英国文学简介第一讲 (201309)
《英国浪漫主义文学》课件
历史背景
哲学思考
英国浪漫主义文学作品中常常包含深 刻的哲学思考，探讨人性、道德、自 由等主题，表现出对人类命运的关注 和思考。
英国浪漫主义文学关注历史背景，将 文学作品与历史事件、社会现实等联 系起来，展现出浓厚的历史感。
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英国浪漫主义文学的影响与评价
对世界文学的影响
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丰富了世界文学的多样性
作品风格
现实主义与浪漫主义相结合， 注重细节描写和人物塑造
晚期浪漫主义
时间范围
1830年-1860年
特点
关注人性探索，深入挖掘内心世界，强调个 性表达
代表人物
丁尼生、布朗宁、梅尔维尔等
作品风格
心理分析、象征主义和神秘主义，注重艺术 表现和情感渲染
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英国浪漫主义文学的主要代表人 物及其作品
威廉·布莱克
诗歌形式与技巧
诗歌形式
英国浪漫主义诗歌形式多样，包 括长诗、短诗、叙事诗等，强调 韵律和节奏感。
象征与隐喻
英国浪漫主义诗歌善于运用象征 和隐喻手法，通过具象的描绘传 达抽象的概念和情感。
情感渲染
英国浪漫主义诗歌注重情感渲染 ，通过强烈的情感表达和渲染来 打动读者。
自然与人文的融合
பைடு நூலகம்
自然描绘
英国浪漫主义作家善于描绘自然，将 自然元素融入到作品中，强调人与自 然的和谐共存。
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时间范围
1789年-1800年
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代表人物
拜伦、雪莱、济慈、华兹华斯 等
特点
强调个人情感、自然和自由， 反对理性主义和传统束缚
作品风格
富有想象力，追求形式和语言 的创新
中期浪漫主义
时间范围
英国文学概况PPT课件
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第二时期（1842－1850年）：
《董贝父子》（1846－1848年）
《大卫·科波菲尔》（1849－1850年）
中短篇小说集《圣诞故事集》（1843－1848 年）、以访问美国的见闻和感受为中心内容 的特写集《访美札记》（1842年）和长篇小 说《马丁·朱述尔维特》（1843年）等。
艺术上趋于成熟，结构完整，人物鲜明， 幽默中包含悲凉情调。
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“先生，我太直率了；请你原
谅，பைடு நூலகம்本来应该说，问致电外貌
问题是很不容易当场就随口做出 回答，应该说，各人有个人的审 美观，说美并不重要，或者诸如 此类的话。”
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❖ 唉，它再也不能去求助他了，因为忠 诚已遭破坏—信任已经丧失了，对这 来说，罗撤斯特已不再是过去的他， 因为他原来不像我过去所想像的那样， 我不想把他看成邪恶，我不愿意说他 欺骗了我，不过，他在我心中已失去 了正直不欺的属性，因此我必须离开 他，这一点我看得很清楚。
创作。领会作者的人道主义思想。
（二）课程内容
1、狄更斯的生平、创作和在文学史上的地位。 2、《艰难时世》、《双城记》。
（三）考核要求与考核知识点
1、识记：狄更斯各个时期的代表作品。 2、理解：作者人道主义思想的主要特点。《艰难时世》的 思想价值。 3、掌握：代表作《双城记》的思想内容和艺术成就。从作 品中所刻画的人物看作者的人道主义思想。
英国文学概况
分期与特色——以七十年代为界 “英国杰出的一代小说家” 萨克雷、狄更斯、勃朗特姊妹、盖斯
凯尔夫人 哈代
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萨克雷
《名利场》
副标题: “没有主人公（英 雄）的小说”
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勃朗特姐妹
英国文学概况
英国文学概况英国文学正处于振奋人心的进展时期，活力四射、创新立意的作品充盈并丰润着英国文坛。
英国文化协会（British Council）在全世界推行来自英国的极具创意的今世作品，并通过英国文化协会的全世界网络，吸引国际文学读者。
连年来，英国文化协会与世界各地的数百名作家携手，通过很有阻碍力的合作伙伴，共引导开展了350多个文学项目，成立了为数众多的网站。
咱们一直致力于将英国今世文的最新信息转达给中国公共。
提及英国文学，很多中国读者的脑海中会立刻浮现出莎士比亚、狄更斯、简•奥斯汀、夏洛蒂•勃朗特、托马斯•哈代、拜伦、雪莱这些传统文学大师的名字，而对英国今世文学却相对陌生，但这并非意味着，现今英国文学的活跃气氛大不如前，相反，它比以往任何时候都欣欣向荣，小说、戏剧、散文、诗歌等各类文学类别，在这一时期都取得了繁荣和进展。
今世英国小说一样来讲，咱们把二战以后涌现出的作家作品归入英国今世小说的研究范畴。
从二战至今，英国今世小说的进展经历了四代小说家。
第一代小说家，是在二战前就成名的文坛元老。
代表作家及作品为格雷厄姆•格林（代表作《权利与荣耀》）和安东尼•鲍威尔（代表作《渔王》）。
格林的作品充满异国情调，而鲍威尔的作品那么表现出他对对国内社会生活的无穷爱好。
二战后，两位元老前后逝世，第二代小说家挑起了文坛重任。
代表作家及作品有：威廉•戈尔丁（代表作《蝇王》），艾丽斯•默多克（代表作《黑王子》），多丽丝•莱辛（代表作《金色笔记》），金斯利•艾米斯（代表作《幸运儿吉姆》），.奈保尔（代表作《河湾》）等。
其中既有挖苦社会现象的现实主义作品，也有锐意创新的实验性作品。
第三代小说家那么是更为活跃的群体。
有的热衷于反映大学校园生活和学术界现状，代表作家及作品有：戴维•洛奇（代表作《小世界》），马尔科姆•布雷德伯里（代表作《向西行》）；有的那么热衷于女性题材，比如安吉拉•卡特（代表作《魔幻玩具铺》），.拜雅特（代表作《隐之书》）和玛格丽特•德拉布尔（代表作《夏日鸟笼》）姐妹。
英国文学课件1
2. General Prologue
1) general framework a group of vivid sketches of medieval figures from different walks of life (except the highest and lowest)
1. Influenced by Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio The House of Fame (1372—80) Legend of Good Women (1380—86) 2. English period (1387—1400)
III. The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)
英国文学 British Literature
LITERATURE Novels, plays, and poetry are referred to as literature, especially when they are considered to be good or important. The literature on a particular subject of study is all the books and articles that have been published about it Literature is written information produced by people who want to sell you something or give you advice.
Early and medieval British Literature “Beowulf” ---the national epic of the English people. The Anglo-Saxon Period(10661350) Sir Gawain and Green Knight Popular Ballads Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)
英国文学简介
英国文学简介英国文学是指在英国境内或由英国作家创作的文学作品。
英国文学源远流长，有着悠久的历史和丰富的内涵。
它的发展可以追溯到中世纪，受到了古希腊罗马文化和基督教传统的影响。
英国文学的黄金时期可以追溯到16世纪的文艺复兴时期。
在这个时期，伟大的作家如莎士比亚、培根和斯宾塞等纷纷涌现。
莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家之一，他的作品《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等至今仍被广泛演出和研究。
培根是一位重要的哲学家和文学评论家，他的作品深刻地揭示了人性的复杂性和社会的问题。
斯宾塞以其叙事诗《仙后》而闻名，被誉为英国文学史上最伟大的叙事诗之一。
17世纪是英国文学史上的重要时期，这一时期被称为“启蒙时代”。
英国文学在这个时期经历了繁荣和变革。
约翰·米尔顿是这个时期最杰出的作家之一，他的史诗《失乐园》被誉为英国文学史上最伟大的作品之一。
另外，乔纳森·斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》和丹尼尔·笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》也是这一时期的重要作品。
18世纪是英国文学的黄金时代之一，这个时期被称为“浪漫主义时代”。
浪漫主义文学强调个人情感和想象力的表达，代表作家有威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治、约翰·济慈等。
他们的作品追求真实的自然描写和人类内心的探索，对后世文学产生了深远的影响。
19世纪是英国文学的高峰时期，也被称为“维多利亚时代”。
维多利亚时代的文学作品丰富多样，代表作家有查尔斯·狄更斯、夏洛蒂·勃朗特、奥斯卡·王尔德等。
狄更斯的作品描写了维多利亚时代社会的贫困与不公，他的小说《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》至今仍然广受欢迎。
勃朗特姐妹的作品《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》也成为经典之作。
王尔德则以其幽默和机智的作品闻名，他的戏剧作品《温莎的风格》和《道林·格雷的画像》都具有独特的魅力。
20世纪是英国文学的现代时期，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、乔治·奥威尔、J·R·R·托尔金等。
英国文学的历史简介
英国文学的历史简介英格兰岛的早期居民凯尔特人和其他部族，没有留下书面文学作品。
5世纪时，原住北欧的三个日耳曼部落──盎格鲁﹑撒克逊和朱特──侵入英国，他们的史诗<贝奥武甫>传了下来。
诗中的英雄贝奥武甫杀巨魔﹑斗毒龙，并在征服这些自然界恶势力的过程中为民捐躯。
它的背景和情节是北欧的，但掺有基督教成分，显示出史诗曾几经修改，已非原貌。
按照保存在一部10世纪的手抄本里的版本来看，诗的结构完整，写法生动，所用的头韵﹑重读字和代称体现了古英语诗歌的特色。
6世纪末，基督教传入英国，出现了宗教文学。
僧侣们用拉丁文写书﹐其中比德所著的<英国人民宗教史>既有难得的史实﹐又有富于哲理的传说，受到推崇，并译成了英文。
此后，丹麦人入侵，不少寺院毁于兵火，学术凋零。
9世纪末﹐韦塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德大力抗丹，同时著手振兴学术，请了一批学者将拉丁文著作译为英文，并鼓励编写《盎格鲁─撒克逊编年史》，这是用英国当地语言写史的开始。
1066年诺曼人入侵﹐带来了欧洲大陆的封建制度，也带来了一批说法语的贵族。
古英语受到了统治阶层语言的影响，本身也在起著变化，12世纪後发展为中古英语。
文学上也出现了新风尚，盛行用韵文写的骑士传奇，它们歌颂对领主的忠和对高贵妇人的爱，其中艺术性高的有《高文爵士与绿衣骑士》。
它用头韵体诗写成，内容是古代亚瑟王属下一个“圆桌骑士”的奇遇。
14世纪后半叶，中古英语文学达到了高峰。
这时期的重要诗人乔叟的创作历程，从早期对法国和意大利作品的仿效，进到后来英国本色的写实，表明了英国文学的自信。
他的杰作《坎特伯雷故事集》用优美﹑活泼的韵文﹐描写了一群去坎特伯雷朝圣的人的神态言谈;他们来自不同阶层和行业，各人所讲的故事或雅或俗，揭示了多方面的社会现实。
同时，还有教会小职员兰格伦写的头韵体长诗<农夫皮尔斯>一译《农夫彼得之梦》，用梦幻的形式和寓意的象征，写出了1381年农民暴动前後的农村现实，笔锋常带严峻的是非之感。
英国文学课件
第六章一个虚假的世界：从德莱顿到谢里丹的英国喜剧概说♦克伦威尔像以前的君主一样独裁，遍布间谍，关闭剧院，限制赌博♦王朝复辟后，文学进入新时期，科学的发展影响了人们对文艺的态度♦伦敦皇家协会的建立改变了人们的自然观，牛顿万有引力理论的影响♦对科学的兴趣要求更具有可读性、更贴近生活的文风♦剧院重新开放，三大旧剧院建立独立公司，查理二世兴趣广泛，特许剧院迅速繁荣王朝复辟时期的喜剧♦向不同的方向发展，先是英雄剧和新风俗喜剧繁荣起来，接着是18世纪的感伤剧和家庭悲剧，再后是风俗喜剧♦约翰·德莱顿的剧本标志新时代的开始，这一时代到18世纪进入繁盛期♦新时代的特点：崇尚理智、秩序、适度、高品位、自然风味（147）英雄剧♦有助于提高英国人的士气147♦重申三种品行：勇敢、美丽、爱心♦特点：艳丽的服饰，异国场景涉及感情纠纷，男主人公往往在爱美人和为国尽责之间左右为难，女主人公也在爱自己的甜心和爱恶棍父亲之间艰难选择♦英雄双韵体：两个押韵的句子组成，五步抑扬格（148）约翰·德莱顿♦桂冠诗人：《英雄诗》、《归来的星辰》♦文学批评之父：《论戏剧诗》149♦剧作家：喜剧《疯狂的豪侠》、悲喜剧《女情敌》149，《时髦婚姻》150，英雄悲剧《征服格拉纳达》、《奥伦·泽比》151，最好的悲剧《全为了爱》（152）评论♦戏剧数量多，质量好坏不等150♦虽然大部分作品是戏剧，但主要成就在诗歌和批评上152♦主要缺陷是把情感简化为愚蠢152♦剧本观众是宫廷人员，脱离现实生活152风俗喜剧♦定义、代表作家、内容、人物特点、情节♦剧本的意图：激发人们凭理智行事，而不注重丰富的联想或人物的发展♦讽刺的运用及讽刺对象153威廉·威彻利（1640-1716）♦威廉·威彻利（William Wycherley），英国剧作家。
♦他机智风趣、精心设计的喜剧讽刺了上流社会的堕落生活。
♦《乡下女人》（1675）及《光明磊落者》（1676）被认为是复辟时期最有趣、最好的两部戏剧。
英国文学概述
英国文学概述英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。
在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁—撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。
下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。
一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。
故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。
公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。
盎格鲁—撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。
《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。
这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。
因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。
公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。
诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。
这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。
《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and theGreen Knight, 1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。
传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。
英国文学简史课件(1)
2. General colors of English Literature (1) Factors affecting the colors of English literature: A. Its environment. Its special location. Its special weather. Its colorful landforms.
FURTHERMORE, To sharpen language awareness and improve overall language proficiency. To broaden cultural and intellectual understanding.
Q6: How to study Literature?
3. The Age of Chaucer (1340?-1400): “The Canterbury tales”
4. The Period of Renaissance ⅰ The Age of Shakespeare ⅱ Francis Bacon
5.The 17TH Century The Period of The Revolution And Restoration ⅰ John Donne ⅱ John Milton iii John Bunyan
Anglo—Saxons and Jutes invaded England from the north of Europe.
Normans, led by William the duke, came to and conquer England in 1066 after defeating Anglo-Saxons.
8. The Victorian Period ⅰ Critic Realism Dickens, Thackeray ii Women Novelists: The Bronte Sisters
英国文学PPT
Hawthorne’s Major Works
1)Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales 《故事新编》 Mosses from an Old Manse «古宅青苔»
2) The Scarlet Letter «红字» masterpiece, which established him as the leading American native novelist of the 19th century
May – October 1692: Salem [`seɪləm] , MA Constitute a series of investigations and persecutions that caused 19 ―witches‖ to be hanged and many others imprisoned Period of public hysteria generated by false accusations and coerced [kəʊ‘ɜ:s]强迫 confessions
Causes for the Outbreak
An unfortunate combination of an ongoing frontier war, economic conditions, congregational 公 理 教 会 的 strife, teenage boredom, and personal jealousies can account for the spiraling连锁的 accusations, trials, and executions that occurred in the spring and summer of 1692.
《英国文学简介》课件
3
文艺复兴时期文学
莎士比亚的戏剧和斯宾塞的史诗，代表了英国文艺复兴时期的顶峰成就。
18世纪文学
启蒙时代文学
以强调理性和人权为特点，代表作品包括斯威夫特 的《格列佛游记》。
浪漫主义文学
通过追求自然、个人情感和幻想，让艺术与内心相 互融合，如拜伦的诗歌作品。
罗曼主义文学
文学流派 诗歌 小说 戏剧
代表作家 威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治 简·奥斯汀、勃朗特姐妹 威廉·莎士比亚
现代主义文学
特征
反叙述、流派混合、内心意识流的表达方式，如弗 吉尼亚·伍尔夫的《到灯塔去》。
代表作家
T.S.艾略特、詹姆斯·乔伊斯、维吉妮亚·伍尔夫。
当代文学
文学派别
后现代主义、魔幻现实主义、 女性文学、后殖民文学等。
重要作家
伊恩·麦克尤恩、朱利安·巴恩 斯、萨尔曼·鲁西迪。
全球影响
当代英国文学作品在全球范 围内受到广泛关注，引领潮 流并触及世界共同话题。
《英国文学简介》
本PPT课件将带领大家一起探索英国文学的丰富历史和重要作家，以及各个时 期的文学流派和风格。
英国rse
英国文学拥有丰富多样的作品，从古代到现代，涵盖了各种题材和风格。
2 Influential and Enduring
英国文学对世界文学产生了深远的影响，作品在多个国家和文化中广为传播与研究。
3 Reflecting Society
英国文学作品引人深思，反映了当时社会的价值观、文化特征和历史背景。
英国文学史
1
古英语文学
从盎格鲁-撒克逊时期的《贝奥武夫》到中世纪的传说故事，古英语文学充满古 老而神秘的魅力。
2
中世纪文学
英国文学简史
英国文学简史英国文学是世界文学史上的重要组成部分，其影响和贡献无法忽视。
英国文学的历史可追溯到古代时期，经过不断演变和发展，形成了独特的风格和传统。
本文将简要介绍英国文学的发展历程，让读者对英国文学有一个整体的了解。
古代英国文学古代英国文学的起源可以追溯到盎格鲁-撒克逊时期（5世纪-1066年），当时英国人民的口头传统是主要的文学表达形式。
其中最著名的作品是《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf），这是英国最早的史诗，讲述了英雄贝奥武夫与怪物战斗的故事。
这部作品描绘了当时社会的价值观和道德观念，对后来的英国文学产生了深远的影响。
中世纪英国文学中世纪是英国文学的重要时期，其中最著名的作品是亚瑟王传说。
亚瑟王是英国传说中的国王，他与他的骑士圆桌骑士团的故事成为了中世纪文学的热门题材。
著名的亚瑟王传说作品包括《亚瑟王之死》（Le Morte d’Arthur）和《伊万荷》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）等。
这些作品描绘了勇气、荣誉和骑士精神等中世纪价值观。
此外，中世纪英国文学还包括一些宗教作品，如《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）和《生命之泉》（Piers Plowman）。
这些作品具有深厚的宗教意味，反映了当时社会的宗教观念和信仰。
文艺复兴时期是英国文学的黄金时代，也是英国文学迈向现代化的关键时期。
在这个时期，人们对古代希腊和罗马文化的研究和赞美达到了高峰，这对英国文学的发展产生了深远的影响。
著名的文艺复兴时期英国文学作品包括威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）的戏剧作品，如《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）和《麦克白》（Macbeth）等。
这些作品以其深刻的人物塑造、复杂的情节和多样化的题材而闻名，并成为了世界文学的经典之作。
此外，约翰·密尔顿（John Milton）的史诗作品《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）也是文艺复兴时期英国文学的重要作品之一。
英国文学简史+概述
English Literature: A ReviewPre-Renaissance Period:Beowulf, the first national epic of England：alliteration, metaphor and understatement.Norman Conquest in 1066 marked the establishment of feudal society in England, and William the conqueror passed the Doomsday book, and the conquest also started the dominance of French in England as the official language for more than 200 years.The class conflict in feudal England became so severe that in 1381 there was a great peasant rising.Romance became a dominant literary form in feudal England for the lords, and the chief representative work of this genre is King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table. The definition can be briefly summed us as ―Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters,‖ and a term is closely associated with Romance of this period, that is Chivalry. The Arthur Series ended with Malory‘s Le Morte D’Arthur.Ballad is the major literary genre for the peasants, and the most popular work is Robin Hood Series. The definition is ―A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad.‖Langland is said to be the author of Piers the Plowman.Chaucer: founder of English poetry, introduced Heroic Couple into English literature and also the first major poet to write in English. He also did a lot in standardizing English the language by using London dialect in his works. His major works are Troilus and Criseyde, The canterbury Tales.Thomas More: Utopia《乌托邦》Francis Bacon: Essays《论说文集》或《随笔》：―Knowledge is power‖----Bacon Edmund Spencer: Faerie Queen《仙后》―Our sweetest songs are those that sing of saddest feelings.‖ --- Spencer―Ode to the West Wind‖: If winter comes, can spring be far behind? --- Percy Bysshe Shelley★Chapter 1 RenaissanceThe Renaissance:The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.Humanism (人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. ―Man is the measure of all things.‖ Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.Mainstream of Literary FormsIn the early stage of the Renaissance, poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms and they were carried on especially by Shakespeare and Ben Jonson. The Elizabethan drama, in its totality, is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Edmund Spenser: the Poets‘ poet for his idealism, love of beauty and exquisite melody Edmund recorded his laments over the loss of Rosalind in The Shepherd’s Calendar. (牧人日记). The Faerie QueeneFive main qualities of Spenser's poetry1) a perfect melody;2) a rare sense of beauty;3) a splendid imagination;4) a lofty moral purity and seriousness5) a dedicated idealism.Spenserian Stanza：A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbabcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter and is called an alexandrine.Francis Bacon:the first major English essayist; founder of English materialist philosophy Bacon‘s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness―Of Studies‖Of Studies is the most popular of Bacon‘s 58 essays. It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character.Forceful and persuasive, compact and precise, Of Studies reveals to us Bacon‘s mature attitude towards learningChristopher Marlowe:the most gifted of the "University Wits", composed six plays.Dr. Faustus (German legend of a magician)Dr. Faustus is the greatest of Marlowe‘s plays, in which the old German legend is freely reshaped. Faustus is a great scholar who has a strong desire to acquire all kinds of knowledge. He is bored of his present study on the academic curriculum and turns to black magic. By conjuration he calls up Mephistophilis, the Devil's servant. Faustus makes a bond to sell his soul to the Devil in return for twenty-four years of life in which he may have the services of Mephistophilis to give him everything he desires.“The passionate Shepherd to his love”This poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature. It derives from the pastoral tradition, in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pastoral and pure affection for his love. Strong emotion is conveyed through the beauty of nature where lovers are not disturbed by worldly concernMarlowe’s AchievementsMarlowe's greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse (无韵体诗)and made it the principal medium of English drama.Marlowe‘s second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama. (Mind his three major plays: Doctor Faustus---thirst for knowledge; The Jew of Malta---thirst for wealth; Tamburline---thirst for power)William Shakespeare (1564-1616):Dramatist, actor, and poetMain works: 37 plays, 154 sonnets, 2 narrative poems (Venus and Adonis, and The Rape of Lucrece),4 Great Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth (Romeo and Juliet)4 Great Comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As you like It, Twelfth Night.Comments on Shakespeare:Carl Marx: ―Aeschylus and Shakespeare are the two gre atest dramatic genius the world has ever known.‖Ben Jonson: ―He does not belong to one time, but belongs to all times.‖William Shakespeare’s writing featureA play in the play.Borrow plots from other stories such as Roman, Greek and ancient myth.Several threads running through the play.Combination of tragic and comic elements.William Shakespeare’s writing style1. Tremendous vocabulary (16,000 words, invented words)2. Literary devices (alliteration, simile, metaphor)3. Use poetry in his playWilliam Shakespeare’s humanistic ideas1. Against cruelty and anti-natural character of civil wars2. Against religious persecution, racial discrimination, social inequality.3. Hates rebellion and despises democracyThemes in Shakespeare’s son nets1. Express love and praise to a young man2. Immortalize beauty through verses3. Friendship or betrayal of friendshipSonnetOrigin: ItalyMost famous and influential sonneteer: Petrach(Petrachan Sonnets: 8 lines: abbaabba; 6 lines: cdecde, sometimes cdcdcd. No closing couplet)Selected Reading of Shakespeare:1. Sonnet 18:a. Ladies in the eyes of Shakespeare are not good and beautiful. His wife is 8 years older than him.b. Iambic pentameter: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb—that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.c. Main ideas:i. Quatrain 1: praise the beauty of the young manii. Quatrain 2: changes in life and natureiii. Quatrain 3: ―your‖ beauty will last foreveriv. Couplet: ―your‖ beauty will live in my poem. An Immortal beautyd. His sonnet 18 expresses that beautiful things can rely on the force of literature to reach eternity. Literature is created by man, thus it declares man‘s eternity. The poem shows the mighty self-confidence of the newly class. The vivid, variable and rich images reflect the lively and adventurous spirits of those who were opening new world.2. The character analysis of HamletHamlet is a scholar and a warrior.His father has been killed by his uncle, Claudius, who then takes the throne and marries his mother. Hamlet is informed by the ghost of his father to take revenge, but the weakness of indecisiveness or indetermination in his character always delay his action, and finally leads to his tragic fall of death. (The reason might also be explained through the employment of Oedipal Complex 恋母情节)Hamlet is not a man of action, but a man of thinking at first. He hesitates at some crucial moments. At last when he is forced to take some actions, he does kill Claudius gloriously, but he also sacrifices his own life.Other important details: Sidney: Apology for Poetry.★Chapter 2 The Revolution and the Neoclassical Period (1600-1798)The age of reason and enlightenment.It‘s a turbulent period.1660 The Restoration 1665 The Great Plague --- Black Death. 70,000 died, 2/3 homeless.1688 The Glorious Revolution. British colonies (Abroad); Acts of Enclosure （圈地运动）(At home); The Enlightenment Movement （启蒙运动）James II exiled abroad. The persecution of Protestants. James II‘s daught er Marry and her husband William turned back to England as figurehead (King and Queen) without power. Power was in the Parliament. England became the first capitalist country with Constitutional monarchy, which marked the end of feudal society.Industrial Revolution (romantic period) --- at the 2nd half of 18cPreparations for the revolution1. money --- by trading companies, e.g. East India Company--- by money investment2. goods, materials --- colonies, e.g. India, North America3. manpower --- ―Act of Enclosure‖. The landless and homeless peasant s began to work in cities--- the invention of textile machineIn the revolution, Bourgeois (middle class) became the main class in the society. Bankers, landlords, slave traders, merchants, colonists controlled the economy of the country at the time. They believed in self-reliance and hard working.The Giants of the Enlightenment MovementVoltaire 伏乐泰, Mosteiqeu 孟德斯鸠, Dierot 狄德罗, Rousseau 卢梭.The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules. They believed that when reason served as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and relations, every superstition, injustice and oppression was to yield place to ―eternal truth,‖ ―eternal justice‖ and ―natural equality‖.Great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.NeoclassicismIn the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expression, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.John Milton (1608-1674)1608 Born in London. A Catholic family. 1625 Educated in Cambridge. 1649 Appointed Latin Secretary to Cromwell‘s Council of State. 1652 Became totally blind.3 periods in John Milton’s life1. English revolution1649 Charles I beheaded. Cromwell took the power1660 Restoration. Charles II took the power2. Political ideas: express his political ideas in pamphlets3. Poem: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes.Paradise LostParadise Lost is a long epic divided into 12 books. The theme is the ―Fall of Man‖, i.e. man‘s disobedience and the loss of Paradise.The original story is taken from Genesis. Adam and Eve are originally in innocent spiritual love. They are punished by God because they eat the apple of the Tree of Knowledge seduced by a serpent. Since they eat the apple, they begin to make love. God thinks they are not innocent. They committed sin. God drives Adam and Eve out of Eden.Satan is punished by God to suffer from fire. He knows that he can‘t win God by power, so hewins God by cheating. He seduced Eve to eat the apple.John Bunyan (1628-1688)Throughout his life, he only read one book the Bible. His most famous work is The Pilgrim’s Progress, from which Thackeray got a title for his novel---Vanity Fair.B unyan’s purpose of writing The Pilgrim’s Pro gress1. Urge people to abide by Christian doctrine2. To seek salvation through struggling with his own weakness and social evilsT he content of The Pilgrim’s Pro gress is about Christianity. The title means ―life is a journey‖. It‘s a metaphor.Form of The Pilgrim’s Pro gress: Allegory1. A story in verse or prose with double meanings or meanings at two levels.2. Higher lever – concerning moral, religious, or political ideas. Lower level – your understanding of the story.3. Main characters in the story Christian, Faithful, Hopeful.4. The description of the story is realistic religious allegory.The allegorical meaning of ―The Vanity Fair‖ in John Bunyan‘s The Pilgrim’s Progress▲The Vanity Fair refers to the real world where people have become so degenerated that all they are concerned is to buy and sell everything they can. It allegorically represents vanity both in the society and in people‘s heart, so people are spiritually lost. However, the pilgrims refuse to buy any of the things in the Vanity Fair. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and social evils. Christians‘ refusal shows that they are one step nearer the Celestial City.John Donne (1572-1631): founder of Metaphysical SchoolMetaphysical poetry--- is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.metaphysical poets--- are the poets in the 17c England who often unconventionally use conceits and wit. The imagery is draw from everyday life. The form is the form of argument (with God, lover, himself). The diction is simple and the language is colloquial but powerful. John Donne is the leading of ―metaphysical school‖. Other Metaphysical poets like Andrew Marvell: ―To His Coy Mistress‖; George Herbert: ―the saint of the Metaphysical School‖, ―The Altar‖.John Donne‘s major work1. Songs and Sonnets, wrote before 1600, 55 love poems.2. The Elegies and Satires, his elegies wrote for love whereas others wrote for mourning dead people.3. Holy Sonnets & Sermons, Sonnets wrote about God, problem of death and life. Sermons are Christian preaching.He wrote poems by using unconventional and surprising conceits and full of wit and humor, but sometimes the logic argument and conceits become pervasive. The language is colloquial but powerful, creating unorthodox images on the reader‘s mind.John Donne is famed for 3 things1. A great visitor of ladies2. A great frequenter of plays3. A great writer of conceited versesAt his time, John Donne was famed as a preacher. Today, he is famed as a lyric poet. John Donne compared parting love to compass, flea compared to the union of lovers.John Donne‘sconceit can be seen from his ―Go catching the falling star‖ in which he listed many impossible things---the most impossible thing is a woman‘s faith and heart.Alexander Pope (1688-1744)Alexander Pope‘s major work1711 An Essay on Criticism. The poem is a manifesto of English neoclassicism. It‘s expressed Pope‘s aesthetic theories of poetry. The poem is divided into 3 parts with 744 lines.Part I: bewailing the lack of true taste in critics; praising the ancients like Homer, VirgilPart II: enumerating dangers of criticism; referring to literary scene of his dayPart III: giving rules for criticism; tracing the history of literary criticism.The poem is a comprehensive study on literary criticism. It was written in heroic couplet as Pope is a master in heroic couplet.Heroic couplet is 2 lines with the same rhymes, same length. 10 syllables, 5 stressed, 5 unstressed. Heroic couplet was first used by Chaucer.1712 The Rape of Lock（劫发记）is based on a real event. Bellina is as beautiful woman as a Goodness. She is admired by all the people around her.A Baron cut a small amount of Bellina‘s hair. In Bellina‘s opinion, it‘s an offence. Baron just cut her hair for fun and admiration. So hatred is aroused between the two families. They become enemies. In this poem, Pope satirizes the idle, meaningless life of middle-class people.1728 The Dunciad (群愚史诗)is consisted of 4 books. It’s the best satire of Pope. It‘s a very famous satirical poem about against personal enemies. Pope tries to attack on all personal enemies.1733-34 An Essay on Man. Pope gained his fame as a poet. It includes 4 epistles (letters). People review his philosophical and political views as an enlightener.◆Pope‘s point of view on poetry criticism and the characteristics of his own poetry1. Pope‘s point of view on poetry criticism is best shown in his An Essays on Criticism. He emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion and good taste. He calls on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance. He advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language, but to pay special attention to true wit which is best set ina plain style.2. Pope‘s poem strictly follows his idea of neoclassicism. He developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style, and finally brought to its last perfection of the heroic couplet.Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)1719, his first novel Robinson Crusoe was published. It‘s based on a true story published on a newspaper. (Alexander is a Scottish who lives in an uninhabited island for 5 years.) The story is about the hero‘s life on the island. The first part is about the career of Robinson Crusoe. The body of the novel is about his life on the island after the shipwreck. The story reveals the essence of British colonialism.The themes of Robinson‘s Crusoea. man‘s struggles against natureb. Glorification of the bourgeois men who has the courage and will to face hardship and determination to improve his livelihood.c. Glorification of labor (Robinson lives on his own hands)The style of Robinson‘s Crusoea. Realistic style, true to life, in detailsb. Smooth, simple, colloquial languagec. Long sentences are loose; short sentences are plain, easy to understandd. presents facts in order, the meaning is clearIn the following years, Defoe wrote another 4 novels: Captain Singleton (1720), Moll Flanders (1722), Colonel Jack(1722) and Roxana(1724). Defoe wrote them in the same pattern. The feature of the pattern:a. Traces the personal history of the titular hero or heroine of a low origin. After some ups and downs, he/she finally gets prosperity.b. Deals with moralizing, repentance, and revolutions to be good.c. Expresses the struggles for mere existence. Show the conflicts between existence and social environment.d. Blames the society for driving people to sinning.Daniel Defoe‘s satirical poems1701, The True-Born Englishman, in the poem, Defoe defended King William, which won him the friendship of the King. He attacked the racial and family pride of the aristocrats in England.1703, A Hymn to the Pillory. He voiced his anger over the shameful punishment, courageous attack on the injustice of England‘s legal system. He was cheered by people as a hero to defend himself.Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)1704, Swift published the satire, The Battle of the Books,which wrote about the quarrels between the Ancients and the Moderns. The Ancients were compared to bee. The Moderns were compared to spider. In literate theory, bee represents good - ―bring honey‖; spider represents selfish.1704, A Tale of a Tub attacks on religion or Christianity. In the satire, the father represents the God. His 3 sons indicate the 3 branches of Christianity: Roman Catholic, English Church, and Dissenters.The Battle of the Books, and A Tale of a Tub established Swift’s name as a satirist.1713, he was appointed the Dean of St. Patrick‘s Cathedral in Dublin.1724, Swift published the satire, The Drapier’s Letters to attack the event. The exchange of new coin is canceled.Gulliver’s Travels1726, his wife died. It‘s a heavy blow on him. He wrote and published his greatest satirical work, Gulliver’s Travels. The story is divided into 4 parts.Part I. Travels in Lilliput is a mini picture of modern English society.Two parties: High Heel and Low Heel indicates the Tories and the Whigs. Here, Swift satirizes the two parties. The war between Lilliput and its neighboring country about how to break eggs (big/small end). Big end – Roman Church. Small end – English Church. Swift satires the party and church fights are meaningless.Part II. Travels in BrobdingnagPart III. A show of the cruelty of the English ruling class. The Flying Island rules the below countriesPart IV. It’s the sharpest and bit terest satire. In this part, human beings are reduced to animals.A wiser creature governs human beings. Gulliver wants to be a horse rather than a man. It shows how mean the human beings are.▲■The social satire of Jonathan Swift‘s Gulliver’s TravelsThe account of Lilliputian life, especially the games for people at court, alludes to the similar ridiculous practices or tricks in the English government. The description of the competition in the games before the royal members leads to the fact that the success of those government officials such as the Prime Minister lies not in their being any wiser or better but in their being more dexterous in the game. This alludes to the practices in England. And the pompous words singing of the Lilliputian emperor ridicule the aristocratic arrogance and vanity.A Modest Proposal1729, the publication of the pamphlet A Modest Proposal. It‘s a greatest and bitterest satire.The theme of A Modest Proposala. The poor Irish people were forced to sell their one-year-old child for the rich people for food.b. English King allowed French King to recruit soldiers from Ireland to solve the problem of over population.c. Some politicians suggested sending Irish people to Australia to be concentrated servants because of over population.d. Swift lists some terrible scenes in the prose: a beggar mother followed by children in rugs; poor parents sell children. It’s a satire against the English ruling class and the cruelty of English landlords.Henry Fielding (1707-1754)1707 Fielding was born in an aristocratic family. His great grandfather was an Earl. (Duke 公, Marquis 侯, Earl 伯, Viscount子, Baron男)He received his education in the Eton Public School1730-37 He produced 25 plays of different times. His ballads, satires were also very successful. (Shakespeare wrote 37 plays)Henry Fielding wrote 4novels in his life. Henry Fielding is regarded as “Father of English Novel”.1742 The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews. The hero Joseph Andrews is the servant of Mr. B‘s uncle and is the cousin of Pamela.Samuel Richardson’s Pamela is a collection of letters written by herself and her parents. Pamela is a very beautiful and clever girl. Mr. B‘s mother is very fond of her and teaches her knowledge. After the mother died, Pamela wants to go home, but Mr. B as a noble man seduces her, doesn‘t allow her to go home and imprisons her. Pamela write letters and sends the letters by a servant of Mr. B. Mr. B falls in love with Pamela through reading her letters. The novel persuades people to be virtuous.Henry Fielding‘s aims of writing the Adventures of Joseph Andrews：Part I, Fielding tries to attack Pamela. He thinks Pamela‘s chastity is pretentious and untrue. She uses her chastity to seduce Mr. B.Part II. Joseph Andrews meets his friend Parson Adams. Both of them travel through England. Fielding tries to give a panoramic view of England.Part I. It was first intended as a burlesque of the conventional virtue of false sentimentality.Part II. Fielding adopted ―comic epic in prose‖--- to write common people in form of great novel. Epic is used to describe great figures and heroes. He gave a vivid picture of English life.Major achievement: the description of Parson Adams. Adams is an absent-minded, vain man, so he is a ridiculous person, easy to be cheated.1743 Jonathan Wild the Great, Jonathan is a notorious criminal of the London underworld. He is a real person. He is hanged in 1725. Jonathan is described as a great man. He never participated in any crime, but he orders other people to commit crimes. He commands crime.Henry Fielding compared Jonathan to Prime Minister Walpole. The story is a political satire.Tom Jones1749 Tom Jones is a deserted child, namely, a foundlingTom Jones, the full title being The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, is generally considered Fielding‘s masterpiece. The novel consists of 18 books, each with an essay before it. Tom, the titular hero of the story, is a boy found in Mr Allworthy‘s house and brought up there with the kind old man's nephew Blifil. The latter, a hypocritical, wicked man, is envious of Mr Allworthy'sfondness for the fou ndling and of Tom‘s intimacy with the beautiful Sophia, daughter of the well-off squire Western. He plays some tricks so that Mr Allworthy drives Tom out of the house. Tom, intending to go to sea, wrongly takes the road to London, and Sophia, in rebellion against her father‘s desire that she be married to Blifil, marches out for London too, accompanied by her maid. The two young man, especially Tom, have many adventures on the road, but in the end, after some misunderstanding between them, they are happily united. So they go through a long journey and give a panoramic view of 18c‘s English life.In this novel, social evils are presented: cruelty, moral degeneracy, deceit, and hypocrisy. It‘s showed Fielding‘s view about human nature. Henry Fielding thinks that human nature is a combination of good and evil.The writing feature of Tom Jones --- ―comic epic in prose‖, displays a kind of classic epic form. The novel contains 18 books in 3 sections.Section 1: life in the countrysideSection 2: life on the highwaySection 3: life in London▲■Henry Fielding and his Tom JonesIt is a good example of ―comic epic in prose‖.Fielding describes the fight between Molly and the villagers and her fistfight with Goody Brown in the grand style of the Homeric epic. first of all, He calls on the Muses to assist him in recounting the fight as if it were of great historical importance.Like Homer who would list names of gods involved in the battle, he lists the names of the villagers. He treats Molly as a great hero at battle, an ―Amazonian heroine‖.Besides, he uses a mock-epic tone and seems very solemn about what he is describing. He uses formal words and refined language.Finally, he makes use of different figures of speech, particularly, irony and hyperbole.▲■Significance:Tom Jones brings its author the name of the "Prose Homer".The panoramic view it provides of the18th-century English country and city life with scores of different places and a whole gallery of about 40 characters is superb.The language is one of clarity and suppleness. And last of all, the plot construction is excellent. Its eighteen books of epic form are divided into three sections, 6 books each, clearly marked out by the change of scenes: in the country, on the highway and in London. By this, Fielding has indeed achieved his goal of writing a "comic epic in prose."AmeliaHenry Fielding‘s writing style1. Comic epic in prose:the grand style of classic epic in the depiction of common, ridiculous people.2. He started the third person narration. The narrator is a kind of all knowing God.3. The characters are vivid, convincing and true to life,4. His language is easy, familiar, vivid but vigorous.5. The content is noted for the theatrical devices: suspense, coincidence, surprise.What is ―comic epic in prose‖?1.The description in a grand style of classic epic. ―Classic epic‖ has:(a) a great hero(b) calls on Muses(c) give a list of names of gods(d) Compare small fights to great wars.2. Use verified language to narrate a small fight.3. Different figure of speech esp. irony, hyperboleSamuel Johnson (1709-1784)He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer者and publicist.。
英国文学
文艺复兴（Renaissance）时期英国文学：文艺复兴时期的英国文学在诗歌，散文和戏剧等领域发展迅速，成果卓著，小说也初露端倪。
这与整个欧洲变革时代所特有的探索创新精神有着密切关系。
地理空间的拓展，古希腊罗马文化的再发现，开阔了人们的精神和想象空间，人们的宗教，哲学，天文，地理观念发生了翻天覆地的变化。
探索新的写作方法，在诗意的想象中构筑，描摹新的世界，成了16世纪后期英国文人的时代风尚。
这是一个才情勃发的时代。
追求人性的全面发展，争做完人，是一大批人文主义者，作家的共同理想。
同时，随着民族意识的不断觉醒，诗人，作家们在借鉴意大利和法国文学的语言表现形式基础上，不断挖掘英语的文学表现潜力。
托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More,1478-1535)是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia)批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产共有、人们和谐相处的理想国。
Utopia已成为空想主义的代名词。
《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河。
Representatives(代表人物) ：In drama: Christopher Marlow马洛, William Shakespeare 莎士比亚; In poetry: Spenser(斯宾塞); In Essay, Francis Bacon培根.书中所选的这个时期的作家有William Shakespeare 和弗兰西斯·培根Francis Bacon。
（一）莎士比亚生平1. 威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare，1564--1616)。
文艺复兴（Renaissance）时期英国最重要的作家。
莎士比亚出生在英国外省的斯特拉福镇(Straford-upon-Avon)。
其父是一个做生意又兼营农业的市民，曾被选为镇长。
幼年时期，莎士比亚的家境较富裕，在当地有一定地位。
莎士比亚幼年被父亲送到当地的“文法学校”学习拉丁文、古代历史、哲学、诗歌、逻辑、修辞等，此时欧洲正兴起文艺复兴的热潮，威廉·莎士比亚在学校里接触到大量的古罗马文化典籍，这对他以后的创作产生了很大的影响。
英国文学简史（中文版）.doc
英国文学简史（刘炳善）第一章中世纪文学第一节古英语文学一从“不列颠”到“英格兰”与欧洲大陆隔海相望的不列颠岛上，很早就居住着克尔特人。
他们当中的布里顿族，在大约公元前５世纪进入不列颠，“不列颠”一词便来源于克尔特人的“布里顿”一词，意为“布里顿人的国度”。
克尔特人的口头文学历史悠久、丰富多彩，内容有多神教的神话故事和英雄传说，其中亚瑟王的故事不断流传、扩展，成为英国和西方文学的创作素材的一大源泉。
公元前５５年开始，罗马人由侵略到逐渐征服了不列颠，把不列颠划为罗马帝国的一个省，并带入了罗马文明。
他们的许多军事要塞发展成为今天的重要城市，他们修建的大道有的到十八世纪还是交通要道。
在古英语文学中保存下来的一首短诗《废墟》中，一位生活在七世纪的诗人凭吊被撒克逊人摧毁的罗马人的城镇，寻觅当时当地大厅浴堂的盛况而不可得。
罗马的势力维持到５世纪初期。
北欧的日耳曼人的骚扰不列颠的同时也大举入侵罗马帝国，罗马人不得不从４０１年起撤回本土，专心御敌，９年后罗马帝国皇帝宣布放弃对不列颠的主权。
罗马人在统治不列颠的３５０年中，对不列颠的语言文学没有产生很大的影响。
五世纪中期，日耳曼人中的盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特等部落从欧陆渡海来到不列颠。
他们遭到了当地居民猛烈的反抗，大约１５０年后才征服不列颠南部、中部的大部分地区。
一些土著克尔特人沦为奴隶，又有一些克尔特人被驱赶到北部、西部的山区、威尔士、苏格兰，甚至渡海到爱尔兰、布列塔尼半岛。
盎格鲁人把不列颠称为“盎格兰”，这便是“英格兰”一词的由来。
克尔特的不列颠被盎格鲁—撒克逊的英格兰所替代。
盎格鲁—撒克逊人在征服和国家形成过程中，氏族制度逐渐解体，封建制度逐渐形成，多神教也逐渐为基督教所代替。
盎格鲁—撒克逊语便是古英语，英国文学史就是从五世纪盎格鲁—撒克逊族的征服开始的。
二来自北欧祖先的史诗：《贝奥武甫》如同许多民族，盎格鲁—撒克逊人的诗歌来源于人民的口头集体创作，反映了远占部落人们的生产劳动、对自然与社会现象的幻想性解释。
英国文学简介
The brief introduction of British literatureBritish literature, composed of considerably beautiful poetry, interesting novels, meaningful dramas and fine prose, has a profound influence upon the world and demonstrates its distinguishing characteristics to the whole world. Moreover, it is generally considered as the essence of civilization as well as a bright pearl in the treasury of literature. The development of the English literature began from the 5th century to 20th century, with a long and complicated process. In the following passages, I will try to present the seven developing stages of English literature.Ⅰ. The Medieval Ages (to 1500)1.Major Historical Events1.1The Britons— the early inhabitants in the island were Britons, a tribe of Celts. 1.2Roman Conquest— a gradual process, happening in 55BC under Emperor Claudius.1.3English Conquest—In the 5th century, Angles(east), Saxon(southern) and Jutes(southeastern) were called Anglo-Saxon which invaded the GreatBritain.1.4The Danish Invasion— the Danes occupied in 1013, and held it for 30 years.1.5Norman Conquest—Duke William came in 1066—marks the establishment of feudalism.2.Literature Tide2.1 Narrative literature—Epic and romance (king Arthur and round table).2.2 Ballad—a story told in song usually in 4 line stanzas, with the second and forth line rhymed.2.3 Heroic couplet—Poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 Beowulf—a hero of the Geats comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose great hall, Heorot, is plagued by the monster Grendel…3.2 Sir Gawain and the Green knight—a late 14th-century Middle English alliterativeromance outlines an adventure of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur's Round Table.3.3 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) is Father of English Literature.The Canterbury Tales—is a collection of short poetic stories.The Wife of Bath’s Tale—tells a story from a distant time, when King Arthur ruled the nation.Ⅱ. Renaissance1.Major Historical Events1.1England Civil War (1400-1500)—HenryⅦ (1458-1509) founded Tudor dynasty,a centralized monarchy.1.2Enclosure Movement—in the 15th century, England passed from a wool producer to a manufacturer of cloth.1.3Renaissance—sprang first in Italy in 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.2.Literature Tide2.1 The Sonnet—a fourteen line lyrical poem, the Italian sonnet had a rigid rhyme scheme that divided the sonnet more or less into two separate halves.2.2 Epic Poetry—the most prized and respected literature of the Renaissance was epic poetry, usually written in Latin.2.3Drama—dealing with sacred subjects, such as biblical stories.3. Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 Francis Bacon—an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, author and pioneer of the scientific method, has been called the creator of empiricism. Advancement of Learning—is considered the first step in the Great Instauration scale, of "partitions of the sciences".New Instrument—is divided in two parts, the first part b eing called “On the Interpretation of Nature and the Empire of Man”, and the second “On the Interpretation of Nature, or the Reign of Man”.3.2William ShakespeareFour Comedies—Midsummer Night of Dream, Venetian merchant, the 12th Night,Happy as You Like It.Four tragedies—Hamlet, Othello, Li King, Mike White.Ⅲ. The 17th Century1.Major Historical Events1.1English revolution and restoration1.2From 1642 to 1649, there was a Civil War, and Oliver Cromwell established a commonwealth.1.3In 1660, restoration made by CharlesⅡ.1.4In 1688, “glories revolution” made by William.2.Literature TideMetaphysical poetry—a group of 17th century English poets whose verse is characterized by an intellectually challenging style and extended metaphors comparing very dissimilar things. Their tool of doing this was the metaphysical conceit.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 John Donne (1573--1631)—is the representative of the metaphysical poet.The Good-MorrowThe Sunne Rising3.2 John Milton (1608--1674)—English poet.Paradise LostParadise regainedⅣ. Age of Enlightenment1.Major Historical Events1.1French revolution (1789-1799)—was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history.1.2Industrial revolution—starting in the later part of the 18th century there began a transition in parts of Great Britain’s previously manual labor and draft-animal-based economy towards machine-based manufacturing.2.Literature TideSentimentalism—dissatisfied with reason, sentimentalists appealed to sentiment, the human heart. It turned to countryside for material, marks the midway in the transition from classism to romanticism.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1Daniel Defoe (1660--1731) —English novelist, pamphleteer and journalist. Robinson Crusoe—help Defoe earn the title of the founder of English novel.The Review—is the first periodicals concerning society and policy.3.2Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) —the master of satire.Gulliver’s Travels—satirizing the corruption of the English governing class, and disclosing the dark side of the society.Ⅴ. Romantic period1.Major Historical Events1.1 French Revolution1.2 Industrial Revolution2.Literature TideIt was characterized by a highlighted interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 William Wordsworth (1770--1850) —together with Coleridge and Robert Southey are called “lake poet”.Lyrical Ballads— is the start of Romanticism.The Prelude—autobiography3.2Jane Austen (1775--1817)—an English prestigious writer.Sense and Sensibility—the first published novel.Pride and Prejudice—using the theme of marriage satirizes the life of English middle class in small towns.Ⅵ. Victorian Age1.Major Historical EventsDuring the rule of Queen Victoria, Britain occupied the leading status, therefore, its science, literature and art flourished.2.Literature TideAge of Novel—the 19th century saw the novel become the leading form of literature in English.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 Charles Dickens (1812--1870) — is the greatest English novelist.Oliver Twist, Great Expectations, David Copperfield—has a close relationship with Dickens’ unfortunate childhood.Bleak House—discloses the decay and dark side of judicial system.3.2 Bronte Sister—Charlotte Bronte (1816—1855), Emily Bronte (1818--1848), Anne Bronte (1820--1849).Jane Eyre—Charlotte BronteWuthering Heights—Emily BronteAgnes Grey—Anne BronteⅦ.The Twentieth Century1.Major Historical Events1.1World WarⅠ (1914--1918) —British Empire collapsed.1.2Great Depression of the 1930s1.3World WarⅡ (1939--1945) —the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as very powerful nations.1.4Cold War (1947--1991)2.Literature Tide2.1 Modernism—a general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends.2.2 Postmodernism—emphasizes devices, and mostly deconstruction.2.3 Stream of Consciousness—describes the writer’s point of view.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 T. S. Eliot (1888--1965) —is arguably the most important English-language poetof 20th century.The Waste Land—using a lot of myth to describe the lost scene in spirit after war, rendering the hope of rebirth.3.2 D. H. Lawrence (1885--1930)—an English writer.Sons and LoversThe Rainbow,Women in Love。
lecture 1-Beowulf,chaucer 英国文学简介
Geoffrey Chaucer: father of modern
(c.1340-1400)
English poetry
The Canterbury Tales: a collection of stories in a frame story, written between 1387 and 1400. It is the story of a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury.The pilgrims, who come from all layers of society, tell stories to each other to kill time while they travel to Canterbury. If we trust the General Prologue, Chaucer intended that each pilgrim should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two tales on the way back. He never finished his enormous project and even the completed tales were not finally revised.
9 And smale foweles maken melodye, And small fowls make melody,
10 That slepen al the nyght with open ye Those that sleep all the night with open eyes
11 (So priketh hem Nature in hir corages), (So Nature incites them in their hearts),
英国文学 简介
四﹑18世纪文学 世纪文学
18世纪前半叶﹐英国社会安定﹐文学上崇尚新古典主义﹐其 代表者是诗人蒲柏。 期刊文学 出现.斯梯尔与艾迪生两人创办《闲谈者》和《旁 观者》报.将街谈巷议和俱乐部里的风趣幽默写上了期刊 更具英国特色而又对欧洲大陆产生重大影响的则是散文小说. 如鲁滨孙飘流记》(1719)﹑《摩尔‧弗兰德斯》、《格利佛 游记》等 散文和诗歌创作也很繁盛.如扬格的《夜思》、格雷的《墓园 挽歌》等
英国文学
简介
杨正兵
英国文学
一﹑中世纪文学 二﹑文艺复兴时期文学 三﹑17世纪文学 四﹑18世纪文学 五岛的早期居民凯尔特人和其他部族﹐没有留下书面文 学作品。5世纪时﹐原住北欧的三个日耳曼部落──盎格鲁 ﹑撒克逊和朱特──侵入英国﹐他们的史诗《贝奥武甫》 （Beowulf）传了下来。 6世纪末﹐基督教传入英国﹐出现了宗教文学。 1066年诺曼人入侵﹐带来了欧洲大陆的封建制度，带来了 一批说法语的贵族 .古英语受到了统治阶层语言的影响﹐本 身也在起著变化﹐12世纪後发展为中古英语 14世纪後半叶﹐中古英语文学达到了高峰.这时期出现重要 诗人乔叟，著有《坎特伯雷故事集》.
五﹑19世纪文学
浪漫主义诗歌盛行 ，大诗人布莱克的初期作品《天真之 歌》、《经验之歌》 ，后期作品有 《四天神》.后出现著名 诗人等. 小说在19世纪40至50年代得到更大的发展﹐这也是英国国 内阶级斗争激化的时期 .出现里大批的作家以及作品如卡莱 尔的《法国革命》、狄更斯的《大卫‧科波菲尔》、萨克雷 的《名利场》、夏洛蒂‧勃朗特的《简‧爱》、埃米莉‧勃朗 特的《呼啸山庄》等. 诗歌也在继续发展。 19世纪中叶的英国诗坛﹐出现了丁尼 生、布朗宁等诗人
谢谢观看
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三﹑17世纪文学
英国文学简介
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight • It is thought to be composedabout 1375-1400 and one of the greatest literary works of MiddleEnglish.theme is based on King Arthur andThe Round Table Knights
Comedies
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • Troilus and Cressida The Tempest The two Gentleman of Verona Measure For Measure Comedy Of Errors Much Ado About Nothing Love’s Labours Lost A Midsummer Night’s Dream Merchant Of Venice As You Like It Taming Of The Shrew All's Well That Ends Well Twelfth Night Winter’s Tale • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 特洛伊洛斯与克莱西达 暴风雨 维洛那二绅士 一报还一报 错中错 无事生非 爱的徒劳 仲夏夜之梦 威尼斯商人 皆大欢喜 驯悍记 终成眷属 第十二夜 冬天的故事
• Jonathan Swift Gulliver’s Travels is one of the fantastic sarcastic works in the world • Daniel Defoe( 1660-1731） Father of the English novel Robinson Crusoe • Henry Fielding Tom Jones
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Literary Schools in the West
To sum up, from the methodological point of view, scholars or writers are arguing about the problem between rationality and irrationality. And from the epistimological point of view, they are debating about the problem between the subjective world and the objective world.
Nobel Winners:
Rudyard Kipling (1907)
In 1907 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. The prize citation said: "In consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author." Nobel prizes had been established in 1901 and Kipling was the first English-language recipient. At the award ceremony in Stockholm on 10 December 1907, the Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, Carl David af Wirsén, praised both Kipling and three centuries of English literature:[49]
The Swedish Academy, in awarding the Nobel Prize in Literature this year to Rudyard Kipling, desires to pay a tribute of homage to the literature of England, so rich in manifold glories, and to the greatest genius in the realm of narrative that that country has produced in our times.。