英语论文英文文献中introduction的写法共45页
如何写英文论文-How-ti-write-Introduction
How to write the IntroductionThe introduction is certainly the most read section of any research paper, and it largely determines the readers or reviewers attitude toward the work. Therefore, it is probably the most delicate part of the writing of a paper. Unfortunately, many people face difficulties when writing the introduction.The purpose of an introduction is to present the motivation behind the research, with the intention of defending it. An introduction also places your paper in a theoretical context and helps the reader to clearly understand your objectives. In addition, the introduction should grab the reader's attention completely. Below, we discuss the major components that should be included in an ideal introduction.Part I ComponentsI. Theme or TopicA broad theme or topic of the study should be stated.II. Academic ImportanceThe academic importance of the paper should be explained.III. Literature ReviewThe available literature should be summarized and previous studies that are most relevant to your research should be cited. In addition, if a previous study is replicated, it should be clearly stated along with an in-text citation.IV. Knowledge GapA discussion of the knowledge gap and inconsistencies found should follow the literature, and the benefits of the study's main contribution should be highlighted.V. Research question and objectivesA clear indication of the research question addressed in the study, specific objectives that guide your research, the context in which the study was conducted, and the units of analysis used in the study should be provided in the introduction.Part II Effective ways of writing each componentThe different parts of the introduction are elaborated in this section. Including these steps will help you to write an effective introduction to your paper.I. Theme or TopicBegin your introduction by clearly identifying your subject area. An overview introduction of the broad theme or topic of your research will help readers to clearly understand your research domain immediately. In the first few sentences of the introduction, use keywords from your title to focus directly on your topic. This places immediate focus on your subject without discussing information that is too general.It is unnecessary for you to give the details of the research questions because details will be presented at the end of the literature review chapter or at the beginning of the methodology chapter.Since your paper will also be read by people outside the domain, writing the paper in a simple, yet effective way is essential for people to understand the relevance of your research. In addition, it is important that you introduce the broad theme or topic of your research in the introduction for the reader to totally understand what the research is about. To achieve this, the following points must be followed.--Avoid the use of technical jargons in the introduction--Do not begin the introduction with the research question or hypothesis.--Define technical terms and constructs (concepts)You may use the following sentence structures to arouse the reader’s interest in the topic of the thesis.--One of the most essential current discussions in Electrical Engineering is.--It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the X,Y, and Z problem.--X is the leading cause of color break up in Liquid Crystal Displays.--In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for .-- In the history of Y, X has been thought of as a key factor in ..Or, You May Begin by Emphasizing Time--In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in ...--Recent developments in the field of x have led to a renewed interest in ...--Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in ...--The past decade has seen the rapid development of x in many ...II. Academic ImportanceIn this part, you should answer the question: Why your study is worth undertaking. Usually the reasons can be explained in terms of practical and theoretical importance. A paper’s academic value can be determined by the lack of the previous research on the topic, and by highlighting the gaps and inconsistencies in the literature. However, in this part , you need not write a comprehensive review of the field. You may refer to one or more previous studies that motivated you to choose this research topic. More references will be introduced in the literature review part.--Numerous studies have attempted to explain . . . (e.g., Smith, 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002).--Recent evidence suggests that ... (Smith, 1996; Jones, 1999; Johnson, 2001).--Surveys such as those conducted by Smith (1988) show that...--Several attempts have been made to . . . (Smith, 1996; Jones, 1999;Johnson, 2001).III. Literature ReviewA summary of the available literature should be concise and should mostly include recent studies that are directly related to the research. In addition, some studies that should be included must be from the recent past (i.e., studies from the last five years). If the research is a replication of a previous study, a brief introduction to that study along with the citation should be mentioned in this section.A literature review forms the theoretical basis of an article and discusses published information in a particular field. It can be just a summary of the sources, but it usually is an organizational pattern and analysis, and synthesis, i.e., a recap, evaluation. and reorganization of information. Generally, a literature review provides a new interpretation of past studies, combines new interpretations with previous interpretations, or traces the intellectual progression of the field. This can relate the study to previous studies in the field. A literature reviews can be written to provide a theoretical framework and rationale for a research.There are four questions that researchers need to examine when writing a literature review.--Which aspects should be included in a literature review?--How should the information be synthesized in a literature review?--How should the literature review be structured?--What writing style should be used when writing a literature review?1) Which Aspects Should Be Included in a Literature Review?An effective literature review should always include the following components:--A brief discussion of where and how the study or research conforms to the broaderview of the field.--A definition of all the key concepts and constructs used in the paper.--A discussion that focuses and synthesizes previous relevant research findings.--A summary of the existing approaches explaining how previous research-measures constructs the current study measures.--A theoretical support for the hypotheses to be tested.Reviewers will look for these five aspects in the literature review. However, these aspects should not be used as main headings.2) How Should the Information in a Literature Review Be Synthesized?Since a literature review is not a chronological summary of the paper, it is necessary to synthesize existing knowledge. This should be done without plagiarizing or paraphrasing previous studies. This section elaborates on how to synthesize three types of information, namely definitions, lists of attributes or factors, and opposing viewpoints.DefinitionsAll concepts or constructs and technical terms need to be defined in the literature. It is best to define the concept or term immediately after its first mention in the paper. However, these definitions should not be borrowed from previous research; rather a reviewed definition should be provided.General Keyword Meanings/Application of Meanings--The term X has come to refer to...--The term X is generally understood to mean.--The term X has been applied to situations where students .--In broad biological terms, x can be defined as any stimulus that is--While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this paperuses the definition first suggested by Thomas (1998), who saw it as...--Throughout this paper, the term X refers to...--This article uses the acronym/abbreviation XYZ.In a formal sentence definition, the term being defined is first assigned to a class or group to which it belongs and then distinguished from other terms in the class.-- A star is a celestial body that shines by itself and whose source of energy is nuclear fusion occurring in its core.-- A solar cell is a device which converts the energy of sunlight into electric energy.--Ecology is a scientific study that is concerned with the distribution and abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their natural environment.Attributes or FactorsGenerally, authors list the different attributes, factors,elements, or issues when discussing a similar topic. These factorssuggest the effectiveness of a particular method or technique.However, these attributes or factors should not be merely listed inthe literature review. Instead, a summary of these factors should beincluded in the literature review.--There are three reasons why language research has become soimportant. These are…--There are generally two outcomes when a patient undergoes X. Theseare…--The disadvantages of the new approach can be discussed under threeheadings, which are…-- Martinez and Rodriguez (1999) listed X,Y and Z as the major causesof infant mortality.--Jamison (2008) suggested three conditions for its acceptance. First,X should be …second, it needs to be…Third, …Opposing ViewpointsSeveral authors studying a similar problem may have opposingviewpoints. A discussion of different viewpoints can help the readers to understandthe current knowledge better.Here is a list of sentence structures used to present differentviewpoints.--However, Smith makes no attempt to differentiate between varianttypes of X.--Jones fails to fully acknowledge the significance of...--The paper appears to be over ambitious in its claims of.. .heauthor overlooks the fact that X contributes to Y.--what Smith fails to do is to draw a distinction between.. .--Smith's paper would have been more convincing if he had included…--Her conclusions would have been much more interesting if she had adopted…--The findings might have been fa more original if the author had used…--One question that needs to be asked, however is whether…--. A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that…--Smith's argument relies heavily on the qualitative analysis of...-- It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable.3) How Should the Literature Review Be Structured?To write an effective literature review, following a logical structure is crucial. That is, the different sections and subsections of the literature review should be linked. A few points that would help in better structuring the review are listed below.--Place the specific topic being discussed in a relevant, yet broader context and then focus the discussion on more specific issues.--The headings should be brief and should give a detailed overview of the review. One -word titles should be avoided.--Use relevant diagrams and discuss the comparison between several constructs crucial to the research.--Define the technical terms and concepts clearly.--The text provided should be relevant to the headings under which they are provided.--Provide a brief motivation for the hypotheses of the research.4) What Writing Style Should Be Used when Writing a Literature Review?Literature reviews should generally be easy to read and understand. Simply put, a literature review should be clear for a non-academic person.Try not to use technical jargons, unfamiliar terms and phrases, and undefined technical abbreviations. In addition, having a clear and concise flow in the literature can help readers understand the entire process of the research.5) General Keyword Meanings/Application of Meanings--The term X has come to refer to...--The term X is generally understood to mean.--The term X has been applied to situations where students .--In broad biological terms, x can be defined as any stimulus that isIV. Knowledge GapSince a research aims at expanding the knowledge on a specific topic, a research should also address specific knowledge gaps, inconsistencies and controversies in the literature. In addition, the main contribution of the study should be mentioned in this component, which will contribute to motivate the importance of the study.To define your research or study, you need to find a conflict, a question, an untested population, or an untried method in the existing research of the field you study.--However, a major problem with this type of application is...--To date, there has been little agreement on what . . .--More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about...--There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ...--Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks.--One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in..--In many Xs, a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ...--So far, however, there has been little discussion about.--However, far too little attention has been paid to…--So far, this method has only been applied to...--Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones,2003), but there is still insufficient data for ...--However, there have been no controlled studies that compare differences in...--One question that needs to be asked, however is whether…-- A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that…-- It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable.V. Research question and objectivesThis part is usually placed near the end of the introduction. Briefly describe your study (hypothesis or research question), general experimental design or method, and reasons for using this method if there are alternatives. There are two main parts in this section.1)Be sure to state clearly the purpose or hypothesis that you areinvestigatingIf you’re a new writer, you can use a standard statement, such as “The purpose of this study is to...”or “This study investigates three possible mechanisms to explain the...”as a statement of purpose. Of course, we have more ways to express the focus and aim of the thesis.--This paper focuses on/examines/assesses .--This paper seeks to address the following questions..--The purpose of this paper is to review recent research on the e:--This paper reviews the research conducted on...--The aim of this paper is to determine/examine .I--The aim of this study is to evaluate and validate ...2)Provide a Reason for Your Approach to the Problem StudiedBriefly write how you approached the problem. If you use a new technique or methodology, the introduction should present the advantages of this new approach, compared with previously used methods. This will usually follow your statement of purpose in the last paragraph of the introduction. Do not discuss the actual techniques or protocols used in your study in the introduction. You can provide the details in the methods section .--This study uses the semi-structured approach because ...--Smith et al. (1994) identified several advantages of...--The best method to adopt for this investigation is to...--A case study approach allows...--The questionnaire design is based on...--The X method is one of the more practical ways to...This component should clearly indicate--The research question addressed in the paper;--The specific research objectives that guide the research;--The context in which the study was conducted;--The units of analysis used in the paper.VI. Outlined StructureThis component should only include a brief outline of the flow of the entire paperTo sum up this chapter, the introduction to a research paper should provide the Motivation, Literature Review, Knowledge Gap, and Research Question. Writing the introduction based on these points help ease this otherwise complex task. Similar to the abstract, the introduction is best written toward the end of the writing process. This may help in summarizing the entire paper effectively.Task : Rearrange the following sentences to make into a coherent introductionThe Position of Sentence Connectors in Academic Englishc. B. Feak and J. M. SwalesIntroduction1) ESL writing textbooks have for many years regularly included chapters on sentence connectors (e.g., Herbert, 1965).2) Many commentators have noted that sentence connectors (e.g., however) are an important and useful element in expository and argumentative writing.3) Most reference grammars deal with their grammatical status, classification, meaning, and use.4) However, neither of these studies provides any descriptive evidence of the actual positions of sentence connectors in academic texts.5) Some attention has also been given to the position of sentence connectors in clauses and sentences.6) Quirk and Greenbaum (1973) observe (a) that the normal position is initial; (b) that certain connectors, such as hence and overall " are restricted, or virtually restricted, to initial position"; and (c) that medial positions are rare for most connectors, and final positions even rarer.7) The only attempt known to us to explain differences in position on semantic grounds is an unpublished paper by Salera (1976) discussed in Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman (1983).8) In the present paper, we report on a preliminary study of sentence connector position in a sample of twelve published articles.9) Frequency studies of their occurrence in academic English extend at least as far back as Huddleston (1971).10) The Salera paper deals only with adversatives like however and suggests that initial position reflects something contrary to expectation, while medial position reflects a contrast that is not necessarily unexpected.Part III. Tenses in the IntroductionStage 1: Current KnowledgeUse the present tense when stating or reporting established facts:--Fine motor skills require integrating muscular, skeletal, and neurological functions.When reporting findings from multiple previous studies, use the present perfect tense:--Previous studies have indicated the need to further examine X.Stage 2: Literature Review1) Use the present tense when reporting established facts:--The salt in most oceans is approximately 97% sodium chloride (Ritchie, 199).2) when referring to a single, previous study, use the past tense:--Kurtz (2008) found that instructors allocated equal time to each group.Note that the above sentence has two verbs. The first verb, found, describes what Kurtz did in this 2008 study. The second verb, “alloated,” is in the past tense because it describes what the instructors in this study did at the time the research was conducted. If this verb (called a verb complement were written in the present tense, the statement would be expressing a fact that is true for all instructors everywhere. Consider the next sentence and note the tense of the second verb:--Baggio and Klinsmann (1994) revealed that DNA polymerase performs a vital function in DNA replication in animal cells.In this example, the first verb is written in the past tense, again to explain what this study did. However, the verb complement (the second verb in the sentence) is written in the present tense because the finding of this study was established as a fact and, therefore, true for everyone everywhere.3) Use the present perfec t tense when reporting findings from multiple previous studies:--Several researchers have studied the relationship between classroom lighting and standardized test performance (Jens, 2006;6Kiby et al, 2008; Miner, 2009).Note how the different verb tenses used in the following three sentences slightly change the meanings:--Owen and Shearer (2002) discovered that memory load affects brain activity.--Owen and Shearer (2002) discovered that memory load affected brain activity.--Owen and Shearer (2002) suggested that memory load may affect brain activity.The first sentence uses the present tense affects" to claim this study's finding as a fact. The second sentence uses the past tense to report the finding as being limited to the circumstances of the involved study, and the third sentence uses both a tentative verb “suggested” and a modal verb “may” to describe the implications of the finding.Stage 3: Knowledge Gap1) Repor t facts and currently accepted methods using the present tense:--Little information is available on the risks and benefits of X vs. Y.2) Refer to multiple previous studies using the present perfect tense.--However, few studies have reported the effects of antioxidant seeds on the endocrine system.Stage 4: Problem Statement1) Use the present tense when writing report-focused statements:--The aim of this paper is to determine the principal mechanical parameters of thin film deposited on a circular glass substrate.2) When writing research-focused statements (referring to your own study), use the past tense:--The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a genetic correlation exists between performance levels at high and low temperatures.Stage 5: Rationale for Study (optional)When expressing expected outcomes or offering future recommendations, use the present tense with conditional modal verbs(such as could, may, and might):--This research may provide an alternative to the common field measurement of soil erosion and runoff.（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
introduction范文
introduction范文英文回答：The concept of synthetic biology, a burgeoning field that harnesses the power of engineering principles to manipulate biological systems, has emerged as a transformative force with the potential to revolutionize diverse sectors of our society. This field of study, which lies at the intersection of engineering, biology, and computer science, empowers scientists and engineers to design and reengineer biological systems, paving the wayfor the creation of novel biological devices and systems with unprecedented functionalities.Central to the field of synthetic biology is the notion of taking a modular approach to biological design, akin to the manner in which electronic circuits are constructed. This involves breaking down complex biological systems into their constituent components, such as DNA, proteins, and other molecules, and then reassembling them in novel waysto achieve desired outcomes. By leveraging standardized biological parts, researchers can mix and match componentsto create new biological systems, offering a level ofcontrol and precision that was previously unattainable.The potential applications of synthetic biology arevast and multifaceted, spanning industries as diverse as healthcare, energy, and manufacturing. Within the realm of healthcare, synthetic biology holds promise for the development of personalized medicine, enabling thetailoring of treatments to individual patients based ontheir unique genetic profiles. Additionally, synthetic biology could pave the way for the creation of novel vaccines, drugs, and therapies to combat a wide range of diseases.In the energy sector, synthetic biology offerstantalizing prospects for the development of sustainableand renewable energy sources. Researchers are exploring the use of synthetic biology to optimize the efficiency of photosynthesis, engineer microorganisms to produce biofuels, and develop novel bio-based materials for energy storageand conversion.Within the manufacturing domain, synthetic biology presents opportunities for the creation of sustainable and cost-effective production processes. Scientists are harnessing the power of synthetic biology to engineer microorganisms for the production of chemicals, materials, and other valuable products, potentially reducing the reliance on fossil fuels and promoting a more circular economy.The transformative potential of synthetic biology is undeniable, yet it is essential to approach its development and applications with a nuanced understanding of its ethical, legal, and societal implications. Careful consideration must be given to issues such as biosafety, intellectual property rights, and the potential impact on ecosystems and biodiversity.As the field of synthetic biology continues to advance, it is imperative that researchers, policymakers, and the general public engage in a robust dialogue to shape thefuture of this transformative technology. Through open and collaborative discussions, we can harness the power of synthetic biology to address societal challenges, improve human health, and foster a sustainable future while safeguarding the principles of ethics, responsibility, and equity.中文回答：合成生物学是一个新兴领域，它利用工程原理来操纵生物系统，它已经成为一种变革力量，有可能彻底改变我们社会的各个领域。
introduction学术论文写作如何写介绍
Adjectives
Controversial, incomplete, inconclusive, misguided, questionable, unconvincing, unsatisfactory
Little information/attention/work/research /data Few studies/ investigation/ researchers/ attempts No studies / data / calculations However, It remains unclear, It would be of interest to
Relationship to the thesis as a whole
(Atkinson & Curtis 1998: 52)
How long should the introduction be?பைடு நூலகம்
• • • • different according to research field most: 17.4 pages medicine:29-45 pages social science and arts introduction:40 pages
Application
• (1) Find some recent theses in your own field and assess the extent to which the “hourglass ”appears to have been followed. • (2) Pay attention to whether the Introduction is “Chapter 1” or stands outside the chapter numbering system.
英语论文Introduction
General description of research field – example sentences (4)
There be
Research extent
Research Theme
There has/have been
much research on little research on many studies on few reports on
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Introduction
Main Function of Introduction
– Motivation of the research. – Objective of the research.
Content of Introduction
– 1. Background & Research Field
color.
(3,4,5,7)
Authors oriented – example sentences (2)
Research Theme
Verb (present perfect, passive voice)
have been studied /investigated /examined /explored /reported on /discussed /considered
– Past tense.
Author oriented – example sentences (1)
Author & literature time
Verb (past tense, active voice)
showed found reported noted suggested observed pointed out
Introduction怎么写？常用句型总结
Introduction怎么写？常用句型总结Introduction引言是英文论文的引言部分，也是整篇英文论文中举足轻重的部分。
我们可以从introduction部分了解论文的研究方向、过程和结果。
相比于其他部分来说，introduction是比较难写的，下面就给大家分享一些introduction的常用句型，同学们可以学习一下。
写Hook sentenceA sentence that draws an attention from the reader by giving：Background knowledge！definition orcontext of the problem熟练应用下边加分词：Irrefutably/Undoubtedly/Unquestionably必须下面例句E.g.: Undoubtedly, extra packaging of products has been a controversial issue over the last couple of decades.E.g.: Irrefutably, early education has been a subject of interest between both parents and education providers.使用ParaphrasingThis is to show the reader whether you really understand.比如下面模板例句E.g. Considering this, some analysis/experts/people hold an opinion that......E.g. A percentage of the population advocates that......E.g.: There is a widely established view that......写Thesis sentence/statement 表明观点大致分为以下四种~Agree/disagree比如这样写：In my opinion, I strongly/ staunchly agree/disagree with theabove-mentioned proposal due to a variety of notable reasons. My position is that this argument is entirely/partially valid due to a number of reasons.Advantages/disadvantages比如下面这样写：Even though this seems to be a notable concept, it still has its own merits and demerits and some of these will be illustrated/clarified.Discussion of both views比如这样写：Both views will be examined/clarified before drawing a logical conclusion in the essay.Cause and Effects比如这样写In this essay, its potential causes and possible solutions will be clarified。
英文科技学术论文Introduction
大多数英文科技学术论文都可以使用一种所谓 Introduction-Methods-Results and Discussion (IMRAD) 的形式，如下图的沙漏所示，先由普遍到具体问题，再由具体到普遍结论。
这里先总结Introduction的写法和注意事项与中文论文“简短”的“概述”(或“前言”)不一样，英文的Introduction内容通常较长。
好的论文在Introduction部分很见功底，文献的阅读量、信息综合能力，可以给读者很多的信息量，因此写好它容不得半点马虎。
Introduction(说明综述)部分的内容通常用来为作者创造一个研究空间。
先介绍目前的研究现状，然后指出存在的不足或尚没有解决的问题，最后再介绍“存在的问题”是“如何”被作者的研究所解决。
因此，Introduction可以由这“三波”或者说“三部分”来组成。
第一波：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性先通过陈述表明所要研究问题的重要性——当然这部分内容不是必须，并介绍此领域的研究现状，具体可参考文献综述引用。
研究问题要与自己的研究内容高度相关，时态一般可用一般现在时，并通过很确定的语气和具体的形容词来强调研究的重要生。
The flow of foams is seen in many process, and its use in major industries means that an understan ding of foam rheology is of paramount importance.第二波：强调有必要解决存在的问题指出该研究目前存在的问题，可以通过提问的方式或者通过某种方式扩展此领域已有知识和结论。
这一波非常重要，只有指出存在的问题或尚待解决的问题，才能突显出自己的研究价值。
在这一部分的写作时，一般通过转折词来表示过渡，并在指出问题时使用负面的词汇。
… however, the relationship between emergence and soil temperature has not been investigated p reviously…In contrast to the extensive literature describing ….., little attention has been paid to…第三波：介绍作者自己的研究内容介绍作者的研究目的和大致的研究内容。
英文论文Introduction的写作技巧-2015-0126
有各自的特点，掌握这些特点会使写作过程化难为易。下面将对引言各层次的写作特点和 技巧分别加以介绍。 2 如何写引言的开头
英文论文 Introduction 的写作技巧 —as a "hook" to attract the readers
学术论文中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画（The purpose of the Introduction is to stimulate the reader’s interest and to provide pertinent background information necessary to understand the rest of the paper.Without an introduction it is sometimes very difficult for your audience to figure out what you are trying to say. There needs to be a thread of an idea that they will follow through your paper） 。 The introduction section shows the questions that should be answered for the readers once they finish reading the “Introduction”. 1 引言的内容与结构布局
引言的开头常用句型有： 句型 1：研究主题+谓语动词 be… ．例 a．Fuel cell(燃料电池)is a technology for the clean and efficient conversion from chemical
如何写好论文的introduction revised
the basis of the previous researches about..., this paper analyzes...from 4 aspects...with the examples from ... Finally, the conclusion is drawn that...
Being clear and accurate
Accurately
reflect the main content of the dissertation Details such as the literature review, tables and figures should not be included Make sure that it does not give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the dissertation Avoid using over-technical terms or abbreviations you have not explained
A
good abstract can arouse the readers’ attention to the dissertation and interest in reading it enable the readers to identify the basic content quickly and accurately determine its relevance to their interests decide whether they need to read the entire dissertation
学术英语writing introduction
Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question
The third layer
Specifying the purpose of your research
available on X”。
Your company slogan
Present Perfect Tense
When describing recent advances in a certain research field, or aiming to emphasize the impact of something happening recently on the present, you are suggested to use present perfect tense.
Your company slogan
Frequently asked questions
What should I put in my introduction?
Do not try to pack everything into the introduction. It would then not be an introduction at all!
This is a general introduction to what the thesis is all about. It is not just a description of the contents of each section. Briefly summarize the question (you will be stating the question in detail later), some of the reasons why it is a worthwhile question, and perhaps give a brief overview of your main results.
学术英语writing introduction
Your company slogan
Simple Future Tense
Sometimes, in the sentence including the objective of the research, Simple Future Tense is recommended.
e.g. “In summary, previous methods are all extremely inefficient. Hence a new approach is developed to process the data more efficiently.” The later sentence should be — “In this paper, a new approach will be developed to process the data more efficiently” or “This paper will present a new approach that process the data more efficiently”.
Your company slogan
ould I put in my introduction?
Do not try to pack everything into the introduction. It would then not be an introduction at all! An essay introduction does not need to do more than tell the reader the topic of the essay, describe how the body of the essay is organized, and explain the thesis that you argue for in the essay.
英语作文的introduction
英语作文的introduction全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1IntroductionAs one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, English plays a crucial role in global communication, business, and culture. With over 1.5 billion speakers worldwide, English has become the lingua franca of the modern era, connecting people from different countries and cultures. In this introduction, we will explore the importance of English as a language of international communication, its history, and its impact on society.Importance of English as a Global LanguageEnglish is often referred to as the global language, as it is used as a common means of communication among people from different linguistic backgrounds. In today's interconnected world, English proficiency is a valuable skill that opens up opportunities for individuals in various fields, such as business, education, and travel. Many multinational companies require their employees to be fluent in English, as it facilitates communication with clients and colleagues from around theworld. Moreover, English is the primary language of instruction in many universities, making it essential for students who wish to pursue higher education abroad.History of the English LanguageThe English language has a rich and diverse history, shaped by various influences over the centuries. Originating from the Germanic tribes that invaded Britain in the 5th century, Old English was the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons. The Norman Conquest of 1066 brought French elements into the language, leading to the Middle English period. During the Renaissance, many Latin and Greek words were incorporated into English, transforming it into the Modern English we know today. The spread of the British Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries further promoted the global use of English, solidifying its status as an international language.Impact of English on SocietyThe widespread use of English has had a profound impact on society, shaping the way we communicate, learn, and interact with one another. English has become the language of the internet, with the majority of online content available in English. This has made information more accessible to a global audience, breaking down barriers and fostering cross-culturalunderstanding. English also plays a key role in the entertainment industry, with many movies, TV shows, and music produced in English reaching a worldwide audience.ConclusionIn conclusion, English is a language that transcends borders and connects people from different corners of the globe. Its significance as a tool for communication, education, and business cannot be overstated. As we continue to navigate an increasingly interconnected world, proficiency in English will be essential for individuals seeking to thrive in a globalized society.篇2Title: Introduction to English CompositionIntroduction:English composition is an essential skill that every student should strive to master. Whether you are writing an essay, a research paper, a report, or any other type of written work, having a solid foundation in English composition will help you communicate your ideas effectively and clearly. In this introductory essay, we will discuss the importance of English composition, the key components of a well-written piece, and tips to improve your writing skills.Importance of English Composition:English composition is the art of expressing thoughts, ideas, and emotions through written words. It allows individuals to communicate their thoughts and experiences with others, creating a connection between writer and reader. A well-written composition can persuade, inform, entertain, or provoke thought, making it a powerful tool for communication.In academic settings, English composition plays a crucial role in developing critical thinking skills, analytical abilities, and communication proficiency. Students who excel in English composition are better equipped to analyze complex ideas, synthesize information, and present their arguments effectively. This skill is essential for success in higher education, as well as in the professional world.Key Components of a Well-Written Composition:A well-written composition should have a clear structure, coherent organization, and strong supporting evidence. The key components of a well-written piece include:1. Introduction: The introduction should grab the reader's attention, provide context for the topic, and present the thesis statement.2. Body: The body of the composition should present the main points of the argument, supported by evidence and examples. Each paragraph should relate to the overall thesis and flow logically from one to the next.3. Conclusion: The conclusion should summarize the main points, restate the thesis, and leave a lasting impression on the reader.Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills:To improve your English composition skills, consider the following tips:1. Read widely: Reading books, articles, and essays can expose you to different writing styles, vocabulary, and ideas.2. Practice writing: The more you write, the better you will become. Set aside time each day to practice writing and experiment with different techniques.3. Seek feedback: Ask for feedback from peers, teachers, or writing tutors to help you identify areas for improvement.4. Edit and revise: Always edit and revise your work to check for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors, as well as clarity and coherence.5. Study grammar and vocabulary: Understanding grammar rules and expanding your vocabulary can enhance the quality of your writing.Conclusion:English composition is a valuable skill that can benefit you in academic, professional, and personal endeavors. By mastering the key components of a well-written composition and following the tips provided, you can improve your writing skills and become a more effective communicator. Remember that practice makes perfect, so don't be afraid to challenge yourself and strive for excellence in English composition.篇3IntroductionEnglish writing is a key skill that is essential for academic, professional, and personal success. In today's globalized world, the importance of being able to effectively communicate in written English cannot be overstated. Whether you are writing an essay, a report, a business proposal, or even just a simple email, strong writing skills are crucial for conveying your ideas clearly and persuasively.In this essay, we will explore the importance of English writing, the key components of a well-written piece of writing, and some strategies for improving your English writing skills. We will also discuss the different types of English writing, such as narrative, descriptive, expository, and persuasive writing, and provide tips for each.English writing is not just about following grammar rules and using fancy vocabulary. It is about structuring your ideas in a logical and coherent way, using appropriate language for your audience, and engaging your readers through interesting and relevant content. Good writing is also about editing and revising your work to ensure that it is clear, concise, and error-free.By honing your English writing skills, you will be able to express yourself effectively in a variety of contexts and achieve your goals more easily. Whether you are a student looking to excel in school, a professional seeking to advance in your career, or simply someone who wants to communicate more clearly and persuasively, improving your English writing skills will open up a world of opportunities for you.In the following sections, we will delve deeper into the art of English writing, exploring the key principles, techniques, and strategies that will help you become a more confident andproficient writer. Let's embark on this journey together and unlock the power of English writing.。
如何写好论文的introduction
句型1：用表示否定意义的词例little，few， no或none of+名词作主语。如：
例 a．Little information／attention／work／
research… b．Few studies／investigations／
researchers／attempts… C．No studies／data／calculations… d．None of these studies／findings／
如何写好论文的introduction
题名的字数。题名不应过长。国外科技期刊一 般对题名字数有所限制。总的原则是，题名应 确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内 容的前提下，题名词数越少越好.
中英文题名的一致性。同一篇论文，其英文题 名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语 要一一对应。在许多情况下，个别非实质性的 词可以省略或变动。例如：工业湿蒸汽的直接 热量计算，the direct measurement of heat transmitted wet steam。英文题名的直译中译 文是“由湿蒸汽所传热量的直接计量”，与中文 题名相比较，二者用词虽有差别，但内容上是 一致的。
c. Although considerable research has been devoted to…, rather less attention has been paid to…
例： Although there is much hope that threedimensional coupled models will lead to better understanding of the factors that control hurricane intensity and to increased reliability of hurricane intensity forecasts, the present generation of models may not have enough horizontal resolution to capture the full intensity of extreme storms.
format of a research paper introduction论文的标准格式
Writing a Research Paper Introduction – Astep-by-step referenceThe introduction is the first chapter of a research paper. It starts from the research proposal stage, but it is critical to understand the difference between the introduction of a research proposal and that of a research paper. At the proposal stage, the introduction is presented in a future tense expressing the intensions and expectations of the researcher, whereas that of the research paper is in the past tense, revealing what actually happened.A research paper Introduction plays an essential role of preparing the reader’s mind to follow the paper as it unveils the problem, the researcher’s intervention, intentions and expectations.Sections of a research paper introductionThe introduction constituents and sequence majorly depend on the type of research and format undertaken.•Background: Reveals an identified and well defined problem, exploring its history and nature with reference to the existing literature. It should indicate the root of the problem, its extent, the affected, previous investigations, etc.;highlighting the research paper introduction in general, and ensuringproper perception of the situation at hand.•Statement of the problem: Is the core of the issue/problem and must be clearly defined. It states exactly what the problem is, justifying that thestudy narrows or bridges the gap between what it is and what it ought to be.•Purpose of the study: Is derived from the statement of the problem. It states why one decides to study the problem and the role of his/her research to solve the problem.•Objectives of the study: These constitute the targets a researcher intends to achieve. They act as a yardstick for the research exercise and must bespecific, measurable and achievable.•Research questions: These are research guiding questions generated from objectives. The researcher needs to answer them as part of theinvestigation.•Hypotheses: These are guiding predictions of the outcome of the study.Basing on research questions, an assumption derived form existing theories,personal observations and experience is made. A hypothesis provides a tentative answer to the problem, allowing for further investigations.Hypotheses are common for descriptive and explanatory research.•Scope of the study: Is expressed in terms of a geographical area, say village, town or city; and in terms of content – showing the extent ofknowledge coverage.•Significance of the study: Shows how meaningful and useful the research is; as well as indicating the beneficiary group(s).•Assumption: Situations under which the research is may not be exact, so for easy of work the researcher may assume what he/she has exactlyconsidered in his/her investigation.•Delimitations:These are advantageous factors affecting one’s research exercise.•Limitations:These are disadvantageous factors affecting one’s research exercise.•Definition of key concepts/terms: Due to ambiguity and varying meanings of words/terms/concepts, the researcher needs to be precise giving exact meaning of what he/she intends to communicate.•Abbreviation: Abbreviations may be misunderstood, so clear full meanings avoid confusion.How to Write a Research Proposal – A successful and winning approach15 November, 2009Research exercises are first planned in research proposals. It determines the research direction, its endurance or failure. A proposal serves as an action plan for research, constituting three chapters; Introduction, Literature review and Methodologies. It is complemented with references, budget and timetable. Students obliged to do research submit research proposals to their supervisors before real research exercises. Supervisors approve the proposals for research exercises to commence. Learning how to write a research proposal is key for research students.A research proposal is presented in a future tense, signifying the target research accomplishments and operation mode. Before doing a custom research paper or term paper writing, planning is a key role.How to write a research proposal in a simpler wayUnderstand the intended topic, your knowledge about the subject, yo ur audience’s interests and their knowledge about the subject. Understand the type of research resources and sources required. If you understand how to write a research proposal, then your research exercise becomes easier. Your essay writing tactics, highly aid your writing skills for a proposal.• Chapter one (Introduction):- this expresses the intensions and expectations of the researcher and plays an essential role of preparing the reader’s mind as it r eveals the problem, researcher’s intentions, why he/she intends to intervene and his/her expectations.The introduction contains;1. background of the study,2. statement of the problem,3. purpose of the study,4. objectives of the study,5. research questions and/or6. hypotheses,37. scope of the study,8. significance of the study,9. assumption,10. delimitations,11. limitations and12. definition of key concepts/terms• Chapter two (Review of relevant literature):- When reviewing literature examine the sources related to the topic of interest. Avoid the literature that is not connected to the area of study. Always paraphrase and cite basing on your objectives and hypotheses. Ensure that the review saves you the burden of repeating completed research, wasting time on failed research and helping you find what the previous researchers have not tackled.Literature review constitutes;1. Literature map: identify the variables and specify the necessary resources, embarking on previous and similar interest researchers.2. Justification of intended research: show why the research is necessary.3. Extent and constraints of previous researchers: what does the researcher need to cover? Note limitations of previous researchers.• Chapter three (Methodologies):- The researcher analyses methods to be used, depending on the type and accuracy of data required.The methodologies constitute the following;1. Research design: gives the necessary type of research. Involving qualitative and quantitative descriptive studies.2. Sampling: the researcher chooses ways to undertake for study samples. Sampling methods may be random, stratified, and purposive and so on.3. Tools and instruments: data collect tools involve questionnaires, interviews; focus discussion groups and so on.4. Procedure: shows how data collection will be administered.5. Data collection: identify the primary and secondary sources.6. Data processing and analysis: focus on raw data, sorting, editing, coding and representing it.How to write a research proposal takes various undertakings from institution to institution. You can further your guidance using research paper samples.Methodology Writing for your Research Paper2 December, 2009Before you carry out your research, you have to analyze the rationale and feasibility of particular methods for a given study. This is normally written in your research proposal, while the explanation for the methods undertaken is written in the research paper methodology. Different kinds of issues require different forms of approach during data collection and processing with in a given research exercise. These are exactly what the researcher handles in his/her methodology writing.While analyzing the methods to employ during the study, you need to;Always remember that the choice of your methodology will highly depend on the purpose of the research and the type of problem under study. The methodology in your proposal is only a suggestion and is written in a future tense, whereas that in your research paper is in past tense revealing how you actually administered your study methodically.The Structure of your Methodology WritingThe methodology constitutes a number of areas covering how you are going to carry out your research exercise. It gives a layout of the specific methods to handle particular situations. The methodology can be outlined as follows:1.Research design: This may be qualitative and descriptive in which the qualityof a situation is studied or analyzed and described accordingly. It may also be quantitative, where the results are numerical in nature.51.Sampling: Samples may be used as a representation of a large population. Asample can be non-probability or probability sampling. These also have a number of subcategories.1.Tools and Instruments: These are used to establish the facts fromrespondents. They may include questionnaires, interviews, observations, recording, focused group discussions, tests and diary.1.Procedure: This reveals the stages to be undertaken while carrying out yourresearch exercise. You need to be systematic in a way following the terms of reference, administering the research exercise, and revealing how the recommendation letter was obtained. This gives the whole plan of the research exercise procedures exhaustively.1.Data collection: Identify the primary and secondary data sources asanticipated. Mention your data sources as may be applied while undertaking the research. Show how you intend to acquire and store data.1.Data processing and analysis: You have to reveal how you are supposed tosort, edit, code and represent your data. Then show how the represented data shall be interpreted. Descriptive methods are necessary for the interpretation, comparison and drawing conclusions.Your methodology will largely depend on the requirements of a given format or will largely depend on the various institutions styles. At this stage of your research proposal you are meant to exhaust the appropriate methods for your research. Try further reading through essay help and various research paper samples.。
Introduction--硕士论文引言部分写法PPT课件
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• An XYZ battery is a battery that ... The electrodes in an XYZ teleቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱhone battery are made of a composite of gold and silver, coated with a layer of platinum. The gold and silver provide structural support, while the platinum provides resilience. The performance of the battery can be strongly affected by the number of times the battery is recharged and the duration of each individual recharge. The battery is subject to three possible failure modes. ... A research program has recently been started by the authors in collaboration with a major battery manufacturer, with the goal of developing new design models for XYZ batteries. Analytical techniques are needed that can predict ...
• PART 1 DEFINITION OF THE TOPIC PLUS BACKGROUND (1–3) This introductory phrase may not be necessary in your paper. Here the definition of the XYZ battery indicates to the reader that this is the background topic (i.e. the general context) of the paper. This is the place to include notations, technical definitions, and explanations of key words.
introduction学术论文写作如何写介绍
Noun phrase
Other forms
occupying the niche
• a. by outlining purposes/aims, or stating the nature of the present research or research questions/hypothesis √ • b. by announcing principal findings/stating value of research (optional) • c. by indicating the structure of the thesis and providing mini-synopses (previews) of each subsequent chapter √ • d. by outlining the theoretical position • e. by describing the methods used in the study
• Metadiscourse in introduction is likely to take the from of forward reference to what is still to come. For the thesis, metadiscourse refers to chapters or to the thesis is distinctive. • This thesis /study +describes, develops, studies, discusses, examines, introduces, aims (to), reports, explores, shows, focuses, presents… • The verbs tend to be in the present tense
英语 论文 introduction
I. Introducing the topic1. Providing background informationAnimals are friends of human beings, and languages of all nations have a great number of words denoting animals. People associate their feelings and emotions, even happenings and natural phenomena with various animals. Many animals have become a kind of symbolism in people’s mind, and this symbolism is reflected in language. For instance, sayings like “as busy as a bee”appear in many languages. However, these sayings do not necessarily coincide from one language to another due to different outlook of life and concept of beauty in different cultures.2. Quoting an authorityResearchers have shown that the words people speak may be far less important than the body language used when delivering verbal message. They estimate that less than 10 percent of the whole message understood by an audience is the actual content. Some 30 percent is attributed to the pitch and tenor of a person’s voice and 60 percent to other forms of non-verbal communication from body language to facial expressions to hand gestures. (Charles Mitchell, 2000)3. Starting with an anecdoteII. Focusing on the issueThe article tries to analyze the features of the subtitles of the movie Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon in terms of time-space constraints, informative function and cultural factors, and then puts forward corresponding strategies for translation, with concrete examples for illustration.In this thesis, the author will discuss the differences of cultural connotations between Chinese and English animal words, and try to investigate the importance of the input of culture in vocabulary teaching.III. Reviewing previous research1. Defining the key termsWhat is language? Different researchers have different concepts. Webster’s New World Dictionary offers several most frequently used scenes of the word “language”, namely: (1) human speech; (2) the ability to communicate by this means; (3) a system of vocal sounds and combination of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thought and feelings; (4) the written representation of such a system. These definitions give the conceptual meanings of language and its representative forms.The most typically and generally acceptable definition is: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition is mostly generalized and it distinguishes human language from any other animal s’ languages.A famous Chinese linguist Zhao Shikai defined language from different angles:(1) language is a social action and a carrier of information; (2) language is a system of structure; it contains phonetics, vocabulary and meaning, morphology and syntax; (3) language is a social phenomenon because it is an instrument of human communicationin a society; (4) language is a physiological phenomenon because it is connected with the organs of speech, the nervous system and muscular activities; (5) language is a psychological phenomenon because it is closely related to man’s psychological activities; (6) language is also a physical phenomenon owing to the propagation of speech sounds. These definitions are comparatively complete and all-around. It defines language from different angles like linguistics, sociology, psychology, physics, etc.On the basis of the above-mentioned points, language may be defined as follows: language is a system of symbols based on physiology, psychology and physics. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information used for human communication in a society.2. Providing theoretical backgroundThe relationship between language and culture is not just that between a part and a whole. It is much more complex than that. Language is the carrier and container of culture; language, as a mirror of culture, is strongly influenced and shaped by culture; language and culture is closely related, each influencing and shaping the other. As E. Sapir, an American linguist, points out that a language can’t exist in a “cultural vacuum”, nor can it exist in a vacuum of practices and beliefs inherited from the society. As the carrier of culture, every language has its own system and structure. And every nation has its own living habits, thinking way, language psychology, behavior criterion, sense of worth, and culture tradition.3. Evaluating related researchEuphemism has been used for a long time. It is also widely studied by Chinese and foreign scholars with great interest. In 1932, in a relatively long time in China, advocated by Chen Wangdao in his book An Introduction to Rhetoric, euphemism was studied as a means of rhetorical devices. In 1983, Chen Yuan discussed euphemism in his book Sociolinguistics in great details. From then on, more and more Chinese scholars who study foreign languages began to carry out some researches on this subject and published a large number of papers which made the study of euphemism step into a new stage. In recent years, Liu Chunbao has compiled A Dictionary of English Euphemisms, and it is regarded as an important work on euphemism. In English-speaking countries, American linguist Menken’s The American Language and British linguist Hugh Rawson’s A Dictionary of Euphemisms and Other Doubletalk are both extraordinary works on euphemism.However, it is not difficult to find that most of these works deal with euphemism in a single language. They either treat euphemism as a rhetorical device or discuss the nature of euphemism. Few works or papers are devoted to the comparison of euphemism between two languages and get the corresponding translation strategies. In other words, most of the researches have been done in the linguistic field. As far as the author of this thesis is concerned, the discussion on the translation of euphemism is of great significance in cross-cultural communication. It will help the readers to overcome some barriers in understanding or translating euphemism.4. Formulating the research designThis thesis attempts to offer some strategies for the translation of euphemism inEnglish-Chinese and Chinese-English translation on the basis of Chen Hongwei and Li Yadan’s translation criterion—“similarity in function and correspondence in meaning”. Starting with the discussion on translation and culture, the thesis compares English and Chinese taboo words, and provides specific euphemisms that substitute taboo words with some translation strategies which may be helpful to the English learners and translators.SampleWith the globalization of economy and especially with its accession to the WTO, China is taking an increasingly active part in world business activities. It is therefore necessary and inevitable for domestic enterprises to enter into business contracts with overseas companies or company groups. Considering the importance of a contract, it is very essential to make sure that a contract is correctly made and understood by the contracting parties. This is especially so for an international business contract, where two or more different languages are usually involved.An international business contract is often characterized by a rigid format, a well thought-out content, a complicated structure, and formal language. In order to make the terms clear and the rights and obligations of the two parties specified and controversial interpretations avoided, effective language use is of vital importance. It is often the case that, among other things, a large number of subordinate clauses are used towards such an objective.Sometimes several clauses are used to modify one verb, or one clause will contain another. With regard to the place where a subordinate clause is put, there can be a great difference between English and Chinese. It has thus become a key problem of how to render a subordinate clause, an adverbial clause in particular, from the source language into the target language in the translation of international business contracts. So in what follows, the author proposes to take a relatively detailed look at this problem, basing on relevant translation theories and standards.。
好的论文Introduction，应该这样写！超实用干货分享！（附下载）
好的论⽂Introduction，应该这样写！超实⽤⼲货分享！（附下载）SCI论⽂写作特辑- 第⼆期 -论⽂写作猛如虎，Introduction就是开门见⼭的⼤⽼虎...Introduction引⾔部分是论⽂写作第⼀关，通过呈现研究课题所折射的研究理论来说服⽬标读者。
对于英⽂⽔平捉襟见肘的科研者来说，多掌握⼀些常⽤句式能够很好地提升paper的可读性。
本期SCI论⽂写作分享，⼩艾就为⼤家总结⼀些Introduction的常⽤句型及句式。
⽅便⼤家写论⽂的时候，直接从中挑选使⽤。
值得收藏！（⽂末附PDF下载⽅式）⼀般来说，Introduction的常规写作顺序：1. 确⽴研究领域的重要性2. 早前、当前的研究贡献3. 差距/疑问/难题/评论4. 当前的研究⼯作确⽴研究领域的重要性01 A major current focus in __ is how to ensure sustainability of…__ 当前的⼀个主要重点是如何确保...的可持续性02 Much research in recent years has focused on __近年来的许多研究都集中在 __03 Analysis of change in __ is vital for two important reasons: …__ 变化分析⾄关重要，有两个重要原因：...04 It is of interest to know whether __still hold true.知道__是否仍然正确是很重要的。
05 The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many ...在过去的⼗年⾥，__见证了许多...的快速发展。
06 The issue of__has received considerable critical attention.__的问题受到了相当多的批判性关注。