压路机设计外文翻译
机械工程外文翻译(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)
Mechanical engineering1.The porfile of mechanical engineeringEngingeering is a branch of mechanical engineerig,itstudies mechanical and power generation especially power and movement.2.The history of mechanical engineering18th century later periods,the steam engine invention hasprovided a main power fountainhead for the industrialrevolution,enormously impelled each kind of mechznicalbiting.Thus,an important branch of a newEngineering –separated from the civil engineering tools andmachines on the branch-developed together with Birmingham andthe establishment of the Associantion of Mechanical Engineersin 1847 had been officially recognized.The mechanicalengineering already mainly used in by trial and error methodmechanic application technological development into professional engineer the scientific method of which in theresearch,the design and the realm of production used .From themost broad perspective,thedemend continuously to enhance theefficiencey of mechanical engineers improve the quality of work,and asked him to accept the history of the high degreeof education and training.Machine operation to stress not only economic but also infrastructure costs to an absolute minimun.3.The field of mechanical engineeringThe commodity machinery development in the develop country,in the high level material life very great degree is decided each kind of which can realize in the mechanical engineering.Mechanical engineers unceasingly will invent the machine next life to produce the commodity,unceasingly will develop the accuracy and the complexity more and more high machine tools produces the machine.The main clues of the mechanical development is:In order to enhance the excellent in quality and reasonable in price produce to increase the precision as well as to reduce the production cost.This three requirements promoted the complex control system development.The most successful machine manufacture is its machine and the control system close fusion,whether such control system is essentially mechanical or electronic.The modernized car engin production transmission line(conveyer belt)is a series of complex productions craft mechanization very good example.The people are in the process of development in order to enable further automation of the production machinery ,the use of a computer to store and handle largevolumes of data,the data is a multifunctional machine tools necessary for the production of spare parts.One of the objectives is to fully automated production workshop,threerotation,but only one officer per day to operate.The development of production for mechanical machinery must have adequate power supply.Steam engine first provided the heat to generate power using practical methods in the old human,wind and hydropower,an increase of engin .New mechanical engineering industry is one of the challenges faced by the initial increase thermal effciency and power,which is as big steam turbine and the development of joint steam boilers basically achieved.20th century,turbine generators to provide impetus has been sustained and rapid growth,while thermal efficiency is steady growth,and large power plants per kW capital consumption is also declining.Finally,mechanical engineers have nuclear energy.This requires the application of nuclear energy particularly high reliability and security, which requires solving many new rge power plants and the nuclear power plant control systems have become highly complex electroonics,fluid,electricity,water and mechanical parts networks All in all areas related to the mechanical engineers.Small internal combustion engine,both to the type(petrol and diesel machines)or rotary-type(gas turbines and Mong Kerr machine),as well as their broad application in the field of transport should also due to mechanical enginerrs.Throughout the transport,both in the air and space,or in the terrestrial and marine,mechanial engineers created a variety of equipment and power devices to their increasing cooperation with electrical engineers,especially in the development of appropration control systems.Mechanical engineers in the development of military weapons technology and civil war ,needs a similar,though its purpose is to enhance rather than destroy their productivity.However.War needs a lot of resources to make the area of techonlogy,many have a far-reaching development in peacetime efficiency.Jet aircraft and nuclear reactors are well known examples.The Biological engineering,mechanical engineering biotechnology is a relatively new and different areas,it provides for the replacement of the machine or increase the body functions as well as for medical equipment.Artficial limbs have been developed and have such a strong movement and touch response function of the human body.In the development of artificial organ transplant is rapid,complex cardiac machines and similar equipment to enable increasingly complexsurgery,and injuries and ill patients life functions can be sustained.Someenviromental control mechanical engineers through the initial efforts to drainage or irrigation pumping to the land and to mine and ventilation to control the human environment.Modern refrigeration and air-conditioning plant commonaly used reverse heat engine,where the heat from the engine from cold places to more external heat.Many mechanical engineering products,as well as other leading technology development city have side effects on the environment,producingnoise,water and air pollution caused,destroyed land and landscape.Improve productivity and diver too fast in the commodity,that the renewable natural forces keep pace.For mechanical engineers and others,environmental control is rapidly developing area,which includes a possible development and production of small quantities of pollutants machine sequnce,and the development of new equipment and teachnology has been to reduce and eliminate pollution.4.The role of mechanical engineeringThere are four generic mechanical engineers in common to the above all domains function.The 1st function is the understanding and the research mechanical sciencefoundation.It includes the power and movement of the relationship dynamics For example,in the vibration and movement of the relationship;Automaticcontrol;Study of the various forms of heart,energy,power relations between the thermodynamic;Fluidflows; Heat transfer; Lubricant;And material properties.The 2nd function will be conducts the research,thedesing and the development,this function in turn attempts to carry on the essential change to satisfy current and the future needs.This not only calls for a clear understanding of mechanical science,and have to break down into basic elements of a complex system capacity.But also the need for synthetic and innovative inventions.The 3rd function is produces the product and the power,includeplan,operation and maintenance.Its goal lies in the maintenance either enhances the enterprise or the organization longer-tern and survivabilaty prestige at the same time,produces the greatest value by the least investments and the consumption.The 4th function is mechanical engineer’s coordinated function,including the management,theconsultation,as well as carries on the market marking in certain situation.In all these function,one kind unceasingly to use thescience for a long time the method,but is not traditional or the intuition method tendency,this is a mechanical engineering skill aspect which unceasingly grows.These new rationalization means typical names include:The operations research,the engineering economics,the logical law problem analysis(is called PABLA) However,creativity is not rationalization.As in other areas,in mechanicalengineering, to take unexpected and important way to bring about a new capacity,still has a personal,markedcharacteristice.5.The design of mechanical engineeringThe design of mechanical is the design has the mechanical property the thing or the system,suchas:the instrument and the measuring appliance in very many situations,the machine design must use the knowledge of discipline the and so on mathematics,materials science and mechanics.Mechanical engineering desginincludeing all mechanical desgin,but it was a study,because it also includes all the branches of mechsnicalengineering,such as thermodynamics all hydrodynamics in the basic disciplines needed,in the mechanical engineering design of the initial stude or mechanical design.Designstages.The entire desgin process from start to finish,in the process,a demand that is designed forit and decided to do the start.After a lot of repetition,the final meet this demand by the end of the design procees and the plan.Designconsiderations.Sometimes in a system is to decide which parts needs intensity parts of geometric shapes and size an important factor in this context that we must consider that the intensity is an important factor in the design.When we use expression design considerations,we design parts that may affect the entire system design features.In the circumstances specified in the design,usually for a series of such functions must be taken into account.Howeever,to correct purposes,we should recognize that,in many cases the design of important design considerations are not calculated or test can determine the components or systems.Especiallystudents,wheen in need to make important decisions in the design and conduct of any operation that can not be the case,they are often confused.These are not special,they occur every day,imagine,forexample,a medical laboratory in the mechanical design,from marketing perspective,people have high expectations from the strength and relevance of impression.Thick,and heavy parts installed together:to produce a solid impression machines.And sometimes machinery and spare parts from the design style is the point and not theother point of view.Our purpose is to make those you do not be misled to believe that every design decision will need reasonable mathematical methods.Manufacturing refers to the raw meterials into finished products in the enterprise.Create three distinct phases.Theyare:input,processingexprot.The first phase includes the production of all products in line with market needs essential.First there must be the demand for the product,the necessary materials,while also needs such as energy,time,human knowledge and technology resourcess . Finall,the need for funds to obtain all the other resources. Lose one stage after the second phase of the resources of the processes to be distributed.Processing of raw materials into finished products of these processes.To complete the design,based on the design,and then develop plans.Plan implemented through various production processes.Management of resources and processes to ensure efficiency and productivity.Forexample,we must carefully manage resources to ensure proper use of funds.Finally,people are talking about the product market was cast.Stage is the final stage of exporting finished or stage.Once finished just purchased,it must be delivered to the users.According to productperformance,installation and may have to conduct further debugging in addition,someproducts,especially those very complex products User training is necessary.6.The processes of materials and maunfacturingHere said engineering materials into two main categories:metals and non-ferrous,high-performance alloys and power metals.Non-metallic futher divided into plastice,syntheticrubber,composite materials and ceramics.It said the production proccess is divided into several major process,includingshape,forging,casting/founding,heattreatment,fixed/connections ,measurement/ quality control and materalcutting.These processes can be further divide into each other’s craft.Various stages of the development of the manufacturing industry Over the years,the manufacturing process has four distinct stages of development, despite the overlap.These stages are:The first phase is artisanal,the second Phase is mechanization.The third phase is automation the forth Phase is integrated.When mankind initial processing of raw materials into finished products will be,they use manual processes.Each with their hands and what are the tools manusllyproduced.This is totally integrated production take shape.A person needsindentification,collectionmaterials,the design of a product to meet that demand,the production of such products and use it.From beginning to end,everything is focused on doing the work of the human ter in the industrial revolution introduced mechanized production process,people began to use machines to complete the work accomplished previously manual. This led to the specialization.Specialization in turn reduce the manufacture of integrated factors.In this stage of development,manufacturing workers can see their production as a whole represent a specific piece of the part of the production process.Onecan not say that their work is how to cope with the entire production process,or how they were loaded onto a production of parts finished.Development of manufacting processes is the next phase of the selection process automation.This is a computer-controlled machinery and processes.At this stage,automation island began to emerge in the workshop lane.Each island represents a clear production process or a group of processes.Although these automated isolated island within the island did raise the productivity of indivdualprocesses,but the overall productivity are often not change.This is because the island is not caught in other automated production process middle,but not synchronous withthem .The ultimate result is the efficient working fast parked through automated processes,but is part of the stagnation in wages down,causingbottlenecks.To better understand this problem,you can imagine the traffic in the peak driving a red light from the red Service Department to the next scene. Occasionally you will find a lot less cars,more than being slow-moving vehicles,but the results can be found by the next red light Brance.In short you real effect was to accelerate the speed of a red Department obstruction offset.If you and other drivers can change your speed and red light simultaneously.Will advance faster.Then,all cars will be consistent,sommthoperation,the final everyone forward faster.In the workshop where the demand for stable synchronization of streamlined production,and promoted integration of manufacturing development.This is a still evolving technology.Fully integrated in the circumstances,is a computer-controllrd machinery and processing.integrated is completed through computer.For example in the preceding paragraph simulation problems,the computer will allow all road vehicles compatible with the change in red.So that everyone can steady traffic.Scientific analysis of movement,timing and mechanics ofthe disciplines is that it is composed of two pater:statics and dynamics.Statics analyzed static system that is in the system,the time is not taken into account,research and analysis over time and dynamics of the system change.Dynameics from the two componets.Euler in 1775 will be the first time two different branches: Rigid body movement studies can conveniently divided into two parts:geometric and mechanics.The first part is without taking into account the reasons for the downward movement study rigid body from a designated location to another point of the movement,and must use the formula to reflect the actual,the formula would determine the rigid body every point position. Therefore,this study only on the geometry and,morespecifically,on the entities from excision.Obviously,the first part of the school and was part of a mechanical separation from the principles of dynamics to study movement,which is more than the two parts together into a lot easier.Dynamics of the two parts are subsequently divided into two separate disciplines,kinematic and dynamics,a study of movement and the movement strength.Therefore,the primary issue is the design of mechanical systems understand its kinematic.Kinematic studies movement,rather than a study ofits impact.In a more precise kinematic studies position,displacement,rotation, speed,velocity and acceleration of disciplines,foresample,or planets orbiting research campaing is a paradigm.In the above quotation content should be pay attention that the content of the Euler dynamics into kinematic and rigid body dynamics is based on the assumption that they are based on research.In this very important basis to allow for the treatment of two separate disciplines.For soft body,soft body shape and even their own soft objects in the campaign depends on the role of power in their possession.In such cases,should also study the power and movement,and therefore to a large extent the analysis of the increased complexity.Fortunately, despite the real machine parts may be involved are more or less the design of machines,usually with heavy material designed to bend down to the lowest parts.Therefore,when the kinematic analysis of the performance of machines,it is often assumed that bend is negligible,spare parts are hard,but when the load is known,in the end analysis engine,re-engineering parts to confirm this assnmption.机械工程1.机械工程简介机械工程是工程学的一个分支，它研究机械和动力的产，尤其是力和动力。
工程机械专业英语振动压路机(VibratoryRollers)3-Unit15-n
工程机械专业英语——振动压路机(Vibratory Rollers)3Unit 15n一、振动压路机概述振动压路机，作为一种常见的工程机械，广泛应用于道路、机场、港口等基础设施建设中。
它利用振动原理，对土壤、沥青等材料进行压实，以提高其密实度和稳定性。
在本单元，我们将重点学习振动压路机的专业英语词汇及表达。
1. 振动压路机的主要部件（1）振动轮（Vibration Wheel）：振动压路机的核心部件，负责产生振动，对材料进行压实。
（2）驱动轮（Drive Wheel）：提供前进动力，使振动压路机在作业过程中保持稳定的行驶速度。
（3）操作台（Operating Console）：驾驶员操控振动压路机的部位，包括各种控制按钮和仪表。
（4）发动机（Engine）：为振动压路机提供动力源，通常采用柴油机。
2. 振动压路机的工作原理振动压路机通过振动轮的振动，将振动能量传递给土壤或沥青等材料，使其颗粒重新排列，减小孔隙率，从而提高密实度。
在振动过程中，驱动轮保持稳定的行驶速度，确保压实效果的均匀性。
3. 振动压路机的分类（1）轻型振动压路机（Light Vibratory Roller）：适用于小型工程和狭窄场地。
（2）中型振动压路机（Medium Vibratory Roller）：适用于中等规模的道路施工。
（3）重型振动压路机（Heavy Vibratory Roller）：适用于大型工程，如高速公路、机场等。
二、振动压路机的操作与维护1. 操作要点（1）启动前检查：在启动振动压路机之前，务必检查各部件是否完好，润滑油位是否正常，以及是否有异物卡在振动轮和驱动轮之间。
（2）操作步骤：启动发动机，待转速稳定后，缓慢松开离合器，使振动压路机平稳起步。
在作业过程中，根据路面情况调整振动频率和振幅。
（3）安全注意事项：操作过程中，要保持警觉，注意周围环境，避免碰撞障碍物。
严禁在振动状态下进行急转弯或急刹车。
2. 维护保养（1）日常保养：每天作业结束后，清理振动压路机表面的污垢，检查紧固件是否松动，及时补充润滑油。
振动压路机论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Introductionto YZ12Vibration roller LiteratureThe first section Major technique characteristicZ Vibration, and turned to the three major systems for hydraulic transmission, hydraulic pumps and three systems into one, directly by the engine crankshaft output through elastic coupling-driven pump, and then by the various control components control the system of the motor or cylinder, so that all systems running.Z Has four walking speed, realize stepless speed in every document, a document for 0~6.5km/h, second gear for 0~8.6km/h, third gear for 0~10.2km/h, four 0~12.5km/h, can guarantee the speed of the rollers in a variety of conditions to make the best compaction jobs, and can travel at faster speeds. Vibration bearing life and z in order to improve reliability, this machine uses a unique design: high-precision, forced lubrication of vibrating wheel.Z Vibration system with dual-frequency, dual-site functionality, can be effective compaction of different types and thickness of paving material.Z This vibration reduction of a four-level structure, making the vibration mode in real time, adverse effects on the crew reduced to a minimum. Coupled with the comfortable and bright cabs equipped with air conditioning, creating an ideal working environment for drivers.Z Has a maintenance-free Central hinged device that does not require lubrication.Z This machine is used in diesel engines, hydraulic pumps, motors and axle components are internationally famous excellent products, so as to ensure that the roller technology advancement and reliability.Z This machine belongs to super heavy in China's standard of vibratory road roller, for high-grade Highway, railway, airport, dam, terminals, a high standard of subgrade engineering compaction operations. Compaction of z has a unique ability, max power 56800kg, good compaction effect.Z The overall opening of panels, all readily available and maintenance points.Z Centralized, external hydraulic pressure points, making hydraulic systems testing, maintenance more convenient.Z Complete safety protection device, so that operators are fully guaranteed.The second sectionThe overall structureYZ12 type vibration on the roller make use of the wheel of the vibration on the road is compacted, and it has sufficient ability to carry, and reduces through water.YZ12-vibration road roller hydraulic control, two-wheeled, single steel wheel, self-propelled structure.This machine vibration wheel parts and vehicle parts including two units, articulated through the Center articulated frame between them together. This machine adopts articulated steering, to improve its performance and mobility. Part including drum vibratory wheel Assembly, front frame Assembly (including scraper) and other parts. Vibration round of the eccentric shaft via elastic coupling and vibration of motor shaft is connected to, supplied by a hydraulic pump vibration in pump high pressure oil to the vibration motor drives eccentric shaft rotate and generate powerful centrifugal force. Frequency and amplitude of vibration can be adjusted by hydraulic system control, to meet the requirements of different operating modes. In addition, the drum also has walking function. By the hydraulic pump high pressure oil pump output-driven vibration in hydraulic motor rotation of the wheel on the left, thus driving vibration wheel driving.To reduce and even eliminate the adverse effects of vibration on driving car and driver, in the first frame after frame and vibration between wheel and cab and are equipped with a vibration reduction between buffer damping blocks.Driving car parts are rollers and pressure oil supply three system power source. Engine, drive and vibration and steering system, control device, the control room, electrical system, security protection devices are installed in the car.The third sectionHydraulic systemRoad roller hydraulic system in hydraulic system contains three main subsystems, the vibration of hydraulic system, hydraulic system and steering hydraulic system. Three pumps, vibration, steering the triple combination pumping. Walking pump with a gear pump in back tax and penalties as a hydraulic system pump, at the same time, also provide pressure to the brake cylinder oil. II. driving hydraulic system with a dual-motor pumps consisting of parallel closed-circuit.System operating pressures up to 40MPa. Driving pump for the variable displacement piston pump, piston driving motor for variable before, it constitutes the best combination and planetary reducer.Drive motor is also variable piston after, enter the end connected to the gearbox and rear axle assemblies. Pump to control the angle of oblique to change high pressure oil flow and direction, so as to change the direction of travel of the machine and speed; variable piston by electromagnetic valve with two oblique angle, so that the machine has four speeds, to meet the needs of different operating conditions. III. vibration of hydraulic system of vibratory hydraulic system is made up of single pump Dan Mada closed hydraulic circuit, maximum working pressure of the system is 38MPa. Vibration pump for variable inclined plate piston pump, vibration motor for quantitative inclined axis piston.By manipulating electromagnetic valve, you can make the vibration of pumps swashplate with opposite two variable oblique angle, so that different direction and flow of high pressure oil pump output, vibration motor with resulting different steering and speed to vibrations at different frequencies and amplitudes vibration. Four steering steering hydraulic system using open-circuit hydraulic system, the system working pressure 16MPa. By steering pump, hydraulic steering gear, two steering cylinders and tubing and other components. Steering pump gear pump. Five hydraulic system of hydraulic control system and accessories also include integrated control valve block, collection block, and tanks, filters, coolers, accessories. Hydraulic brake oil of systems at the same time for the braking system provides. The fourth section Drive system systemDrive system system is composed of driving hydraulic system, rear axle Assembly.I. driving pump, driving motor driven pump and motor function in the hydraulic system has been introduced.Triple, vibration, steering pump through elastic coupling connection on the fly-wheel of the engine.Hose connection for driving pumps and motors. Rear axle drive motor connections on the rear axle Assembly gear reducer, input power drive rear axle drive shaft rotation after; vibration wheel-drive motor with planetary gear reducer constitute one connection in plum of vibratory wheel on plate Assembly, powered by the motor to the plum blossom plate Assembly, Phillips-driven plate Assembly vibration wheel rotation. In order to reduce and even eliminate the adverse effects of vibration on driving cars and drivers, plum blossom plate Assembly and connection of vibration between wheel is equipped with imported high quality damping blocks. II. rear axle Assembly rear axle Assembly by reducer, wet multiple brakes, Central planetary reducer transmission, drive axle, wheel, wheels and other components. III. low pressure wide cross section of OTR tire tire assembly tire. Specifications for 23.1 per cent, inflation pressure 1.1kgf/cm2.The fourth sectionVibration wheel assemblyVibrating wheel assembly of vibratory wheel assembly eccentric of vibratory wheel axis, amplitude modulation device, vibration, vibrating wheel vibration of driven motor, bearings, vibration motors, mobile support, housings, plum flower plate, left and right connection brackets and so on.I. vibratory wheel of vibratory wheel diameter of 1600mm, width 2170mm. Vibrating wheel plate rolling body butt into its round smooth, uniform wall thickness, can ensure the vibration compaction effect uniform, preferably in the pavement of compaction effect and can be used as static compacted solid. Body cavity loaded vibratory wheel bearings, eccentric axis, amplitude modulation device, this sealed Chamber containing Mobil-629 Mobil gear oil.II. eccentric shaft eccentric shaft vibration generators, machine vibration is generated by vibration motor drives eccentric shaft high speed rotation. One end of the eccentric shaft and the vibration motor connected, change the Rotary to canchange the amplitude of the vibration motor.III. amplitude modulation device amplitude modulation device mounted on the eccentric shaft, set role of amplitude. Location of the device by changing the amplitude modulation and amplitude modulation block, achieve the purpose of adjusting the amplitude. Amplitude modulation device is a sealed cylindrical welded structures.IV. damping blocks in order to mitigate the effects of vibration on the frame, the vibration between wheel and front frame with rubber vibration blocks.V. vibration-wheel-drive motor and reducer vibration-wheel-drive motor, reducer and stand together in front on the frame, gear box output connection on the clubs Board, powered by the motor output shaft to the gear, and then to the plum blossom, plum blossom again to vibrating wheel, driving vibration wheel rotation.VI. vibration support both ends of the eccentric shaft, walking through the vibration of the bearing on the bearing in the housing, vibration motors by supporting components supported on the right bearing seat. Vibration bearing Sweden SKF bearing or Germany FAG bearing. Walking support assemblies for maintenance-free structure.The sixth section Steering systemSteering system steering with articulated steering, mainly from the steering gear pump, hydraulic steering gear, two steering cylinders, pressure tubing and other components. Hydraulic steering system installed on the rear frame, through the Steering cylinder telescopic control of vehicle steering.The seventh sectionBraking systemBraking system in order to ensure the safety of roller working and traveling, YZ18C braking systems equipped with braking, parking brake and emergency brake three.I. driving brake brake with hydraulic brake. Hydraulic brake controlled by moving the joystick to achieve. Joystick control of control valves back into position, motor driven pump supplying driving traffic to zero, the rollers stop.II. parking brake and emergency brake when the roller is traveling or working, rear axle and front drive reducer valve control normally closed on multiple pieces of brake is on, without braking effect. When the roller is stopped, several pieces of brake friction locking through a spring force, in a State of braking. Emergency braking is mainly hydraulic servo brake, supported by a mechanical brake. After the emergency brake buttons is pressed, driving pumps swashplate immediately return to zero and hydraulic brake; Meanwhile, gearbox and rear axle brakes also promptly produce precursor braking effect.Note: in State of emergency shall not be used for emergency braking, especially in the fast-running state.The eight section FrameCenter of the frame after the frame including the former frame, articulated frame inthree parts. Connecting them into a hinged support the upper structure of the machine as a whole.I. in front of the frame by the scraper before box after box before the Assembly, Board, boards, two side panels and other components. Its main functions are supporting vibrating wheel assembly. For the first frame structure of a typical boxes, combination of high strength steel plate, with sufficient strength and rigidity to resist strong impact force and torque of roller working. Scraper to scrape adhesion under the soil on the drum. Scraper front-end and vibrating wheel clearance of cylindrical surface can be adjusted.II. after frame after frame fuel tank, protection against roll frame, hydraulic tanks, hydraulic tank supports, panels, frames and other components. Its main function is to support the engine and the cab, fixed rear axle. After the frame of the structure of a rectangular box, front and Center articulated frame in vertical shaft and attached to the front plate, followed by the Assembly of the fuel tank, the middle is grooved steel frame. In order to ensure strength, weak parts of strengthening ribs to strengthen, and trough steel plate with seal sealed into a box girder structure. Rear axle at the bottom plate with bolts and rear axle Assembly of rigid connection. To reduce the effects of vibration, between the engine and rear frame with elastic damping blocks, and you can easily adjust the engine to a horizontal position.III. Centre pinned by articulated frame Center articulated frame, shaft end bezel, ball bearings and other components. Through it before and after the frame articulated into a whole, can swing around implementation steering and front frame. Through the extension of control to the fuel tank to control the steering angle. Machine frame allow horizontal relative swing between before and after, not more than ± 15 ° swing angle, this roller can be stable on uneven pavement and compaction work. In order to facilitate maintenance, spherical bearing lubrication radial spherical plain bearing. The nine sectionCab and control systemsCab and cab full sealing damping control system structure, installing air-conditioning, comfortable operation reliable, stylish magnificent and mighty generous, Interior elegance and bright, and achieves the domestic advanced level. Driver indoor joysticks, steering wheels, driver seat, placement of monitor instrument in full compliance with the principles of ergonomics. Driver seat height can lift, can move back and forth, back angle can also be adjusted. To reduce and even eliminate influence of vibration, between the cab and rear frame damping device equipped with high quality, before and after the cab is equipped with wiper.The tenth sectionElectrical systemsElectrical systems including batteries, DC motor, three-phase AC generator, lighting and electrical instruments, monitoring and control instruments, safety components, sound and light alarm installations. Electrical components adopt imported famous international brands. System voltage is 24V, negative ground, lines introduce a single system. Instruments, instrument panels, lamps, and other configuration achieves the domestic advanced level.The 11thsection Festival safety protectionYZ12-vibration road roller has a comprehensive safety device z equipped with roll protection device (ROPS).Z articulated fixed security bar: roller unloading ship or when long time reset fixed articulated frame.Z-start locking device whenlong time reset fixed articulated frame.Z-start locking device: when the roller of the joystick is in stall or high and low frequency select switch is not in the 0 position could not start the engine.Z is equipped with emergency braking device.Z cover pieces opened automatically protection device: Dang cover pieces in manually hydraulic pump role Xia up opened Shi, security protection device can prevent cover pieces accident whereabouts, dang maintenance end to lowered cover pieces Qian, will manually hydraulic pump above of soft axis manipulation device pull, cover pieces can in pump role Xia by oil cylinder will of pull Xia, cover pieces closed Hou will soft axis manipulation device promoting to. (Note: lowered panels must be pulling the flexible Manipulator. )The 12thsectionBy the security proceduresTry not to was still vibrating, implementation is not allowed in the hard groundvibration, on the machine.Z rollers are not allowed to exceed its allowed on climbing the ramp.Z on the muddy roads, although the ramp slope is less than allowed for climbing, but when there are no slip-proof measures, you may not use this machine.Z solid enough, or when there is a pit in the ground, shall not use this machine. At the edge of the ditch or slope, also shall not use this machine.Z travel and construction should be open before and after the lamp lighting at night. Z while working on a rainy day, in order to ensure visibility, use front and rear wiper. Z to avoid inadvertently overturned while working at the edge of the slope, not swerved. Z in the rain, you should try to avoid vibration compaction jobs at the edge of the slope. Due to vibration will increase the risk of both taxi.Z roller in open cover parts for maintenance, security note head.The 12thsectionTransport and handling safety requirementsSafety requirements for transport and handling under normal circumstances, roller not long distance at high speed. Long distance (30 km) when moving site, need towing equipment shipment.I. Transport whether it be road or railway transport, road roller selection must have the appropriate volume of transport vehicles and loading capacity. Transport, frames before and after fixed with hinged safety Rod should be connected together, and also to take the necessary measures to prevent the rollers sliding and rolling.II. handling when loading and unloading roller, loading and unloading tools must have sufficient bearing capacity. When you use a cable car loading and unloading roller, using Center articulated frame fixtures must first be fixed when using large flathook lift, to ensure that the rollers remain flat state after lifting.YZ12振动压路机的介绍文献第一节主要技术特点Z 行驶、振动和转向三大系统均为液压传动，且三个系统的液压泵连成一体，由发动机曲轴输出端通过弹性联轴器直接驱动各泵，然后由各控制元件控制各系统的马达或油缸，使各系统运转。
机械专业毕业设计外文翻译10
翻译部分英文部分ADV ANCED MACHINING PROCESSESAs the hardware of an advanced technology becomes more complex, new and visionary approaches to the processing of materials into useful products come into common use. This has been the trend in machining processes in recent years.. Advanced methods of machine control as well as completely different methods of shaping materials have permitted the mechanical designer to proceed in directions that would have been totally impossible only a few years ago.Parallel development in other technologies such as electronics and computers have made available to the machine tool designer methods and processes that can permit a machine tool to far exceed the capabilities of the most experienced machinist.In this section we will look at CNC machining using chip-making cutting tools. CNC controllers are used to drive and control a great variety of machines and mechanisms, Some examples would be routers in wood working; lasers, plasma-arc, flame cutting, and waterjets for cutting of steel plate; and controlling of robots in manufacturing and assembly. This section is only an overview and cannot take the place of a programming manual for a specific machine tool. Because of the tremendous growth in numbers and capability of comp uters ,changes in machine controls are rapidly and constantly taking place. The exciting part of this evolution in machine controls is that programming becomeseasier with each new advanced in this technology.Advantages of Numerical ControlA manually operated machine tool may have the same physical characteristics as a CNC machine, such as size and horsepower. The principles of metal removal are the same. The big gain comes from the computer controlling the machining axes movements. CNC-controlled machine tools can be as simple as a 2-axis drilling machining center (Figure O-1). With a dual spindle machining center, the low RPM, high horsepower spindle gives high metal removal rates. The high RPM spindle allows the efficient use of high cutting speed tools such as diamonds and small diameter cutters (Figure O-2). The cutting tools that remove materials are standard tools such as milling cutters, drills, boring tools, or lathe tools depending on the type of machine used. Cutting speeds and feeds need to be correct as in any other machining operation. The greatest advantage in CNC machining comes from the unerring and rapid positioning movements possible. A CNC machine does dot stop at the end of a cut to plan its next move; it does not get fatigued; it is capable of uninterrupted machining error free, hour after hour. A machine tool is productive only while it is making chips.Since the chip-making process is controlled by the proper feeds and speeds, time savings can be achieved by faster rapid feed rates. Rapid feeds have increased from 60 to 200 to 400 and are now often approaching 1000 inches per minute (IPM). These high feed rates can pose a safety hazard to anyone within the working envelope of the machine tool.Complex contoured shapes were extremely difficult to product prior to CNC machining .CNC has made the machining of these shapes economically feasible. Design changes on a part are relatively easy to make by changing the program that directs the machine tool.A CNC machine produces parts with high dimensional accuracy and close tolerances without taking extra time or special precautions, CNC machines generally need less complex work-holding fixtures, which saves time by getting the parts machined sooner. Once a program is ready and production parts, each part will take exactly the same amount of time as the previous one. This repeatability allows for a very precise control of production costs. Another advantage of CNC machining is the elimination of large inventories; parts can be machined as needs .In conventional production often a great number of parts must be made at the same time to be cost effective. With CNC even one piece can be machined economically .In many instances, a CNC machine can perform in one setup the same operations that would require several conventional machines.With modern CNC machine tools a trained machinist can program and product even a single part economically .CNC machine tools are used in small and large machining facilities and range in size from tabletop models to huge machining centers. In a facility with many CNC tools, programming is usually done by CNC programmers away from the CNC tools. The machine control unit (MCU) on the machine is then used mostly for small program changes or corrections. Manufacturing with CNC tools usually requires three categories of persons. The first is the programmer, who is responsible for developing machine-ready code. The next person involved is the setup person, who loads the raw stork into the MCU, checks that the co rrect tools are loaded, and makes the first part. The third person is the machine and unloads the finished parts. In a small company, one person is expected to perform all three of these tasks.CNC controls are generally divided into two basic categories. One uses a ward address format with coded inputs such as G and M codes. The other users a conversational input; conversational input is also called user-friendly or prompted input. Later in this section examples of each of these programming formats in machining applications will be describes.CAM and CNCCAM systems have changed the job of the CNC programmer from one manually producing CNC code to one maximizing the output of CNC machines. Since CNC machine tools are made by a great number of manufacturers, many different CNC control units are in use. Control units from different manufacturers use a variety of program formats and codes. Many CNC code words are identical for different controllers, but a great number vary from one to another.To produce an identical part on CNC machine tools with different controllers such as one by FANCU, OKUMA or DYNAPATH, would require completely different CNC codes. Each manufacturer is constantly improving and updating its CNC controllers. These improvements often include additional code words plus changes in how the existing code works.A CAM systems allows the CNC programmer to concentrate on the creation of an efficient machining process, rather then relearning changed code formats. A CNC programmer looks atthe print of a part and then plans the sequence of machining operations necessary to make it (Figure O-3). This plan includes everything, from the selection of possible CNC machine tools, to which tooling to use, to how the part is held while machining takes place. The CNC programmer has to have a thorough understanding of all the capacities and limitations of the CNC machine tools that a program is to be made for. Machine specifications such as horsepower, maximum spindle speeds, workpiece weight and size limitations, and tool changer capacity are just some of the considerations that affect programming.Another area of major importance to the programmer is the knowledge of machining processes. An example would be the selection of the surface finish requirement specified in the part print. The sequence of machining processes is critical to obtain acceptable results. Cutting tool limitations have to be considered and this requires knowledge of cutting tool materials, tool types, and application recommendations.A good programmer will spend a considerable amount of time in researching the rapidly growing volume of new and improved tools and tool materials. Often the tool that was on the cutting edge of technology just two years ago is now obsolete. Information on new tools can come from catalogs or tool manufacturers' tooling engineers. Help in tool selection or optimum tool working conditions can also be obtained from tool manufacturer software. Examples would be Kennametal's "TOOLPRO", software designed to help select the best tool grade, speed, and feed rates for different work materials in turning application. Another very important feature of "TOOLPRO" is the display of the horsepower requirement for each machining selection. This allow the programmer to select a combination of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut that equals the machine's maximum horsepower for roughing cuts. For a finishing cut, the smallest diameter of the part being machined is selected and then the cutting speed varied until the RPM is equal to the maximum RPM of the machine. This helps in maximizing machining efficiency. Knowing the horsepower requirement for a cut is critical if more than one tool is cutting at the same time.Software for a machining center application would be Ingersoll Tool Company's "Actual Chip Thickness", a program used to calculate the chip thickness in relation to feed-per-tooth for a milling cutter, especially during a shallow finishing cut. Ingersoll's "Rigidity Analysis" software ealculates tool deflection for end mills as a function of tool stiffness and tool force.To this point we looked at some general qualifications that a programmer should possess. Now we examine how a CAM system works. Point Control Company's SmartCam system uses the following approach. First, the programmer makes a mental model of the part to be machined. This includes the kind of machining to be performed-turning or milling. Then the part print is studied to develop a machining sequence, roughing and finishing cuts, drilling, tapping, and boring operations. What work-holding device is to be used, a vise or fixture or clamps? After these considerations, computer input can be started. First comes the creation of a JOBPLAN. This JOBPLAN consists of entries such as inch or metric units, machine type, part ID, type of workpiece material, setup notes, and a description of the required tools.This line of information describes the tool by number, type, and size and includes theappropriate cutting speed and feed rate. After all the selected tools are entered, the file is saved.The second programming step is the making of the part. This represents a graphic modeling of the projected machining operation. After selecting a tool from the prepared JOBPLAN, parameters for the cutting operation are entered. For a drill, once the coordinate location of the hole and the depth are given, a circle appears on that spot. If the location is incorrect, the UNDO command erases this entry and allows you to give new values for this operation. When an end mill is being used, cutting movements (toolpath) are usually defined as lines and arcs. As a line is programmed, the toolpath is graphically displayed and errors can be corrected instantly.At any time during programming, the command SHOWPATH will show the actual toolpath for each of the programmed tools. The tools will be displayed in the sequence in which they will be used during actual machining. If the sequence of a tool movement needs to be changed, a few keystrokes will to that.Sometimes in CAM the programming sequence is different from the actual machining order. An example would be the machining of a pocket in a part. With CAM, the finished pocket outline is programmed first, then this outline is used to define the ro ughing cuts to machine the pocket. The roughing cuts are computer generated from inputs such as depth and width of cut and how much material to leave for the finish cut. Different roughing patterns can be tried out to allow the programmer to select the most efllcient one for the actual machining cuts. Since each tool is represented by a different color, it is easy to observe the toolpath made by each one.A CAM system lets the programmer view the graphics model from varying angles, such as a top, front, side, or isometric view. A toolpath that looks correct from a top view, may show from a front view that the depth of the cutting tool is incorrect. Changes can easily be made and seen immediately.When the toolpath and the sequence of operations are satisfactory, machine ready code has to be made. This is as easy as specifying the CNC machine that is to be used to machine the part. The code generator for that specific CNC machin e during processing accesses four different files. The JOBPLAN file for the tool information and the GRAPHICE file for the toolpath and cutting sequence. It also uses the MACHINE DEFINE file which defines the CNC code words for that specific machine. This file also supplies data for maximum feed rates, RPM, toolchange times, and so on. The fourth file taking part in the code generating process is the TEMPLATE file. This file acts like a ruler that produces the CNC code with all of its parts in the right place and sequence. When the code generation is complete, a projected machining time is displayed. This time is calculated from values such as feed rates and distances traveled, noncutting movements at maximum feed rates between points, tool change times, and so on. The projected machining time can be revised by changing tooling to allow for higher metal removal rates or creating a more efficient toolpath. This display of total time required can also be used to estimate production costs. If more then one CNC machine tool is available to machine this part, making code and comparing the machining time may show that one machine is more efficient than the others.CAD/CAMAnother method of creating toolpath is with the use of a Computer-aided Drafting (CAD) file. Most machine drawings are created using computers with the description and part geometry stored in the computer database. SmartCAM, though its CAM CONNECTION, will read a CAD file and transfer its geometry represents the part profile, holes, and so on. The programmer still needs to prepare a JOBPLAN with all the necessary tools, but instead of programming a profile line by line, now only a tool has to be assigned to an existing profile. Again, using the SHOWPA TH function will display the toolpath for each tool and their sequence. Constant research and developments in CAD/CAM interaction will change how they work with each other. Some CAD and CAM programs, if loaded on the same computer, make it possible to switch between the two with a few keystrokes, designing and programming at the same time.The work area around the machine needs to be kept clean and clear of obstructions to prevent slipping or tripping. Machine surfaces should not be used as worktables. Use proper lifting methods to handle heavy workpieces, fixtures, or heavy cutting tools. Make measurements only when the spindle has come to a complete standstill. Chips should never be handled with bare hands.Before starting the machine make sure that the work-holding device and the workpiece are securely fastened. When changing cutting tools, protect the workpiece being machined from damage, and protect your hands from sharp cutting edges. Use only sharp cutting tools. Check that cutting tools are installed correctly and securely.Do not operate any machine controls unless you understand their function and what the y will do.The Early Development Of Numerically Controlled Machine ToolsThe highly sophisticated CNC machine tools of today, in the vast and diverse range found throughout the field of manufacturing processing, started from very humble beginnings in a number of the major industrialized countries. Some of the earliest research and development work in this field was completed in USA and a mention will be made of the UK's contribution to this numerical control development.A major problem occurred just after the Second World War, in that progress in all areas of military and commercial development had been so rapid that the levels of automation and accuracy required by the modern industrialized world could not be attained from the lab our intensive machines in use at that time. The question was how to overcome the disadvantages of conventional plant and current manning levels. It is generally ackonwledged that the earliest work into numerical control was the study commissioned in 1947 by the US governme nt. The study's conclusion was that the metal cutting industry throughout the entire country could not copy with the demands of the American Air Force, let alone the rest of industry! As a direct result of the survey, the US Air Force contracted the Persons Corporation to see if they could develop a flexible, dynamic, manufacturing system which would maximize productivity. TheMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was sub-contracted into this research and development by the Parsons Corporation, during the period 1949-1951,and jointly they developed the first control system which could be adapted to a wide range of machine tools. The Cincinnati Machine Tool Company converted one of their standard 28 inch "Hydro-Tel" milling machines or a three-axis automatic milling made use of a servo-mechanism for the drive system on the axes. This machine made use of a servomechanism for the drive system on the axes, which controlled the table positioning, cross-slide and spindle head. The machine cab be classified as the first truly three axis continuous path machine tool and it was able to generate a required shape, or curve, by simultaneous slide way motions, if necessary.At about the same times as these American advances in machine tool control were taking Place, Alfred Herbert Limited in the United Kingdom had their first Mutinous path control system which became available in 1956.Over the next few years in both the USA and Europe, further development work occurred. These early numerical control developments were principally for the aerospace industry, where it was necessary to cut complex geometric shapes such as airframe components and turbine blades. In parallel with this development of sophisticated control systems for aerospace requirements, a point-to-point controller was developed for more general machining applications. These less sophisticated point-to-point machines were considerably cheaper than their more complex continuous path cousins and were used when only positional accuracy was necessary. As an example of point-to-point motion on a machine tool for drilling operations, the typical movement might be fast traverse of the work piece under the drill's position-after drilling the hole, anther rapid move takes place to the next hole's position-after retraction of the drill. Of course, the rapid motion of the slideways could be achieved by each axis in a sequential and independent manner, or simultaneously. If a separate control was utilisec for each axis, the former method of table travel was less esse ntial to avoid any backlash in the system to obtain the required degree of positional accuracy and so it was necessary that the approach direction to the next point was always the same.The earliest examples of these cheaper point-to-point machines usually did not use recalculating ball screws; this meant that the motions would be sluggish, and sliderways would inevitably suffer from backlash, but more will be said about this topic later in the chapter.The early NC machines were, in the main, based upon a modified milling machine with this concept of control being utilized on turning, punching, grinding and a whole host of other machine tools later. Towards the end of the 1950s,hydrostatic slideways were often incorporated for machine tools of highly precision, which to sonic extent overcame the section problem associated with conventional slideway response, whiles averaging-out slideway inaccuracy brought about a much increased preasion in the machine tool and improved their control characteristics allows "concept of the machining center" was the product of this early work, as it allowed the machine to manufacture a range of components using a wide variety of machining processes at a single set-up, without transfer of workpieces to other variety machine tools. A machining center differed conceptually in its design from that of a milling machine, In that thecutting tools could be changed automatically by the transfer machanism, or selector, from the magazine to spindle, or vice versa.In this ductively and the automatic tool changing feature enabled the machining center to productively and efficiently machine a range of components, by replacing old tools for new, or reselecting the next cutter whilst the current machining process is in cycle.In the mid 1960s,a UK company, Molins, introduced their unique "System 24" which was meant represent the ability of a system to machine for 24 hours per day. It could be thought of as a "machining complex" which allowed a series of NC single purpose machine tools to be linked by a computerized conveyor system. This conveyor allowed the work pieces to be palletized and then directed to as machine tool as necessary. This was an early, but admirable, attempt at a form of Flexible manufacturing System concept, but was unfortunately doomed to failure. Its principal weakness was that only a small proportion of component varieties could be machine at any instant and that even fewer work pieces required the same operations to be performed on them. These factors meant that the utilization level was low, coupled to the fact that the machine tools were expensive and allowed frequent production bottlenecks of work-in-progress to arise, which further slowed down the whole operation.The early to mid-1970s was a time of revolutionary in the area of machine tool controller development, when the term computerized numerical control (CNC) became a reality. This new breed of controllers gave a company the ability to change work piece geometries, together with programs, easily with the minimum of development and lead time, allowing it to be economically viable to machine small batches, or even one-off successfully. The dream of allowing a computerized numerical controller the flexibility and ease of program editing in a production environment became a reality when two ralated factors occurred.These were:the development of integrated circuits, which reduces electronics circuit size, giving better maintenance and allowing more standardization of desing; that general purpose computers were reduced in size coupled to the fact that their cost of production had fallen considerably.The multipie benefits of cheaper electorics with greater reliability have result in the CNC fitted to the machine tools today, with the power and sophistication progtessing considerably in the last few years, allowing an almost artificial intelligence(AI) to the latest systems. Over the years, the machine tools builders have produced a large diversity in the range of applications of CNC and just some of those development will be reviewed in V olume Ⅲ。
路面工程英汉对照
英漢铺面工程名詞彙編AAASHTO 美国州公路暨运输官員协会：American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 的简称。
Absolute Specific Gravity 绝对比重：在特定温度下，相同体积的物体与蒸溜水（或純水）的重量比值。
Absolute Viscosity 绝对黏度：沥青在60℃下量测而得的黏度，以泊(poise, P)为单位。
Absolute Volume 绝对体积：混凝土或砂浆组成的体积，相当于一般的面干虛体积。
Absorbed Moisture (Water) 吸收水气（水）：吸收在材料内的水气（水）。
Absorption 吸水（率）：于特定状況下所吸收的水份，通常以材料烘干重的百分比表示。
Acceleration 加速（速凝）作用：加速混凝土硬化或强度发展之作用。
Accelerator 加速剂（速凝剂）：加速混凝土、砂浆、或水泥浆硬化或强度发展之掺料。
AC 沥青混凝土：请参照Asphalt Concrete。
ACI 美国混凝土学会：American Concrete Institute 的简称。
ACPA 美国混凝土铺面协会：American Concrete Pavement Ass℃iation 的简称。
ACR 碱-碳反应。
请参照Alkali-Carbonate Reaction。
Adhesion Loss 黏着力丧失：黏结料失去黏着力。
Adhesives 黏着剂：将同质或异质材料结合或黏结为一体所使用的材料，例如，环氧树脂。
Admixture 添加剂或掺料：除去水、粒料、和波特兰水泥外，于混凝土拌合前或过程中所添加的材料。
Adsorption 吸附：物质在物体表面所形成高度集中的现象，是一种物质被吸附的过程。
Adsorbed Water 吸附水：吸附在材料表面上的水份。
Aggregate 粒料（骨材）：颗粒材料，如砂、砾石、碎石、碎混凝土、或炉渣。
12t压路机设计说明书
┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊摘要振动压路机是一种高效的压实机械，广泛应用于道路建设施工中。
对国内外压实机械发展史的研究，把握压实技术和压实机械的发展趋势及最新动态。
为12T压路机产品的定位提供依据。
我国压路机，整体技术水平与国外相比仍有差距，主要表现在：产品型号不全、重型和超重型压路机生产数量和品种仍然较少、专用压实设备缺乏、综合技术经济指标和自动控制方面仍低于国外先进水平。
本文在理论分析和计算的基础上，完成了12T振动压路机总体和液压系统、振动轮总成、减振系统等主要部件的设计，在方案、结构和设计方法上进行了部分改动：采用全液压的传动方案，通过3个相互独立的液压回路实现行走、振动和转向三大基本功能，与机械传动相比在压实效果、爬坡能力、质量分配、操作控制和整体布局方面具备更大优势。
转向结构采用铰接式车架折腰转向的方案，转弯半径小、机动性好、前后轮迹重叠、重心低、驾驶员视野开阔。
制动系统采用静液压制动，多片式摩擦制动和电液操作下的同时制动，制动效果良好。
激振器设计成振动轴加两个活动偏心块的结构形式，偏心块被放置在充满硅油的圆柱形箱体内，既实现了双频双幅的振动功能，又避免了对润滑油的搅动和强烈的换向冲击。
减振系统采用橡胶减振器，利用更加简化的单自由度振动数学模型，推导出达到最大减振效果时减振系统总的动刚度，作为橡胶减振器设计的依据，并对压路机进行了稳定性分析。
关键词：振动压路机，总体设计，车架，液压，激振力，减振┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊ABSTRACTVibratory compaction is an efficient machine, widely used in the construction of road construction. The development of domestic and foreign research into the history compacting machinery, take compaction and compaction machinery ethnology trends and latest developments. 12T Roller products to provide the basis for positioning.China road roller, the overall technological level compared with foreign countries there are still gaps, mainly in: Model insufficiency, heavy and extra heavy-duty roller number and variety of production is still small, specialized compaction equipment, lack of comprehensive technical and economic indicators and automatic control is still lower than the advanced level.In this paper, theoretical analysis and calculation based on the overall completion of 12T vibratory roller and hydraulic systems, vibration wheel assembly, shock absorber system and other major components of the design, plan, structure and design methods for innovation: all-hydraulic transmission scheme, by three independent hydraulic circuit of walking, vibration and steering the three basic functions, and compared the compaction effect of mechanical drive, climbing ability, quality and distribution, operation control and the overall layout has more advantages. Turn structure using the program articulated frame waist to change direction, turning radius, mobility, front and rear tracks overlap, low center of gravity, the driver broad field of vision. Hydraulic brake system with static brake, multi-disc friction brake and electro-hydraulic operation, while braking, braking effect is good. Eccentric shaft vibration exciter designed to increase the structure of two active forms of eccentric, eccentric block is placed in cylindrical cabinets filled with silicone oil, both achieved double amplitude of the vibration frequency function, but also avoids the agitation and lubricants The impact is strong. Rubber shock absorber damping system is to use a more simplified single degree of freedom vibration model is derived for maximum vibration damping effect of the total system when the dynamic stiffness, as the basis for the design of rubber shock absorber, and the roller was stability analysis.KEY WORDS: vibratory roller, design, frame, hydraulic, vibration force, vibration┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊目录第一章前言 (1)1.1压实机械简介 (1)1.1.1压实机械发展简史 (1)1.1.2压实机械的分类 (1)1.2国内外压实机械和压实技术的发展概况 (2)1.2.1国内压实机械和压实技术发展概况 (2)1.2.2国外压实机械和压实技术现状 (3)1.2.3压实机械的发展趋势 (5)1.3压路机发展的最新技术和趋势 (6)1.4课题的提出和主要研究内容 (8)1.4.1 12T全液压振动压路机设计任务的提出 (8)1.4.2 12T全液压振动压路机设计的主要内容 (9)1.5本章小结 (9)第二章12T振动压路机总体设计 (10)2.1机型的确定 (10)2.2总体结构设计 (11)2.3主要系统的设计方案 (11)2.3.1传动系统的设计方案 (11)2.3.2转向及车架的结构设计方案 (13)2.3.3制动系统的设计方案 (15)2.4基本参数的确定 (16)2.4.1名义振幅 (16)2.4.2振动频率 (17)2.4.3振动加速度 (18)2.4.4激振力和静偏心矩 (19)2.4.6 12T振动压路机的基本参数表 (20)2.5 本章小结 (22)第三章振动压路机的主要部件 (23)3.1液压系统设计 (23)3.1.1行走驱动液压系统设计 (23)3.1.2振动液压传动系统设计 (27)3.1.3转向液压传动系统设计 (30)3.2振动轮总成结构及工作原理 (31)3.2.1振动轮总成 (31)3.2.2激振器结构设计及计算 (32)3.2.3振动轴承的选择与校核 (35)3.4 减振装置设计 (36)3.4.1振动压路机的减振 (36)3.4.2减振系统的减振系数与总刚度 (36)3.4.3减振器的材料 (37)┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊3.4.4橡胶减振器的设计计算 (38)3.4.6．橡胶减振器的校核计算 (40)第四章压路机整机稳定性分析 (41)4.1稳定性工况分类 (41)4.2坡道纵向静态稳定性 (42)4.3计算结果分析及讨论 (44)4.4关于整机稳定性的分析讨论 (44)4.5 12T压路机稳定性计算分析 (45)4．6本章小结 (45)结论 (46)致谢 (48)参考文献 (49)┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊第一章前言1.1压实机械简介1.1.1压实机械发展简史压实原理的应用起源于中国，早在1000多年前的隋唐时期就使用了人力或畜力拖动的石滚。
机械类毕业设计外文翻译范文
机械类毕业设计外文翻译、毕业设计（论文）外译文题目：轴承的摩擦与润滑10 月 15 日外文文献原文：Friction , Lubrication of BearingIn many of the problem thus far , the student has been asked to disregard or neglect friction . Actually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance of two or more parts to movement.Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction to hold the fastener andthe parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are additional applications where friction is necessary.The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is lost energy because no work takes place. Also , greater power is required to overcome the increased friction. Heat is destructive in that it causes expansion. Expansion may cause a bearing or sliding surface to fit tighter. If a great enough pressure builds up because made from low temperature materials may melt.There are three types of friction which must be overcome in moving parts: (1)starting, (2)sliding, and(3)rolling. Starting friction is the friction between two solids that tend to resist movement. When two parts are at a state of rest, the surface irregularities of both parts tend to interlock and form a wedging action. T o produce motion in these parts, the wedge-shaped peaks and valleys of the stationary surfaces must be made to slide out and over each other. The rougher the two surfaces, the greater is starting friction resulting from their movement .Since there is usually no fixed pattern between the peaks and valleys of two mating parts, the irregularities do not interlock once the parts are in motion but slide over each other. The friction of the two surfaces is known as sliding friction. As shown in figure ,starting friction is always greater than sliding friction .Rolling friction occurs when roller devces are subjected to tremendous stress which cause the parts to change shape or deform. Under these conditions, the material in front of a roller tends to pile up and forces the object to roll slightly uphill. This changing of shape , known as deformation, causes a movement of molecules. As a result ,heat is produced from the addedenergy required to keep the parts turning and overcome friction.The friction caused by the wedging action of surface irregularities can be overcome partly by the precision machining of the surfaces. However, even these smooth surfaces may require the use of a substance between them to reduce the friction still more. This substance is usually a lubricant which provides a fine, thin oil film. The film keeps the surfaces apart and prevents the cohesive forces of the surfaces from coming in close contact and producing heat .Another way to reduce friction is to use different materials for the bearing surfaces and rotating parts. This explains why bronze bearings, soft alloys, and copper and tin iolite bearings are used with both soft and hardened steel shaft. The iolite bearing is porous. Thus, when the bearing is dipped in oil, capillary action carries the oil through the spaces of the bearing. This type of bearing carries its own lubricant to the points where the pressures are the greatest.Moving parts are lubricated to reduce friction, wear, and heat. The most commonly used lubricants are oils, greases, and graphite compounds. Each lubricant serves a different purpose. The conditions under which two moving surfaces are to work determine the type of lubricant to be used and the system selected for distributing the lubricant.On slow moving parts with a minimum of pressure, an oil groove is usually sufficient to distribute the required quantity of lubricant to the surfaces moving on each other .A second common method of lubrication is the splash system in which parts moving in a reservoir of lubricant pick up sufficient oil which is then distributed to all moving parts during each cycle. This system is used in the crankcase of lawn-mower engines to lubricate the crankshaft, connecting rod ,and parts of the piston.A lubrication system commonly used in industrial plants is the pressure system. In this system, a pump on a machine carries the lubricant to all of the bearing surfaces at a constant rate and quantity.There are numerous other systems of lubrication and a considerable number of lubricants available for any given set of operating conditions. Modern industry pays greater attention to the use of the proper lubricants than at previous time because of the increased speeds, pressures, and operating demands placed on equipment and devices.Although one of the main purposes of lubrication is reduce friction, any substance-liquid , solid , or gaseous-capable of controlling friction and wear between sliding surfaces can be classed as a lubricant.V arieties of lubricationUnlubricated sliding. Metals that have been carefully treated to remove all foreign materials seize and weld to one another when slid together. In the absence of such a high degree of cleanliness, adsorbed gases, water vapor ,oxides, and contaminants reduce frictio9n and the tendency to seize but usually result in severe wear; this is called “unlubricated ”or dry sliding.Fluid-film lubrication. Interposing a fluid film that completely separates the sliding surfaces results in fluid-film lubrication. The fluid may be introduced intentionally as the oil in the main bearing of an automobile, or unintentionally, as in the case of water between a smooth tuber tire and a wet pavement. Although the fluid is usually a liquid such as oil, water, and a wide。
(完整版)机械毕业设计外文翻译7243268
Introduciton of MachiningHave a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.Machining know the process . For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.Strict precision and good surface finish, Machining the second purpose is the establishment of the and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its generalshape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.Primary Cutting ParametersCutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts -- with knives. Generally, the more the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。
液压机的设计外文文献翻译
附录A液压机水由高处下降到一个低的高度的时候能产生能量, 可以用来驱动水轮和涡轮等机械.最高和最低水位之间的落差决定了每磅水的能量。
水力可以来自很多自然资源, 例如瀑布和建有大坝的河流等.在没有自然资源的情况下, 可以修建人工水库。
当能量充足的时候可以抽水到水库来储存水能, 当能量不足的时候, 这些储存起来的水可提供能量来驱动涡轮。
工业的液压机械的某些称作储蓄器的机械装置被用来短时间的提供高效的功率.活塞负载重量后装入缸体中, 然后水被缓慢的压入缸体, 活塞和活塞负载的重物给强迫的升到一个高的位置, 当放下他们是,他们强迫缸体中的水迅速的流出, 为机器提供水的压力能。
液压机是由一种液体,特别是水的压力来操纵。
他们在工程领域的广泛应用,例如: 地层移动、矿业、建筑机械、汽车工程、纺织工业、电站、农业机械等。
液压设备水、油压力是常用的动力源, 比如压力机、铆机、起锚机、绞盘等机械. 水压或者静水力压是约瑟夫布拉玛(Joseph Bramah)发现的, 因此优势也称布拉玛压力. 他主要包括连个缸体, 一个是用液体填充, 一个用活塞. 两个缸体用管子连接起来, 也同样用液体填充。
一个缸体是小直径的, 另一个是大直径的. 根据帕斯卡定律, 外界作用在小活塞上压强通过液体毫无损失的传到被迫上升的大活塞的表面。
对于两个活塞来说, 压强(单位面积压力)是相同, 作用在大活塞上向上的压力是作用在小活塞的几倍, 因为大活塞的面积是小活塞的几倍. 比如, 举个例子, 小活塞的面积是2平方英寸, 100lb的压力作用在它上面, 于是作用在具有50平方英寸面积的大活塞上的压力就会有25000lb(100×50/2=2,500). 然而, 让活塞一定时, 小活塞一定的距离也成比例的大于大活塞移动的距离, 这满足能量转换定律。
如果小活塞移动25 英寸,大的活塞就会只移动1英寸。
水压被使用了, 比如, 使三维的物体从一片金属压缩成一个大的物体。
振动压路机毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
振动压路机毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献YZ12振动压路机简介第一节主要技术特点z 行驶、振动和转向三大系统均为液压传动，且三个系统的液压泵连成一体，由发动机曲轴输出端通过弹性联轴器直接驱动各泵，然后由各控制元件控制各系统的马达或油缸，使各系统运转。
z 具有四档行走速度，在各档内均实现无级调速，一档为0~6.5km/h ，二档为0~8.6km/h，三档为0~10.2km/h，四档为0~12.5km/h，能保证压路机在各种工况下以最佳的速度进行压实作业以及能以较快的速度行驶。
z 为了提高振动轴承的寿命和可靠性，本机采用了独特的设计思想：高精度的、强制润滑的振动轮。
z 振动系统具有双频、双幅功能，可以有效地压实不同种类及厚度的铺料层。
z 本机采用四级减振结构，使得在振动压实时，对乘员的不利影响减小到最低限度。
再加上装有空调的舒适明亮的驾驶室，为驾驶员创造了理想的工作环境。
z 具有不需要润滑的免维护中央铰接装置。
z 本机采用的柴油机、液压泵、马达和后桥等元件，均为国际知名的优秀产品，从而确保压路机的技术先进性和工作可靠性。
z 本机属于我国振动压路机标准型中的超重型压路机，适用于高等级公路、铁路路基、机场、大坝、码头等高标准工程压实作业。
z 具有与众不同的压实能力，最大压实力达56800kg，压实效果好。
z 整体开启的覆盖件，使所有的维修点随手可及。
z 集中、外置的液压测压点，使液压系统的检测、维护更加方便。
z 完善的安全保护装置，使操作者的安全得到充分的保证。
第二节总体结构YZ12 型振动式压路机利用振动轮的高速振动压实基础和路面，使其具有足够的承载能力，并降低其透水性。
YZ12 振动式压路机采用全液压控制，双轮驱动，单钢轮、自行式结构。
机械设计中英文手册
陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck加工中心machining center车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine拉孔broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin滚动轴承rolling bearing滑动轴承sliding bearing弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining粗加工rough machining变速箱体gearbox casing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheelAssembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA 开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器fuse together 熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 内部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝lbs. inch 镑、英寸EMI gasket 导电条front plate 前板rear plate 后板chassis 基座bezel panel 面板power button 电源按键reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts 塑胶件SOP 制造作业程序material check list 物料检查表work cell 工作间trolley 台车sub-line 支线left fork 叉车personnel resource department 人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |plein|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |\\'skr?pid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单location地点present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕??splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism 摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ；normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed变速speed change变速齿轮change gear change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use 车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle齿厚tooth thickness齿距circular pitch齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile齿廓曲线tooth curve齿轮gear齿轮变速箱speed-changing gear boxes齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter 齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构gear齿轮轮坯blank齿轮传动系pinion unit齿轮联轴器gear coupling齿条传动rack gear齿数tooth number齿数比gear ratio齿条rack齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter齿形链、无声链silent chain齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points重合度contact ratio冲床punch传动比transmission ratio, speed ratio传动装置gearing; transmission gear传动系统driven system传动角transmission angle传动轴transmission shaft串联式组合combination in series串联式组合机构series combined mechanism串级调速cascade speed control创新innovation creation创新设计creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷normal load唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮driven pulley从动件driven link, follower从动件平底宽度width of flat-face从动件停歇follower dwell从动件运动规律follower motion从动轮driven gear粗线bold line粗牙螺纹coarse thread大齿轮gear wheel打包机packer打滑slipping带传动belt driving带轮belt pulley带式制动器band brake单列轴承single row bearing单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing单万向联轴节single universal joint单位矢量unit vector当量齿轮equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth当量摩擦系数equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷equivalent load刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conduction of heat导程lead导程角lead angle等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion 等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮constant-breadth cam等效构件equivalent link等效力equivalent force等效力矩equivalent moment of force等效量equivalent等效质量equivalent mass等效转动惯量equivalent moment of inertia等效动力学模型dynamically equivalent model底座chassis低副lower pair点划线chain dotted line（疲劳）点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasket seal碟形弹簧belleville spring顶隙bottom clearance定轴轮系ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes动力学dynamics动密封kinematical seal动能dynamic energy动力粘度dynamic viscosity动力润滑dynamic lubrication动平衡dynamic balance动平衡机dynamic balancing machine动态特性dynamic characteristics动态分析设计dynamic analysis design动压力dynamic reaction动载荷dynamic load端面transverse plane端面参数transverse parameters端面齿距transverse circular pitch端面齿廓transverse tooth profile端面重合度transverse contact ratio端面模数transverse module端面压力角transverse pressure angle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetry circulating stress对心滚子从动件radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件radial (or in-line ) translating follower对心移动从动件radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 多列轴承multi-row bearing多楔带poly V-belt多项式运动规律polynomial motion多质量转子rotor with several masses惰轮idle gear额定寿命rating life额定载荷load ratingII 级杆组dyad发生线generating line发生面generating plane法面normal plane法面参数normal parameters法面齿距normal circular pitch法面模数normal module法面压力角normal pressure angle法向齿距normal pitch法向齿廓normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆straight sided normal worm法向力normal force反馈式组合feedback combining反向运动学inverse ( or backward) kinematics反转法kinematic inversion反正切Arctan范成法generating cutting仿形法form cutting方案设计、概念设计concept design, CD防振装置shockproof device飞轮flywheel飞轮矩moment of flywheel非标准齿轮nonstandard gear非接触式密封non-contact seal非周期性速度波动aperiodic speed fluctuation非圆齿轮non-circular gear粉末合金powder metallurgy分度线reference line; standard pitch line分度圆reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle 分度圆柱导程角lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at reference cylinder分母denominator分子numerator分度圆锥reference cone; standard pitch cone分析法analytical method封闭差动轮系planetary differential复合铰链compound hinge复合式组合compound combining复合轮系compound (or combined) gear train复合平带compound flat belt复合应力combined stress复式螺旋机构Compound screw mechanism复杂机构complex mechanism杆组Assur group干涉interference刚度系数stiffness coefficient刚轮rigid circular spline钢丝软轴wire soft shaft刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子rigid rotor刚性轴承rigid bearing刚性联轴器rigid coupling高度系列height series高速带high speed belt高副higher pair格拉晓夫定理Grashoff`s law根切undercutting公称直径nominal diameter高度系列height series功work工况系数application factor工艺设计technological design工作循环图working cycle diagram工作机构operation mechanism工作载荷external loads工作空间working space工作应力working stress工作阻力effective resistance工作阻力矩effective resistance moment公法线common normal line公共约束general constraint公制齿轮metric gears功率power功能分析设计function analyses design共轭齿廓conjugate profiles共轭凸轮conjugate cam构件link鼓风机blower固定构件fixed link; frame固体润滑剂solid lubricant关节型操作器jointed manipulator惯性力inertia force惯性力矩moment of inertia ,shaking moment 惯性力平衡balance of shaking force惯性力完全平衡full balance of shaking force惯性力部分平衡partial balance of shaking force 惯性主矩resultant moment of inertia惯性主失resultant vector of inertia冠轮crown gear广义机构generation mechanism广义坐标generalized coordinate轨迹生成path generation轨迹发生器path generator滚刀hob滚道raceway滚动体rolling element滚动轴承rolling bearing滚动轴承代号rolling bearing identification code 滚针needle roller滚针轴承needle roller bearing滚子roller滚子轴承roller bearing滚子半径radius of roller滚子从动件roller follower滚子链roller chain滚子链联轴器double roller chain coupling滚珠丝杆ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器roller clutch过度切割undercutting函数发生器function generator函数生成function generation含油轴承oil bearing耗油量oil consumption耗油量系数oil consumption factor赫兹公式H. Hertz equation合成弯矩resultant bending moment合力resultant force合力矩resultant moment of force黑箱black box横坐标abscissa互换性齿轮interchangeable gears花键spline滑键、导键feather key滑动轴承sliding bearing滑动率sliding ratio滑块slider环面蜗杆toroid helicoids worm环形弹簧annular spring缓冲装置shocks; shock-absorber灰铸铁grey cast iron回程return回转体平衡balance of rotors混合轮系compound gear train积分integrate机电一体化系统设计mechanical-electrical integration system design 机构mechanism机构分析analysis of mechanism机构平衡balance of mechanism机构学mechanism机构运动设计kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图kinematic sketch of mechanism机构综合synthesis of mechanism机构组成constitution of mechanism机架frame, fixed link机架变换kinematic inversion机器machine机器人robot机器人操作器manipulator机器人学robotics技术过程technique process技术经济评价technical and economic evaluation技术系统technique system机械machinery机械创新设计mechanical creation design, MCD机械系统设计mechanical system design, MSD机械动力分析dynamic analysis of machinery机械动力设计dynamic design of machinery机械动力学dynamics of machinery机械的现代设计modern machine design机械系统mechanical system机械利益mechanical advantage机械平衡balance of machinery机械手manipulator机械设计machine design; mechanical design机械特性mechanical behavior机械调速mechanical speed governors机械效率mechanical efficiency机械原理theory of machines and mechanisms机械运转不均匀系数coefficient of speed fluctuation机械无级变速mechanical stepless speed changes基础机构fundamental mechanism基本额定寿命basic rating life基于实例设计case-based design,CBD基圆base circle基圆半径radius of base circle基圆齿距base pitch基圆压力角pressure angle of base circle基圆柱base cylinder基圆锥base cone急回机构quick-return mechanism急回特性quick-return characteristics急回系数advance-to return-time ratio急回运动quick-return motion棘轮ratchet棘轮机构ratchet mechanism棘爪pawl极限位置extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions计算机辅助设计computer aided design, CAD计算机辅助制造computer aided manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS 计算力矩factored moment; calculation moment计算弯矩calculated bending moment加权系数weighting efficient加速度acceleration加速度分析acceleration analysis加速度曲线acceleration diagram尖底从动件knife-edge follower间隙backlash间歇运动机构intermittent motion mechanism 减速比reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置reduction gear减速器speed reducer减摩性anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面involute helicoid渐开线involute渐开线齿廓involute profile渐开线齿轮involute gear渐开线发生线generating line of involute渐开线方程involute equation渐开线函数involute function渐开线蜗杆involute worm渐开线压力角pressure angle of involute渐开线花键involute spline简谐运动simple harmonic motion键key键槽keyway交变应力repeated stress交变载荷repeated fluctuating load交叉带传动cross-belt drive交错轴斜齿轮crossed helical gears胶合scoring角加速度angular acceleration角速度angular velocity角速比angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承angular contact ball bearing角接触推力轴承angular contact thrust bearing 角接触向心轴承angular contact radial bearing 角接触轴承angular contact bearing铰链、枢纽hinge校正平面correcting plane接触应力contact stress接触式密封contact seal阶梯轴multi-diameter shaft结构structure结构设计structural design截面section节点pitch point节距circular pitch; pitch of teeth节线pitch line节圆齿厚thickness on pitch circle节圆直径pitch diameter节圆锥pitch cone节圆锥角pitch cone angle解析设计analytical design紧边tight-side紧固件fastener径节diametral pitch径向radial direction径向当量动载荷dynamic equivalent radial load径向当量静载荷static equivalent radial load径向基本额定动载荷basic dynamic radial load rating 径向基本额定静载荷basic static radial load tating径向接触轴承radial contact bearing径向平面radial plane径向游隙radial internal clearance径向载荷radial load径向载荷系数radial load factor径向间隙clearance静力static force静平衡static balance静载荷static load静密封static seal局部自由度passive degree of freedom矩阵matrix矩形螺纹square threaded form锯齿形螺纹buttress thread form矩形牙嵌式离合器square-jaw positive-contact clutch 绝对尺寸系数absolute dimensional factor绝对运动absolute motion绝对速度absolute velocity均衡装置load balancing mechanism抗压强度compression strength开口传动open-belt drive开式链open kinematic chain开链机构open chain mechanism可靠度degree of reliability可靠性reliability可靠性设计reliability design, RD空气弹簧air spring空间机构spatial mechanism空间连杆机构spatial linkage空间凸轮机构spatial cam空间运动副spatial kinematic pair空间运动链spatial kinematic chain空转idle宽度系列width series框图block diagram雷诺方程Reynolds‘s equation离心力centrifugal force离心应力centrifugal stress离合器clutch离心密封centrifugal seal理论廓线pitch curve理论啮合线theoretical line of action隶属度membership力force力多边形force polygon力封闭型凸轮机构force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism 力矩moment力平衡equilibrium力偶couple力偶矩moment of couple连杆connecting rod, coupler连杆机构linkage连杆曲线coupler-curve连心线line of centers链chain链传动装置chain gearing链轮sprocket sprocket-wheel sprocket gear chain wheel联组V 带tight-up V belt联轴器coupling shaft coupling两维凸轮two-dimensional cam临界转速critical speed六杆机构six-bar linkage龙门刨床double Haas planer轮坯blank轮系gear train螺杆screw螺距thread pitch螺母screw nut螺旋锥齿轮helical bevel gear螺钉screws螺栓bolts螺纹导程lead螺纹效率screw efficiency螺旋传动power screw螺纹thread (of a screw)螺旋副helical pair螺旋机构screw mechanism螺旋角helix angle螺旋线helix ,helical line绿色设计green design design for environment马耳他机构Geneva wheel Geneva gear马耳他十字Maltese cross脉动无级变速pulsating stepless speed changes脉动循环应力fluctuating circulating stress脉动载荷fluctuating load铆钉rivet迷宫密封labyrinth seal密封seal密封带seal belt密封胶seal gum密封元件potted component密封装置sealing arrangement面对面安装face-to-face arrangement面向产品生命周期设计design for product`s life cycle, DPLC 名义应力、公称应力nominal stress模块化设计modular design, MD模块式传动系统modular system模幅箱morphology box模糊集fuzzy set模糊评价fuzzy evaluation模数module摩擦friction摩擦角friction angle摩擦力friction force摩擦学设计tribology design, TD摩擦阻力frictional resistance摩擦力矩friction moment摩擦系数coefficient of friction摩擦圆friction circle磨损abrasion wear; scratching末端执行器end-effector目标函数objective function耐腐蚀性corrosion resistance耐磨性wear resistance挠性机构mechanism with flexible elements挠性转子flexible rotor内齿轮internal gear内力internal force内圈inner ring能量energy能量指示图viscosity逆时针counterclockwise (or anticlockwise)啮出engaging-out啮合engagement, mesh, gearing啮合点contact points啮合角working pressure angle啮合线line of action啮合线长度length of line of action啮入engaging-in牛头刨床shaper凝固点freezing point; solidifying point扭转应力torsion stress扭矩moment of torque扭簧helical torsion spring诺模图NomogramO 形密封圈密封O ring seal盘形凸轮disk cam盘形转子disk-like rotor抛物线运动parabolic motion疲劳极限fatigue limit疲劳强度fatigue strength偏置式offset偏( 心) 距offset distance偏心率eccentricity ratio偏心质量eccentric mass偏距圆offset circle偏心盘eccentric偏置滚子从动件offset roller follower偏置尖底从动件offset knife-edge follower偏置曲柄滑块机构offset slider-crank mechanism 拼接matching评价与决策evaluation and decision频率frequency平带flat belt平带传动flat belt driving平底从动件flat-face follower平底宽度face width平分线bisector平均应力average stress平均中径mean screw diameter平均速度average velocity平衡balance平衡机balancing machine平衡品质balancing quality平衡平面correcting plane平衡质量balancing mass平衡重counterweight平衡转速balancing speed平面副planar pair, flat pair平面机构planar mechanism平面运动副planar kinematic pair平面连杆机构planar linkage平面凸轮planar cam平面凸轮机构planar cam mechanism平面轴斜齿轮parallel helical gears普通平键parallel key其他常用机构other mechanism in common use起动阶段starting period启动力矩starting torque气动机构pneumatic mechanism奇异位置singular position起始啮合点initial contact , beginning of contact气体轴承gas bearing千斤顶jack嵌入键sunk key强迫振动forced vibration切齿深度depth of cut曲柄crank曲柄存在条件Grashoff`s law曲柄导杆机构crank shaper (guide-bar) mechanism曲柄滑块机构slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 曲柄摇杆机构crank-rocker mechanism曲齿锥齿轮spiral bevel gear曲率curvature曲率半径radius of curvature曲面从动件curved-shoe follower曲线拼接curve matching曲线运动curvilinear motion曲轴crank shaft驱动力driving force驱动力矩driving moment (torque)全齿高whole depth权重集weight sets球ball。
XXXX届机械制造专业毕业设计英文翻译
英文翻译Chapter 4 portable rotating machinery vibration monitoring system design With the modernization of enterprise device management, how to make equipment, continuous, reliable, safe and efficient operation to meet the requirements of modern enterprise management, is particularly important. The rotating mechanical equipment during operation of the vibration signals generated a lot of hidden information that can help people to correctly judge the various types of rotating machinery during operation of the state. Theory of vibration analysis and condition monitoring technology is inseparable organisms. Based on vibration analysis of rotating machinery condition monitoring system is to run the process of rotating machinery vibration information generated by the core to determine rotating machinery is running or the anomaly occurred.4.1 The system worksThe system works: The acquisition rotating machinery vibration sensor equipment running in the process of the vibration signals, after filtering hardware circuit amplification, A / D conversion, and then upload the data through the USB interface to a computer for processing; host computer can be the data collector sample rate, channel selection and so the corresponding parameter settings; through the application of the software for signal analysis and processing and analysis of paint-related waveforms; and then, through the relevant waveform analysis and spectrum analysis to determine the health status of machinery and equipment.4.2 System Structure DiagramDesign concept of this system is the top-down design, the first device to achieve the overall planning function, and then divide the total work function to the hardware and software sub-modules to realize the system overall design block diagram shown in Figure 1.4.3 Vibration speed sensor selectionVibration sensor (Sensor) is a collection can be generated by rotating machinery vibration signals, according to a certain law of vibration signals are converted to their corresponding physical quantity or signal and another output device, is to achieve large-scale rotating machinery condition monitoring of an important link If there is no vibration sensor to the original vibration signals accurately capture and conversion, rotating machinery condition monitoring can not be achieved.By collecting vibration signal of a different nature can be classified as follows: acceleration, velocity, displacement and so on. Vibration sensor selection must take into account sensor performance requirements; sensor static and dynamic characteristics. Vibration sensor static characteristics of the main parameters are: linearity, resolution and sensitivity. The dynamic characteristics of vibration sensors used it to respond to certain criteria to represent the input signal. As the rotating machinery vibration signals output sinusoidal signal, so the dynamic characteristics of sensors used to indicate the frequency response. Rotating machinery vibration test commonly used types of sensors are piezoelectric sensors and inertial rate sensors.Piezoelectric sensors used for non-rotating components of the acceleration measurement. It is characterized by the use of a wide frequency range, usually 0.2 ~ 10k Hz, therefore, it is suitable for high-speed rotating machinery vibration tests. The quality of piezoelectric acceleration sensor is small, easy to install in mechanical equipment. However, piezoelectric sensors are high impedance, weak signal sensor, measuring the site vulnerable to electromagnetic, acoustic and thermal air currents and other interference, so that the output signal contains the part of non-vibration acceleration measurement points from a false signal.Inertial speed sensor is a contact-type vibration sensor, it is absolutely vibrationvelocity of the detected objects into moving parts moving relative to the absolute speed of the shell, and then through an internal transformation to the relative vibration velocity transform parts of the electromotive force, namely, by measuring the electromotive force to calculate the speed of rotating machinery vibration. Inertial speed sensor that has high sensitivity and low output impedance, but also the output power of a strong signal, so it is not susceptible to electromagnetic interference afternoon, for more complex and requires a long lead on-site, still higher signal to noise ratio. The sensor's frequency range between 0.008 ~ 1KHz, no special pre-amplifier, install easy to use.The system uses the VS Series Vibration velocity sensor shown in Figure 4-2, which measured bearing, chassis or structure of the vibration intensity and vibration intensity. Such sensors measure the vibration is relative to the absolute vibration of free space; its output voltage is proportional to the speed and vibration, so called velocity type vibration sensors. Can also convert the speed of traffic through the displacement of points re-display processing? This measurement can rotation or reciprocating body to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of working conditions, which directly installed on the machine outside, so maintenance is very convenient to use.How It Works: VS Series Vibration Monitoring speed sensor is the use of magnetic induction principle to vibration signals converted into electrical signals. It ismainly from the magnetic circuit system, inertial mass, spring damping components. The sensor rigid shell secured to a magnet, inertial mass (coil component), with spring suspension components on the housing. Work, the sensor installed on the machine, the machine vibration when the working frequency range of the sensor, the coil and magnet relative movement, cutting magnetic field lines, on-line circle produces induced voltage, the voltage is proportional to the value of vibration velocity. Then match with the secondary instrument, which shows that the amount of vibration velocity or displacement size.①sensitivity values are 80Hz, the speed of 18mm / s case determination of②Amplitude linearity: "3%; transverse sensitivity ratio:" 5%③Direction: (provides for horizontal direction 0 °)Vertical: 90 ° ± 10 °Horizontal: 0 ° ± 10 °④Output Resistance: ≤ 450; Insulation resistance :> 20M4.4 Hardware Design Module4.4.1 Analog signal conditioning circuitJP1 then collected the raw vibration sensors capture signal amplification through the filter into the analog circuit A / D chip for A / D conversion, in order to host computer for data processing.1. Signal filteringVibration sensor will be a non-power rotating machinery vibration signals into electrical signals, but the vibration signals superimposed on the scene useless noise, these noise and vibration signals generated at the same time, some are mixed with the process of vibration signal transmission, the noise sometimes will be greater than the useful signal, thereby inundating useful signal. If you do not eliminate them, will be right behind the signal processing analysis to bring the error, and even sometimes lead to wrong conclusions, so the collected signal is filtered.Generally divided into low-pass filters, high pass, band pass and band stop filter, its frequency response characteristics as shown in Figure 4-2.Low-pass filter is the low-frequency signals while the high-frequency signals are not passed through the filter. High-pass filter and low-pass filter performance is just the opposite, namely, high-frequency signals through the low-frequency signal is not passed; band-pass filter is the frequency in a range of the signal through, while outside the scope of this Could not get it; band-stop performance and band-pass filter is the opposite, that is, within the scope of a certain frequency band signal is blocked, in which the signal outside the pass band. .Field Dynamic collected vibration signals are often mixed with a lot of useless noise, for noise, its frequency is difficult to quantify given the size of the value of design as long as the filter when considering high-frequency interference signal suppression. According to Nyquist's Law, data collection devices for data acquisition frequency must be greater than twice the highest frequency vibration signal, the signal can not occur until the frequency aliasing phenomenon, the need to design a low-pass filter for vibration signal through, filter out some high-frequency interference . The simplest low-pass filter formed by capacitors and resistors, shown in Figure, A simple RC low-pass circuit, the general call it passive low-pass filter.The low-pass filterFigure 4-3 shows the RC low-pass filter circuit, the voltage loop equation:Its gainThe availability of the actual gain ofGain value is a function of frequency in the low frequency area ω Minimal ，1,()1V R C A ωω== Signal pass; high frequency area ω Great ，1,()0V R C A ωω=? Signal unreasonable 。
压路机的英文说法
压路机在道路建设和维护中的作用
压路机的英文说法是"road roller"，也可以称为"compactor"。
它是一种工程机械设备，主要用于在道路施工和维护过程中，通过对道路表面进行压实，使其更加坚固和平整。
压路机通常由一个大型的钢质滚筒组成，滚筒上有许多凸起的凹槽，可以在路面上产生良好的压实效果。
这些机器可以驱动，通常由液压系统提供动力，也有些较小型的手动压路机需要人工推动。
在道路施工中，压路机被广泛用于压实土壤、砾石和沥青等材料，以确保道路表面的稳固和平坦，提高道路的承载能力和耐久性。
在道路维护过程中，压路机也用于填补坑洞、修复路面不平整和压实新铺设的沥青混凝土层。
总的来说，压路机在道路建设和维护中扮演着非常重要的角色，它们能够帮助确保道路的质量和可靠性，提供更安全和舒适的行车环境。
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压路机压路机（有时称为过山车压实机，或者只是压路机）是一种压缩型工程车辆使用压缩土壤，砾石，混凝土，或在道路和基础建设的沥青。
在世界一些地方，压路机仍然被俗称为蒸汽压路机，不论其推进的方法。
这通常只适用于最大的例子（道路决策使用）。
关键字：压路机1.历史第一压路机是马车，并很可能只是借农具。
由于一辊的有效性取决于它的重量上，马自供电取代车辆来自于十八世纪辊很大程度上。
第一次这样的车辆被蒸汽滚筒。
双缸设计是首选。
单缸蒸汽压路机是罕见和不得人心的，从蒸汽机的权力冲动会产生轻微的波浪的道路。
在美国的一些公司所采用的道路，通过20世纪50年代蒸汽压路机，并在英国，一些留在商业服务，直至70年代初。
由于内燃机技术在20世纪，煤油，改善汽油（汽油）和柴油动力辊逐步取代它们的蒸汽动力同行。
第一内燃机驱动的压路机非常相似，它们的蒸汽滚筒取代。
他们用类似的机制来传送从发动机动力到车轮上，一般大，裸露的齿轮。
有些公司不喜欢他们在幼年时，作为时代的发动机是典型的难以启动，特别是煤油驱动的。
实际上，现在在商业用途所有压路机使用的是柴油动力。
在英国的名字“瓦克板”或者“瓦克”一般是指平板夯，从瓦克建筑机械股份公司的这种装置的知名制造商的名称派生。
这个名字的发音为，而不是正确的德国vacker弥天大谎英式风格。
一个“跳杰克”是俗称压缩称为“水稻的摩托车”，由于建筑工人的爱尔兰传统的资源，以及经营方式，似乎“顺风车”锤子举办像摩托车处理。
2.用途压路机使用的汽车的重量压缩表面正在展开。
衬底的初始压实做是使用气动轮胎式压路机，有两行（正面及背面）的充气轮胎。
轮胎的灵活性，一个车轮的垂直运动一定的份量，使辊不平地面上操作有效。
终点是通过使用金属鼓辊，以确保顺利，甚至结果。
滚筒还可用于垃圾填埋压实。
这种压实机通常转动（“羊英尺”）轮毂，并没有形成一个光滑的表面。
由于小面积接触地面，在压缩方面可以得到帮助。
商业用途许多零售和服务行业，如快餐店，餐馆和酒店，使用压实机，以减少数量的非循环再造的废物，以及打击滋扰，例如老鼠和气味。
在这种滋扰酒店行业宽容是特别低。
这些压缩机通常进来电动和液压操作，与不少装载配置。
最受欢迎的装载配置属于下列：1.地面交通2.步行上;3.担保室内滑道。
这些压实机几乎全是钢结构焊接有两个原因：压力和接触元素的耐久性，如压缩机安装在室外或完全或有时根据覆盖卸货。
住宅用途也有垃圾的住宅用途，同样，减少数量，气味和垃圾压实机设计的鼠患问题。
这是特别有价值的家庭，经常如一次性-尿布箱或蔬菜不可食部分项目的处置从一个大花园。
与此相关的，有经常的垃圾袋数量限制/可以离开住宅皮卡，有利于进一步呈现向这些家庭的压缩机以外的容器。
城市用途除汽车及堆填区的废物利用，有太阳能为动力的垃圾压实机，可容纳了200加仑的垃圾相当于之前，他们需要清空。
这些设备的主要制造商BigBelly 太阳能。
建筑行业在建筑，主要有三种类型的压缩机，在平板夯的“跳杰克”和压路机。
滚筒式压缩机用于压缩为下面的混凝土或石料板材基地基金会或碎石层。
平板夯振动有一个大的基板，是创造一个适合的水平等级，而跳跃插孔压实机具有更小的脚。
杰克的跳跃式，主要用于小型的水或供气管道狭窄坑道回填等辊道也可能有振动压路机3.配置滚筒可以是简单的鼓柄是由一个人操作，重100磅或开着压路机重21吨，耗资超过15万美元。
一个填埋场的单位，重59（54吨）短吨。
在一些机器，鼓可装满了水的。
滚子类型•手动步行背后•本站步行落后（电动或柴油/天然气供电）•戴辊（手动单位或射频遥控）•乘骑•乘骑的可拆式酒吧•乘上阐明旋转式•振动•气动轮胎•拖拉机安装和供电滚筒类型滚筒有各种宽度：24到84吋•单滚筒羊/垫英尺（土）•单滚筒顺利（沥青）•双滚筒（双面）羊/垫英尺（土）•双滚筒（双面）顺利（沥青）变化和特点在一些机器，可在现场充满达到预期的重量的水。
当滚筒变空时，轻机更容易和更便宜的运输工作地点之间。
•附加压实可实现滚筒振动，使一小的，轻的设备表现和重的设备一样好。
振动通常是由于自由旋转的滚筒内的轴偏心重被重视静压马达。
•水润滑可提供给在滚筒表面，以防止（例如）滚烫的沥青粘在滚筒上。
•液压传动允许更大的设计灵活性，而早期的实例直接使用机械驱动，液压减少暴露在污染的移动部件的数量。
•人类式滚筒可能只有单一辊筒。
振动压路机的说明振动压路机是一种具有滚筒（筒或水平缸），在致密（紧凑型）土壤，沥青或通过其他组合材料上应用静态和动态力（重量和振动）来提高地面承载的能力。
这台机器可以有一个或多个缸，不得不靠马力推进。
这台机器可能有像橡胶轮胎驱动一样的单元。
在离心力的作用通常是制作一个或多个旋转重量偏离中心，这产生了鼓循环运动。
鼓的幅度和鼓运动涵盖了广泛的价值观频率。
鼓和驱动车轮可能会平稳或可能包括为特定目的而设计的预测压实。
可以用不同材料，尺寸和形状来预测。
振动压路机可以能是自走式或牵引式，刚架式或铰链式，无论是驾驶或行走，都可以手动或遥控控制。
比较评级振动压路机由于上述压实性能在实现上述变数很多，没有已知的规范，表明了振动压路机的整体效能。
最好的振动压路机之间的相对位置，是造成密度，表面平滑度和对特定的应用程序的生产速度4.压实机压实机械是一种机器或装置来减少通过压实的废料或土壤的大小。
进行的试验在世界各地的商业，学术和工作都表明，在实现振动压实密度的优势，深度渗透和压实经济。
这两个机器的物质因素，促进其成功。
许多这样的因素存在，它们是相互关联和相互影响各不相同，重视具有不同的物质和工作条件。
压实效果也很大程度上取决于材料被压缩。
典型的变量包括物质或沥青水分含量，提升厚度，温度类型和基本的支持。
此外，在被当作密度增加，压缩变材料的特性。
通常由液压驱动，压缩机需要很多的形状和大小。
例如，在堆填区，车轮与尖刺大型推土机填埋压实称为是用来驱动了由垃圾车（WCVs）存放废弃物。
WCVs自己纳入压实机制，是用来提高车辆的有效载荷，减少次数已经为空。
这通常采用的形式液压动力滑板，列出收集料斗扫描和压缩成什么已加载的材料。
不同的压实机用于金属废料的处理，最常见的是汽车破碎机。
这种装置可以是在一个巨大的下降的“薄饼”型汽车液压驱动板把废料夷为平地。
另一种是打包机，那里的汽车是从几个方向压缩，直到它类似于一个大立方体。
Road rollerA road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is a compactor type engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations.In some parts of the world, road rollers are still known colloquially as steam rollers, regardless of their method of propulsion. This typically only applies to the largest examples (used for road-making).Main article: steamroller1.HistoryThe first road rollers were horse-drawn, and probably just borrowed farm implements .Since the effectiveness of a roller depends on a large extent on its weight, self-powered vehicles replaced horse-drawn rollers from the mid 1800s. The first such vehicles were steam rollers. Double-cylinder designs were preferred. Single-cylinder steam rollers were uncommon and unpopular, as the power impulses from the steam engine would produce slight waves in the road. Some road companies in the United States used steamrollers through the 1950s, and in the UK, some remained in commercial service until the early 1970s.As internal combustion engine technology improved during the 20th century, kerosene-, gasoline- (petrol), and diesel-powered rollers gradually replaced their steam-powered counterparts. The first internal-combustion powered road rollers were very similar to the steam rollers they replaced. They used similar mechanisms to transmit power from the engine to the wheels, typically large, exposed spur gears. Some companies did not like them in their infancy, as the engines of the era were typically difficult to start, particularly the kerosene-powered ones. Virtually all road rollers in commercial use now use diesel powerIn England the name "wacker plate" or just "wacker" is commonly used to refer to plate compactors, derived from the name of Wacker Construction Equipment AG, a well-known manufacturer of such devices. The name is pronounced in the English style as whacker as opposed to the correct German vacker. A "Jumping Jack" compactor is colloquially referred to as "Paddy's Motorbike", due to the traditional resource of Irish construction labourers, and the way that the operator appears to "ride" the hammer holding the handles like a motorcycle.2. UsesRoad rollers use the weight of the vehicle to compress the surface being rolled. Initial compaction of the substrate is done using a pneumatic-tyred roller, with two rows (front and back) of pneumatic tyres. The flexibility of the tyres, with a certain amount of vertical movement of the wheels, enables the roller to operate effectively on uneven ground. The finish is done using metal-drum rollers to ensure a smooth, even result.Rollers are also used in landfill compaction. Such compactors typically have knobbed ("sheeps-foot") wheels, and do not achieve a smooth surface. The knobs aid in compression due to the smaller area contacting the ground.Commercial useMany retail and service businesses, such as fast food, restaurants, and hotels, use compactors to reduce the volume of non-recyclable waste as well as curb nuisance such as rodents and smell. In the hospitality industry tolerance for such nuisances is particularly low. These compactors typically come in electric and hydraulic operation, with quite a few loading configurations. Most popular loading configurations fall under the following:1. Ground-Access;2. Walk-On;3. Secured Indoor Chute.These compactors are almost exclusively of welded steel construction for two reasons: durability under pressure and exposure to the elements, as compactors are installed either completely outdoors or sometimes under a covered loading dock.Residential useThere are also trash compactors designed for residential use which, likewise, reduce the volume, smell, and rodent problems of garbage. This can be especially valuable for households which regularly dispose of items such as disposable-diaper boxes or the non-edible portions of vegetables from a large garden. Related to this, there are frequently limits to the number of trash bags/receptacles that can be left outside for residential pickup, which further renders such compactors beneficial to such households.Municipal useIn addition to the waste vehicle and landfill use, there are solar-powered trash compactors that can hold the equivalent of 200 gallons of trash before they need to be emptied. The primary manufacturer of these devices is Big Belly Solar.Construction useIn construction, there are three main types of compactor; the plate compactor, the "Jumping Jack" and the road roller. The roller type compactors are used for compacting crushed rock as the base layer underneath concrete or stone foundations or slabs. The plate compactor has a large vibrating base plate and is suited for creating a level grade, while the jumping jack compactor has a smaller foot. The jumping jack type is mainly used to compact the backfill in narrow trenches for water or gas supply pipes etc. Road rollers may also have vibrating rollers.3. ConfigurationsThe roller can be a simple drum with a handle that is operated by one man, and weighs 100 pounds, or as large as a ride-on road roller weighing 21 short tons and costing more than US$150,000. A landfill unit can weigh 59 short tons (54 tonnes). On some machines the drums may be filled with water.Roller Types•Manual walk-behind•Powered walk-behind (electric or diesel/gas powered)•Trench roller (manual units or radio-frequency remote control)•Ride-on•Ride-on with knock-down bar•Ride-on articulating-swivel•Vibratory•Pneumatic-type•Tractor mounted and poweredDrum typesDrums come in various widths: 24-to-84 inches•Single-drum sheeps/pad-foot (soil)•Single-drum smooth (asphalt)•Double-drum (duplex) sheeps/pad-foot (soil)•Double-drum (duplex) smooth (asphalt)•3-wheel cleat with bulldozing blade (landfills)Variations and features•On some machines, the drums may be filled with water on site to achieve the desired weight. When empty, the lighter machine is easier and cheaper to transport between work sites.•Additional compaction may be achieved by vibrating the roller drums, making a small, light machine perform as well as a much heavier one. Vibration is typically caused by a free-spinning hydrostatic motor inside the drum to whose shaft eccentric weights have been attached.•Water lubrication may be provided to the drum surface to prevent (for example) hot asphalt sticking to the drum.•Hydraulic transmissions permit greater design flexibility, while early examples used direct mechanical drives; hydraulics reduce the number of moving parts exposed to contamination.•Human-propelled rollers may only have a single roller drum.•Steam roller – the first powered road rollers•Roller (agricultural tool) – for farm rollers•Landfill compaction vehicle•Road Roller Association – UK-based society dedicated to the preservation of steam (and motor) rollers and ancillary road-making equipment.Description of a vibratory rollerA vibratory roller is a compactor having a drum (roll or horizontal cylinder) used to density (compact) soil, asphalt or other materials through the application of combined static and dynamic forces (weight and vibrations) to increase the load-bearing capacity of the surface.The machine may have one or more drums, which mayor may not be powered for propulsion. The machine may have drive members such as rubber tires in addition to the drums. The centrifugal force is normally produced by one or more rotating off center weights, which produce a cyclic movement of the drum. The amplitude and frequency of drum movements cover a wide range of values. The drum(s) and drive wheels may be smooth or may include projections designed for specific compaction purposes. These projections vary as to material, size and shape.Vibratory rollers may be self-propelled or towed, rigid frame or articulated, and controlled by either a riding or walking operator, manually or remotely.Comparative rating of vibratory rollers .Due to the many variables mentioned above in achieving compaction performance, there is no known specification which indicates the overall effectiveness of a vibratory roller. The best comparative rating between vibratory rollers is the resulting density, surface smoothness and rate of production on a specific application.4. CompactorA compactor is a machine or mechanism used to reduce the size of waste material or soil through compaction. A trash compactor is often used by homes and businesses to reduce the volume of trash.Tests conducted around the world commercially, academically and on the job have shown the benefits of vibratory Compaction for achieving density, depth penetration and economy of compaction. Both machine and material factors contribute to its success. Many such factors exist; they are interrelated; and each varies in effect and importance with differing material and working conditions. Compaction effectiveness also depends greatly upon the material being compacted. Typical variables include the type of material moisture or asphalt content, lift thickness, temperature, and underlying support. In addition, the characteristics of the material being compacted change as the density increases.Normally powered by hydraulics, compactors take many shapes and sizes. In landfill sites for example, a large bulldozer with spiked wheels called a landfill compactor is used to drive over waste deposited by waste collection vehicles (WCVs).WCVs themselves incorporate a compacting mechanism which is used to increase the payload of the vehicle and reduce the number of times it has to empty. This usually takes the form of hydraulically-powered sliding plates which sweep out the collection hopper and compress the material into what has already been loaded.Different compactors are used in scrap metal processing, the most familiar being the car crusher. Such devices can either be of the "pancake" type, where a scrap automobile is flattened by a huge descending hydraulically-powered plate. The other type is the baling press, where the automobile is compressed from several directions until it resembles a large cube.。