英语写作离线作业(必)答案

浙江大学远程教育学院《英语写作》课程作业（必做）姓名：学号：年级：学习中心：—————————————————————————————Chapter 2 Diction (措词)1.List three levels of words and give several examples for each level.Formal words: accommodation, approximately, commenceCommon words: room, abut, start, …Colloquial words:There ain't nothin' wrong with me. (isn't anything)Hey are you gonna move or what? (going to)2.What are the denotation and connotation of a word?Denotation: what a word stands for without any emotional associations.Connotation: the emotional, social, and political associationsa word has in addition to its denotative meaning3.Fill in each blank with one of the following words: kill, assassinate,execute, massacre, slaughter, murder1)Two people were _killed____ in a car accident.2）Martin Luther King was _assassinated____ by a white people.3）He is likely to be _executed___ as a murderer this year.4）They cruelly _ slaughtered/massacred ___ all the people in the village.5）According to the police, he _murdered__ his rival in cold blood.4. List at least 9 types of figures of speech and give an example for each.(1)Simile: It is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by word as or like. E.g. Her face is like a red apple.(2) Metaphor: It is an implied comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is Not indicated by the word as or like. E.g. My life is one long curve, full of turning points.(3)Personification: It is to treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities. E.g. This time fate was smiling to him.(4) Metonymy: It is substituting the name of one thing for that of another, with which it is closely associated. E.g. Have you ever read Shakespeare.(5)Synecdoche: When a part is substituted for the whole or the wholeis substituted for a part, synecdoche is applied. E.g. The farms were short of hands during the harvest season.(6) Overstatement (hyperbole) and understatement: Overstatement is an intentional exaggeration for emphasis. Understatement intentionally downplays the seriousness of a situation or sentiment by saying less that is really meant.E.g. She is dying to know what job has been assigned her.It took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming pool.(7)Transferred epithetAn epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase that serves to characterize somebody or something.A transferred epithet is one that is shifted from the noun it logically modifies to a word associated with that noun.E.g. She was so worried about her son that she spent several sleepless night.(8)Oxymoron: In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce a special effect.E.g. When the news of the failure came, all his friends said it was a victorious defeat.(9) Alliteration: It refers to the appearance of the same consonant sound in two or more words.E.g. Proud as a peacock.Chapter 3 The Sentence (造句)1.List the types of sentences in terms of structure, function andrhetoric respectively and give an example for each type.(1)In terms of function, sentences can be classified into thefollowing four types.(a)Declarative sentence--------Jack is handsome.(b)Interrogative sentence------Is Jack handsome?(c)Imperative sentence-----Let’s go.(d)Exclamatory sentence------How handsome Jack is!(2)In terms of structure, sentence can be classified into thefollowing four types.(a)Simple sentence: The dog barked.(b)Compound sentence: The dog barked, and the catyowled.(c)Complex sentence: The dog that was in the street howledloudly.(d)Compound-complex sentence: When the heat comes, thelakes dry up, and farmers know the crops will fail.(3)From a rhetoric point of view, sentences can be classified intothe following two types.In a loose sentence, the basic statement goes beforeadditional details.E.g. I am willing to pay slightly higher taxes for the privilegeof living in Canada, considering the free health care, thecheap tuition fees, the low crime rate, the comprehensivesocial programs, and the wonderful winters.In a periodic sentence, additional details are placed beforethe basic statement.E.g. Considering the free health care, the cheap tuition fees,the low crime rate, the comprehensive social programs, andthe wonderful winters, I am willing to pay slightly highertaxes for the privilege of living in Canada.2.What are the features of an effective sentence?Unity; coherence; conciseness; emphasis; variety3.List several types of common sentence problems and the strategiesto solve these problems.(1)Sentence fragmentsTwo strategies to revise a fragment”(a)Attach the fragment to an adjacent independent clause.(b)Turn the fragment into a sentence.(2)Run-onsStrategies to revise run-ons:(a)Revising with periods(b)R evising with semicolons.(c)Revising with coordinating conjunctions.(d)R evising with subordinating conjunctions or relativepronouns.(3)Misplaced and dangling modifiersStrategy to correct a misplaced modifier:Place phrases as close as possible to the words they modify.Two strategies to correct a dangling modifier:(a)Creating a new subject(b)C reating a dependent clauseChapter 4 The Paragraph (段落)1.What are the features of an effective paragraph?Unity, coherence, transition2.List several patterns of paragraph development and give someexamples for each pattern.Development by time, process, space, example and generalization, comparison and contrast, cause and effect,classification, definition and a combination of methods.3.List several strategies for effective introductions and conclusions.Strategies for effective introduction:Beginning with quotation or series or quotations; beginning with question or series of questions; beginning with definition;or beginning with controversial statement.Strategies for effective conclusions:Ending with the prediction; ending with warning; ending with recommendation for action; or ending with quotation.4.Which sentence is the topic sentence in the following paragraph?My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Don't argue with parents; they will think you don't love them. Don't argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Don't argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Don't argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mother's rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Don't argue.The topic sentence in the paragraph is: My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others.Chapter 5 The Whole Composition (完整的作文)1.What are the features of an effective composition?Unity; good logic; balanced structure; important, interesting and fresh idea; clear, accurate and appropriate expression.2.What is a description?Description is painting a picture in words of a person, place, object, or scene.3.What details should a writer pay great attention to when describinga person? Give some examples.In describing a person, the writer should give details of his appearance, character, thoughts and feeling, See the examples on the P114—115 of our book.4.What is a narration?To narrate id is to give an account of an event or series of events. In its broadest sense, narrative writing includes stories, biographies, histories, new items, and narrative poems.5.What aspects should a writer consider when planning a narrative?Give some examples.Context, selection of details, organization, point of view, and purpose6.What is an exposition?An expository paper explores something, such as the process of making a machine, the cause of a natural o social phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the solution of a problem.7.How can a writer achieve clarity when writing an exposition?(1) Limit the subject or scope of discussion, for it is impossibleto explain many things clearly in a short essay.(2)Prepare enough materials (details or examples) to help theexplanation.(3) Present the facts and views in proper order, in the order oftime or of logical sequence depending on the nature of the subject.(4) Pay attention to the accuracy and clarity of words andsentences; avoid ornamental as well ambiguous expressions.(5) Make the exposition, if possible, interesting and moving.8.List five patterns to plan an exposition, and explain the principles awriter should keep in mind when using each of the five patterns to plan an exposition.(1) Illustrationa. Selecting sufficient examples wisely which are specific andtypical, interesting and relevant.b. Arranging these examples logically --- similar or relatedexamples should be grouped together and arranged climatically.(2) Division and classificationa. Choosing an appropriate principle of division/classificationsuited to your purpose.b. Applying your principle consistently and thoroughly, andavoid overlapping(3) Comparison and contrasta. Only items of the same general class can be compared/contrasted.b. A comparison/contrast essay usually follows one of these twopatterns: the subject by subject pattern or the point-by-point pattern.c. The comparison/contrast should be balanced; the two itemsbeing compared/contrasted are to be given equal treatment. d.The comparison/contrast should be supported by concrete and relevant facts.d. The comparison/contrast should be supported by concreteand relevant facts.e. A comparison/contrast shows similarities and differences inorder to make a particular point.(4) Cause and effecta. Do not over-simplify causes.b. Beware especially of making a mistake in logic known as thefallacy of post hoc, ergo proper hoc.c. Distinguish between direct and indirect causes and effectsand between major and minor causes and effects. d. Do not omit links in a chain of causes and effects. e. Be objective and support the analysis with solid, factual evidence.(5) Definitiona. A definition paper discusses abstract terms such as liberty,equality, etc., the denotative and especially connotative meanings of which are often different to different people.b. A definition paper answers fully, though often implicitly, thequestion “What is …?”.c. Definition papers follow no patterns.d. A definition paper may be either deductive or inductive.9.What is an argumentation?An argumentative essay tries to make readers agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade them to change their mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes.10.W hat are the features of an effective argumentation?A debatable point, sufficient evidence, good logic, clear logic, good use of the other three types of writing, an honest and friendly attitude Chapter 8 The Research Paper (论文)1.Describe the process of writing a research paper.(1) Choosing a topic.(2) Collecting information.(3) Analyzing the information, organizing ideas and workingout an outline.(4) Writing the first draft.(5) Revising the draft and finalizing the paper.2.Describe the structure of an academic paper.(1) Thesis statement and outline (2) Introduction(3) Body (4) Conclusion (5) Notes and bibliographyChapter 9 Practical writing (应用文)1.Describe the format of a notice.Date and time, place, activity, background information, other details2.Write a note of appointment, apology, invitation, request andthanks respectively.Refertotheexamplesonpages286-294ofthetextbook1.Describe the format of a letter.A letter has six parts: the heading, the inside address, thesalutation, the body, the complimentary close and the signature.2.Describe the format of a curriculum vitae.A curriculum vitae generally contains the followinginformation: name, address, telephone, marital status, education, professional/work experience, awards/honors and scholarships, publications, professional affiliations/memberships, languages, references/referees, etc.3.Write a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation:You have heard that your friend, Jack, wishes to sell his walkman.Write him a note expressing your interest in it, asking him about itscondition and offering a price for it.DearJack,Ihaveheardthatyouwanttosellyourwalkman.Youknow,Iwanttobuy a used walkman in order to do some listening practice. I want to knowifyourwalkmanfunctionswell.AndIoffer200yuantobuyit.Please give me some detailed information about it as soon as possible.YourssincerelyMARRY4.Write a business letter to your customer to talk about the price yourcompany offers to buy his/her computers. You think that the pricehe/she offered is too high and you think that 5800 RMB for eachcomputer is better for both sides. Now write a business letter toexpress this intention. Pay attention to the form of a business letter.No model letter is given, but you can refer to the examples given in the textbook.5.Suppose now you are a freshman (大一学生) in a college. Youwant to have a part-time job. Yet your parents don’t agree with you and urge you to focus your time and energy on your study. Nowwrite a letter with no less than 150 words to persuade them tochange their idea by telling them the importance and value of apart-time job to a college student and ensuring them that you canbalance your study and the part-time job well.Pay attention to the form of a letter: the heading, the salutation,complementary ending, and make your letter as powerful aspossible.No model letter is given, but you can refer to the examples given in thetextbook.6.Prepare a curriculum vitae for yourself.Refer to the examples on pages 332-337 of the textbook。