高三英语独立主格结构用法精讲精练[1]1
高三英语 独立主格 知识精讲 冀教版
高三英语独立主格知识精讲冀教版一. 教学内容：独立主格［教学过程］语法：独立主格一、独立主格结构的构成形式1、逻辑主语＋v-ing这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。
如：〔1〕________no bus, we had to walk home. 〔A〕A.There beingB.BeingC.Having beenD.There was〔2〕_______no bus, we had to walk home. 〔B〕A.As there beingB.As there wasC. BeingD.There was〔3〕_______Sunday, the library doesn’t open. 〔C〕A.BeingB.There beingC.It beingD.Having been〔4〕______Sunday, the library doesn’t open.〔D〕A.As it beingB.BeingC.It isD.As it is2、逻辑主语＋v-ed该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。
〔1〕_________, the train started. 〔A〕A.The signal givenB.Giving the signalC.The signal being givenD.The signal giving〔2〕__________, the train started. 〔D〕A.After having given the signalB.After the signal givenC.Giving the signalD.After the signal was given〔3〕______, the text became easier for us to learn.〔B〕A.Explaining new wordsB.New words explainedC.Being explained new wordsD.Having explained new words〔4〕____, the text became easier for us to learn.〔A〕A. When new words were explainedB. Explaining new wordsC. New words explainingD. Being explained new words3、逻辑主语＋形容词〔副词〕该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表〞结构。
独立主格结构精讲精练(定稿)
独立主格结构一、概述独立主格结构又叫独立结构（absolute construction），由名词/主格代词+ 现在分词（或过去分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成。
在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。
具有以下特点：（1）在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。
（2）可置于句首，也可放在句尾。
（3）主要用于书面语。
（4）它的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。
（5）be动词在独立主格结构中一般转化为being。
二、独立主格结构的构成1.名词/主格代词+现在分词（表示主动含义和动作正在进行）名词/主格代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
①Weather permitting (= If time permits)，we are going to visit you tomorrow.天气许可的话，我们明天去看你。
(表示条件)②Spring coming on (= When spring came on), the trees turned green.春天来了，树木绿油油的。
(表示时间) 注意：（1）如果该结构表示的动作先发生，则用“名词/主格代词+having done”，含义为“……已经……”。
例如：The students having finished their homework (= After the students finished their homework), we went home.学生做完家庭作业后，我们回家了。
（2）如果该结构表示“……正在被……”,则用“名词/主格代词+being done”, being不能省略。
例如：Food being cooked (= When food was being cooked), I fell asleep.当食物正在被烹饪的时候，我睡着了。
英语独立主格结构精讲精练
英语：独立主格结构精讲精练I. 独立主格结构的基本概念由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。
II. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。
1、名词或代词主格+ 分词①The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。
②Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper. 如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。
2、名词或代词主格+ 形容词①Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
② The clothes very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly. 衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧!3、名词或代词主格+ 不定式The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。
4、名词或代词主格+ 介词短语① Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand. 我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。
② There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks. 山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。
5、名词或代词主格+ 副词① The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。
高考英语独立主格结构精讲精练
高考英语独立主格结构讲练与链接独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。
该结构不是句子，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。
独立主格内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。
一、独立主格结构的构成形式1、逻辑主语+V-ing1. __________no bus, we had to walk home.A. There beingB. BeingC. Having beenD. There was2. _______no bus, we had to walk home.A. As there beingB. As there wasC. BeingD. There was3. _______Sunday, the library doesn't open.A. BeingB. There beingC. It beingD. Having been4. ______Sunday, the library doesn't open.A. As it beingB. BeingC. It isD. As it is2、逻辑主语+V-ed1. _________, the train starte.A. The signal givenB. Giving the signalC. The signal being givenD. The signal giving2. __________, the train started.A. After having given the signalB. After the signal givenC. Giving the signalD. After the signal was given3. _________, the text became easier for us to learn.A. Explaining new wordsB. New words explainedC. Being explained new wordsD. Having explained new words4. ______________, the text became easier for us to learn.A. When new words were explainedB. Explaining new wordsC. New words explainingD. Being explained new words3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词）该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表”结构。
高中英语 独立主格结构精讲(配套练习和答案)
独立主格结构“独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”。
由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。
独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。
（一）独立主格结构形式独立主格结构可以分为两部分，形式为：基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。
1．名词/代词+ 现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
例：The man lay there, his hands trembling.So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，形成一种名词或代词+名词、形容词、副词、介词短语的结构形式。
2．名词/代词+过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。
例：The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.3．名词/代词+不定式不定式表示的是将来的动作。
These are the first two books, the third one to come out next month.We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp.4. 名词/代词+名词名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。
例：Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon.5．名词/代词+形容词短语形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。
高中英语语法精讲独立主格结构
高中英语语法精讲独立主格结构独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）是高中英语语法中的一个重要知识点，也是较为困惑和难以理解的一部分内容。
独立主格结构指的是由名词或代词与现在分词或过去分词构成的结构，它独立于主句的成分，但又与主句的动作、状态有一定的关系。
本文将详细介绍独立主格结构的定义、构成、用法以及常见错误。
一、独立主格结构的定义和构成1.定义：独立主格结构是由一个名词或代词（称为主格）和一个现在分词或过去分词构成，并且在句子中独立存在，不与主句的其他成分构成谓语动词关系。
2.构成：独立主格结构由以下三部分组成：-名词或代词（主格）-现在分词或过去分词-结构补充成分（可能省略）例如：1) The sun having set, we decided to go home.（由于太阳已经下山，所以我们决定回家。
）2) Her homework finished, she went out to play.（她做完了作业，就出去玩了。
）3) The weather being so hot, we decided to go swimming.（由于天气太热，我们决定去游泳。
）二、独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构常用于下面几种情况：1.表示主句和从句发生的动作同时进行例如：- The teacher leaving the room, the students began to talk.（老师离开教室，学生们就开始聊天。
）2.表示原因、条件或时间例如：- The story being interesting, I couldn't help but read it all night.（由于这个故事很有趣，所以我忍不住整夜读完了它。
）3.表示伴随、结果或程度例如：- His hands trembling, he couldn't hold the cup steady.（他的手颤抖着，无法将杯子稳住。
高考英语独立主格详细讲解.ppt
2)____D______, the train started.
A.After having given the signal B.After the signal given
open.
A.It being B.As it is C.Being D.A and B
3._D____, I had to ask for two days’ leave.
A.Mother being ill B.Bother ill C.As mother was ill D. A,B and C
二、独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分：
1、原因状语 该结构在句中作原因A______ no bus, we had to walk home.
A.There being B.As there was C.There was D.A and B
2).___D______Sunday, the library doesn't
4)__D____Sunday, the library doesn't open. A.As it being B.Being C.It is D.As it is
2、逻辑主语+V-ed 该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。
1)___A______, the train started.
A.There being B.Being
C.Having been D.There was
2)___B____no bus, we had to walk home. A.As there being B.As there was C.Being D.There was
独立主格结构(精讲精练 翻译练习)
独立主格结构●独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构，可以理解为一个在句中作状语的短语，用于修饰整个句子。
其位置灵活，可位于句前或句末，常由逗号将其与句子分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
●独立主格结构具有两个特点：独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在；独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。
●独立主格结构类型：● 1.名词/代词+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）● 2.名词/代词+(being)+表语（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）1.名词/代词+现在分词（doing）Winter coming,it gets colder and colder.=The winter comes,and it gets colder and colder.Time permitting,I will go with you.The girl looking at him,he didn’t know what to say.There being no bus,we had to walk home.2.名词/代词+过去分词He was listening carefully,his eyes fixed on the blackboard.The work done,he went back home.=After the work was done,he went back home.More time given,we can finish the work.=If more time is given to us,we can finish the work.3.名词/代词+动词不定式（由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的动作或状态）His friends to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.No one to wake me up,I might be late for the first class.Many trees to be planted,our school will look even more beautiful.4.名词/代词+形容词He came into the room,his face red with cold.She went to party,her clothes beautiful.5.名词/代词+副词The meeting over,our headmaster soon left the meeting room.The lights off,we could not go on with the work.6.名词/代词+名词His first shot failure,he fired again.他第一枪没打中，又开了一枪A lot of people all over the world are fans of the smartphone,many of them Chinese.全世界很多人都是这款智能手机的粉丝，其中许多都是中国人。
（完整版）独立主格结构讲解及练习
（完整版）独立主格结构讲解及练习独立主格结构的用法一、独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词（代词）+现在分词；过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词（代词）+现在分词例句：The storm drawing nea，the navvy decided to call it a dayThe storm draw ing n ear在句中作：原因状语=Since the storm was drawing nea，the navvy decided to call it a day由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。
（call it a day今天到此为止）例句：Win ter comin g, it gets colder and colder.Win ter comi ng 在句中作：伴随状语=The win ter comes, and it gets colder and colder.冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
造句：时间允许的话，我就和你一起走。
Time permitt in g, I will go with you. 独立主格作：条件状语=改写：ftime permits, I will go with you.造句：那个姑娘望着他，他不知道说什么好。
The girl stari ng at him, he did n 'k now what to say.独立主格作：时间状语=改写：As the girl stared at him, he did n 'tk now what to say.2. 名词（代词）+过去分词例句：He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
独立主格精讲精练
语法直击：独立主格结构口诀：主语不一样，主谓不一致。
1)独立主格结构例：The baby began to cry afresh, his face very pale and his lips colorless.主语不一样：the baby, his face.主谓不一致：his face very pale. 完整句型应该为his face was very pale.例：Class over, all the students went out from the classroom.主语不一样：class, all the student.主谓不一致：class over. 完整句型应该为class is over.1）with复合独立主格结构口诀不变，分句前加上with.例：Last night he was so tired that he fell asleep, with the lamp burning.主语不一样：he, the camp.主谓不一致：the lamp burning. 完整句型应该为the lamp is burning.例：Frank stared at his friend, with his mouth open.主语不一样：Frank, his mouth主谓不一致：his mouth open.整句应该为his mouth was open.语法体现：The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.主语不一致：a large car, its headlight/its horn主谓不一致：its headlights on. 完整句应该为its headlights was on.应试难点：1)独立主格的作用2)独立主格的种类难点解析：1）独立主格的作用独立主格的使用范围非常的广泛，在需要表达时间，原因，条件，伴随等状语时，都可以使用独立主格结构。
高三英语独立主格结构用法精讲精练
独立主格结构的用法详解独立主格复合结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。
它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。
独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。
它由两部分构成，第一部分由名词或代词担任，第二部分由动词非谓语形式（即动词不定式、动名词或分词）、形容词、副词、名词或介词短语担任。
两部分在逻辑上是主谓关系。
一、独立主格复合结构的类型1．名词（或主格代词）+ 现在分词Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor.时间是美国人注意节约的两个要素之一，另一个则是劳力。
Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
2. 名词（或主格代词）+ 过去分词The duty completed, he had three months' leave. 任务完成之后，他休了三个月的假。
More time given，we should have done it much better．如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。
Everything considered, it is possible for their factory to raise the output quickly.考虑到各方面的情况，他们厂迅速提高产量是可能的。
All his ribs broken, he lay half dead. 他的肋骨全被打断，半死不活地躺着。
3．名词（或主格代词）+ 动词不定式，用来表示将来意义。
Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month. 这是头三卷，第四卷下月出版。
高中英语 独立主格结构综合用法与练习
先复习：分词作状语的用法1. 分词作状语，其逻辑主语(就是指语义上的主语) 必须与整个句子的主语一致。
2. 一般地，若句子主语与分词之间存在主谓关系(主动语态)，用现在分词（包括一般式和完成式）；句子主语与分词之间存在动宾关系(被动语态)，则用过去分词或现在分词的被动式（包括一般式和完成式）。
如：主动：1）Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy. 听到这个好消息，他高兴得跳了起来。
2）Seriously injured, he had to be taken to hospital. 由于伤得严重，他只好被送往医院。
3）The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。
4）The woman scientist entered the lab, followed by her assistants.那位女科学家走进实验室，后面跟着她的助手们。
5）Once losing this chance, you can’t easily find it. 一旦失去这次机会你就很难再找回。
6）He hurried home, looking behind from time to time. 他赶紧回家，不时地向后看。
7）Having heard this, the woman scientist expressed her satisfaction.听到这一点，那位女科学家表示满意。
被动：1）Given more time, we could do it much better. 多给点时间，我们会做得更好。
2）Having been given such a good chance, how could you let it slip away?人家给了你这样一个好机会，你怎么能轻易放过？独立主格结构：若分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，分词前须加上自己的逻辑主语（名词或主格代词），这个结构叫分词的独立主格结构。
英语语法独立主格结构讲解及习题
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式（表示将要发生的动作） 名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的 是一次具体性的动作。 如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家， 一个去了书店。 4.名词/主格代词+形容词（常用来说明名词或代词的 性质,特征或所处的状态） 如： An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
5. 名词/主格代词+副词（常用来说明名词或代词 的性质,特征或所处的状态） 如：He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。 6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语（常用来说明名词或 代词的性质,特征或所处的状态） 如：The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 7. 名词/主格代词+名词 His first shot failure,he fired again．
finished 1. The test __________(finish) , we began our holiday. was finished 2. When the test __________(finish), we began our holiday 3. Weather _________(permit) , we are going to permitting visit you tomorrow. 4. Therebeing _______(be)no taxis, we had to walk. was 5.Because there _______ （be） no taxis, we had to walk.
独立主格和非谓语动词的用法和练习
独立主格和非谓语动词的用法和练习一、独立主格的用法独立主格是英语中一种常见的语法结构，它由名词、代词或动名词作为主语，后面接上介词短语，起到强调、补充或状语的作用。
独立主格可以出现在句首、句中或句尾，用于修饰整个句子或表达句子的时间、原因、条件等。
1. 独立主格的形式独立主格的形式有两种，分别是名词短语和动名词短语。
名词短语独立主格由名词或代词充当主语，后面接上介词短语或从句。
动名词短语独立主格由动名词充当主语，后面接上介词短语或从句。
例句1：His hands in his pockets, Tom strolled down the street.例句2：Seeing the movie, she burst into tears.2. 独立主格的功能独立主格的功能包括强调、补充或状语的作用。
强调的作用：独立主格通常用于句首，用来强调主句中的内容。
这种结构使得重要信息更加突出，给读者强烈的印象。
例句3：The weather being fine, we decided to have a picnic.补充的作用：独立主格可以补充主句中的信息，进一步丰富句子的意思。
例句4：The test over, the students left the classroom.状语的作用：独立主格可以用来表示时间、原因、条件等，在句子中起到修饰或状语的作用。
例句5：The door being locked, we had to find another way in.二、非谓语动词的用法非谓语动词指的是不带有动词个人形态的动词形式。
在英语中，非谓语动词主要有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式，具有名词、形容词或副词的特点。
1. 动词不定式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种形式，一般由"to + 动词原形"组成。
动词不定式可以作为句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。
主语：例句6：To learn a foreign language is not easy.宾语：例句7：She wants to visit her grandparents next week.表语：例句8：The most important thing is to believe in yourself.定语：例句9：I have a book to read tonight.状语：例句10：He left the office to catch the last train.2. 动名词动名词是以动词加-ing形式构成的名词，具有名词的性质。
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独立主格结构的用法详解独立主格复合结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。
它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。
独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。
它由两部分构成，第一部分由名词或代词担任，第二部分由动词非谓语形式（即动词不定式、动名词或分词）、形容词、副词、名词或介词短语担任。
两部分在逻辑上是主谓关系。
一、独立主格复合结构的类型1．名词（或主格代词）+ 现在分词Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor.时间是美国人注意节约的两个要素之一，另一个则是劳力。
Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
2. 名词（或主格代词）+ 过去分词The duty completed, he had three months' leave. 任务完成之后，他休了三个月的假。
More time given，we should have done it much better．如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。
Everything considered, it is possible for their factory to raise the output quickly.考虑到各方面的情况，他们厂迅速提高产量是可能的。
All his ribs broken, he lay half dead. 他的肋骨全被打断，半死不活地躺着。
3．名词（或主格代词）+ 动词不定式，用来表示将来意义。
Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month. 这是头三卷，第四卷下月出版。
They agreed on a division of labor, each to translate one-third of the book.他们同意分工干，每人翻译全书的三分之一。
4．名词（或主格代词）+ 形容词The baby began to cry afresh, his face very pale and his lips colorless. 那婴儿又哭了起来，他面色苍白，嘴唇发青。
My mother sat on the kitchen, her face dull and heavy. 我妈妈坐在厨房里，脸色阴沉而忧郁。
Hands red with the cold, they were making a snow man. 他们在做雪人，手冻得发红。
5．名词（或主格代词）+ 介词短语He stood at the door, hands in pocket. 他站在门口，双手插在口袋里。
So Oliver rose from the table and went up to the master, bowl and spoon in hand. 于是，奥利佛手拿饭碗和汤匙从桌旁站起来，向主人走去。
6．名词（或主格代词）+ 副词His chin up, he walked towards the enemies who were armed with big swords. 他昂着头，朝实枪荷弹的敌人走去。
Class over, all the students went out from the classroom. 下课了，学生们都从教室里走了出去。
7．名词（或主格代词）+ 名词His first shot failure, he fired again. 他第一枪没打准，又打了第二枪。
The brave man fought the tiger, a stick his only weapon. 那勇士和老虎搏斗，木棍是他唯一的武器。
8. 介词引导的独立主格结构英语中某些介词后面可以带有上述那样的7种词组，这种能引导出独立主格结构的介词有：with, without, like, on。
1) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 现在分词Last night he was so tired that he fell asleep with the lamp burning.昨晚他十分疲劳，没熄灯就睡着了。
2) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 过去分词She felt nervous, with so many eyes fixed on her.这么多眼睛盯着她，她感到紧张。
3) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 形容词Frank stared at his friend, with his mouth open. 弗兰克张着嘴凝视着他的朋友。
4) with +名词（或主格代词）+ 副词He stood before his teacher, with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。
5) with +名词（或主格代词）+ 动词不定式With him to give us a lead, our team is bound to turn out well.有他给我们带头，我们队一定能搞好。
6) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 介词短语The old man stood there, with his back against the wall. 老人背靠着墙站在那里。
7) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 名词He died, with his daughter yet a schoolgirl. 他去世的时候，女儿还是一个小学生。
介词without, like, on也能用来引导独立主格结构，其用法和with相同，但在意义上有所改变。
如：He entered the room, without steps being noticed. 他蹑手蹑脚地走进房间里去。
I told him everything, and he stood and listened, like a figure cut in stone. 我把一切情况都告诉了他，他呆若木鸡，站在那儿倾听着。
On our arrival being announced, they came out to receive us, accompanied by their two sons. 一听到我们到达的消息，他们由两个儿子陪伴着，立即出来迎接我们。
二、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构作为句子中的一个语言单位，行文简单明了，功能多种多样，在句中主要用作状语、定语和主语。
1．作状语1）表示时间，其功能相当于一个时间状语从句。
The bell ringing, all the pupils went into the classroom. =When the bell rang, all the pupils went into the classroom. 铃响了，小学生们都走进教室。
Water changed into a solid, we call it ice. =When water is changed into a solid, we call it ice. 水变成固体时，我们称其为冰。
2）表示原因，其功能相当于复合句中的一个原因状语从句。
The question being rather difficult, we must take time to consider it carefully.=As the question is rather difficult, we must take time to consider it carefully. 由于这问题相当难，我们必须花时间仔细考虑。
Circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make a new plan. =It is necessary for you to make a new plan, since circumstances are changed. 因为情况变了，你必须制定新计划。
3）表示条件，其功能相当于复合句中的条件状语从句。
I'll take you home, your daughter having not come.=I'll take you home if your daughter has not come.如果你女儿没来，我就送你回家。
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.=If all things are considered, herpaper is of greater value than yours. 从各方面来考虑，她的论文比你的论文要更有价值。
4）表示伴随，其功能相当于并列句中的一个分句。
A bullet struck the soldier, who rode on, blood flowing from his side. =A bullet struck the soldier, who rode on, and blood was flowing from his side.子弹打在士兵的身上，他骑着马，身上流着血继续奔跑。
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. =Almost all metals are good conductors, while silver is the best of all. 差不多所有的金属都是良导体，银是其中的最佳导体。
The frightened boys lay down with their eyes to holes in the floor.=The frightened boys lay down and their eyes were opened to holes in the floor. 恐惧的孩子们趴在地板上，眼睛望着地板上的小洞。
The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing.=The day was bright, and a fresh breeze was blowing. 天气晴朗，吹着阵阵和风。