考研英语翻译共80页文档
考研英语翻译
英汉语言差异(chāyì)
语态
连接词 形式主语和宾语
定语位置(wèi zhi)
名词化
非谓语动词
第六页，共八十页。
做题思路(sīlù)与步骤
分清主次关系，注意“左邻右舍”
1 划动词，确定主谓，明确分句 2 缕清关系（主从(zhǔcóng) ），确定词意，按意群翻
译
第十二页，共八十页。
II. 遣词 用字 (qiǎn cí) 恰如其分
1．英汉词字对应关系(guān xì) 2．词义辨析
第十三页，共八十页。
1．英汉词字对应(duìyìng)关系
1）词字对等。这种情况多见于专有名词， 技术词汇(cíhuì)等，如:
Marxism = 马克思主义 Aspirin ＝ 阿斯匹林 激光 = laser 白血病 = leukemia
且举几件东西来说吧，汽车、无线电、电影、速冻 食品、电冰箱，这些东西在过去的30年中得到了广 泛的应用，这简直令人难以置信。
第九页，共八十页。
I. 分清 主从 (fēn qīng) 把握结构
1. 抓主谓结构 The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated
对于护士、警察(jǐnɡ chá)、理发师或是服务员 来说，还有什么比脱下制服更容易的方 法使人们看不出他们的职业身份呢？
第二十二页，共八十页。
直译 意译 (zhíyì)
1．Every life has its roses and thorns. 直译：每个人的一生都既有玫瑰(méi gui)，又有荆棘。
他在二垒。（体育）
第二十一页，共八十页。
III. 直译 意译 (zhíyì) 抓住要点
考研英语二文章翻译完整版
考研英语二文章翻译集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]完型鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入无现金社会,实现完全电子支付。
然而，真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来。
事实上,这样的预测已经出现二十年了,但迄今还没有实现。
例如,1975年《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段不久将“彻底改变货币本身的定义”，并将在数年后颠覆货币本身。
为何人们进入无现金社会的速度如此缓慢呢？尽管电子支付手段可能比纸币支付方式更加高效，然而以下几个方面解释了纸币系统“不会”消失的原因。
第一，使电子货币成为最主要的支付方式必须的设备包括电脑、读卡器和电信网络，而安装这些设备价格昂贵。
第二，纸质支票有提供收据这一优势，这是消费者不愿放弃的。
第三，使用纸质支票可以让开票人多几天让钱“悬浮”在帐户里，对方得花上几天才能凭支票取现，这也就是意味着开票方又多赚了几天利息钱。
而由于电子支票是即时的，因此也就没有这种优势。
第四，电子支付方式还有可能存在安全和隐私隐患。
我们曾多次听到媒体报道说某个非法黑客入侵了用户的数据库并且篡改了里面的信息。
这种情况时有发生，这也意味着别有用心之人可能侵入电子支付系统，盗取别人的银行帐号而盗款成功。
要防止这类诈骗并非易事，正在研发新的电脑科学领域来处理该类安全问题。
此外，人们对于电子支付方式的担忧在于进行电子交易之后所留下的包含个人信息的痕迹。
人们担心政府部门，雇员和市场营销人员会看到这些数据，侵犯个人隐私。
Text1在一篇名为(entitled)《成功（make?it）在美国》的文章中，作者亚当·戴维森讲述(relate)了这样一个源自棉花出产国的笑话，笑话是关于现代纺织(textile)作坊(mill)已高度自动化(automate)：现如今，一家普通作坊里只有两名员工，“一个人和一条狗，人在作坊里是为了喂狗，狗在作坊里是为了使人远离(away?from)机器。
(完整word版)研究生英语综合教程(上)课文翻译_打印版
Unit One核心员工的特征大卫·G．詹森1核心员工究竟是什么样子的？几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。
我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。
“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工,在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。
在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，"他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。
当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候,我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。
我们只招募核心员工."2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。
他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工.然而,每家公司也从新人中招人。
他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西.“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照.假如他们看起来有同样特征的话,我们就在他们身上赌一把.”只是这样有点儿冒险.3“这是一种有根据的猜测,”我的人事经理客户说.作为未来的一名员工,你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工.4特征1:无私的合作者职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。
关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。
它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。
“这里需要合作，”费策尔说,“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜,所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。
在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。
”5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。
因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。
你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。
考研 翻译(A-P共80个)
A1. A man’s worth lies not so much in what he has (而在于他是什么人)2.(不管他喝了多少酒) it had no noticeable effect on him.3.(和同龄的其他孩子相比), Robert is very tall.4.The UN (已要求双方遵守)the ceasefire.5.（真是不凑巧），the one time I wanted to see her, she wasn’t in.A1.as in what he is2.However much he drankpared with other children of the same age.4.has called on both sides to observe5.As chance would have itB1.(要不是几次打断)the meeting would have finished half an hour ago.2.It is simple. The more preparation you do now, (考试之前你就越不会紧张).3.The elevators in this building （总出故障）.4.This article tells you （怎样在旅行期间防止生病）.5.(平均来看), men smoke more cigarettes than women.But for several interruptionsC1.（想到还得重新考试）depressed him.2.The book is (我够不着)；would you please pass it to me?3.It was proposed that （旅行推迟）.4.(说到现代艺术)，few people know more than Tom does.5.Students discuss ideas, (而不是单纯抄袭课本).D1. The result of the competition will (大部分依靠)the opinions of the judges.2.Nowadays, more and more people (非常重视) economic forecasts.3.He built up a successful business but it was all done (以健康为代价).4.(手头准备一本英英字典), and when you cannot interpret a word withaccuracy, you may refer to it any time.5.People who live in the areas (地震多发区)should build houses that areresistant to ground movement.E1.Not only (她抱怨食物)，she also refused to pay for it.cators warn parents that (没有好处的) forcing children to learn.3.The development of scientific research in our country (特点是理论联系实际).4.New factories and hydroelectric stations of small and medium sizes (正在全国各处兴建).5.I wasn’t so much bothered by his loud playing of the trumpet (不如说是对他缺乏音乐才华而烦恼).F1.The importance of English learning (无论怎么强调也是应该的).2.Not that I don’t want to help you, (而是因为这超过了我的能力所及).3.Railway is to transportation (就如血液对于人的身体).4.Being good friends, we should tell each other (我们的烦心事)and try to findout solutions.5.He checked out his composition again and again (以确信没有遗漏要点).G1.We should make good use of our time in class and (集中精力听课)2.(务必至少留出一小时) a day for sports. It will make you healthy andenergetic.3.(据报道) our industrial and agricultural production is going on increasing.4.One meaning of punctuality is that we must not (推迟今天能做的事)tilltomorrow.5.I (情不自禁想起) his parents at the sight of the picture.H1.In some respects, that new dictionary (有许多地方需要改进).2.The ways of greeting (因文化不同而不同).3.I am (没有心情参加) the party this evening.4.Most of the students in the college (难以进入)the computers in the library5.The efforts we have made (似乎全白费了).I1.Our responsibility is to (保持我们的房间干净整洁).2.Scarcely (她刚要睡着) when a knock at the door awakened her.3.Smith kept thinking hard but failed (拿出一个可行的计划).4.Fortunately, through her own hard work, she (渡过了最困难时期).5.They often make preparations for their work （提前几天或几周）.J1.He applied for a job only (结果被拒绝).2.The more I thought about it, (我越觉得惭愧).3.(过分担心一次失败是没有用的)，and we should draw some usefullessons from it.4.Dick was sent to the hospital (在交通事故中受了点轻伤).5.In the past few years, perhaps no other topics (更受年轻人关注了) than thebid for the sponsorship of the Olympic Games.K1.(要不是计算机的出现)，our society wouldn’t have developed in this way.2.Today, people are more concerned about their health (比过去).3.How can you talk to her like that? She is the one (把你养大) and helped youfinish school.4.I don’t suggest that he is negligent, (更没有暗示他不诚实).5.The depth of water in the first tube is nearly (一半高度) in the other.L1.(从他的口音判断), he must be a northerner.2.The doctor advised that (她应该节食) in order not to put on weight.3.I didn’t expect so heavy traffic, otherwise (我就会早点动身).4.When I arrived home, I found (房子被破门而入了).5.Jack was caught (考试作弊).M1.(把所有的因素考虑进去)，his plan is the most practicable.2. (正如我们所期待的那样)，the program went smoothly.3. No sooner (内战爆发) than some people fled their native villages.4. Only dimly (一些人明白)the ways in which the environment can be protected.5. They would rather die as free man (也不愿作奴隶而生).N1. (令他尴尬的是)he didn’t have enough money to pay the Scotch whiskey he had ordered.2. Not until the train started to move (我才停止哭泣).3. It seemed that the little boy (能够读懂我的心思), and he quietly gave me some newspapers of that day.4. I regretted having bought this suit, for its price is (与它的价值不成比例)5. Mr. Smith made full preparation for the experiment (以便实验能够顺利进行).N1.To his embarrassment2.did I stop weeping3.could read my mind4.out of proportion to its value5.so that it would go on smoothlyO1. (看在你哥哥的份上), I can lend you my car to get around your transport problem.2. He didn’t pay his taxes and (结果以坐牢告终) .3. She makes jokes when she’s disappointed, (而不是发脾气).4. In the two world wars, tens of millions of people were (遭受了巨大的痛苦).5. Don’t (为这点小事大惊小怪的) because that is the last thing I expected. O1.For your elder brother’s sake2.ended up in prison3.rather than losing her temper4.subject to great suffering5.make a fuss about such a small thingP1. These letters are particularly valuable to us because Peter was clearly aware of the need to(抵制撒谎的诱惑).2. Two men, (这两个人以前我都没见过), came into my office.3. We (法律上有权利) take faulty goods back to the store where you purchased them.4. (面临失业的威胁), these workers yielded to the management’s advice and went back to work.5. The work is hard for you. You （不妨求助于你的老师）.P1.resist the temptation to tell lies2.neither of whom I had seen before3.are legally entitled to4.Faced with the threat of losing their jobs5.you might as well refer to your teacherA6.as in what he is7.However much he drankpared with other children of the same age.9.has called on both sides to observe10.As chance would have itB1.But for several interruptions2.The less nervous you will be before the exam3.are always breaking down4.how to avoid getting ill while traveling5.On averageC1.The thought of taking the exam again2.beyond / out of / above my reach3.the trip be put off4.When it comes to modern art5.as opposed to just copying from booksD1.depend largely on2.attach great importance to3.at the cost / expense of health4.keep an English-English dictionary handy5.where earthquakes are a common occurrenceE1.did she complain about the food2.it is no good3.is characterized by the combination of theory with practice4.are being built everywhere in the country5.as by his lack of music artF1.cannot be over-stressed2.but that it is beyond my power3.what blood is to a man’s body4.what is disturbing us5.to make sure that no important points had been omittedG1.concentrate on what the teacher says2.Be sure to set aside at least an hour3.It is reported that4.put off what we can do today5.couldn’t help thinking ofH1.has much to be improved2.vary from culture to culture3.in no mood for4.have difficulty getting access to5.seem to be in vainI1.keep our room neat and clean2.had she fallen asleep3.to come up with a practical plan4.has got through the most difficult time5.days or weeks in advanceJ1.to be turned down2.the more ashamed I became3.it is no use worrying excessively about a single failure4.because of a minor injury in the traffic accident5.have received more from the youthK1.But for the emergence of computer2.than they were in the past3.who brought you up4.much less that he is dishonest5.half thatL1.Judging from his accent2.she (should) go on a diet3.I would have set off earlier4.the house broken into5.cheating on/in the examM1.All things considered2.Just as we had expected3.had the civil war broken out4.are some people aware of5.than live as slavesN6.To his embarrassment7.did I stop weeping8.could read my mind9.out of proportion to its value10.so that it would go on smoothlyO6.For your elder brother’s sake7.ended up in prison8.rather than losing her temper9.subject to great suffering10.make a fuss about such a small thingP6.resist the temptation to tell lies7.neither of whom I had seen before8.are legally entitled to9.Faced with the threat of losing their jobs10.you might as well refer to your teacher。
研究生英语考试英译汉翻译参考
1、It takes persistence to succeed.Attitude also matters.成功需要毅力。
态度也很重要。
I have never thought I was better than anyone else, but I have always believed Icouldn`t be outworked.我从不认为我那时比其他任何人强，但我一直相信我当时干的活儿别人都赶不上。
2、As the Net pushes the economy ahead rapidly, the economy is also bringing the Netmarket forward , resulting in the Internet itself becoming the world`s largest emerging market.当网络化高速地推动经济的时候，经济也反过来促进网络市场的发展。
其结果是国际互联网本身将成为全球最大的新兴市场。
Of course , this is just the beginning .当然这还仅仅是个开始。
Although there are many companies , which made huge profits investing in the Internet market, they tend to be small companies , like Yahoo ( at that time ).尽管在国际互联网市场上投资的许多公司都赚了大钱，但它们通常是一些小公司，如雅虎之类。
3、Sustainable management is seen as a practical and economical way of protectingspecies from extinction.人们把可持续管理视为一种保护物种使之免于绝迹的实用而又经济的办法。
考研英语翻译共80页文档共82页文档
考研英语翻译共80页文档
56、死去何所道，托体同山阿。 57、春秋多佳日，登高赋新诗。 58、种豆南山下，草盛豆苗稀。晨兴 理荒秽 ，带月 荷锄归 。道狭 草木长 ，夕露 沾我衣 。衣沾 不足惜 ，但使 愿无违 。 59、相见无杂言，但道桑麻长。 60、迢迢新秋夕，亭亭月将圆。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
46、我们若已接受最坏的，就再没有什么损失。——卡耐基 47、书到用时方恨少、事非经过不知难。——陆游 48、书籍把我们引入最美好的社会，使我们认识各个时代的伟大智者。——史美尔斯 49、熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。——孙洙 50、谁和我一样用功，谁就会和我一样成功。——莫扎特
考研英语历年翻译真题及译文(共44篇)
一. 1980考研英语翻译真题及答案Section VI Chinese-English Translation将下列句子译成英语：（本大题共20分，第1题2分，其余各题均3分）Section VI: Chinese-English Translation (20 points)1.水一煮沸请立即把开关关掉。
1. Please turn off the switch (switch off) as soon as the water boils.2. 在八十年代，中国人民将以更大的步伐向前迈进。
2. The Chinese people will forge ahead (march on, march onward, march forward) with greater strides in 1980’s.3. 我们都同意李同志已作出的决定。
3. We all agree to the decision comrade Li has made (made).4. 这个结果比我们预期的要好得多。
4. The result is much (far) better than we expected.5. 在过去的三年中，在恢复我国国民经济方面做了大量的工作。
5. During the past three years a lot (of work) has been done in the recovery (restoration) of our national economy (in recovering our national economy; in restoring our national economy).6. 我们把英语作为学习西方先进科学技术的一种工具。
6. We use English as a tool in learning Western advanced science and technology.7. 没有党的领导，我国的社会主义现代化是不可能实现的。
(完整word版)研一学术综合英语学术综合英语词汇翻译完整版
Unit 1SECTION ATask 2A(1)Contrary to what they predicted, the disease broke out and killed thousands of people.与他们的预测相反，病情爆发并且夺去了数千人的生命。
(2)Without receiving her reply as scheduled he regarded it as implicit acceptance.没有如期收到她的答复（回复），他认为她这是默许接受了。
(3)He repeated his assertion that he was not guilty in front of the jury in court.法庭之上，他在陪审团面前重申了他无罪的声明。
(4)Using the Internet, he was able to look up information on a terrible disease torturing his wife.他可以运用互联网查找一种折磨他妻子的可怕疾病的信息。
(5)The young man adapted well to the city life and his new environment.这个年轻人非常适应城市生活和新环境(6)There is not enough oxygen in the Moon’s atmosphere to sustain plant life.月球大气中没有足够的氧气来维持植物的生命。
(7)What you prepare for your speech, be sure to cite unbiased qualified sources.当你在准备演讲时，一定要引用不偏不倚并且高质量的信息源。
(8)In the course of children’s language acquisition, adults should pay attention to grammar.在儿童学习语言的过程中，大人们应该注意语法。
研究生考试英语翻译终极版.doc
考研英语翻译真题及译文2011(46)Allerts contribution was to take an assumption we al 1 share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature- 参考翻译：艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设一因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想(47)whi 1 e we may be able to sustain the i 1 lusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: ''Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? “参考翻译：我们可以单独通过意识维持控制的感觉，但实际上我们一直面临着一个问题，为什么我不能完成这件事情或那件事情(48)This seems a justification for neglcct of those in need, and a rationalization of expl oitati on, of the superiority of those at the top and the inf er i or ity of those at the bottom.参考翻译：这似乎可能为必要时的忽视正名，也能合理说明剥削，以及在顶层的人的优越感及处于后层人们的劣势感(49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been ''wronged" then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation参考翻译：环境似乎是为了挑选出我们的强者，而且如果我们感觉受了委屈，那么我们就不可能有意识的做岀努力逃离我们原来的处境(50)The upside is the possibi 1 ities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possibie. 参考翻译：正面在于我们处于这样的位置，知道所有事情都取决与我们自己，之前我们对着一系列的限制，而现在我们成了权威201046.Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that in sects woul d eat us up if birds failed to control them.参考翻译：科学家急忙介入，但提岀的证据显然站不住脚，其大意是，如果鸟类不能控制昆虫的数量，昆虫便会吞噬我们人类。
考研英语真题翻译1990-2012打印版(附答案)
考研英语历年真题翻译部分(附答案，打印版)1990年 (2)1991年 (2)1992年 (3)1993年 (4)1994年 (4)1995年 (5)1996年 (5)1997年 (6)1998年 (6)1999年 (7)2000年 (8)2001年 (8)2002年 (9)2003年 (10)2004年 (10)2005年 (11)2006年 (11)2007年 (12)2008年 (13)2009年 (13)2010年 (14)2011年 (15)2012年 (15)真题翻译答案 (17)Part BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)1990年People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. (21) They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature vs. nurture.”(22) Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (23) That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Those who support the “nurture” theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. (24) The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories. (25) Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say: They don’t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (26) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. (27) In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (28) Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.1991年The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (31) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at thepresent rate of use.(32) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(33) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (34) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by 200l the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (35) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.1992年“Intelligence” at best is an assumptive construct—the meaning of the word has never been clear. 31) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to—it was not designed for such purposes. 32) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair.33) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do one’s best, the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do, and the intellectual ability to do it.34) The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test;What we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence”. 35) On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.1993年(31) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. (32) It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples. (33) You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction (归纳法) and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. (34) And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.There is a well-know n incident in one of Motiere’s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose (散文) during the whole of his life. In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period. (35)Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.1994年According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (31) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (32) “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innum erable directions.”(33)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (34) Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on theheavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eye-glasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (35)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.1995年The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (31) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (32 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (33) Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(34) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do.(35) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.1996年The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 31）Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 32）This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 33）This seemsmostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good” as opposed to “bad” science, but a val id determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 34）However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to d eal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 35）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.1997年Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 31）Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.32）Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “ I don’t like this contract”?The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.33）It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it.34）Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh o ther’s interests against one’s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.35）When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mank ind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.1998年They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 31) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. Whatthe researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).32) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn’t have long to wait. 33) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 35) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true1999年Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)31）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequentl y partial or partisan. The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.32）Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 33）During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 34）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research in terests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technical fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.35）It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticismof sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.2000年Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31）Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 32）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.33）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 34）in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 35）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. ［390 words］2001年Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.41）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 42）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium（a period of 1,000 years）, when supercomputers will dramatically。
(完整word版)研一学术综合英语学术综合英语词汇翻译完整版
Unit 1SECTION ATask 2A(1)Contrary to what they predicted, the disease broke out and killed thousands of people.与他们的预测相反，病情爆发并且夺去了数千人的生命。
(2)Without receiving her reply as scheduled he regarded it as implicit acceptance.没有如期收到她的答复（回复），他认为她这是默许接受了。
(3)He repeated his assertion that he was not guilty in front of the jury in court.法庭之上，他在陪审团面前重申了他无罪的声明。
(4)Using the Internet, he was able to look up information on a terrible disease torturing his wife.他可以运用互联网查找一种折磨他妻子的可怕疾病的信息。
(5)The young man adapted well to the city life and his new environment.这个年轻人非常适应城市生活和新环境(6)There is not enough oxygen in the Moon’s atmosphere to sustain plant life.月球大气中没有足够的氧气来维持植物的生命。
(7)What you prepare for your speech, be sure to cite unbiased qualified sources.当你在准备演讲时，一定要引用不偏不倚并且高质量的信息源。
(8)In the course of children’s language acquisition, adults should pay attention to grammar.在儿童学习语言的过程中，大人们应该注意语法。
(完整)考研英语阅读全文翻译
Text 1为了“让生活更美好”，减少“家庭的扶养"，英国财政部大臣George Osborn，提出了“为找工作提前支付工资”的计划。
只要到计算机化的就业服务中心找工作的人有VC--网上找工作的注册书，并且开始找工作，那么他们有资格得到福利,然后他们应该每周做一次报告而不是每两周.还有什么能比这个更合理?下面是更明显的合理性.下来找工作者将会有七天对津贴的等待。
“最初的这些天应该用来找工作，而不是找注册地。
”他还宣称“我们做这些是因为我们这会帮助那些没有福利的人并且让那些已经有福利的人更快地得到工作.”帮助?真的吗？第一次听到这时，这就是一个关注社会的官员——努力想让生活更美好,和一个对于新待业人员能很容易找到工作的宽松社会的“改革”，以及对懒惰的补贴。
我们后来知道给他动力的是他对“基础公平"的热情—-保护纳税人，控制支出，以及保证那些最需要的要求者得到他们的福利。
失去工作是让人伤心的：你不可能心里唱着歌跳着去就业服务中心,有着从一般状态翻番自己收入的愿景，并对此感到高兴。
失业是金融的恐怖,心理的尴尬，你知道得到的支持是最小的并且是非常难得到的。
你现在是不被需要的；为你的生活提供目标和组织体系的工作环境已经把你排除在外了。
更糟糕的是，养活你自己和家人以及各种生活基本支出的经济来源断掉了。
对于最需要什么这个问题，那些新的失业者的答案总是两个字：工作.但是在奥斯博岛，你的第一本能反应是被扶养-—如果你能做到，那么是永久的扶养，被一个不得不放纵你的错误的国家支持。
这就像过去的20年——关于找工作更艰难的改革，并且没有福利管理体系.现在英国的福利体系原则不再是确保人们可以躲避失业的风险并且能在这种灾难发生时收到无条件的补偿。
即使这个1996年产生的短语“待业者的津贴”是将失业者重新定义为“待业者”，意思是对已经通过为国家保险做贡献得到的福利不在有委托管理权。
确实，这些要求者得到了有期限的“津贴”,条件是积极地找工作；这是欧盟中最不慷慨的一个体系，一周71,70英镑，没有补贴没有保险。
考研英语全文翻译
20**年考研英语全文翻译Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailingconventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. 47) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. 48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.49) Especiallysignificant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. 50) One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason，why 引导定语从句，修饰the reason。
考研英语一阅读翻译完整版
考研英语一阅读翻译集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]T e x t1为了“让生活更美好”，减少“家庭的扶养”，英国财政部大臣GeorgeOsborn，提出了“为找工作提前支付工资”的计划。
只要到计算机化的就业服务中心找工作的人有VC--网上找工作的注册书，并且开始找工作，那么他们有资格得到福利，然后他们应该每周做一次报告而不是每两周。
还有什么能比这个更合理？下面是更明显的合理性。
下来找工作者将会有七天对津贴的等待。
“最初的这些天应该用来找工作，而不是找注册地。
”他还宣称“我们做这些是因为我们这会帮助那些没有福利的人并且让那些已经有福利的人更快地得到工作。
”帮助真的吗第一次听到这时，这就是一个关注社会的官员——努力想让生活更美好，和一个对于新待业人员能很容易找到工作的宽松社会的“改革”，以及对懒惰的补贴。
我们后来知道给他动力的是他对“基础公平”的热情——保护纳税人，控制支出，以及保证那些最需要的要求者得到他们的福利。
失去工作是让人伤心的：你不可能心里唱着歌跳着去就业服务中心，有着从一般状态翻番自己收入的愿景，并对此感到高兴。
失业是金融的恐怖，心理的尴尬，你知道得到的支持是最小的并且是非常难得到的。
你现在是不被需要的；为你的生活提供目标和组织体系的工作环境已经把你排除在外了。
更糟糕的是，养活你自己和家人以及各种生活基本支出的经济来源断掉了。
对于最需要什么这个问题，那些新的失业者的答案总是两个字：工作。
但是在奥斯博岛，你的第一本能反应是被扶养——如果你能做到，那么是永久的扶养，被一个不得不放纵你的错误的国家支持。
这就像过去的20年——关于找工作更艰难的改革，并且没有福利管理体系。
现在英国的福利体系原则不再是确保人们可以躲避失业的风险并且能在这种灾难发生时收到无条件的补偿。
即使这个1996年产生的短语“待业者的津贴”是将失业者重新定义为“待业者”，意思是对已经通过为国家保险做贡献得到的福利不在有委托管理权。
研究生英语考试英译汉翻译参考
研究生英语考试英译汉翻译参考1、It takes persistence to succeed.Attitude also matters.成功需要毅力。
态度也很重要。
I have never thought I was better than anyone else, but I have always believed Icouldn`t be outworked.我从不认为我那时比其他任何人强，但我一直相信我当时干的活儿别人都赶不上。
2、As the Net pushes the economy ahead rapidly, the economy is also bringing the Netmarket forward , resulting in the Internet itself becoming the world`s largest emerging market.当网络化高速地推动经济的时候，经济也反过来促进网络市场的发展。
其结果是国际互联网本身将成为全球最大的新兴市场。
Of course , this is just the beginning .当然这还仅仅是个开始。
Although there are many companies , which made huge profits investing in the Internet market, they tend to be small companies , like Yahoo ( at that time ).尽管在国际互联网市场上投资的许多公司都赚了大钱，但它们通常是一些小公司，如雅虎之类。
3、Sustainable management is seen as a practical and economical way of protectingspecies from extinction.人们把可持续管理视为一种保护物种使之免于绝迹的实用而又经济的办法。
考研英语及译文
考研英语及译文1Dear Editors,I have been reading your newspaper for many years with great enthusiasm and interest. Now I would like to render my own idea on reading extensively.Nowadays few of us read extensively after we leave school. This tendency is rather disturbing, for one should know that reading extensively are no less necessary to one’s mental life than fresh air to one’s physical life. From reading extensively, we can derive companionship, experience and instruction. First and foremost, a good book is our faithful friend. It can increase our contentment when we are cheerful and happy, and lessen our pain when we are sad or lonely. Furthermore, reading extensively can also offer us a wide range of experiences.Though with the advent of TV and Internet, books are no longer read as extensively as they once were, nothing can replace the role that reading extensively plays in our lives.Yours sincerely,Li Ming参考译文尊敬的编辑：多年来我一直怀着极大的热情和兴趣阅读贵报。
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他送约翰上大学，巴望能让儿子出类拔萃。
(2) Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that.
自然选择在进化中的作用仅在100多年前才得 以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选 择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
I. 分清主从 把握结构
2. 抓关键信息
Views of the railings where doomed passengers and crew members stood evoked images of the moonless night 74 years ago when the great ship slipped beneath the waves.
翻译技巧和方法
I. 分清主从 把握结构
分清主从是理清原文结构，拟出译文整体框架 的关键，而辨析词义是确保译文准确的前提。
It is hard to believe that automobiles, radios, motion pictures, frozen foods, electric refrigerator, to mention only a few items, have come into common use within thirty years.
carry:
搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、 搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧…..
Байду номын сангаас
4）交织对应。这类情况在英汉翻译中时有发 生，也即是一组词义相近的词，根据不同的上 下文，可以译作对应词语中的任何一个，如英 语中的say, speak, talk, tell与汉语的“说、讲、 谈、诉”之间的关系：
II. 遣词用字 恰如其分
1．英汉词字对应关系 2．词义辨析
1．英汉词字对应关系
1）词字对等。这种情况多见于专有名词， 技术词汇等，如:
Marxism = 马克思主义 Aspirin ＝ 阿斯匹林 激光 = laser 白血病 = leukemia
2）多词同义。这种情况在英汉翻译中较为普 遍，也即是同一个词语有若干词义完全一样， 但色彩意义不同的对应词，如：
题型特点
➢ 1、文章题材：偏文倾向 03：人类学；04：语言与思维的关系； 05：大众传媒；06年：美国的知识分子； 07：法律的学习；08：达尔文的思维表达； 09：教育学；10：自然与经济的关系； 11：书评；12：对普遍真理的追求
题型特点
➢ 2、语法结构：关系复杂 非谓语动词（形容词短语） 逻辑关系 指代：代词it, they, that, this, one 从句：
题型特点
➢ 3、词汇：上下文 一词多义， 一词转义（具体场合的特定含义）
英汉语言差异
语态 连接词 形式主语和宾语 定语位置 名词化 非谓语动词
做题思路与步骤
分清主次关系，注意“左邻右舍”
1 划动词，确定主谓，明确分句 2 缕清关系（主从 ），确定词意，按意群翻译 3 按逻辑，调整语序（每意群），写中文表达 4 重新组合，删除多余，并核对检查
妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、 内人……
wife：
总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社 长、校长……
president:
3）一词多义。这种情况在英汉翻译中最为普 遍，也即是同一个词语有若干词义不同的对应 词，如：
cousin:
堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、 表妹、卿…...
健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样 给人以幸福。(或: 因为后者不能像前者那样给 人以幸福。)
命题形式
主要考查考生准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语 文字材料的能力（即主要考查考生依据上下文的 帮助对于具有较大难度的语句在理解和书面表达 方面的能力。）。要求考生阅读一篇约400 （2019：420）词的文章，并将其中5个画线部分 （约150词）译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、 通顺。
详见大纲解读
看到那些栏杆，不由使人想起七十四年前这艘 巨轮船体倾斜沉入波涛的那个暗无星月的夜晚， 当时那些惨遭厄运的乘客和船员也曾站在这些 栏杆旁。
I. 分清主从 把握结构
3. 抓逻辑关系 The isolation of the rural world because of
distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media. 因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社 会是于外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态，由 于通讯工具不足，就变得更加严重了。
且举几件东西来说吧，汽车、无线电、电影、 速冻食品、电冰箱，这些东西在过去的30年中 得到了广泛的应用，这简直令人难以置信。
I. 分清主从 把握结构
1. 抓主谓结构
The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than 100 years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.（2019）
5）无对等词语。翻译中的这种情况极少，偶 有发生，一般用解释或音译的方式来解决英汉 之间的对应关系。
teenager ；hacker
2．词义辨析
1) 根据构词法辨别词义 Miniskirt Microsoft Spaceship Thermometer Futurist
2) 根据指代关系辨别词义