2013年上海海事大学海事法考研真题试卷
13上海海事大学考研海商法
13上海海事大学考研海商法2013年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目：海商法一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1、根据我国《海商法》，当一条船舶上同时存在船舶优先权、留置权和抵押权的，其受偿先后顺序为。
A 优先权、留置权、抵押权B 留置权、优先权、抵押权C 留置权、抵押权、优先权D 同时受偿2、在国际信用证结汇中不能被接受的运输单证包括。
A 已装船提单B 清洁提单C 收货待运提单D 标注有“未知条款”的提单3、下列原因造成的货物灭失或者损坏承运人不能免责。
A 救助或者企图救助其他船舶B 引航员的驾驶过失C 因船员的过错在开航之前引发船上的火灾D 以上都不是4、下列原因造成的碰撞时，碰撞双方互相不负赔偿责任。
A 原因不明B 不可抗力C 意外事故D 以上原因均是5、我国的船舶登记制度属于。
A 开放登记制度B 严格登记制度C 半开放登记制度D 半严格登记制度6、在《鹿特丹规则》下，承运人对于货物灭失或者损坏的赔偿责任限额为。
A 825计算单位/件或货运单位B 2.5计算单位/毛重公斤C 666.67 计算单位/件或货运单位D 875计算单位/件或货运单位7、救助方有权从处获得特别补偿。
A 可能会造成污染的财产的所有人B 获救财产所有人C 被救船舶的所有人D 以上都不正确8、某船在营运过程中因互有驾驶船舶过失造成碰撞事故，致使本船货物损失，船员人身遭受伤害，同时造成对方船舶和货物的损害。
后该船被本船船员向法院申请扣押和拍卖，理由是拖欠船员工资。
在拍卖船舶所得价款中，有关损失和支付请求的受偿顺序分别是。
A 本船货物损失船员人身伤害对方船舶和货物的损失本船船员工资B 本船船员工资船员人身伤害对方船舶和货物的损失本船提单持有人的货物损失C 本船船员工资船员人身伤害本船提单持有人的货物损失对方船舶和货物损失D 以上均不是9、对于货物多式联运合同，按照中国《海商法》，通常情况下。
2013年上海海事大学法理学考研试题.pdf
2013年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）
考试科目：法理学
一、名词解释题（30分）
1.（6分）法律规则
2. （6分）法律部门
3. （6分）法律移植
4. （6分）归责
5．（6分）法律解释
二、简答题（50分）
1.（10分）简述法理学研究对象。
2. （10分）简述法律与道德的区别。
3. （10分）简述德沃金的法的要素的分类模式。
4. （10分）简述法律责任的构成。
5．（10分）简述法治的基本理念。
三、论述题（40分）
1.（20分）试述法与权利义务的关系。
2. （20分）试论法律确认和保障自由的一般方式。
四、案例分析题（30分）
2010年11月，最高人民法院就已经发布了《关于案例指导工作的规定》，确立了案例指导制度的框架。
司法实务界和学术界对案例指导制度寄予厚望，称之为“活的法律”，认为能够有效解决法律规定过于宽泛、缺乏可操作性的痼疾，也能化解“同案不同判”的难题。
2011年11月，最高人民法院关于发布第一批指导性案例。
2012年4月和9月，最高人民法院分别发布了第二批和第三批指导性案例。
问题：
（1）运用法理学有关理论知识，分析建立案例指导制度之意义（12分）。
（2）阐述中国特色的案例指导制度与其他国家判例制度的本质区别（12分）。
（3）分析我国当前的案例指导制度所面临的问题（6分）。
2013年上海海事大学法语考研真题
2013年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目：法语I．根据需要在空格中填入适当的冠词。
（每空格0.5分，共9分）Nous visitons ______（1）musée ______（2）Louvre. Voici _____（3）entrée ______（4）visiteurs. Elle est sous _______（5）pyramide. Il y a ______（6）escalier, _______（7）grand hall avec ______（8）comptoirs. Nous allons vers ______（9）salles _______（10）musée.Il y a ______（11）monde, _______（12）bruit et aussi beaucoup de______（13）touristes et peu de _______（14）bancs. Après la visite, nous allons à _______（15）café pour boire _______（16）tasse de ______（17）thé. Nous sommes contents. C’est _______（18）visite intéressante.II．将括弧内动词不定式改为合适形式。
（每空格1,5分，共15分）(1) On cherche le chemin (conduire) ________________ à la colline parfumé.(2) (avoir peur) __________________ d’ être en retard, il se met à courir.(3) J’ai regardé par la fenêtre et je (voir)______________ qu’il (aller neiger)_______________.(4) Julie vit encore avec Patrick ? Je croyais qu’ils (se séparer)_________________.(5) Etes-vous certain de me (laisser) __________________la clé ?(6) Je vais lire les journaux en attendant que ton père (revenir)_________________.(7) Passe-moi la revue, dès que tu la (lire)___________________.(8) Je ne connais rien aux mathématiques, sinon je vous (aider)____________________.(9) La mère de mon amie (apprendre)__________________le français dans sa jeunesse et ellele parlait encore très bien.III．单项选择题。
2013年上海海事大学英语语法与翻译考研真题.pdf
2013年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目：英语语法与翻译I. Choose from the following four choices marked A, B, C and D in each sentence the one that best suits the sentence, and write the corresponding capital letter in the bracket at the beginning of each sentence. There are 70 sentences in all, each of which is worth one point.(70 points)1. On Thursday, President Bush and a bevy of government officials — including the secretaries of state, education and defense —announced a wide ranging plan to enhance the foreign language skills of American students. Here the word “bevy” means _____A. flockB. herdC. swarmD. group2. Since many styles of luggage are quite similar, we recommend that you _____ your luggage closely to make sure you claim your own items.A. to inspectB. inspectedC. inspectD. would inspect3. We’d better give ______ to what he wishes to say.A. a earB. earC. your earsD. ears4. The flowers withered, we ______ them yesterday.A. should have wateredB. must have wateredC. must waterD. should water5. He took away the oxygen tank for fear that it ______.A. will explodeB. should explodeC. would explodeD. exploded6. Our failure to speak the same language on human rights endangers our national security by potentially weakening our ability to fight together against a common threat. We hope that the planned restoration of our human rights dialogue this spring will provide an opportunity to narrow our differences on this score. The underlined phrase means ______.A. in this caseB. in the wayC. in that respectD. in the sun7. He must have lived a happy life a few years ago, ___ he?A. can'tB. hasn'tC. mustn'tD. didn't8. She certainly knows better than ______ it herself.A. to doB. doingC. to have doneD. to doing9. The primary purpose of Australia’s language policy is to make the nation’s choices about language issues _____ as rational, comprehensive, just and balanced a way as possible.A. inB. ofC. forD. at10. Mothers flying without children now are allowed to bring breast milk through the checkpoint, _____ it is declared prior to screening.A. providedB. supposedC. provedD. suggested11. We came to Sichuang Province with a eye to visiting the _______ area.A. poverty-strickenB. poverty-strikingC. poor-strikingD. poor-stricken12. Brute facts are opposed to institutional facts, in that they do not require the context of an institution to occur. The term was coined by G. E. M. Anscombe and then popularized by John Searle. “In that” can best be replaced by ______.A. thoughB. soC. whereasD. because13. As long as there is a ______ of hope for the success, we will make 100% efforts to prepare.A. fitB. flightC. flowD. flash14. We ______recommend the book as a reference book for the freshmen.A. prettyB. prettilyC. highD. highly15. It is increasingly ______ that America be better versed in the languages and cultures of other world regions, particularly the Middle East, so we can present our nation more clearly to the world.A. immortalB. implausibleC. impossibleD. important16. Sooner than ______ by airbus, I’d prefer a week on a big liner.A. travellingB. travelC. to travelD. travelled17. Mini fridges and microwaves are available in some rooms, and cots or extra beds can be provided _____ request.A. withinB. onC. overD. off18. Being lost in the woods, Thomson was at his ______.A. wits’ endsB. wits’ endC. wit’s endD. wit’s ends19. In vain ____ to get in touch with the VIP who would give a final assessment of their performance.A. they triedB. did they tryC. tried theyD. they have tried20. The criminal even threatened ______ the president.A. murderingB. to murderC. to murderingD. murder21. He was unsuccessful, ______?A. wasn’t heB. was heC. was he notD. he was not22. A snack food (commonly called a snack) is seen in Western culture as a type of food not _____ to be eaten as a main meal of the day，to assuage a person's hunger between these meals, providing a brief supply of energy for the body.A. meansB. meantC. meanD. meaning23. The pitcher hit the man ______ on the nose.A. fairB. firmC. fairlyD. firmly24. John isn’t so foolish _____ the importance of the test.A. enough to realizeB. to realizeC. as not realizingD. as not to realize25. Children love to watch the whirling motion of the windmills, so much so ____ they have recreated a small version in the Pinwheel that you see in this photograph.A. goodB. farC. whichD. that26. Many a worker says the lady is a little of ______.A. a coquetteB. the coquetteC. coquetteD. coquettes27. This is especially true in the social sciences, ______ major developments have often been motivated in large measure by the desire to change the social system, to validate existing social policies and practices, or to counteract hegemonic beliefs about human nature.A. in whichB. whichC. by whichD. to which28. Sue Wright has also made a significant contribution to the field, especially with regard ______ Europe.A. aboutB. toC. forD. of29. Dog ______ are large, fenced-in areas for dogs to exercise unleashed. Created with the expertise of a Parks Department landscape architect and volunteers, the runs encourage play while supplying good drainage, safe lighting, and healthy plantings.A. runningB. runC. runsD. to run30. There is no man ______ errs.A. whoB. whichC. thatD. but31. The United States has no official policy. Responsibility for schooling rests _____ states and not the national government.A. withB. offC. beyondD. up32. The book aims to be accessible to non-specialists from a variety of fields in the social sciences, and to ______ language policy as an area of research within sociolinguistics and, more broadly, within the social sciences and humanities.A. be positionB. positionC. positioningD. to position33. I would ______ Vicky wait for us at the university gate at 3 pm tomorrow.A. askB. haveC. getD. inform34. After my speech, I heard a ______ of cough from the corner of the auditorium.A. displayB. pealC. fitD. slice35. The U.N. Security Council authorized the operation to protect Libyan civilians after Gadhafi launched attacks against anti-government protesters who demanded that he ______ down after42 years in power.A. has steppedB. stepsC. steppedD. step36. In recent years research in language policy has been motivated, at least ______ part, by concerns about the accelerating loss of languages worldwide.A. beyondB. inC. toD. on37. He is about to take the floor ______ linguistics.A. esteemingB. evadingC. retardingD. respecting38. The children are making ______ that they are princes and princesses.A. believingB. believeC. to believeD. believed39. Whom would you rather ______ with you, George or me?A. to goB. have goneC. goingD. have go40. Protesters hold a banner and posters behind a canister(圆筒) _______ the radiation symbol during a rally demanding the immediate closure of the Garona Nuclear Power Plant, outside the plant in the province of Burgos March 27, 2011.A. bearB. to bearC. has borneD. bearing41. The thing for Elvis to do now is ______ a suitable case to investigate.A. seekB. soughtC. seekedD. seeking42. Both the U.S. and Israel have not ruled out military option against Iran's controversial nuclear program, which the West suspects is aimed at making atomic weapons. Iran denies the charge, saying its nuclear activities are geared toward peaceful purposes like power generation. The verbal phrase “rule out” means _____.A. call offB. call onC. call forD. call back43. The sooner ______, the more likely ______ him at the crisscrosses.A. do you start…will you meetB. will you start…will you meetC. you start… you will meetD. you will start…you will meet44. There are ______ armchairs in the living room.A. dark three very comfortable blueB. three very dark comfortable blueC. three very comfortable dark blueD. dark blue three very comfortable45. A second grouping is the Romance one, a list on which Spain would also appear alongside France, Portugal and Romania ______ it not for its post-Franco recognition of selected minority languages in autonomous regions.A. would beB. isC. wereD. was46. The enemy had no way out but _______.A. to surrenderB. surrenderingC. surrenderD. having to surrender47. Professor Flower from the University of Maryland is about to take the floor ______ linguistics.A. esteemingB. evadingC. retardingD. respecting48. She must have worked all night, for, you see, she is with ______ eyes.A. sunkenB. sinkingC. sunkD. sink49. Forces may be ______ word, with its implication of causality.A. a strong suchB. too a strongC. a such strongD. too strong a50. While language management was generally left to the states, whose policies reflected national beliefs, starting in 1962, the widespread implementation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, providing access to federally provided and funded services for persons with limited English proficiency, bolstered for a while by the Bilingual Education Act and theoretically continued in the English Language Learner programs of recent educational law, ______ to defend the language rights of those in the United States who do not speak English.A. had been workingB. have been workingC. are workingD. has been working51. I’d rather you ______ to the library for the collection of the data now.A. goB. wentC. had goneD. have gone52. I wouldn’t trust _______ judgment.A. anyone’s elseB. anyone else’sC. an yone’s else’sD. anyone else53. I really cannot understand ______ refusing to call her mom even in private.A. heB. himC. hisD. himself54. I ______ to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.A. had meantB. have meantC. meanD. meant55. The factory normally makes clocks and watches, but during the war it produced precision instruments for aeroplanes. The underlined word can be replaced by ______ without changing the meaning.A. turned outB. turned upC. turned downD. turned on56. ______ care would have prevented the road accident.A. MuchB. A littleC. LittleD. Less57. He operates the new machine as if he _____ special training in it.A. has receivedB. had receivedC. would receiveD. received58. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, _____ to find it locked.A. justB. onlyC. henceD. thus59. ______ rain, the football match will be postponed.A. In the consequence ofB. In defiance ofC. In danger ofD. In the event of60. Concerns about the falling standard of English (and the resultant lack of competitiveness), the unemployment rate of the ethnic Malays who are largely monolingual and the continued segregation of the races prompted the then Minister of Education, Musa Mohamed, ______ that beginning from January 2003 a Malay-English mixed-medium education would be implemented in national schools.A. declaringB. having declaredC. declareD. to declare61. Sophie tricked her boyfriend ______ she had forgotten his birthday.A. believeB. to believeC. believingD. into believing62. People hate ______ queues everywhere.A. there beingB. there to beC. there beD. there is63. This year's GCSE results reflected a fall in the number of teenagers choosing to study a modern language. The number of candidates studying French fell _____ 13.2% compared with last year.A. ofB. byC. atD. in64. On the way back to the campus, we came across a ______ coupleA. newly-weddingB. newly-weddedC. new-weddingD. new-wedded65. The teacher is always dealing ______ and square with all the students irrespective of sex and test scores.A. fairlyB. fairB. firm D. firmly66. Mr. Wells, together with all the members of his family, _____ for Europe this afternoon.A. are to leaveB. are leavingC. is leavingD. leave67. The teaching of English often became the major priority, and there was no serious attention to maintaining the other language once this had been achieved. The underlined pronoun “this” refers to _____.A. the teaching of EnglishB. attentionC. the major priorityD. the other language68. He operates the new machine as if he _____ special training in it.A. has receivedB. had receivedC. would receiveD. received69. The report claims that Congo's war--which lasted from 1998 to 2003--and its aftermath ______ caused more deaths than any other global conflict since WWII.A. haveB. hadC. hasD. having70. There’s now some hope of ______ a settlement of the dispute.A. there beingB. there to beC. there beD. there areII.Point out the sentence types of the following, and then Enlarge and complicate these sentences without changing their sentence types, and finally underline the original sentence elements. (20 points)Eg. The governments shall take measures. →SVO: For the sake of popularizing Putonghua and the standardized Chinese characters, the governments at various levels and the relevant departments under them shall take measures.1. The turbulent “cultural revolution” occurred.2. The deed tarnished his reputation.3. The authorities offered the company a chance to raise the threshold.4. The world sees US credit rating teetering on edge.5. There are vogue wordsIII. Translate from Chinese to English. (30 points)陈士成看过县考的榜，回到家里的时候，已经是下午。
(NEW)上海海事大学法学院《818经济法》历年考研真题汇编
2008年上海海事大学经济法考研真题
20经济法考研真题
2014年上海海事大学818经济法考研真题
2013年上海海事大学818经济法考研真题
2012年上海海事大学818经济法考研真题
2011年上海海事大学818经济法考研真题
2010年上海海事大学经济法考研真题
2009年上海海事大学经济法考研真题
目 录
2015年上海海事大学818经济法考研真题 2014年上海海事大学818经济法考研真题 2013年上海海事大学818经济法考研真题 2012年上海海事大学818经济法考研真题 2011年上海海事大学818经济法考研真题 2010年上海海事大学经济法考研真题 2009年上海海事大学经济法考研真题 2008年上海海事大学经济法考研真题 2007年上海海事大学经济法考研真题
上海海事大学824海事法2018到2012七套考研真题
5. the party salved
6. Rule Paramount 二、单项选择（每小题 2 分，共 30 分）
1. 按照我国《海商法》，关于责任人丧失限制其赔偿责任的权利，下列说法正确的是______。
A. 责任人故意或明知可能造成损失而轻率地作为或不作为，责任人丧失该项权利
B. 在 A 的情况下，索赔人负有举证责任
2014 年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）
考试科目代码
824
考试科目名称 海事法
一、术语/条款英汉互译（每小题 2 分，共 12 分）
1. 净吨
2. 强制出售 3. 港口国控制
4. New Jason Clause
C. 请求人向责任人的受雇人或代理人提出赔偿请求时，受雇人或代理人丧失责任限制的权利
D. 以上全对
2. 与 1976 年《责任限制公约》不同的是，我国《海商法》未将______列入限制性债权。
A. 船上货物的清除、或使之无害的请求
B. 对港口工程、港池、航道等设施造成的损害赔偿请求
C. 侵犯非合同权利的行为造成的赔偿请求
D．遇难船长率领船员对本船的
8. 即使救助成功，救助人也无权获得救助报酬的是______。
A. 接到求救信号后即开始救助的救助人
B. 只救助了财产但没有救助人命
C. 只救助了船舶却没有救助人命
D. 难船船长明确和合理的拒绝仍然进行救助的救助人
9. 船舶碰撞损害赔偿请求案件可以由______的海事法院管辖。
B．救助行为是自愿的
C．有效果的救助行为
D．以上全对
7. 根据救助公约的规定和习惯做法，______救助行为，有救助报酬请求权。
上海海事大学海商法考研试题海事法部分整理版
1995年—2007年上海海事大学硕士研究生考试海商法真题（灰色部分表示不知道或不确定，如有建议，务必告知。
对于这些不知道的题目，将在完成后另发。
这次做题基本不考虑名词解释的简要性，力求完整. 关于论述题，许多年份都提出了不同的答题标准，应自己综合，最后找到最妥当、最完整的答题方式。
）1995年一、解释名词（本题30分，每题3分）2．互有过失碰撞条款bimco clauses(Both-to-Blame Collision Clause) （另：96，00，01，02，03，04）根据1910年碰撞公约和世界上大多数主要航运国家立法的规定，发生互有过失碰撞事故并导致船上货损时，货主有权要求碰撞双方不连带地按各自过失大小比例对其承担赔偿责任，而承运人往往可以根据法律或合同规定对他或者他的受雇人、代理人的过失造成的本船货损进行免责。
但美国法规定，在这种情况下，碰撞双方连带地对货主各自承担50%的赔偿责任。
故本船货主可根据美国法要求他船赔偿其全部损失，再由他船向本船追偿50%。
承运人为避免其间接赔付，在合同中订明此条款，希望在发生上述情况之时，可要求货主归还其免责部分的赔款。
美国法院把租船合同中的该条款视为有效，但在提单关系中，该条款曾被法院判为违反公共秩序而无效。
然而现在的提单中仍常常订有此条款，万一已在美国划定赔偿责任，承运人也有可能在其他国家根据该条款向货主追偿。
3．无效果无报酬原则（另：96，97，03，06）1910年救助公约规定，如果所提供的救助服务没有取得有益的结果，便不应支付报酬。
此规定为各国接受，成为海难救助的基本原则，但随着海上货油运输量的迅速增长，大型油轮遇难而污染环境的重大事故时有发生，此种救助行动费用又相当高昂。
因此1989年救助公约在基本保留无效果无报酬原则的同时，又为保护环境增加了特别补偿制度作为其例外。
5．共同海损中的“共同安全”与“共同利益”说（另：97，00，01，02，03，04，07）“共同安全”与“共同利益”说是关于共同海损范围划定的两大观点。
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2013年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）
考试科目：海事法
一、术语/条款英汉互译（每小题2分，共12分）写出对应的中英文术语/条款好即可，无须解释。
1. 载重吨
2. 首要规则
3. 择地行诉
4. Maritime Lien
5. Scopic
6. Interim Award
二、单项选择（每小题2分，共30分）从下列题目后A、B、C、D四个答案中，选出正确或最接近正确的一个选项。
1. 我国海商法规定的船舶含义明确不包括下列船舶________。
A．20总吨以上的海船 B. 5000吨的远洋运输油轮
C．军舰 D. 远洋实习船
2. 两船碰撞引起一船所载货物的灭失损失额，应按货物的________计算。
A．装船时的价值 B. 装船的价值+运费
C. 目的地的价值
D. 装船时的价值+运费+保险费
3. 根据我国《海商法》，碰撞双方都有过错，但过失程度的比例无法判定时，________。
A. 互相不负赔偿责任
B. 平均负赔偿责任
C. 由法官自由裁量
D. 按照“最后机会原则”分担责任
4. 下列属于我国海商法意义上的船舶碰撞的有________。
A. 20总吨以下船艇碰撞
B. 政府公务船碰撞商业船舶
C. 海商法意义上的船舶与浮动的钻井平台碰撞
D. 海商法意义上的船舶与非公务船的船舶属具碰撞
5. 船舶发生全损时，下列哪项损失是不可索赔的？________
A. 船舶价值损失
B. 事故航次未收取的运费
C. 因营利损失而失去的投资机会的损失
D. 船员个人物品的损失
6. 《海商法》中被救“财产”包括下列________。
A. 有风险的运费
B. 租金
C. 期得利益
D.间接利益
7. 确定救助报酬时，应当首先________。
A. 考虑船舶和其他财产的获救的价值
B. 考虑救助的风险
C. 考虑救助所用的时间、支出的费用
D. 综合考虑《海商法》第180条所规定的10项因素
8. 下列哪种情况属于可以构成共同海损的危险？________
A. 船舶在海上航行途中主机因故障而停机，但当时风平浪静，天气及海况都非常良好
B. 船上装运的一批活动物突然爆发口蹄疫，需立即驶往一个港口进行紧急处理，否则该批活动物将全部死亡
C. 一重载船舶在港停泊过程中恰巧发生天文大潮，港内水深降至-8米，船舶坐浅在泊位上，但专家估计不会对船舶产生太大影响，且水深恢复后，船舶可自然浮起
D. 船舶在海上航行过程中遭遇大风浪，风力超过11级，浪高达5米以上，船舶不得不绕航驶往一个避风港避风
9. 根据1969年《国际油污损害民事责任公约》的规定，油污所造成的民事责任应当由________。
A.船舶承运人承担
B. 船舶所有人承担
C. 货物所有人承担
D. 船长承担
10. 根据船舶污染损害赔偿国际公约的一般规定，船舶登记所有人应当对其船舶所造成的污染损害承担________。
A.严格责任
B. 过失责任
C. 不完全过失责任
D. 过错责任
11. 我国《海商法》采纳的计算海事赔偿责任限额的方法是________。
A.委付制
B. 船价制
C. 金额制
D. 船价制和金额制的混合制
12. 根据我国《海商法》，下列哪种情况船舶所有人无权享受少事赔偿责任限制的权利？_______
A. 船长故意制造海损事故
B. 船舶代理人对事故发生有重大过失
C. 船舶管理人对事故发生有重大过失
D. 船公司经理明知可能发生事故而轻率行事
13. 根据我国《海商法》，不以船舶进行救助作业或者在被救船舶上进行救助作业的救助人，其责任限额按照总吨为________吨的船舶计算。
A. 500
B. 1000
C. 15000
D. 2000
14. 船舶碰撞与损害有直接的因果关系加害船舶才承担民事责任，例如船舶发生碰撞后，________不应视为该船舶碰撞事故的直接后果。
A. 害船舶搁浅
B. 船上货物全部或部分湿损
C. 船上货物全部或部分飘流灭失
D. 被救货物存放岸上仓库时全部或部分损坏或灭失
15.________不在船舶碰撞法律所要确定的过失方民事责任的范围。
A. 故意碰撞
B. 过失碰撞
C. 不可抗力
D. 意外事故
三、名词解释（每小题4分，共40分）用中文解释下列名词或术语。
1. 共同海损
2. 排水吨
3. 半数法则
4. 限制性债权
5. 船舶国籍
6. 分摊价值
7. 船舶碰撞中的接触8. 受损方尽力减少损失原则9. 推定全损10. 有意搁浅
四、简答题（每小题8分，共40分）简要回答下列问题。
1. 如何理解船舶的性质？
2. 按照中国《海商法》的规定，写出具有船舶优先权的海事请求权的受偿顺序。
3．简述海上拖航中当事方的责任划分。
4. 根据《国际油污损害基金公约》的相关规定，解释“污染损害”时应注意的是什么？
5. 简述海事赔偿责任限制与单位赔偿责任限制的区别及联系。
五、论述题（第1小题和第2小题各10分，第3小题8分，共28分）
1. 请比较分析船舶优先权、船舶留置权和船舶抵押权之区别。
2. 国际油污损害民事责任公约（CLC）和美国的油污法（OPA90）在哪些方面有所不同，你认为对包括我国在内其他国家在油污立法时有何借鉴？
3. 你认为如何确定海难救助报酬才能起到鼓励救助，而同时不致使被救助方负担过重？。