注。
2、动词的时态和语态阅读时时注意上下文的情景。
大纲要求的八种常用时态都有可能成为考查对象，再此基础上重点关注：进行时、完成时和完成进行时。
同时注意如Hardly…when…等经常考查的表示时间的固定句式。
3、非谓语动词(1)牢记哪些动词后的宾语只能是不定式、动名词，哪些二者兼可。
(2)分词和不定式做宾补的区别。
(3)分词作状语。
4、情态动词与虚拟语气依旧会受到命题人的青睐。
虚拟语气是难点但不是重点，重点注意其在非真实条件句和名词性从句的使用。
5、定语从句和名词性从句定语从句：近五年必考。
注意点：关系代词和关系副词的区别，as和which的区别，限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别、定语从句和同位语从句的区别。
注意名词性从句引导词的选择和语序。
6、状语从句重点关注in case, unless等连词引导的条件状语从句。
注意：while, when, until, not…until, before, sinc e引导的时间状语从句。
同时关注：目的和结果状语从句。
7、特殊句式特殊句式注意倒装句、强调句、反意疑问句、祈使句和省略句。
英语四级实用知识点1.核心/高频词汇核心词汇不用说，真正的词汇高频考点是哪些呢?总结历年英语四级真题，你会发现，高频词汇并非是生词难词，最常考察的往往是考察一词多义，近义词辨析，同义替换，词性活用，熟词僻义等等。
这些往往是词汇书学不到的，需要研读真题，在真题中掌握。
很多真题已经把这些作为重点解析了，比如巨微——四级真题/逐句精解，在逐句注释真题文章中的词汇时，特别注释了这些常考的词汇考点，大家应该对这些部分重点研究。
2.写作模板/范文和好词好句。
英语四级必备语法知识点总结归纳
英语四级必备语法知识点总结归纳英语四级必备语法知识点总结归纳为了帮助广大考生顺利通过英语四级考试，以下是本文对英语四级必备语法知识点的总结归纳。
英语四级考试是国内大学英语水平测试的重要组成部分，对于大多数大学生来说，通过四级考试是必要的。
合理掌握并熟练运用英语的语法规则，是取得良好成绩的关键要素。
一、名词1. 可数名词与不可数名词的区别：可数名词可单复数，不可数名词只有单数形式。
2. 名词的所有格：表示所属关系，通常在名词的后面加'的。
3. 名词的单复数形式：英语名词有单数和复数两种形式。
二、冠词1. 定冠词（the）：用于特指的名词前。
2. 不定冠词（a/an）：用于泛指的名词前。
3. 零冠词：指不用冠词的情况。
三、代词1. 人称代词：主要包括主格代词和宾格代词。
2. 物主代词：表示所属关系，用于代替名词的所有格形式。
3. 反身代词：表示动作反射回自己。
4. 指示代词：用于指示特定的人或物。
5. 疑问代词：用于提问特定的人或物。
四、动词1. be动词的形式和用法：包括am, is, are, was, were等。
2. 一般现在时：表示经常性或普遍性的动作。
3. 一般过去时：表示过去发生的动作或状态。
4. 一般将来时：表示将来要发生的动作或状态。
5. 动词的时态：包括现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时等。
6. 动词的语态：包括主动语态和被动语态。
五、形容词和副词1. 形容词和副词的比较等级：用于表示不同程度的级别。
2. 形容词修饰名词：通常形容词位于名词的前面。
3. 副词修饰动词或形容词：通常副词位于动词或形容词的前面。
六、介词1. 表示位置关系：用于描述物体之间的位置关系。
2. 表示时间关系：用于描述事件或活动的发生时间。
3. 表示方式和手段：用于描述做事的方式或使用的手段。
4. 表示原因和目的：用于描述事件或行为的原因和目的。
七、连词1. 并列连词：用于连接同等重要的两个句子或成分。
大学英语四级语法表(最新版)
大学英语四级语法表(最新版)
本文档是大学英语四级语法表的最新版本，旨在帮助学生系统地研究和掌握英语四级考试中的语法知识。
以下是主要内容：
1. 词类
- 名词：用途、单复数形式、所有格
- 代词：人称代词、指示代词、反身代词、不定代词
- 动词：时态、语态、情态动词
- 形容词和副词：形容词和副词的比较级和最高级、副词修饰动词、形容词修饰名词
- 介词：常见介词及其用法
- 连词：并列连词、从属连词、关联词等
2. 句子结构
- 句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等
- 句子类型：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等
- 句子的基本结构：主谓结构、主谓宾结构、主谓宾补结构、主谓双宾结构等
3. 从句和复合句
- 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等
- 定语从句：限制性定语从句、非限制性定语从句
- 状语从句：时间状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句等
- 复合句：主从复合句、并列复合句
4. 语态和时态
- 时态：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等
- 语态：主动语态、被动语态
5. 其他语法知识点
- 倒装句
- 强调句
- 虚拟语气
- 直接引语和间接引语
以上仅为大纲内容，具体细节请参考教材和相关语法书籍。
注意：本文档仅供参考，语法知识的学习还需结合实际练习进行。
祝你考试顺利！。
(简明版)大学英语四级语法大全
(简明版)大学英语四级语法大全一、名词（Noun）名词是一个词汇类别，用于表示人、动物、事物、地点等。
在句子中，名词可以作为主语、宾语、定语、表语等。
例如：- 主语：Cats are cute animals.Cats are cute animals.- 宾语：I love dogs.dogs.- 定语：The green tree is beautiful.green tree is beautiful.- 表语：My brother is a doctor.doctor.二、代词（Pronoun）代词是一个词汇类别，用于替代名词。
它们可以替代特定的人或事物，以避免重复使用相同的名词。
例如：- 人称代词：I am going to the store.I am going to the store.- 物主代词：That book is mine.mine.- 指示代词：This is my car.This is my car.- 相互代词：They saw each other at the party.each other at the party.三、形容词（Adjective）形容词是用于描述名词或代词的词汇。
它们可以提供关于名词或代词的特征、性质、状态等信息。
例如：- 描述名词：She has a beautiful voice.beautiful voice.- 描述代词：I am so tired.so tired.- 修饰词组：He bought a red sports car.red sports car.四、副词（Adverb）副词是用于描述动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子的词汇。
它们可以提供关于时间、地点、程度等信息。
例如：- 描述动词：She sings beautifully.beautifully.- 描述形容词：He is extremely tall.extremely tall.- 描述副词：She runs very fast.very fast.- 描述整个句子：Certainly, I can help you.Certainly, I can help you.五、动词（Verb）动词是用于表示动作、状态或发生事件的词汇。
英语四级语法知识的归纳
英语四级语法知识的归纳每年参加四级考试的同学的很多，那么关于英语四级的语法你又掌握了多少呢?下面由为大家整理的英语四级语法的相关资料，希望大家喜欢!英语四级语法一，虚拟语气应着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词(如lest, in case, otherwise等);一部分表示建议、主张、命令等概念的词语，由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望，其后的主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句往往采用“should+动词原形”;虚拟倒装句;在would rather, wish, as if, it’s time that等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望;混合虚拟句。
英语四级语法二，独立主格题一般说来，在句子中没有连接词的情况下，逗号是无力连接两个句子的，其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式，要么是独立主格结构。
两种结构都做状语，不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语。
英语四级语法三，时态英语中共有16个时态。
四级考试中出现最多的是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。
英语四级语法四，名词性从句形容词性的定语从句是考核的重点，用什么引导词，引导词前面的介词形式，引导词在从句中做什么成分，从句的语序等均有可能成为考点。
此外，主语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句也应适当复习。
英语四级语法五，主谓一致这类考题灵活性大，需要根据实际情况判断谓语动词的单复数形式。
一部分具有生命意义的集合名词做主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式，如people, poultry, militia等;用and连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数;就近原则：主语中含有某些连词(如as well as, besides, in addition to等)时，谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。
英语四级语法六，倒装结构分为全部倒装和部分倒装。
那些否定词(组)、介词短语能引起倒装句，部分倒装和全部倒装有和区别，as在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等，都是考生应当重视的地方。
英语四级语法总结
英语四级语法总结英语四级语法总结尽管英语的语法知识是触类旁通的，但是在大学英语四级考试里语法的运用确实灵活多样的。
以下是育路教育网为考生搜集的大学英语四级考试语法汇总，相信对考生的复习有所帮助。
1、语法考题的涉及面宽近年考题曾经考到：几乎所有词类，三种动词的非谓语形式，名词从句，形容词从句，副词从句，独立主格，一致，倒装，强调等基本语法知识。
2、语法考试的重点突出语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目，这些项目还反复出现如：虚拟语气，状语从句，定语从句，独立主格，情态动词。
3、具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法，不常用的情况1)虚拟语气的考点为：would rather+that从句+一般过去时：It is vital/ necessary/ important/ urgent/ imperative/ desirable/ advisable/ natural/ essential +that+动词原形;It is time/about time/high time+that+一般过去时：proposal/suggestion+that+动词原形;lest+that+should+动词原形;if only+that+would+动词原形。
2)状语从句的考点为：非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用at times，provided，so long as，in case， once等来替代if;由evenif/so，now that，for all等引导的让步状语从句;just/hardly…when引导的时间状语从句;more than，as…as，notso much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。
3)独立主格结构多以逻辑主语+分词的形式出现。
4)情态动词多与完成时形式连用。
5)定语从句重点考查介词+关系代词(which)和as作为关系代词。
4、词汇的考查重点为1)动词，名词与介词的搭配如：popular/patient+with;yield/solution/adapt/transfer/access +to;accuse/require+of;charge+for;under+discussion等等。
大学英语四级(cet4)语法讲义
四级语法讲义一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。
谓语动词的时态见下表：1．主动形式2．被动形式CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。
时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在完成时现在完成和将来完成一．非谓语动词一．不定式：一）不定式的常考形式：1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语----将要发生2）不定式做状语----目的3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。
(强调"我看见了"这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原toI ‘d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesn’t have to be mad e to learn.3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to doforce sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to dobe ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; besimilarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。
大学英语四级CET4语法强化知识点汇总
CET4 语法强化基本概念：1.词性/词类2.句子成分3.词的作用4.时态和语态5.主谓一致6.强调与倒装7.语气8.非谓语动词9.简单句 / 从句 /复合句10. it 的特殊用法11. 形容词的级Part One.名词（ n.） P250. 名词的数他接受了父母的建议。
房间里有了几件新的家具。
大量的食物已经送往了灾区。
只剩一块巧克力了。
一瓶牛奶。
一阵掌声。
一块肥皂。
一块面包。
一粒米。
Grain drop一套家具。
一条忠告一件活1.在汉语中属可数范畴，但在英语中属不可数名词的某些词。
(物质名词、抽象名词、气体名词、液体名词、自然现象等均属于不可数名词 )advice 忠告baggage (luggage ) 行李bread 面包equipment furniture information paper population chocolate 巧克力foodhair knowledge progressrice、、、、、、2.可数名词单复数变化的特殊形式可数名词单数变复数通常在词尾加 -s 或 -es，但是有些名词的变化比较特殊。
一．单个名词单复数的特殊形式1.以 -sis 结尾的外来名词变为复数形式为-ses。
He is busy writing his theses which are the requirement to graduate and gain diploma. 他正忙于写论文，这是毕业取得文凭所必需的。
The diagnoses in the two hospitals are the same. 两家医院的诊断结果是相同的。
常这样用的词有：diagnosis-diagnoses analysis-analyses 分诊断析thesis-theses论文axis-axes轴basis-bases基础emphasis-emphases强调2.有些外来词的单复数形式，仍保留原来不规则的复数形式。
完整版)大学英语四级语法大全
完整版)大学英语四级语法大全doing/to do:to do" means to。
doing something in order to do something else。
while " doing" means to simply。
doing something。
For example。
"XXX" means they ped what they were doing in order to smoke。
while "I must。
smoking" means to quit XXX.XXX: She reached the top of the hill and ped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.XXX do:et to do" means to et to do something that you were supposed to do。
while "etting doing" means to et that you have already done something.XXX: The light in the office is still on。
He ot to turn it off。
(He didn't turn it off.) He ot turning the light off。
(He ot that he had already turned it off.)XXX do:Remember to do" means to remember to do something that you need to do。
while "remembering doing" means to remember that you have already done something.XXX: XXX.)Remember to go to the post office after school。
全国英语等级考试四级语法知识：介词
六、介词
1.表示时间意义
常用介词有in，on，at，during，within等，其中in与“一段时间”搭配使用，如：in a week;on表示具体日期，如oil January the lst，2002;而at表示具体时刻，如at eight tomorrow morning;during表示在某段时间期间;within表示在限定时间范围内。
2.表示方位
over/under在(垂直)上方/下方;above/below在(某物同一平面)上方/下方：infront
of/inthefront of在…前方/在…前部i t0/toward(s)朝…方向去;besides/except除…之外还有/除…之外没有。
3.常用的介词搭配
介词与形容词的搭配如下：
be rich in;be intent on(一心想)
介词与动词的搭配如下：
appeal to(求助于…);fall into(养成)iexclude…from(将…排斥在外)：rob…of(剥夺…)：take…for…(误认为);break in Oil(打断)
介词与名词的搭配如下：
a glance at(对…的一瞥);at one’s request(应某人要求);to one’s
delight/pleasure/surprise(令某人高兴/愉快/惊奇的是…)。
大学英语四级语法讲义
大学英语四级主要语法句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。
英语句子成分有主语，谓语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语等。
顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。
1、主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。
Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜欢看电视。
2、谓语谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。
一般可分为两类：1)，简单谓语由动词(或短语动词)构成。
可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。
Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我们为人民学习。
2)，复合谓语：情态动词+不定式Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以说一点英语。
3、表语表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。
一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。
Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是护士。
4、宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。
WelikeEng'lish.我们喜欢英语。
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。
Hegavemesom'eink.他给了我一点墨水。
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。
如：Wemakehimourmon'itor.我们选他当班长。
5、定语在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。
用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。
形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。
Heisanewstu'dent.他是个新生。
但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。
Thebikeintheroomismine.房间里的自行车是我的。
英语四级考试语法结构与词汇
英语四级考试语法结构与词汇一、语法结构部分。
1. 时态。
- 一般现在时。
- 用法：表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或客观事实。
- 结构：主语 + 动词原形（第三人称单数主语时动词加 -s或 -es）。
例如：I play football every Sunday.（play，动词原形，[pleɪ]）He plays football every Sunday.（plays，动词第三人称单数形式，[pleɪz]）- 一般过去时。
- 用法：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
- 结构：主语+动词的过去式。
例如：I saw a movie yesterday.（saw，see的过去式，[sɔː]，动词）- 现在进行时。
- 用法：表示现在正在进行的动作。
- 结构：主语+be动词（am/is/are）+动词的 -ing形式。
例如：She is reading a book.（is，be动词第三人称单数形式，[ɪz]；reading，动词的 -ing形式，['ri ːdɪŋ]）- 过去进行时。
- 用法：表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
- 结构：主语+be动词（was/were）+动词的 -ing形式。
例如：He was watching TV at 8 o'clock last night.（was，be动词第一、三人称单数过去式，[wɒz]；watching，动词的 -ing形式，['wɒtʃɪŋ]）2. 从句。
- 定语从句。
- 概念：在句中作定语，修饰名词或代词。
- 关系代词：who（指人，主格，[huː]），whom（指人，宾格，[huːm]），which（指物，[wɪtʃ]），that（指人或物，[ðæt]）。
例如：The boy who/that is standing there is my brother.（这里who/that引导定语从句修饰the boy）- 名词性从句。
大学英语四级语法精要(PDF,已排版)
CET大学英语四级语法精要大学英语四级语法精要Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等）1.时态1)现在完成进行时态(have/has been+-ing分词构成):动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束．I’ve been writing letters for an hour.I’ve been sitting in the garden.2)过去完成进行时(由had been+ing分词构成):过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作I’d been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)将来完成进行时:将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作．By next summer,he will have been working here for twenty years.In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.4)将来完成时(由shall/will have+过去分词构成):将来某时会业已发生的事．I shall have finished this one before lunch.They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.2.语态1)可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如：He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等．It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.担当be supposed to与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如：Why are you driving so fast in this area?You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit.(你应该晓得速度限制）2)双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态a)双宾语结构的被动语态:双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语．He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.b)宾补结构的被动语态:She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.3.短语动词1)Vi+advThe plane took off two hours late.2)Vi+prepThey looked round the Cathedral.3)Vi+prep(有被动语态）She’s looking after her sister’s children.The children were always well looked after.4)Vi+adv+prepI began to look forward to their visits.5)Vt+O+advSome women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6)Vt+adv+O(无被动语态）I am trying to give up smoking.7)Vt+O+prepWe talked Donald into agreement.4.省略1)在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略：在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉．a)Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions,the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old,she was able to walk without support.If not well managed,irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers,they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint,however understandable,is wrong.Enemies,once discovered,were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known,such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise,you should keep it.b)If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver)necessary.If possible,I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled,they met on January20at the Chinese Embassy.2）在以than a)或as b)引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略．a)He told me not to use more material than(it is)necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.b)They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people(did).He is now a vice-manager,but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free,as is all education.We will,as always,stand on your side.3）错误的省略His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown,two bullets struck the wall beside her.5.一致1)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,together with,as well as,as muchas,no less than,more than等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式．Terry,along with her friend,goes skating every Saturday.An expert,together with some assistants,was sent to help in this work.The captain,as well as the coaches,was disappointed in the team.2)代词作主语时的一致a)each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待．Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you?b)some,few,both,many等作复数c)some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一．none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念，但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数：None of the books are easy enough for usNone of us seem to have thought of it.None(=not a single one)of us has got a camera.None(=nobody)has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all和most可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(all of the…，most of the…),动词用单数.3)由and或both…and连接名词词组时,后用复数;由not only…but(also),either…or,neither…nor或or连接的并列主语,谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuademy daughter to change her mind.如果一个句子是由there或here引导,而主语又不止一个,谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致. There was carved in the board adragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen,a few envelopes and some paper for you.4)people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),militia(民兵)等通常都用作复数.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据意思来决定.very large.His family isn’ｔHis family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee aredivided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名词单复数同形,可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These speciesare now extinct.5)表示时间,重量,长度,价值等的名词,尽管仍是复数形式,如果作整体看待,动词也可用单数形式(当然用复数动词也是可以的):Three weeks was allowed for making the necessarypreparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.6)其他问题a)书名,国家名用单数:Talesfrom Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.b)学科名,如mathematics,economics用单数.c)many a或more than one所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式:Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of后接复数,the number of后接单数:A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.d)one of those后用单数.在“one of+复数名词+关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.当one之前友the only等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one而定，即采用单数形式：He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.Ⅱ非谓语动词1.不定式1)形式主动形式被动形式一般式to do to be done完成式to have done to have been done进行式to be doing完成进行式to have beendoinga)完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother(=I am glad I have seenyour mother).(比较:I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seenme.b)进行式:如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式.quite recovered yet.You are not supposedto be working.You haven’ｔexpect you to be waiting for us here.We didn’ｔHe pretended to be listening attentively.c)完成进行式:在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.d)被动式:当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.2)功用:不定式可以作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).a.To scold her would not be just.b.We are planning to build a reservoir here.c.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d.Do you have anything to declare?e.We have come to learn from you.3)不带to的不定式:a)在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意义的have,make,let等,其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.b)在had better,had best,would rather,would sooner,would just as soon,might(just)as well,cannot but等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to.I’ｄr ather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c)在make do,make believe,let drop,let fall,let fly,let slip,let drive,let go of,let there be,hear say,hear tell,leave go of等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.I’ve heard tell of him.d)在动词help(或help+宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式.Can I help(to)lift this heavy box?e)在介词except,but之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to. There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.n o choice but to wait till it stops raining.There’ｓf)连词rather than,sooner than置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do,he forced himself to pick it up.出现在句中其他位置时,其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.g)用作补语的动词不定式,如果主语是由“all+关系分句”，“thing+关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is(to)spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.4)不定式的其他用法a)too…to结构通常表示否定意义:She was too young to understand all that.enough…to结构则表示肯定意义:She was not old enough to understand all that.not too,but too,all too,only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:He’ｓonly too pleased to help her.so…as(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b)如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid, careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前可加一个of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:kind of you to think so much of us.It’ｓ(It is)Awfully good of you to come and meet us.very nice of you to be so considerate.It’ｓIt’ｓunwise of them to turn down the proposal.2.V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)1)形式a)完成式:如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,通常用动名词的完成形式.mention having met me.He didn’ｔI regret not having taken her advice.在某些动词后(或成语中),常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式,尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.remember ever seeing him anywhere.I don’ｔ现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中,表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Having been there many times,he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause,they were able to propose a remedy.另外,独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.The guests having left,they resumed their discussion.The children,having eating their fill,were allowed to leave the table.b)被动式:当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时,动名词一般要用被动形式. His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.bear being made fun of like that.He couldn’ｔ但要注意,在want,need,deserve,require等动词后,尽管表示的是被动的意思,却用动名词的主动形式.My pen needsfilling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Her method is worth trying.现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语,宾语补足语,状语及用于独立结构中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.You’llfind the topic being discussedeverywhere.very well refuse.Being asked to give aperformance,she couldn’ｔThese are sold at reduced prices,the defects always being pointed out to the customers.c)完成被动式:如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生,有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.I don’ｔremember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式,而用一般被动形式代替,以免句子显得累赘.现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.Having been given such a good chance,how could she let it slip away?The decision having been made,the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected,the teacher sent the students home.2)句法功用a)作主语:Walking is good exercise.nice talking to you.It’ｓThere is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.b)作宾语:Your shoes needpolishing.d elay sending the tractors over.You mustn’ｔHe avoided giving us a definite answer.c)作介词宾语:动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多.它常可以用在某些成语后面,常见的有:insist on,persist in,think of,dream of,object to,suspect…of,a ccuse…of,charge…with,hear of, approve of,prevent…from,keep…from,stop…from,refrain from,be engagedin,look forward to, opposed to,depend on,thank…for,feel like,excuse…for,aim at,devote…to,set about,spend…in, get(be)used to,be fond of,be capable of,be afraid of,be tired of,be sick of,succeed in,be interested in,feel(be)ashamedof,be proud of,be keen on,be responsible for.d)作表语:The real problem is getting to know the needsof the people.动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语.一般说来,在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词;在表示具体某词动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式.e)作宾语补足语:分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等动词后作宾语补足语.The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词后,及可用现在分词,也可用不定式构成宾语补足语.用现在分词时,表示动作正在发生,用不定式时表示动作发生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Yes,I did.I heard him knock three times.f)作状语:现在分词作状语时,通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作,来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home,feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night,I was struck by a sudden thought.现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.get in touch with her.Not knowing her address,we couldn’ｔSeeing nobody at home,she decided to leave them a note.want to go to the cinema.Having already seen the film twice,she didn’ｔ现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语,相当于when引起的从句:help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.Seeing those pictures,he couldn’ｔ如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,多用when或while加分词这种结构.Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport,they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.3)前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构:一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构),来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper?They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子开头,这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格),这比用所有格更自然一些.I don’ｔm ind him going.She hates people losing their temper.help,mind,admit,enjoy,leave off, 4)只能用动名词作宾语的动词:suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can’ｔrequire,postpone,put off,delay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,advise,consider,deny,endure, escape,miss5)既可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语的动词:love,like,hate,dislike,begin,start,continue,intend,a ffordattempt,can’ｔb ear,propose,want,need,remember,forget,regret,neglect,try,deserve,can’ｔ等.有时两种结构之间意义差别不大,有时却有不同的意思.在remember,regret,want,try等词后差别是比较明显的.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I haven’ｔgiven you enough help.want(need)to come.She doesn’ｔThe house wants(needs)cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.t ry doing the work some other way.Let’ｓ6)悬垂修饰:分词作状语时,表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态.Walking through the park,we saw a lot of flowers.(walking是we的动作,正确)Walking through the park,the flowers looked very beautiful.(错误)Standing on the tower,we could see the whole city.(正确)Standing on the tower,the whole village could be seen.(错误)3.分词1)意义:过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和完成意义;而现在分词有的来自及物动词,有的来自不及物动词,通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.frozen food a freezing winda bored traveller a boring journeya lost cause a losing battlea conquered army a conquering armya finished article the last finishing touchthe spoken word a speaking birda closed shop the closing houra recorded talk a recording machine来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语,能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词,仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义.the risen sun,fallen leaves,faded/withered flowers,returned students,retired workers,departed friends,escapedprisoners,the vanished jewels,newly-arrived visitors用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分,在意义上相当于关系分句.Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.2)句法作用a)作定语:distinguished guest贵宾,unknown heroes无名英雄,armed forces武装部队,cannedfood罐头食品,boiled water开水,steamedbread馒头,stricken area灾区分词还可构成合成词作定语:simply-furnished room陈设简单的房间,clear-cut answer明确的答复, highly-developed industry高度发展的工业,heartfelt thanks衷心的感谢,hand-made goods手工制品,man-made satellite人造卫星b)作补足语:可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.make,get,have,keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意义的动词:want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.I don’ｔHe won’ｔlike such questions(to be)discussed at the meeting.c)过去分词短语常用作状语,修饰谓语,很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.Guided by these principles,they went on with the work,Delighted with her work,they made her the general manager.过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Influenced by his example,they performed countless good deeds.有时也可说明动作发生的时间,相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.This method,tried in areas near Shanghai,resulted in a marked rise in total production.间或也可表示一个假设的情况,相当于一个条件从句.Given closer analysis,we can see this is totally wrong.偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.Picked20years a year,it grows tired only after40or50years.d)独立结构:在用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一.致.但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,这种结构称为独立结构,一般表示一种伴随的动作或情况.He rushed into the room,his face covered with sweat.有时可以表示时间:Late that autumn,his work finished,he prepared to return to his institute.表示原因:Her eyesdimmed with tears,she did not see him enter.条件:All things considered,her paper is of greater value than yours.Ⅲ虚拟语气1.that从居中:1)wish,would rather(sooner),had better:I wish I were as strong as you.I wish I had paid more attention to our pronunciation.I wish I remembered the address.I would rather they came tomorrow(you had gone there too).I had rather(that)you told him than I did.2)suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等动词后的宾语从句:The commander ordered that all civilians(should)be evacuated.He asked that he be given an opportunity to try.She urged that he write and accept the post.3)it is desired,it is suggested,it is requested,it was ordered,it was proposed,it is necessary,it isimportant,it hasbeen decided等结构后的主语从句中.It was arranged that they leave the following weekIt will be better that we meet some other time.4)suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后面的表语从句和同位语从句:His sole requirement is(was)that thy system be adjusted.2.在某些句型中1)it is time thatIt is time that we went(或should go)to bed.It is high time we(should)put an end to this controversy.2)as if(though)引起的从句:They talked(are talking)as if they had been friends for years.It seems as if it was(were)spring today.He acts(acted)as if(though)he were(was)an expert.3)以lest,for fear that和in case引起的从句(这时谓语多用should+动词原形):He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.He put his coat over the child for fear that(或lest)he should catch cold.I’ll keep a seat for you in caseyou should needit.4)以whatever,whoever,no matter what这类代词或词组引起的从句(这时,谓语多用may加动词原形构成):Whatever defects he may have,he is an honest man.Come what may,we will go ahead.不管发生什么情况,我们都要干下去.I accept that he is old and frail;be that as it may,he’ｓs till a good politician.我承认他年老体衰,然而尽管如此,它仍是优秀的政治家.3.条件句1)虚拟条件句主要有下面两类:a)表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况):谓语主要形式如下(be多用were这个形式):从句主句过去式would+动词原形If I were you,I wouldn’ｔl ose heart.How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer.b)表示过去情况的虚拟条件句(与事实完全相反的假设情况),谓语主要形式如下:从句主句had+过去分词would have+过去分词She would have come if we had invited her.taken your advice,I would havemade a bad mistake,If I hadn’ｔYou wouldn’ｔh ave caught cold if you had put on more clothes.2)有时候,条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作,发生的时间是不一致的(如一个是过去发生的,一个是现在发生的).这时,动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整.这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句.If he had received six more votes,he would be our chairman now.got everything ready by now,we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.If we hadn’ｔ3)有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示,而是通过一个介词短语来表示.Without music,the world would be a dull place.We could have done better under more favorable conditions.That would have been considered miraculous in the past.But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier.4)如果条件句从句中包含有were,had,should或could,有时可把if省略掉,并把were,had,should或could放在主语前面.Had we made adequatepreparation,we might have succeeded.Should there be a flood,what should we do?Were it not for their assistance,we would be in serious difficulty.Ⅳ介词1.合成介词和复杂介词1)合成介词:inside,into,onto,out of,outside,throughout,upon within,without2)复杂介词:according to,along with,apart from,as for,as to,becauseof,by means of,in frontof,in spite of,instead of,in accordance with,on account of,on behalf of,owing to,due to,together with,up to,with regard to,prior to等2.介词在句末:This is what he is interested in.Does everyone has a seatto sit on?3.名词加介词(n+prep)1)某些名词之后要求用某些介词:solution to,faith in,glance at,needfor2)某些名词之前要求用某些介词:on one’ｓguard,at one’ｓrequest,in all probability,to mydelight4.动词加介词1)Vi+prep:prevail on,appeal to,fall into,apply for,touch upon2)Vt+O+prep:lay emphasison,take advantage of等3)Vi+adv+prep:I don’ｔw ish to break in on your thoughts.The family came up against fresh problems.You’re not telling me the whole story.You’re holding out on me.She got off with him soon after she began to work at the institution.4)Vt+O+adv+prep:take your resentment out on me.You shouldn’ｔput the shortage down to bad planning.We shouldn’ｔ5.形容词加介词about---anxious,careful,careless,certain,considerate,enthusiastic,guilty,happy,mad,particular, sad,sure,timid,unhappy,etcat---awkward,bad,clever,disappointed,disgusted,good,marvellous,quick,skilful,skilled, useless,weak,etcfor---convenient,eligible,grateful,homesick,hungry,necessary,noted,perfect,responsible,etcfrom---evident,exempt,inseparable,safe,tired,etcin---deficient,expert,liberal,quick,rich,successful,weak,etcof---apprehensive,characteristic,critical,destructive,envious,hard,inconsiderate,impatient, dependent,jealous,positive,scared,sensible,short,sick,suspicious,typical,worthy,etcon---dependent,keen,intent,etcto---acceptable,accessible,agreeable,alive,attentive,blind,comparable,courteous,deaf, destructive,essential,favourable,hostile,indifferent,married,obedient,parallel,preferable,related, responsible,sensitive,suitable,unjust,etcwith---awkward,bored,careful,disappointed,generous,identical,ill,impatient,popular,sick, wrong,etcⅤ连词1.并列连词1)表示意义的引申：and,both…and,not only…but(also),as well as,and…as well,neither…nor2)表示选择：or,either…or3)表示转折：but,while,whereas,yet,however/nevertheless(也可认为是副词）4)表示因果：for,so,therefore,hence2.从属连词1)表示时间：when,while,as,after,before,since,until(till),as soon as,once2)表示原因：because,as,since,now that,seeing that3)表示条件：if,unless,in case,provided(that),suppose,as long as,on condition(that),4)表示其他关系：(al)though,than,as/so…as,lest,in order that,so…thatⅥ定语从句1.限制和非限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分,去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确；非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质，去掉了不会影响主要意义，通常用逗号与它的先行词分开．The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.The boys,who wanted to play football,were disappointed when it rained.如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词，或是带有形容词性物主代词(my,his,etc)或形容词性指示代词(this,that,etc)作限定词，其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的：Mary Smith,who is in the corner,wants to meet you.Her mother,who had long suffered form arthritis,died last night.All these books,which have been donated by visiting professors,are to be used by the postgraduates.在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人，用which指物,通常不用that替代．My father,who had been on a visit to America,returned yesterday.All the books,which had pictures in them,were sent to the little girl.2.定语从句的引导词1)that,who,whom:非限制性定语从句，如果修饰人，一般用who,有时用that(作主语时用who较多).如果关系代词在从句中作宾语，就应当用宾格whom或that,但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉，在口语中可用who代替whom.Here is the man(whom)you’ve been looking for.He is a man(that)you can safely depend on.The people(who/that)you were talking to were Swedes.There are some people here who I want you to meet.但在介词后只能用whom:This is the man to whom I referred.但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去，这时可用that,但省略时更多一些．Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?Have you met the person(that)he was speaking aboutThe girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.The girl(who/that)I spoke to is my cousin.2)限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”,用关系代词that的时候较多,也有时用which..当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时,在绝大多数情况下都是省略的,特别是口语中(尤其是当被。
大学英语四级必考语法汇总
大学英语四级必考语法汇总大学英语四级考试是学生们普遍参加的考试，语法是其中必考的部分，以下是四级必考语法汇总：1. 时态英语时态有12种，四级考试中要掌握以下几种：- 一般现在时：表示经常性或惯性的动作，或现在的状况。
- 现在进行时：表示现在正在进行的动作。
- 一般过去时：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。
- 过去进行时：表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。
- 现在完成时：表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
- 过去完成时：表示过去某个时间之前曾经发生的动作或状态。
- 将来时：表示将来某个时间发生的动作。
2. 从句从句是指一个完整的句子，它在句子中充当某个成分，四级考试中要掌握以下几种：- 定语从句：修饰某个名词或代词。
- 主语从句：作为主语的从句。
- 宾语从句：作为宾语的从句。
- 同位语从句：阐述前面名词或代词的内容。
- 状语从句：修饰或补充主句的内容。
- 结果状语从句：表示结果的从句。
- 让步状语从句：表示让步的从句。
- 条件状语从句：表示条件的从句。
3. 词性和词组四级考试中需要掌握名词、代词、动词、形容词和副词的用法，以及一些固定用法的词组，例如：- be based on：基于。
- be fond of：喜欢。
- as soon as possible：尽快。
- break the ice：打破僵局。
4. 语态英语语态有两种，四级考试中需要了解和区分主动语态和被动语态，以及两种语态在句子中的变化。
5. 语气英语语气有三种，四级考试中需要了解和区分陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。
以上就是大学英语四级必考语法的汇总，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
大学英语四级词汇语法考点讲义
大学英语四级词汇语法考点讲义第一部分(一)第一节、解决四级英语长难句的意义1、阅读，抓不住句子重点，在一个句子上浪费太多时间。
最后根据不完整的理解，碰运气乱猜答案。
2、翻译，提笔不知从哪里下手；胡乱写几行，卷面乱，不知所云，影响印象分。
（一）长难句到底难在哪里？--几句废话般的常识。
1）结构复杂，逻辑层次多;2）单词意思常需根据上下文判断;3）代词的指代关系复杂;4）并列成分多;5）修饰语多，特别是后置定语很长;6）习惯搭配。
注：以上情况有可能单独出现，更多是“团伙作案”。
（二）长难句的破解的几个基本要点·把握规律（按照所讲的基本方法）·充分利用现有语法、词汇知识，提高知识的产出效率。
·破解核心是化繁为简，化难为易。
（三）长难句解决的具体步骤1、抓主干2、理顺主从句子关系。
（四）分析句子成分的详细过程1）找出全句主谓宾或主系表，即句子的主干;2）找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词;3）分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等;以及词，短语和从句之间的关系;4）分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等其他成分。
第二节、长句速读同位语和较长的后置定语（如人物身份，句子中间的非限制性定语从句），很长的专有名词（如机构名称）等。
这些信息需要用跳读（skip）的方法，略去不读。
在文章里，经常会出现此类文字信息，目的是为了干扰视线。
实际，没有必要去弄明白某人是什么大学的什么教授，也不必急着去了解美国一个部门全称或缩写是什么具体意思，因为题目中极少直接考这样的细节信息。
做题时即使需要此类信息，利用人名或其它专有名词都是开头字母大写的特征很容易找到。
例如：People assume that office politics involves some manipulative （工于心计的）behavior,”says Deborah Comer, an assistant professor of management at Hofstra University. (2004年6月)A recent study, published in last week‟s Journal of the American Medical Association, offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver. (2003年9月)划线部分的信息可以一扫而过，目光不需要在上面停留细读。
大学的英语四级语法.ppt
动名词
具有动作性特征的名词 1)是名词 seeing is believing 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语
一)动名词的形式:
一般形式：I don't like you smoking. 完成形式：I regret not having taken your
advice. 被动形式：This question is far from being
He pretended not to have seen me.
b) 进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状 态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式. You are not supposed to be working. You haven’t quite recovered yet. We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. He pretended to be listening attentively.
3) 不带to 的不定式:
a) 在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动 词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式结构不带to. John made her tell him everything.
I’ve heard tell of him.
（听说、听到）
d) 在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式. Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?
e) 在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种 形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to. There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining. Smith will do anything but work on a farm. There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.
2023年6月大学英语四级考试语法复习指导(1)
2023年6月大学英语四级考试语法复习指导(1)一、as…as结构的几点用法说明：1.基本用法该结构的基本意思是“与……一样”，其中接形容词或副词的原级，在否定句中，第一个as也可换成so.如：He doesn't study as [so] hard as his brother. 他学习不如他弟弟努力。
2.涉及数量或程度的用法若涉及数量或程度，可用“as much+不可数名词+as”和“asmany+可数名词复数+as”。
如：He doesn‘t pay as much tax as we do / as us. 他没我们交的税款多。
There are not as many restaurants as there were. 现在餐馆没有过去多了。
3.有关词序的一点说明其间接形容词时，有时该形容词还可修饰另一名词，但这个名词应带有不定冠词(注意词序)。
如：I have as good a voice as you. 我的声音和你一样好。
4.该结构的修饰语根据情况可用(not) nearly, almost, just, nothing like, exactly, not quite, half, one-ten, twice, threetimes, 30 per cent等修饰，并且这些修饰语必须置于第一个as之前，而不能置于其后。
如：This room is twice as large as that one. 这个房间是那个房间的两个大。
You‘re not half as clever us you think you are. 你远不是自己想像的那么聪明。
It took three times as long as I had expected. 这件事比我预料的多花了两倍的时间。
二、first与at first用法区别详解：1、从词性上看区别first可用作形容词或副词，有时还可用作代词;而at first作为介词短语，只起副词用作用(在句中用作状语)。
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大学英语(CET--4) 语法学习提纲一、词类、句子成分和构词法：1、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。
如：who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。
如：good, right, white, orange .4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。
如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。
如：am, is,are,have,see .6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。
如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。
如：a, an, the.8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。
如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。
如and, but, before .10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。
如：oh, well, hi, hello.2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。
通常用名词或代词担任。
如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。
主要由动词担任。
如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。
通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。
如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。
通常由名词或代词担任。
如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。
指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。
间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。
如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。
如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。
如：Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。
如：He works hard .(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。
如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。
如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)3、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：(1)派生名词：①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge(2)派生形容词：①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious(3)派生副词：①形容词+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, poss ible→possibly等等。
3、转换法：(1)形容词→动词,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。
(2)动词→名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名词→动词,如：hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。
(4)形容词→副词,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副词→连词,如：when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。
(6)介词→副词,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续),等等。
二、名词：1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。
专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如：Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。
如：the Great Wall(长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。
如：pupil, family, man, foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如：box, child, orange；▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。
如：water, news, oil, population, information .2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：①在单数名词词尾加s。
如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.[注]：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。
如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。
如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。
如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.2、不规则变化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。
如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.3、名词所有格：名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。
其构成法如下：(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。
如：Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。
只在词尾加’。
如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如：today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),China’s population(中国的人口).(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。
如：a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).2、[注解]：①‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)②两人共有某物时,可以采用A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)③“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图)3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。
如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。