澳大利亚和加拿大概况(带翻译)

Part One The Land and the People of the DreamingI. The Land1. The natural environment of AustraliaThe continent of Australia lies between equatorial South East Asia and the Antarctic. It is the largest island in the world, and is also the smallest, flattest and driest continent in the world.澳大利亚大陆在东南亚和南极之间，他是世界上最大的岛屿，最小最平最干的陆地2. The distinctive features of the land:独特的地貌the Great Dividing Range大分水岭and the Herat Barrier Reef. 赫拉特大堡礁2. The distinctive animals of the land:独特的动物the platypus(鸭嘴兽), the kangaroo, the koala, the wombat(毛鼻袋熊)II. The Peoples1. The Peoples of the Dreaming belong to over 500 different groups or nations with different languages and cultures but they were bound together by their belief in the Dreaming.人们属于超过500的有不同语言和文化的部族或国家，但是他们因为梦里的信念而紧密联系在一起2. The “Dreamtime”is most often used to refer to the “time before time”, or “the time of the creation of all things”, while “Dreaming”refers to an individual’s or group’s set of beliefs or spirituality.人们经常说开天辟地时期指的是”时间之始”，或者是天地万物被创造出来的那个时间点．而“梦想”是个人或组织坚定神圣的信念3. It is based on the central principle that people who live on the continent have special responsibilities to the land --- that the land owns them and that they hold it in trust as the home of their creator.它基于中心原则。

居住在这个大陆的人对土地有特殊的责任----土地属于他们，他们持有它作为他们创造者的家III. The Impact of Colonization。

殖民的影响1. The concept of Terra Nullius: the term is from Latin, which means a land that is owned by no one. The British declared the Australian continent Terra Nullius to justify their invasion of the indigenous people’s land 无主地的概念：这个术语来自拉丁语，意思是不属于某人的土地。

英国人宣布澳大利亚的领地是无主地来为他们侵略土著人的土地辩护2. The impact of colonization on the indigenous people殖民对土著人的影响(1)the indigenous people were dispossessed of the land they had lived on for tens of thousands of years;土著人被剥夺他们已经居住了几万土地(2)they were killed in violent skirmishes and massacres;他们在残忍的冲突和屠杀中被杀(3)they contracted the diseases brought by the white settlers and as a result, their population fell drastically.他们感染定居白人带来的疾病，结果，他们的人口大幅下降IV. The policies of segregation, exclusion and assimilation隔离，排除，同化的政策1. By the mid-1800s the government of violence changed to policies of segregation and exclusion. 到18世纪中期，暴力政府颁布隔离和排除的政策2. By the beginning of the 20th century the policy of protection had been replaced by the policy of assimilation.It was founded on the belief that the white culture was progressive and superior while the indigenous culture was inferior.到20世纪初，保护政策代替了同化政策。

它被认为相信白人文化是侵略的和优等的，而土著文化是次等的3.The double loss of traditional culture and exclusion from mainstream Australian society and culture led to Aboriginal people being labeled as lazy, stupid and drunken and dirty. 来自澳大利亚主流社会和文化传统文化和排除的双重丧失，导致土著人被冠以懒惰，愚蠢，常醉的，脏的标签Part Two Religion in Australia Today今天澳大利亚的宗教I. The Dreaming:The Dreaming means that people do not own the land –the land owns the people who have responsibilities of guardianship towards it.梦想意味着人们不用拥有土地—土地拥有着人们，人们对它有守护的责任II. Protestantism 新教? It is the most dominant form of religion in modern Australian society. It was the religion of governing colonial class in Australia. 它是现代澳大利亚社会最主要的宗教形式? It promotes values such as rationalism, individualism, hard work, worldly success and ascetics. 它提升理性主义，个人主义努力工作，世间的成功，禁欲的价值? Though its values are paradoxical, they fit well with the principles of Capitalism, and support the development of capitalism.虽然它的价值观是自相矛盾的，他和资本主义的原则相适应，支持资本主义的发展III. Cat holism 天主教? Australian Cat holism was transported to the colony with the convicts. It has replaced the Anglicanism as the most demographic dominant religious group. 澳大利亚的天主教被罪犯传播到殖民地，他代替英国国教，成为数据统计的最主要的宗教组织? In the second half of the19th century, the Catholics from Ireland played an important role in establishing the working class culture in Australia and in creating unionism and the political party that represented the working class. 19世纪后半期，爱尔兰来的天主教在建立澳大利亚工人阶级文化和建立一个代表工人阶级的联合的政治团体起到重要作用IV. Fundamentalism 基要主义运动? It is basically a commitment to conservatism. It is often found in societies that are undergoing rapid changes, where Fundamentalists want to maintain or create what were the fundamental values of an earlier culture. 他基本上是一个保守主义的一个承诺，他经常被发现在快速发展的社会里，在那基要主义运动想要维持和建立一个早期文化的基础价值观V. Anglicanism英国国教? It was the religion of the British colonizers as well as the convicts and free settlers. It was the dominant religion in Australia throughout the 19th and most of the 20th centuries. It has lost its demographic supremacy to Catholicism.它是英国的殖民者，罪犯和自由移民的宗教，它是澳大利亚的主要宗教，贯穿19世纪，几乎20世纪，天主教使他失去他统计数字上的至高地位VI. Secularism世俗主义? There is a steady increase in the number of people who have no formal commitment to any religion. Most of the people do not attend church services regularly today.对任何宗教没有正式的忠诚人们在数字上有平稳的增长? However, Australia still can be seen as a religious society, instead of a secular society, as over three quarters of the Australian population is associated with some form of religion.但是澳大利亚依然被看做是一个宗教国家，因为超过四分之三的澳大利亚人口和各种宗教的宗教有关系Part Three From Penal Colony to “Free Migration”从流放地到自由移民I. The beginning of the penal colony 流放地的开端? 1. The first period of the colonization of Australia, lasting from 1788 to the 1830s, was basedlargely on the “unfree”labor of the convicts. 澳大利亚第一阶段的殖民，从1788持续到1830年大多数都基于罪犯中的不免费的劳力? New South Wales, Tasmania and Queensland were established as convict colonies; Victoria and South Australia, established in 1830s, were settled as “free”, or non-convict, colonies. 新南威尔士，斯塔玛尼亚岛，昆士兰州作为罪犯殖民地被建立；维多利亚州和南澳大利亚1830年建立，作为自由或没罪犯的殖民地? Western Australia, established in 1828 as a free colony, turned to convict labor in 1850 and became a convict colony for 19 years until 1869.西澳大利亚1828年作为自由殖民地被建立，1850年转向罪犯劳动力，是罪犯殖民地直到19年后的1869年? Convict partnerships were not the only form of family of this era. There were also “free”families of people who came over with the transported convicts, families of soldiers or administrators of the colony or people who arrived as “free settlers”. 那个时代，罪犯的合作关系不是家庭唯一的形式，也有自由家庭的人们和（运过来的罪犯士兵的家属或殖民地的行政官一起或作为自由定居者到来的）人来这作为自由定居者II. From convict transportation to “free” migration? 1. By the early 1820s there was pressure from the majority of the “free’settlers in NSW to replace convict transportation with “free migration”and to establish a “free market”economy.18世纪20年代早期,有来自新南威尔士的自由定居者的压力，自由移民代替罪犯运输，并建立自由市场经济2. The 1930s and 1840s formed the early years of the modern (non-convict) system of the Australian Political Economy.19世纪30年代和18世纪40年代建立早期澳大利亚政治经济的现代系统3. Wakefield Scheme: 维克菲尔德方案? It was devised by Edward Wakefield, a convict and theorist on colonization, to solve the problem of labor shortage in colonial Australia 它被爱德华维克菲尔德设计，一个殖民地的囚犯和理论家，来解决殖民的澳大利亚劳工紧缺的问题? His proposal on the development of colonial Australia was that land should not be freely and cheaply available. 他对于殖民地的澳大利亚的发展的方案是土地不应该以便宜和便宜的价钱得到? It should be sold at surfeit price to ensure that only men of capital could afford it. The money earned from selling land should be used to assist selected migrants to Australia. 它应该以过量的价钱被卖，来确保只有有钱的人可已支付它，从卖土地挣来的钱应该用于帮助选定的澳大利亚移居者上? Part Four Australia as a Liberal Democratic Society? I. Difference as the central value of the Australian society澳大利亚社会不同的中心价值观? Australians understand and conduct life upon a basic commitment to difference. The emphasis is upon the principle that there are different ways if thinking and knowing about the world: there is neither absolute truth nor one single way to run the country.澳大利亚人基于基本信念来理解和指导生活，走向不同世上没有绝对的真理，也没有唯一的方式来运作国家II. The formation of Australian political system1. The “Washminster ”form of polity: 政府制度的政界形式? It is a mixture of the U S. Washington system of government and the British Westminster system. This means that the political structure of the government is based on a Federation of Statewith a three tier system of government. 它是美国华盛顿政府系统和英国议会系统的混合，它意味着政府的政治结构基于国家联邦的三层政府系统2. The three-tier system of the Australian government澳大利亚政府的三层系统? The Australian federation has three tiers in its government system: at the federal level, there are the Australian Parliament and the government. 澳大利亚联邦在其政府系统里有三个层，在联邦这层，有澳大利亚议会和政府? In the second tier are the state governments and their legislatures. In the third tier are the local government bodies at the city, town and shire levels. 第二层是州政府州政府和其立法机关；第三层是城市，镇，郡级当地政府机构3. The advantages of the pluralist form of government 政府兼职形式的优点1) It enables the citizens to exercise their political right to choose their own government;它使市民能够实行他们的政治权利来选择他们自己的政府2) It secures transparency and accountability of the government;它确保政府的透明度和责任3) It provides for an alternative government which can competently take over the state affairs should any government collapse;它提供了一个可替换的政府，能胜任的接下州内事务？4) The citizens can exert their power through major interest groups.市民可以通过主要的兴趣团体施加他们的力量4. The Constitutional Crisis of 1975 1975年宪法危机? It was caused by the dismissal of the Whitlam government by the Governor-General, which was elected by people.，人民选举产生的总督免职惠特拉姆政府导致的? When the Senate refused to pass the Supply Bill granting money for the operation of the government, Sir John Kerr, the Governor- General dismissed the Whitlam government. 当参议院拒绝批准（同意给政府钱来支持其运作的）支援法案，约翰克尔先生，总督解散惠特拉姆政府? This dismissal was generally interpreted as a flouting of the unmodified conventions of government and caused political and popular animosity.这次免职通常被诠释为政府不可改变的习惯的嘲弄，引起了政治上的和大众的憎恶5.Whistle-blowers: 实名举报者They are often experts in both senior and lower levels of bureaucracies. 他们通常对高级或低级水平的官僚制度很熟练They discover in their branch of the organization some problems of corruption and inefficiency and try to expose them.，他们发现在他们组织的分支内关于腐败和低效率的一些问题，并且试着解决他们6.The relations between Ministers and Heads of Department: 部长和部门领导的关系? Theoretically speaking, the public servants should be under the authority of the elected ministers 理论上讲大众公仆应该比选出来的部长权利低? The Minister is responsible for making policies, and the Head of Department is responsible for implementing the policies. 部长对指定法案有责任，并且部门领导对政策执行负责? As the Head of Department tends to be an expert specialist who has been working in the area for a long time, 因为部门领导试图成为已经工作在一个领域很长时间的专业专家，the minister is often in danger of being influenced by the administrative expertise of the Head of Department.部长经常有被部门领导的专业的行政知识影响的危险7. Reasons for the increase of the government role in Australian political economy before 1980s: 在19世纪80年代之前，政府在经济上角色加重的原因? 1) the expansion of education, health and social welfare services; 教育，健康社会，社会福利服务的扩展? 2) the introduction of social security programmes ;社会保险方案的引进? 3) the increase in government regulations of business and finance and the supply of labor; 政府对商业，财政，劳动力供应上规范的加大? 4) the introduction of a more complex system of justice and law and order.更为复杂的司法，法律，命令系统的介绍8. Political economic changes in the shift to economic rationalism在经济理性主义改变的政策经济改变1) financial regulations;经济规范2) the privatization and corpora ionization of public service;公共服务的个人化和公司化3) the end of centralized wage fixing system;集中工资固定系统的终结4) cuts in the size of the public sector and the sale of public assets 削减公共部门的规格和公共资产的销售Part Five From Racism to Multiculturalism 从种族主义到多元文化I. Ethnicity and inequality 种族划分和不平等1. In mid-19th century migrants were predominantly British, and those who benefited from assisted migration were almost all from Britain. 19世纪中期气门主要是英国人和那些从帮助移民上得到好处的人也绝大多数是来自英国2. By the 1870s, the Chinese constituted the third largest group in Australia, after the British (including the Irish) and Germans. Chinese migrants were subjected to racism at many levels. (target of physical attacks) 到18世纪70年代，中国人构成澳大利亚第三大群体，在英国和德国之后。