高三英语独立主格结构用法精讲精练[1]1

独立主格结构的用法详解

独立主格复合结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。它由两部分构成，第一部分由名词或代词担任，第二部分由动词非谓语形式（即动词不定式、动名词或分词）、形容词、副词、名词或介词短语担任。两部分在逻辑上是主谓关系。

一、独立主格复合结构的类型

1．名词（或主格代词）+ 现在分词

Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor.时间是美国人注意节约的两个要素之一，另一个则是劳力。

Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。

2. 名词（或主格代词）+ 过去分词

The duty completed, he had three months' leave. 任务完成之后，他休了三个月的假。

More time given，we should have done it much better．如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。

Everything considered, it is possible for their factory to raise the output quickly.考虑到各方面的情况，他们厂迅速提高产量是可能的。

All his ribs broken, he lay half dead. 他的肋骨全被打断，半死不活地躺着。

3．名词（或主格代词）+ 动词不定式，用来表示将来意义。

Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month. 这是头三卷，第四卷下月出版。

They agreed on a division of labor, each to translate one-third of the book.他们同意分工干，每人翻译全书的三分之一。

4．名词（或主格代词）+ 形容词

The baby began to cry afresh, his face very pale and his lips colorless. 那婴儿又哭了起来，他面色苍白，嘴唇发青。

My mother sat on the kitchen, her face dull and heavy. 我妈妈坐在厨房里，脸色阴沉而忧郁。Hands red with the cold, they were making a snow man. 他们在做雪人，手冻得发红。

5．名词（或主格代词）+ 介词短语

He stood at the door, hands in pocket. 他站在门口，双手插在口袋里。

So Oliver rose from the table and went up to the master, bowl and spoon in hand. 于是，奥利佛手拿饭碗和汤匙从桌旁站起来，向主人走去。

6．名词（或主格代词）+ 副词

His chin up, he walked towards the enemies who were armed with big swords. 他昂着头，朝实枪荷弹的敌人走去。

Class over, all the students went out from the classroom. 下课了，学生们都从教室里走了出去。7．名词（或主格代词）+ 名词

His first shot failure, he fired again. 他第一枪没打准，又打了第二枪。

The brave man fought the tiger, a stick his only weapon. 那勇士和老虎搏斗，木棍是他唯一的武器。

8. 介词引导的独立主格结构

英语中某些介词后面可以带有上述那样的7种词组，这种能引导出独立主格结构的介词有：with, without, like, on。

1) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 现在分词

Last night he was so tired that he fell asleep with the lamp burning.昨晚他十分疲劳，没熄灯就睡着了。

2) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 过去分词

She felt nervous, with so many eyes fixed on her.这么多眼睛盯着她，她感到紧张。

3) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 形容词

Frank stared at his friend, with his mouth open. 弗兰克张着嘴凝视着他的朋友。

4) with +名词（或主格代词）+ 副词

He stood before his teacher, with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。

5) with +名词（或主格代词）+ 动词不定式

With him to give us a lead, our team is bound to turn out well.有他给我们带头，我们队一定能搞好。

6) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 介词短语

The old man stood there, with his back against the wall. 老人背靠着墙站在那里。

7) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 名词

He died, with his daughter yet a schoolgirl. 他去世的时候，女儿还是一个小学生。

介词without, like, on也能用来引导独立主格结构，其用法和with相同，但在意义上有所改变。如：

He entered the room, without steps being noticed. 他蹑手蹑脚地走进房间里去。

I told him everything, and he stood and listened, like a figure cut in stone. 我把一切情况都告诉了他，他呆若木鸡，站在那儿倾听着。

On our arrival being announced, they came out to receive us, accompanied by their two sons. 一听到我们到达的消息，他们由两个儿子陪伴着，立即出来迎接我们。

二、独立主格结构的句法功能

独立主格结构作为句子中的一个语言单位，行文简单明了，功能多种多样，在句中主要用作状语、定语和主语。

1．作状语

1）表示时间，其功能相当于一个时间状语从句。

The bell ringing, all the pupils went into the classroom. =When the bell rang, all the pupils went into the classroom. 铃响了，小学生们都走进教室。

Water changed into a solid, we call it ice. =When water is changed into a solid, we call it ice. 水变成固体时，我们称其为冰。

2）表示原因，其功能相当于复合句中的一个原因状语从句。

The question being rather difficult, we must take time to consider it carefully.=As the question is rather difficult, we must take time to consider it carefully. 由于这问题相当难，我们必须花时间仔细考虑。

Circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make a new plan. =It is necessary for you to make a new plan, since circumstances are changed. 因为情况变了，你必须制定新计划。

3）表示条件，其功能相当于复合句中的条件状语从句。

I'll take you home, your daughter having not come.=I'll take you home if your daughter has not come.如果你女儿没来，我就送你回家。

All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.=If all things are considered, her