专八改错课件
《专八改错技巧》课件
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改错技巧
词汇选择
总结词
词汇选择是改错技巧中的基础， 需要掌握常见易错词汇和短语。
详细描述
在改错过程中，要特别注意近义词 、形近词、固定搭配等易错点，确 保词汇选择准确，符合语境和语义 。
示例
将“实施”改为“实行”，因为“ 实施”与“计划”不是固定搭配。
语法结构分析
总结词
示例
语法结构分析是改错的核心，需要掌 握常见语法错误类型。
展望未来学习方向
继续深入学习英语语法 掌握更高级的语法结构和表达方式。
提高英语写作能力
展望未来学习方向
通过多写多练，培养 英语思维和表达能力 。
提高阅读理解能力和 词汇量。
阅读英文原著和新闻
展望未来学习方向
参加英语角和线上交流活动
提升口语交流和听力理解能力。
THANKS
感谢您的观看
语义错误
总结词
语义错误是指句子意思表达不清或与原意不符。
详细描述
语义错误可能是由于用词不当、语境理解偏差等原因造成的。例如，“He is a criminal”可能被误解为“他是一个罪犯”，实际上可能是“他犯了一个罪”。
标点符号错误
总结词
标点符号错误是指句子中缺少或多余 标点符号。
详细描述
标点符号错误可能表现为逗号、句号 、分号等使用不当或遗漏。例如，“I love pizza, she loves salad”应为 “I love pizza, she loves salad.”
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详细描述
检查标点符号是否符合规范，如逗号、句号、引号等，确保句子表达清
晰、规范。03示例将“I love reading books, especially ones about history.”改为“I
第五讲 英语专业专八改错
非谓语 现在分词 VS 过去分词 a bounden ____ (bind) duty 应尽的义务 freezing (freeze) wind 寒冷刺骨的风 a_____ lost a _____(lose) cause 已成的败局 fight a losing _____(lose) battle 进行着没有希望 胜利的战斗 不定式 to VS 介词to admit to 承认、供认object to 反对 cling to 坚持、坚守submit to 顺从、屈服
词形、词义相近 air quantity air quality on the face of a planet
surface
… his politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him raise. rise life costs VS living costs 外层空间 out space outer space
代词（与其先行词在人称、性、数、 格上一致） （young animals）compared with the human infant they very quickly grow the capacity to fend for them. themselves
… our own handwriting is something which we almost that always know.
形容词、副词用错 比较级、最高级不用或错用 …of the remaining fraction, which is somewhat fewer than 1% of the whole, there is 10-20 times as much stored as underground water as is actually on the surface. 有些词没有比较级和最高级，perfect, excellent, favorite, unique, complete etc.
英语专业八级改错(终稿版)
英语专业八级改错（1）It is difficult to think of a nation as an abstract collection of people living on a patch of territory. It is easier to think of as a person. This is why we sometimes call Great Britain __1__ "Britannia" and the United States "Columbia", and think of it as stately women. We also use masculine symbols in our __2__ personification of nations. In 1712 John Arbuthont, a Scot,wrote a political satire in that the characters were supposed __3__ to be typical members of different nationalities. The Englishman was John Bull. This name, which was sufficient flattering to be __4__ adopted generally, combined the most common English first name with a last name indicated strength. John Bull is usually __5__ pictured as a partly businessman with a Union Jack on his hatband.After the American War of Independence began in 1783, the United__6__States was knownfor "Brother Jonathan". Jonathan was a biblical__7__ name associated with simple people from rural areas, and it seemed fitting since the United States is rural and unsophiscated, and since__8__American considered their type of simplicity a virtue compared to __9__ the wickedness of European cities. It is possible, however, that the name was originated with President George Washington, who would__10__often say, when faced with a hard problem, "Let us consult Brother Jonathan", referring to his secrectary, Johnathan Trumbull.英语专业八级（1）答案和解析:1. of和as之间加上it.代替前文的a nation2. it—both.指代上文的US和Great Britain3. that—which4. sufficient—sufficiently.修饰形容词用副词5. indicated—indicating 来源：考试大6. began—ended.根据历史知识，美国独立战争开始于1776年7月4日(《独立宣言》发表)，直到1783年英国正式承认美国独立才结束。
专八考试专题--校对和改错 共18页
非谓语动词：见了ing想ed，见了ed想ing。
形容词比较级：多半是把原形改为比较级 。考的频率也蛮高的。
虚拟语气：注意一下还是比较容易看出来 的，多长个心眼儿吧。
are
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docin/sanshengshiyuan doc88/sanshenglu
Proofread the given passage on your answer sheet as instructed.
Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes involved in language. Psycholinguistics study understanding, production and remembering language, and hence are concerned with (1) _____
listening, reading, speaking, writing, and
memory for language.
One reason why we take the language for
granted is that it usually (2) ______
happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so
（3）常考题型，高度警惕。
冠词：the变a, a变the，补the补a，删a删the ，每年都玩的把戏。
单复数：无非是his变their之类的，关键是 细心。
专八改错专题PPT课件
4 区分及物不及物动词 whose languages are utterly different,
serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference between these noises and language proper.
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5 辨别动词或分词的主动与被动 • “empty” words as opposed to the
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7 判断介词搭配是否有误
To the way in which these words should be arranged to convey a particular message; the English speaker has in his disposal a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules which…
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12个改错技巧:
1. 从语篇的角度判断逻辑衔接词是否有误 2. 分析句子结构，判断句子成分
There is no material in any language today or in the earliest records of ancient language shows us language in a new and emerging state.
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三. 改错答案统计分析
• 1. 从错词词类上看，分布比较均匀，英语八大 词类中均有涉及，具体来说：
• 每年涉及至少5种词类的修改； • 动词每年都有，至少一个； • 形容词副词每年至少有一个； • 冠词代词每年至少有一个(01年除外) • 介词(搭配)每年至少一个 • 2.从修改方法上看，每年10道改错题呈6，7---
专八改错ppt
7.）时态语态语气问题
• For this reason, biologists now suggest that language be "species specific" to the human race,...(1998.8)
• be --is
8.）易混词与反义词问题
“than”比较结构
• • • • no more than 仅仅, 不多于（强调少） not more than 不多于，至多 no less than 多达，不少于，至少 (强调多) not less than 不少于，至少
“than”比较结构
• • • • no more than 仅仅, 不多于（强调少） not more than 不多于，至多 no less than 多达，不少于，至少 (强调多) not less than 不少于，至少
• ...and it often comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. (2002. 4)
• firstly--first
9.）赘述省略平行问题
• Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women who formed families between...reduced the divorce rate after a postwar peak;.... (2003.6)
“than”比较结构
• not more ... than… 不如 • no more ... than… 和......一样不(否定两者) • not less ... than… 不如......不（即指不如 less 后形容词的反面） • no less ... than… 和......一样(肯定两者)
2019年最新-【专业英语】专八改错以及翻译,附答案-PPT课件-精选文档
翻译
• 乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。但他另外两大爱好却鲜为人知，那 就是钓鱼和喝酒。晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓，他说：“有水有 鱼的地方大都是有好环境的，好环境便会给人好 心情。 我认为最好的钓鱼场所不是舒适的、给你准备好饿鱼的垂 钓园，而是那极其有吸引力 的大自然野外天成的场所。” 钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。乔羽 说： “钓鱼可分三个阶段：第一阶段是吃鱼；第二阶段 是吃鱼和情趣兼而有之；第三阶段主要是 的趣，面对一 池碧水，将忧心烦恼全都抛在一边，使自己的身心得到充
• learning even our difficult English spelling. This is ‘natural’, 8.___
• therefore, that our speech-sounds should be those of our immediate circle; after all, as we have seen, speech operates as a means of holding a community and giving a sense of 9.___
• speech sounds like when we speak out, and it often comes as a 3.___
• shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. It is not a 4.___
• voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which we almost always know. We begin the 5.___
2019
专八改错 ppt课件
2020/12/2
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二. 改错文章统计分析
• 1. 内容:人文类学术书籍或期刊杂志（历史政 治语言教育）,特别是语言类为主
• 2. 篇幅: 最多283词, 最少182词 • 3. 结构: 总分结构 • 1）总:文章主题一般在首句 • 2）分:两条线索—对立和顺承 • 对立 • 顺承 • 一句话，两条线
• “不怕太阳晒，也不怕那风雨狂，只怕先生骂我 笨，没有学问无颜见爹娘 ……”
• “太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，小鸟说早早早……”
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考试测验不忘本
对能力的考查
词法是基础---靠记忆，靠积累，靠语感 语法是药方---概况，总结，举一反三是捷径 语篇是语言的思维
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• 一. 改错题的注意事项 • 二. 改错文章统计分析 • 三. 改错答案统计分析 • 四. 解题步骤 • 五.常见错误类型 • 六. 复习建议
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十大错误总会出现
• 错误1：介词冠词问题（错误，多余，遗漏） • 错误2：形容词与副词问题（混淆，级） • 错误3：时态语态语气问题（上下文时态不一，语态混淆
，虚拟中动词用错）
• 错误4：非谓语动词问题 （尤其是V-ing与V-ed混淆） • 错误5：搭配错误（尤其是动词、名词短语搭配） • 错误6：易混词与反义词问题（同形词，近义词误用，根
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基本用法
•定冠词+形容词表示一类人或事物 （2004年7题）
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在一些搭配中用冠词和不用冠词的 意义区别
2020/12/2
上学学习类
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在一些搭配中用冠词和不用冠词的 意义区别
proofreading-lecture英语专业八级考试改错题详解ppt课件
精选版课件ppt
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改错考试部分应试技巧
• 例1：There are important corollaries to the investigative power．One is the power to publicize investigations and its results．(2004年八级考试改错第6题)
精选版课件ppt
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改错考试部分应试技巧
• 例1：We begin the “natural” learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write，and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and practicing the pronunciation of…
• 应该改用high。尽管height与high两个名词均 有“高度．高峰-之义，但是后者常表示 “高 水准．高纪录。如还可以说The price reached a new high。因此在这里更确切。
精选版课件ppt
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改错考试部分应试技巧
• 例2：those whose jobs require a great deal of contact with others can engage in activities that are quiet and peaceful—far from the madding crowd，far from client and business associates．(1984年八级考试 改错第10题)
精选版课件ppt
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改错考试部分应试技巧
专八改错讲义
（6）before, by , when ,after, once 等 过去完成时
如果从句表示的是客观事实，真理或者一个人（物）的经常性特点或习惯，其时态通常 用一般现在时，不受主句时态的影响。
（3） would rather +did （4） It is high time that + should do / did
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YY 8670
专八改错
@老师王菲
（5）Wish 后面的宾语从句中要求使用虚拟语气，其用法也分为对现在，过去 将来实际情况相反的虚拟。
（6）in case ,lest , for fear that 引导的状语从句中，要求使用虚拟语气 should + do
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YY 8670
专八改错
@老师王菲
专八改错解题思路 1. 宏观层面分析
（1） （2） （3） 2. 微观层面分析 （1） （2） （3） （4） （5） 3. 注意事项 （1）即使按照语感很快找到了疑似错误，也要坚持读完全句再做判断，可能会有新的发现。 过于相信第一感觉而带来的失分是划不来的。 （2）分两次改比较合理，因为毕竟只有少数人能够在第一遍看材料的时候就找出所有的错 误，尽管这些错误不见得隐藏得多深。 （3）常考题型，高 and paintings are fine arts. They gained great successes in developing their national economies and cultures.
（6） difficulties, opinions 等。
专八改错技巧(精编课件).ppt
4、 介词及固定搭配
a. 介词误用 b. 介词冗余 c. 介词缺失 出现频率极高！
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a. 介词误用 2008 Others favored the adoption of Greek, though,
as one man put it, things would certainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English and made the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactory solution of carrying the same language as before. at---in (in the end)
Proofreading and error correction
词法错误
句法错误
语篇错误
精品课件
1.冠词
2.名词
词
3.代词
法
4.介词及固定搭配
错
误
5.形容词和副词的比较结
构
6.情态动词
7.用词混淆
精品课件
1、三类常见冠词错误
a. 冠词误用 b. 冠词冗余 c. 冠词缺失
出现频率较高!!
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The
去掉the
Language – the language
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c. 冠词缺失
2007年真题
We may say that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement are largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, whereas language proper does not consist of signs but of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional.
2010-2011专八改错(1)PPT教学课件
• 测试目的：测试学生运用语言知识的能力。
• 本部分主要测试的是语法和词汇知识在语境中的综
合运用能力。除了语法和词汇以外，改错题型也要
求考生具备较高的阅读能力和较好的文化素养。
2020/12/09
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二、试题简析
• 1. 题型分析
• 校对与改错项目包含两个部分：答题要求和一 篇要求修改的短文。
• 答题要求部分说明修改短文的三种方法：加入、 删去和改动某一单词，并举例说明。（每年考 试中不变）
• For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.
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From what has been said, it must be clear that no one make very positive statements about how language originated. There is no material in any language today and in the earliest records of ancient languages show us language in a new and emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remote tribes, no ancient records, providing evidence of a language with a large proportion of such cries than we find in English. It is true that the absence of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in other grounds too the theory is not very attractive.
英语专业八级改错与校对练习学生讲义
改错与校对练习PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTIONPassage OneIt is very difficult imagine an educational system which transmits values 1.______ seriously in conflict with that of the government and the state, or which 2. ______ contributes nothing to training young people for their future adult work-roles. However, educational systems are often only partial successful. This is partly 3.______ because people have different views of what elements of culture ( norms andvalues) should be stressed on, and what skills are useful. Such disagreement has4.______a fundamental basis in social structure of modem Britain because there is often 5. ______ a contradiction among the two functions of socialization and training. This is 6. ______ because the two functions are not easily separate in practice. The norms and 7. ______ values transmitted to any group of children have to be somehow relating to the 8. ______kinds of skills they taught. The culture of the aristocracy is not the same as 9. ______ that of working-class neighborhoods in the inner cities. Similarly, training fordifferent sorts of work need to be different: to be proficient in Latin is not 10.______ useful to the shop assistant, just as expertise in woodwork is irrelevant to a university teacher.Passage TwoAs people live in a fast-moving world where tensions build up,die effects of long-distance miming are uplifting.Each hill is approached as a positive challenge, causing the runnerto grow strongly with each stride and leading him to tranquility and harmony. 1. ______ Long-distance running that helps a person to forget pressure on family 2. ______ problems as well as job related annoyances. An example comes quickly in 3. ______ mind. One day I had a really terrible fight with my landlady over some foolishincident. I screamed and yelled at her but she very nearly threw me out. A few 4.______ minutes later, I set for my daily run. By the end of the first mile, the argument 5. ______ seemed like the bad dream. At the end of the fourth mile, I was 6. ______ full with feelings of remorse and forgiveness towards the landlady. I saw how 7.______ unreasonable I have been, I stopped at the local flower shop and bought my 8.______ landlady a beautiful rose. which I immediately gave her I stepped inside the 9. ______ house. Running has that kind of effect on most runners. It makes us feelpositive and serene. Incorporating long-distance running into a daily routinewill significantly change a runner's life. I do not know whether it comes fromfollowing a strict routine the improved physical condition of the runner. 10. _____ But I do know that people quickly become addicted to the sport.Passage ThreeWhat is drug? Most of people probably think ther e’s a perfect simple 1. _____ answer to this question. In fact, if one carries a quick survey on any street corner,one finds (hat, according to vast majority of people, there are two groups 2. _____ of drugs: those prescribed by doctors, and those people take for non-medicaluse. As medicine and medical profession are generally self-respectful, there 3. ______ aren't any objections to the use of prescribed drugs. What moat people don’trealize is (hat when prescribed drugs are usually beneficial, they can also 4. ______ present a serious problem. There were many people addicted by tranquillizers 5. ______ before doctors began to prescribe them: now there being literally millions who 6. ______ depend on (hem. An acceptance of the use of drugs for non-medical reasons islargely a matter of a culture. Some Eastern people think the use of alcohol with 7.______ horror, mainly as a result of religious upbringing. However, these similar 8. ______ people freely use marijuana without a second thought, and this, in turn, isn’taccepted in Western culture which accepts alcohol. In most Western societies, the 9. ______ tea- or coffee-break' s now a part of the life, And huge quantities of these drinks 10._______are consumed daily.Passage FourIn a competitive and fast-paced modem society, busy businessexecutives are so engrossing in (heir work that they hardly know what 1. ______ the word 'leisure" means. The higher an executive’s position is on thebusiness ladder, the more hours he spends on his work. With a view togaining greater corporate standing or a big pay rise, he, as a rule, far 2. _____ exceeds over the 40-hour working week. 3. _____ The additional stress and tension as well as the shortage of suitable 4. _____ rest and recreation very often have a disastrous effect on his health. Fewsuch executives realize that unless they learn how to relax, they will soonrun of steam before they get to the top of the executive ladder. A noted 5. ______ American authority on leisure has said that “The key to relaxation to busy 6. ______ executives is to avoid the types of activities that are part and parcel oftheir daily work and to devote themselves totally to have recreational 7. ______pursuits for at least a part of each day, even it is only for half an hour. 8. _____ Those jobs require a great deal of contact with others can engage in activities 9. ____ that are quiet and peaceful ―far from the madding crowd, far from client 10. _____ and business associates.”Passage FiveAir quality in Britain has improved considerably in the last 30 years.Total emissions of smoke in the air have risen by over 85 per cent since 1. _____ 1950. The domestic smoking control program has been particularly 2. _____ important in achieving this result. London and other major cities nolonger have the dense smoke-laden “smogs” of the 1950s but in central 3.______London winter sunshine has increased by about 70 per cent since 1958.Since 1990, everyday air pollution data from the British Monitoringnetwork has made available to the public by the Department of theEnvironment’s Air Quantity Bulletins. These concentrated three main 4. ______ pollutants-ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide —end gradeair quality on a scale between “very weak” and “very good”. The 5. ______ information features in television and radio weather reports appears 6. ______ in many national and Local newspapers. Therefore, 7. ______the data are also available on the special free telephone number and on 8. ______ video text Systems. A comprehensive review of the issue of urbanized air 9. ______ quality was announced in January 1992, Three independent committees ofexperts have been established to advise on different aspects of the problem,and will set guidelines and targets for air quality. The network will also being 10. ______ extended and upgraded at a cost of million.Passage sixThe amazing success of humans as a species is the resultof the evolutionary development of our brains which hastened totool-using, tool-making, the ability to solve problems by logicalreasoning, thoughtful cooperation, and language. One of the moststriking ways in that chimpanzees biologically resemble humans 1. _____ lies in the structure of their trains. The chimpanzee, with thecapacity for primitive reasoning, exhibits a type of intelligence like 2. _____ that of humans than does any, other mammal living today. The brainof the modem chimpanzee is probably not too dissimilar to the brainthat so many millions of years ago direct the behavior of the first ape 3. _____ man.In a long time, the fact that prehistoric people made tools was 4. _____ considered to be one of the major criterion distinguishing them from 5. _____other creatures. It is true that the chimpanzee does not fashion tools to“a regular and set pattern” but then, prehistoric people, after their 6. _____ development of stone tools.Undoubtedly poked around with sticks and straws, at whichstage it seems unlikely that they made tools to a set pattern too. 7. _____ It is because the close association in most people’s minds of 8. _____ tools with humans that special attention has always been focused uponany animal able to use an objective as a tool; but it is important to realize 9. _____that this ability, on its own, does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerning. 10. _____Passage sevenDuring the traditional wedding ceremony, the bridal couplepromises each other lifelong devotion. Yet, about one out of four 1. _____ American marriages ends in divorce. Since 1940, the divorce ratehas more than doubled, and experts predict that, of all marriagesthat occured in the 1970s, about 50% will end in divorce, The USA 2. _____ is one of the highest divorce rates in the world, perhaps even the highest. 3. _____What goes wrong? That fact that divorce is so common in theUnited States does not mean that Americans consider marriage a casual, unimportant relationship. Just opposite is true. Americans expect a 4. _____ great deal from marriage. They seek physical, emotional, andintellectual compatibility. They want to be loved deep and understood. 5. ______ It is because Americans expect so much from marriage that so manyget divorce. They prefer no marriage at all to a marriage without love 6. ______ and understanding. With typical American optimist, they end one 7. ______ marriage in the hope of that the next will be happier. With no-fault 8. ______ divorce laws in many states, It is easier than never to get a divorce. 9. ______ Some American Women stay in unhappy marriages because they donot have the education or job experience to support themselves andtheir children. But most American women believe that, if necessary,they can make it lonely without a husband. All things considered, 10. _____ Americans have little reason to continue an unhappy marriage.Passage eightThe world is in a self-destruction mode. By this statementI mean that the people of the world are bent on making this planet inhabitable in three distinct ways. Furthermore, these three ways 1. ______ are all interrelated and related directly to industrialization.The first of three is through pollution to the air, the water, 2. ______or the soil. Industrialization has meant toxic fumes in the atmo- 3. ______ sphere and poisonous substances in the water and in the soil.Industry has also been responsible to noise and visual pollution:the roar of machinery and the ugliness of factories and cheap housing developments ... these factors take the joy outside of natural 4. ______ surroundings for human beings.However, the balance of nature has been upset. To feed the 5. ______ hungry factories, huge forests have been leveled, mountains havestripped of their protection ... The results are farther-reaching 6. ______ as we can know. 7. ______ The third and the most acute of the problem is the psycho- 8. ______ logical effect on people of increased competition and hard economictimes. The reasons that people give for political unrest might be reasonsof belief or religion, but I believe that it is the desire of people to improvetheir standard of life that ultimately causes was. Because of the 9. ______ industrialization, much of the beauty and the simplicity of life is away. 10. _____Passage nineThe ordinary family in colonial North America was primarilyconcerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its owneconomic prosperity. Thus, Children were valued in the terms of 1. ______ their productivity, and they assumed the role of producer quite early.Until they fulfilled this role, his position in the structure of the family 2. ______ was one of subordination, and their psychological needs andcapacities received much consideration. 3. ______ As the society became more complex, the status of childrenin the family and in the society become, each member must fulfill the 4. ______ number of personal and occupational role and be in constant contact 5. ______with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing childrenpotentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society 6. ______ means that they are regarded more as people in their own right so as 7. ______utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as equal participantsin the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statutesprotecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfareprograms devoted exclusively in their well-being. 8. ______ This new view of children and the increasing contact betweenthe members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest inchild-rearing technique. People today spend a considerable portion oftheir time discussing the proper way to bring about children, It is now 9. ______ possible to influence the details of the socialization of another person'schild in spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and 10. _____methods of child rearing.Passage tenAdvertising is a form of mass selling, and it is employed whenthe use of direct, person-to-person selling is practical, impossible, or 1. simply inefficient. It is to be distinguished from other activities andits aim intended to persuade the public. Advertising techniques ranges 2. complexly from the publishing of simple, straightforward noticesin the classified-advertising columns of newspapers to the concerted use 3. newspapers, magazines, television, radio, direct mail, and other communications media in the course of a single advertising campaign.From its simple beginnings in ancient times, advertising have turned 4. into a worldwide industry. In the U.S. alone in the late 1980s, approximately $120 billion was spent in a single year to advertising 5.to influence the purchase of commodities and services.Advertising falls into two main categories; consumer advertising, directed to the final purchaser, and trade advertising, in which theappeal is made to dealers on through trade journals and other media. 6.Both consumer and trade advertising employ many specializedtypes of commercial persuasion. A relatively minor, except important, 7. form of advertising is institutional advertising, which is designed mainlyto build prestige and public respect for particular business concerns as important institutions. Each year millions of dollars is spent on 8. institutional advertising.Another minor, but increasingly popular, form of advertising is cooperation advertising. For example, makers of milk, of pie, and of 9. sausages sometime jointly advertise this combination as an ideal 10.cold-weather breakfast.Passage elevenLike all animal species, plant species must spread their offspringto suitable areas where they can grow and pass on their parent's genes. 1. Young animals generally spread by walking or flying. Because plantsdon't have that ability, they may somehow hitchhike. Some plant seeds 2. scatter by blowing in the wind or floating on water. Many other plant species, though, trick an animal into carrying their seeds. How do theydo? They enclose them within a tasty fruit and advertise the fruit'sripeness by its color or smell. The hungry animal collects and swallowsthe fruit, walks or flies off, but later spits out the seeds somewhere far 3. from its parent tree. Seeds can thereby be carried thousands of miles. 4.It may surprise you to learn that plant seeds can resist digestion. In fact, some seeds actually require passage through an animal's body beforethey can grow.Wild strawberries offer a good example of hitchhiking tactic. 5. When strawberry seeds arc still young and not yet ready to be planted,the surrounding fruit is green, sour, and hard. When the seeds final 6. mature, the berries turn red, sweet, and tender, The change in the berries' color serves as a signal to birds which then eat the strawberries, fly off,and eventually spit out the seeds.Naturally, strawberry plants doesn't set out with a conscious 7. intent of attracting birds only when their seeds were ready to bedispersed away. Nor did birds set out with the intent of plant straw- 8. berries. Rather, strawberry plants evolved through natural selection.The sweeter and reder the final strawberry, the more birds spread 9.its ripe seeds; the greener and more sour the young strawberry, thebirds destroyed the seeds by eating berries before the seeds were ready. 10.Passage TwelveCheese, nutritious food made from the milk of cows and other mammals, including sheeps, goats, buffalo, reindeer, camels, and mares. 1. Cheese is one of the world's oldest food products ―for thousands of years, people have been raised animals for milk, turning their surplus 2. milk into cheese. More than 400 varieties of cheese existing, making it 3. one of the most general foods in the world. Cheese comes in hundredsof different shapes, sizes, flavors, and is used in as many different ways. Enjoyed with bread, crackers, and fruit, used as an ingredient in cooked foods, and mixed with salads and flour, cheese is a healthy food all over 4. the world. Cheese is a concentrated resource of almost all the valuable 5. nutrients found in milk, such as protein, vitamins, and minerals, as wellas the less desirable fat and cholesterol, substances that may lead tohealth problems when consumed in excess. The fat content in cheesevaries depending the milk used. Cheese made with whole milk, or milk 6. enriched with cream, has the lowest amount of fat, cholesterol, and 7. calories. Cheese made with skim milk has the lowest. Because its high 8. protein and calcium content, cheese in moderation is an important component of a balanced diet It is an especially good source of proteinfor children, which growing bodies require higher amounts of protein 9. than adults. Many vegetarians, who do not eat meat, rely to cheese as a 10. source of protein in their diets.Passage thirteenBegun in the late 1960s by Pentagon weapons researches as asystem for easing communication between computers in disparateelectric networks, the Internet has evolved into a popular vehicle for 1. scientific research, communication, entertainment, and more. It links together thousands of computer networks such as those belonging to corporations, commercial services, universities, and research centers,joining them as branches on a tree to larger networks known as 2. backbones. Once a computer is on-line, that is, connected by modemor networking equipment of the Internet, the user can search through 3. data banks for documents, chat with other computer users, or instant 4. send opinions and observations to the likes of President Bill Clinton,film critic Roger Ebert, or rocker Billy Idol (just to name a few).No central governing body runs the Internet, and nobody hasan exact census of users. But estimates of the number already range 5. from around 10 million to as high as 5 million. Well over 10,000separated computer networks are connected by the Internet, and 6. total traffic was expected to double during 1993.Today, the Internet is free resources and commercial servicesthat provide databases and computer files with a fee. Publishers are 7. seeking to make books and periodicals available on the Internet as aprofit-making adventure. Meanwhile, works in the public domain 8. have begun appearing on the Inter net for users to “upload” to their 9. computers virtually free of charge. With electronic access to data fromall over the world, scholarly research that in the past would haverequired months of travel could now be done at one's desk. 10.Passage fourteenWater is the oldest form of transport. The original sailed vessels 1. were replaced by steamboats in the early 1800s and by diesel power inthe 1920s. A distinct is generally made between deep-water and navigable 2. inland water transport-Domestic commerce center on the Great Lakes, 3. canals, and navigable rivers.The exact miles of improved waterways in operation dependin partly on whether coastwise and intercoastal shipping are included 4.The main advantage of water transport is capacity to move 5. extremely large shipments. Deep-water vessels are restricted in operation, but diesel-towing barges have a fair-degree of flexibility. 6.In comparison to rail and highway, water transport ranks in the middlewith respect to fixed cost. The fixed cost of operation is more greater 7. than that of motor carriers but less than that of railroads. The main disadvantage of water is the unlimited degree of flexibility and the 8. low speeds of transport. Although the source and destination of the 9. movement are adjacent to a waterway, supplemental haul by rail ortruck is required. The capability of water to transport large tonnageat low various cost places this mode of transport in demand when 10. low freight rates are desired and speed of transit is a secondary consideration.Passage fifteenBefore considering this question it is interesting to reviewbriefly the evolution of the mind as the instrument. The commonest 1. way that has been used to find out the relative intellectual level of creatures at different stage of evolutionary complexity has been to study 2. the way they behave when giving different kinds of puzzles. For example, 3. an ant possesses a complex routine of behavior, but can it think?The answer is what if an ant is forced to go through a maze of 4. passages, many of which are dead ends, on its way to its nestle, it starts 5.by making a lot of mistakes and taking a great many wrong turnings.In the end, however, after it has to worry its way through often enough, 6.it does learn to get to its nest without going into any of the blind alleys.As one moves up the evolutionary scale the test of mind-power 7. exemplified by solving the problem of getting through a maze becomesvery simple. Among mammals, for example, the maze is an inadequate 8. test. The learning problem does not tax enough attributes of the mind.In this sort of learning, as a matter of fact, rats can hit university 9. undergraduates and have, in fact, repeatedly done so. The next, moresubtle test of mental ability is to see what level an animal can think 10. about something when it is not there.Passage sixteenIf it were only necessary to decide whether to teach elementaryscience to everyone on a mess basis or to find the gifted few and take 1. them as far as they can go, our task would be fairly simple. The publicschool system, moreover, has no such choice, for the two jobs must be 2. carried on at the same time. Because we depend so heavily upon scienceand technology for our progress, we must produce specialist in many 3. fields. Because we live in a democratic nation, whose citizens make the policies for the country, large numbers of us must be educated to 4. understand, to support, and when necessary, judge the work of experts. 5. The public school must educate for both producers and users of scientific services. In education there should be a good balance among the branchesof knowledge that attribute to effective thinking and wise judgment such 6. balance is defeated by too much emphasis on any one field. This questionof balance involves not only the relation of the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the arts but also relative emphases between the natural 7. sciences themselves. By contrast, we must have a balance between the 8. current and classical knowledge. The attention of the public iscontinuously drawn to new possibilities in scientific fields and the 9. discovery of new knowledge; these should not be allowed to turn our attention from the sound, established materials that form the basis of 10. courses for beginners.Passage seventeenThe world’s population continues to grow. There now are about4 billion of us on earth. That could reach 6 billion by the end of thecentury and 11 billion in a farther 75 years. 1.Experts have long been concerned about such a growth.Where will we find the food, water, works, houses, schools and 2. health care for all these people?A major new study shows that the situation may be changing.A large and rapid drop in the world’s birth rate have taken place 3. during the past 10 years. Families generally are smaller now thanthey were a few years ago. It is happened in both developing and 4. industrial nations.Researchers said they found a number of reasons for this,More men and women are waiting more longer to get married and 5. are using birth control devices and methods to prevent and delay 6. pregnancy. More women are going to school or working at jobsaway from home instead having children. 7.And more governments, especially in developing nations, nowsupport family planned programs to reduce population growth, China 8.is one of the nations that has made great program in reducing its 9. population growth. China has already cut off its rate of population 10. growth by about one half since 1970.Passage eighteenBeyond puppyhood, retraining an aggressive dog often is atough jo b, and it doesn’t always work. You may need professional advice. Contract your veterinarian, who might refer you to a trainer 1.or behaviorist. If after retraining, your dog continues to scare people, considering whether the kindest and safest action is to put the dog to 2. sleep.Every pet owner, and every family with children, need to take 3. seriously of the risk of dog bites. Ask the Bogers. It's been more than 4.one year since five-year-old Megan began to raise her pet. The scars 5. around her eye and the wound on one side of her mouth have fadedalmost to nothing, and the memory of the attack by her pet lingers. 6. “She’s very hesitant around all dogs,” reports her mom, “I’m more so.” They have taught Megan and their another children to approach dogs 7. slowly, and hold up a hand to be sniffed before getting closer. 8.The family was requiring by law to keep the dog contained for 9.d ten days, to be sure it didn't carry rabies. Then the Bogers gave it toa family friend ―one with children. Now they have it back, but 10.he's carefully supervised.Passage nineteenWhen I was about 11, I inherited my older brother's paper route.It was a good job, though it means waking up at the crack of dawn 1. and hopping on my bike in Rockford, to deliver papers.Punctuality was critic. People expected the paper on their front 2. porch by 6 a.m. If I ran late, they would be standing in their doorwaysand I would infinitely hear about it. On the other hand, doing the job 3. professionally often resulted in much-appreciated tips.Ever since then, I have tried to do as professional a job as 4. possible-whether it be bagging groceries, painting houses or tarringroofs. Acting is not different. I believe if you work hard and behavelike a pro, it will pay back, and you will be offered more and better roles. 5.This means giving your all. If a scene requires another characterto react to jumping into the water, I will jump in as many times as it 6. takes to help him and the director get the shot. Several years ago,while filmed a movie in the mountains of Brazil, my fellow actors 7.and I all pitched in to help the screw move heavy equipment through 8. rugged jungle. Acting is a job like any other, and you can't let it go toyour head. The thing that made a difference delivering papers 9.being thorough, punctual, doing your best-also count on the movie set.And I still have to woken up at the crack of dawn. 10.。
专八改错讲义
专八改错讲义专业八级改错讲义主讲教师：袁丹2012年专业八级改错部分The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely．The argument has been going since at least the first (1) ______century B.C．Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writersfavoured certain kind of ―free‖ translation: the spirit, not the letter; the (2) _______sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter not (3) _______the manner．This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who (4) _______wanted the truth to be read and understood．Then in the turn of 19th (5) _______century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested thatthe linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language (6) _______was entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible (7) _______gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must be as (8) _______literal as possible．This view culminated the statement of the (9) _______extreme ―literalists‖ Walter Benjamin a nd Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation, thenature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed．Toooften, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified witheach other．Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains．(10) _____能力I. 语法知识1. 原句中的定语从句不要轻易放开1) As we know, life would only be possible on the face of a __________planet had temperatures somewhere within this range. __________2) the key to relaxation to busy executives I to avoid the types of _____activities that are part and parcel of their daily work and to devote themselves totally to have_____ recreational pursuits for at least a part of each day,even it is only for half an hour, ______those job s require a great deal of contact with others can engage in …_____3) …amount and variety of fields of discoursein where we feel at home. _____2. 两个副词通常去一个，两个形容词通常把前一个改成副词1）the earth‘s supply of water probably remains quite fairly constant _____2) that is to say, they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed_____3) but the process he has succeeded in laying wasteful vast expanses of forests and croplands ______3. until, and, but, or, while, whereas, as, if , even if 等连词，起语义作用的副词，如however, therefore，moreover1）the rest is fresh, but three quarter of this is in the form of ice at ______the Poles and on mountains, and cannot be used by living systems when melted._____2) overall, two-thirds and more of the hunt-gatherer‘s calories come from plants _____3) an hour of hunt yields in average about 100 edible calories_____as an hour of gathering produces 240______4) 同1-2)5) much of the land we see is covered up with sidewalks, streets and building,and this does not mean we…______6) this has been a frustration in government officials trying to develop local _____leadership among the Eskimos, however a blessing to other department______7) more recently, therefore, the educated Eskimos have been voicing_____over the interests of those in rural areas.8) everyone knows that human language can be a superb means of communication,therefore, it can be damnably misleading. _______4. 有些错误犯得很明显，也很荒唐，稍微有些智商的人就能挑出1）同3-1）2) his urge to go is held in check by his desire not be rude to his guests_____3) far from the madding crowd, far from client, and business associates ______4) continuing change is inevitable but future development policy must realize that most Eskimos remain much of its_____ traditional outlook on life.5. 情态动词的考点相对来说不是很多1）host and guest have been talking for sometime, but now the host has an appointment to keep and can go away _____6. 不定式to的改法只有―增‖和―删‖，只有作为介词时才有改1）if he did not care of his guest‘s feelings he would singly get up out of ______ his chair and to announce his departure2) 同4-2）3）the helplessness of human infants is in marked contrast with the capacity of many new born animals to get on their feet ______within minutes birth.7. 看到the, a 不要轻易放手1）it would only cast a fraction of the second______2) man has woefully misused the earth‘s resources down through the ages_____3) this doesn‘t mean we are not directly effected by what hap pened to _____the water, and atmosphere of our country. ____4) new highways creates a better access to the suburbs____5) we apt to imply and to believe that each adjective tell us ____more about the person in the question. _______8. –ing形式和-ed形式的互改1) the hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric human ancestors consume primarilya vegetable diet supplementing with animal foods. _____2)in competitive and fast-paced modern society, busyexecutives are so engrossing in their work____that they hardly know what the word ―leisure‖ means.3) developing in the 1930s, it was not widely marketed ____until after the war.11. 介词短语的误用1) 同3-3）2）plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the diet. _____3) in 1946 the country had about fewer than 17,000 TV sets _____4. because his work will thereby reach for a wider public. ____12. 有些词长得很像，不得不注意它们1）therefore his politeness glues his body to the chair and refused to let him raise. ___2) if our extending population is not to suffer from shortages and pollution in the future.___3）同7-3）13. 反身代词1）for weeks or even months after birth, compared with the humaninfant they very quickly develop the capacity to fend for them. ____14. 主谓一致1）The president of the company, together with the workers, are planning to solve these problem 能力II: 词汇与搭配1.the first act he would make if he were ri sing…___2.He holds his ‘readiness-to-rise‘ post and keeps on holding it…______3. the helplessness of human infants is in marked contrast with the capacity of many new born animals to get on their feet______能力III: 句际错误1.连词部分2.篇章理解，例如把一个词改成它的反义词句法与重点语法一、三大句式句式一：____________________, S+V+O1.主语的同位语2.从句（状）3.介词短语、副词（做全句状语）4.不定式5.分词句式二：S+__________, +V+O1.主语的同位语2.非限定性定于从句3.形容词短语4.分词句式三：S+V+O,___________1.非限定性定语从句2.宾语（表语）的同位语3.分词（多表结果）4.状语从句二、从句1．定语从句与同位语从句的不同：关系词在从句中是否做主要成分（主语和宾语）2．What, who, which, whom, that, 在从句中必作一主要成分3．Although, if, until, why, since, even though, how, when, where, prep.+which, while, after, because, as soon as, that(名词性从句) 后面SVO结构完整4．从句中不可有引导词重复5．n.+what 错6．that & which 的区别a. 在定从中，通常可以互换b. 在定从中，that 前不可有介词，which 可以c. that 不可以引导非限定性定从，which 可以d. that 引导名词性从句和定语从句，which 只可以引导定从A differsB in thatA is different fromB in thatA is distinguished fromB in that7．定语从句引导词省略the way, the reason, the time, the day三、倒装1．否定词用于句首never, not until, not only…but also, neither, nor, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, in no way, on no account, under no circumstances, no sooner…than,2. onlyOnly+adv.Only+prep.phrase+can/shall/do +S+VOnly+adv.clause3. 介词短语作表语，置于句首，完全倒装Among the students enrolled in Beijing University was my brother.4. soSo beautiful are the flowers in the part that many people go there for a walk after dinner.四、最高级1. adj. 最高级前用the, adv.则可有可无例外：at least/best/worstfrom earliest youth/timesthe world‘s longest riverthe second largest city2. most 用法a. 大多数，前面没有themost+nmost of+限定词+n.b. Rice is a most popular crop. (X)五、名词A. 名词复数特殊变法larvae/larva, spectra/ spectrum, data/datum, media/medium, fungi/fungus, stimuli/stimulus, bases/basis, analyses/analysisB. 单复数同形词salmon(s), series, species, means, aircraft(s), fish(es)C. 单复数名词意义有差异mean 中庸，均值means 方法，手段，财富water 水waters 水域part 部分parts 部分，才能good 好goods 货物force 力量forces 武装部队custom 风俗习惯customs 风俗习惯，海关spectacle 光景spectacles 眼镜arm 手臂arms 武器D. 既可数又不可数的名词area 面积，不可数；地区，区域，可数time 时间，不可数；次数，倍数，可数抽象，不可数；具体，可数advertising /u/advertisement /c/the meaning of life /u/their lives /c/experiment /c/experimentation /u/E. 名词作定语的单复数问题1．n1 修饰n2, n1 为单数a twenty-four hour period例外：a communications satellitea sports cara sales girla systems engineering2. man, woman 修饰名词，单复数与后面的名词单复数一致例如：women boxers3. 当表示某一学科的教授、学生、教科书、实验室、系等教学要素，应该用名词修饰，而不是形容词例如：the highest scientific lab Xa chemical lab Xa biological textbook Xa mathematics professor √a physics student √the scientific and technica l fie ld √ (用形容词因为field 不是教学要素)F. 限定词与名词单复数1．some/any/all 单复数均可，可数不可数均可some kind 某一种some kinds 某些种some time, some money2. many, much数字、度量衡用muchas much as 2,000 kms √as many as 50 percent of the income Xas much as 50 percent of the income √3. everyevery ten boys4. first/only/ single 单复数均可the first schoolthe first schoolsthe only universitythe only universitiesa single roomno single roomstwo single rooms5. hundred/ thousand/ million/ billion一亿本书：hundred millions bookshundreds million bookshundreds millions books(a) hundred million books六、to 是介词：be subject to; be resistant to; be similar to; be equal to; belong to; lead to; refer to; relate to; prefer to do; prefer A to B；dedicate to; devote to; commit to; be close to; compared to; native to; adapt to; adjust to; owe…to七、as & like 的区别1．作介词时，as 作为，like 像We should do it as Lei Feng. XAs an inventor, he is very creative. √We should do it like Lei Feng. √2. 作连词时，无区别，但like 为口语用法八、主谓一致1．单数/不可数名词sl.2. n1 and n2 pl.Every girl and every boy sl. 有every例外3. 分词\to do sl.4. one of + n.(pl) sl. （定从例外）5. 主从sl.6. a number of / the number of7. 临近原则：there be, neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also8. 视n 而定：besides, as well as, in addition to, together with, accompanied by, 同位语九、同源近形形容词的区别respective/ respected/ respectable/ respectful satisfied/satisfactory/satisfying desirable/ desirous considerable/considerate credible/credulous tired/ tiresome troubled/ troublesome, imaginary/ imaginative industrial/ industriouseconomic/ economical long/lengthy distinct/distinctive alive/living/livelike-dislike/alike/ like-unlike literal/literate/literary hard/hardly/hardylate/latter/lately bank/banking reason/reasoning poem/poet/poetryproduce/product/production/ productivity critic/critical/criticize1. 1997年真题In social situations, the classic Intention Movement is ?the chair-grasp‘. Host and guest have been talking for some time, but now the host has an appointment to keep and can get away.1.___His urge to go is held in cheek by his desire not be rude to his 2.___guest, if he did not care of his guest‘s feelings he would simply 3.___get up out of his chair and to announce his departure. This is 4.___what his body wants to do, therefore his politeness glues his body 5.___to the chair and refuses to let him rise. It is at this point that he 6.___performs the chair-grasp Intention Movement. He continues to talk to the guest and listen to him, but leans forward and grasps the arms of the chair as about to push him upwards. This is 7.___ the first act he would make if he were rising. If he were not 8.___hesitating, it would only last a fraction of the second. He would 9.___lean, push, rise, and be up. But now, instead, it lasts much longer. He holds his ‘readiness-to-rise‘ post and kee ps on holding it. It is 10.___as if his body had frozen at the get-ready moment.2. 1998年真题When a human infant is born into any community in any part of the world it has two things in common with any infant, provided (1)_____neither of them have been damaged in any way either before (2)_____or during birth. Firstly, and most obviously, new born childrenare completely helpless. Apart from a powerful capacity topay attention to their helplessness lay using sound, there is nothing (3)_____the new born child can do to ensure his own survival. Withoutcare from some other human being or beings, be it mother, grandmother, or human group, a child is very unlikely to survive.This helplessness of human infants is in marked contrastwith the capacity of many new born animals to get on their feet (4)______within minutes of birth and run with the herd within a few hours. Although young animals are certainly in risk, sometimes (5)______for weeks or even months after birth, compared with the humaninfant they very quickly develop the capacity to fend for them. (6)______It is during this very long period in which the human infant is totally dependent on the others that it reveals the second feature (7) ______which it shares with all other undamaged human infants, a capacity to learn language. For this reason, biologists now suggestthat language be "species specific" to the human race, that is (8) ______to say, they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed (9) ______in such way that it can acquire language. This suggestion implies (10) ______that just as human beings are designed to see three-dimensionally and incolour, and just as they are designed to stand upright rather than to moveon all fours, so they are designed to learn and use language as part of their normal developments as well-formed human beings.3.1999年真题The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 1.___human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 2.___ with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem hunter- gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that onehalf emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate on fishing and only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirdsand more of the hunter-gatherer‘s ca lories come from plants. Detailed 3.___ studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University ofLondon, showed that gathering is a more productive source of foodthan is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 4.___ edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240.5.___Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung 6.___diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, ifthey escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporaryaborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 7.___ They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dentaldecay, no high blood pressure, on heart disease, and their blood cholesterol levels are very low ( about half of the average American 8.___ adult), if no one is suggesting what we return to an aboriginal life 9.___ style, we certainly could use their eating habits as a model for 10.___ healthier diet.4.2000年真题The grammatical words which play so large a part in English grammar are for the most part sharply and obviously different 1.___from the lexical words. A rough and ready difference which mayseem the most obvious is that grammatical words have― less meaning‖, but in fact some grammarians have called them 2.___―empty‖ words as opposed in the ―full‖ words of vocabulary.3.___But this is a rather misled way of expressing the distinction.4.___Although a word like the is not the name of something as man is,it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a sharp 5.___diff erence in meaning between ―man is vile and‖ ―the man is vile‖, yet the is the single vehicle of this difference in meaning. 6.___ Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably amongthemselves as the amount of meaning they have, even in the7.___lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been―little words‖. But size is by no mean a good criterion for8.___ distinguishing the grammatical words of English, when we consider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. Apart 9.___from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what some people say: we certainly do create a great number of obscurity 10.___ when we omit them. This is illustrated not only in the poetry ofRobert Browning but in the prose of telegrams and newspaper headlines.5. 2001年真题During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watchedthe yields and the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if 1.___they were growers. The marketing of wheat became an increasing 2.___ favorite topic of conversation.War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing the western crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grainselling as carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange.Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn, so farmers could 3.___not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often thatthey sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest when farmdebts 4.___ were coming due, just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. 5.___ On various occasions, producer groups, asked firmer control, 6.___but the government had no wish to become involving, at 7.___least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal 8.___ government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal withdeliveries from the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended, and farmers sold at prices fixed by theboard. To handle with the crop of 1919, the government 9.___ appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to 10.___ buy, sell, and set prices.7. 2003年真题Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwar period were more eager than ever to establish families. They quicklybrought down the age at marriage for both men and women and broughtthe birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred (1)__ years of a steady decline, producing the ―baby boom.‖ These young (2)__ adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively largefamilies that Went for more than two decades and caused a major (3)__but temporary reversal of long-term demographic patterns.Fromthe 1940S through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate (4)__ and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts.(5)__Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women on who (6)__ formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the (7)__divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact toa greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well (8)__as later decades. Since the United States maintained its dubious (9)__distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, thetemporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in (10)__Europe. Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner andhomemaker was not abandoned.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congressis the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees - either standing committees, special committees set for a specific (1)____ purpose, or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. (2)____ Investigations are held to gather information on the need forfuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualifications and performance ofmembers andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the (3)____ groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings (4)____ and to make out detailed studies of issues. (5)____ There are important corollaries to the investigative power. Oneis the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most(6)____ committee hearings are open to public and are reported(7)____ widely in the mass media. Congressional investigationsnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers (8)____ to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues. (9)____ Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contempt of Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjury these who give false testimony. (10)____11.2007年真题From what has been said, it must be clear that no one canmake very positive statements about how language originated.There is no material in any language today and in the earliest (1) _______ records of ancient languages show us language in a new and (2) _______ emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language (3) _______ originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the (4) _______ necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remotetribes, no ancient records, providing evidence ofa language with a large proportion of such cries (5) _______than we find in English. it is true that the absenceof such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in (6) _______other grounds too the theory is not very attractive.People of all races and languages make rather similarnoises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that(7) _______ such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmenand Malaysians whose languages are utterly different,serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference（8）_______between these noises and language proper. We maysay that the cries of pain or chortles of amusementare largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, (9) _______ whereas language proper does not consist of signs but of these that have to be learnt and that are (10) _______12. 2008年真题13. 2009年真题The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passes from one schoolchild to the next and illustrates the further difference ____1____ between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse, learntin early childhood, is not usually passed on again when the little listener ____2____ has grown up, and has children of their own, or even grandchildren. ____3_____ The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmittingit may be something from 20 to 70 years. With the playground ____4____lore, therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed on within the very hour ____5____ it is learnt; and, in the general, it passes between children of the ____6____same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in agebetween playmates to be more than five years. If, therefore, a playgroundrhyme can be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or ____7____ even just for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitted overand over, very possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three ____8____ hundred young hearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains live ____9____ after so much handling, to let alone that it bears resemblance to the ____10____ original wording.14. 2010年真题So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally complete and perfectas instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be well equipped as any other to say the things their speakers want to say.There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice or the engraving of Benares brass. Whereas this is not the fault of their language. The Eskimos can speak about snow with a great deal more precision and subtlety than we can in English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of those sometimes miscalled 'primitive') is inherently more precise and subtle than English. This exampledoes not come to light a defect in English, a show of unexpected 'primitiveness'. The position is simply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar environments. The English language will be just as rich in terms for similar kinds of snow, presumably, if the environments in which English was habitually used made such distinction as important.Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos' life. For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in the nineteenth century could not talk about motorcars with the minute 1 2 345 6 7 8 910discrimination which is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture. But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicles which send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when we are reading Scott or Dickens. How many of us could distinguish between a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig, a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and a clarence ?15. 2011年真题16. 模拟题一Ancient man attempted to change the weather by usingmagic．While experience taught him this was impossible, __1__he tried to forecast weather conditions．Even earlier in __2__ 1000 B．C．there were weather seers in Babylon----andpriests clever enough to denounce as frauds those predicted __3__the weather a year in the advance．Some forecasters used __4__methods that seemed to take no connection with the actual __5__factors controlled the weather．Chickens and other animals __6__were sacrificed and their intestines poked to find signsindicating rain and drought．Somewhat more scientific were __7__predictions based on vegetation:" Onion's skin very thin ,mild weather coming in．Onion's skin thick and tough, coming weather is cold and rough．" Insects and animals were also __8__favorite weather clues: "Before the glowworm lights his __9__ lamp，then the air is always damp ．" "If spiders their cobwebsforsake，the weather will for certain break ．" "If frogs remainedin pools，the weather will be fine ．If they were seen on rocks, __10__rain and cold were due．" It's difficult to say whether this rhymeshould be taken seriously : " Hark，I hear the asses bray ．Me thinkswe'll have some rain today ．"17. 模拟题二Planning is a very important activity in our lives. It can give pleasure, even excitement, and it can cause quite severeheadaches. __1__The most significant the task ahead, the more careful the planning __2__required. Getting to school or to work on time is a task requiring few __3__or no planning, it is almost routine. A month‘s touring holiday abroad,or better still, getting married, is a different matter altogether. If thematter involve a church wedding, a reception, a honeymoon in Venice, __4__and returning a new home, this requires even more planning to make __5__sure that it is successful. Planning is our way of trying to ensure successand of avoiding costly failures we can not suffer. It is equally essential __6__to individual nations and families; the scale may be vary, but the degree __7__of importance does not. In the essence, a nation planning its resources __8__and needs do not differ from the familiar weekly shopping or monthly __9__household budget. Both are designed to ensure an adequate supply ofessentials, and if improperly carried out, will avoid shortages, wastage __10__and over-expenditure.18. 模拟题三For some of us，tending to the comfort of guests meansbucking the tradition of the "good enough" guest room we recall as kids．This is a room thrown together by our parents，_1_。
专八改错课件[优课细讲]
![专八改错课件[优课细讲]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/755a64d8b9d528ea81c7796b.png)
教育课资
18
十年考题没有改什么: • 虚拟语气没有改 • 分词做状语没有改 • 情态助动词没有改 • 倒装没有改
教育课资
19
掌握基本的英语语法知识，能在阅读、写作等过程中正确运用 这些知识，以达到获取有关信息和表达交流思想的目的。具体
测试要求：在15分钟内找出10个错误，并根据要求
教育课资
5
这一部分要求考生掌握三种知识：
1.词汇与搭配
2.语法知识
3.篇章结构
• 1.词汇与搭配 对常用词汇、搭配和用法的了解及运用。比如：
“在…的情况下”是in the case of，而不是 in the aspect of（2015年第9题）
“尤其是”是especially或particularly，而不是 specially （2015年第7题）
TEM-8
PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION
校对与改错篇
教育课资
1ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
序号
I
II III
IV
V
VI 合计
改错在试卷中的比重
题号
题名
题数
(A1 ) – (A10) 1-10
11 - 30 31 - 40
(B1)-(B10)
听力 A讲座 B会话 C新闻 阅读
人文知识
短文内含10个错误（出现在标有题号的行内）。
错误一般涉及单个词；
每行只出现一个错误。
要求修改的单词既有功能词（如介词、冠词等），也有实义词 （动词、名词等）。
英语专业八级改错与校对练习学生讲义
改错与校对练习PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTIONPassage OneIt is very difficult imagine an educational system which transmits values1.______seriously in conflict with that of the government and the state, or which 2.______contributes nothing to training young people for their future adult work-roles. However, educational systems are often only partial successful. This is partly3.______because people have different views of what elements of culture ( norms andvalues) should be stressed on, and what skills are useful. Such disagreement has4.______a fundamental basis in social structure of modem Britain because there is often 5.______a contradiction among the two functions of socialization and training. This is 6.______because the two functions are not easily separate in practice. The norms and 7.______values transmitted to any group of children have to be somehow relating to the 8.______kinds of skills they taught. The culture of the aristocracy is not the same as 9. ______that of working-class neighborhoods in the inner cities. Similarly, training fordifferent sorts of work need to be different: to be proficient in Latin is not10.______useful to the shop assistant, just as expertise in woodwork is irrelevant to a university teacher.Passage TwoAs people live in a fast-moving world where tensions build up,die effects of long-distance miming are uplifting.Each hill is approached as a positive challenge, causing the runnerto grow strongly with each stride and leading him to tranquility and harmony. 1.______Long-distance running that helps a person to forget pressure on family 2. ______ problems as well as job related annoyances. An example comes quickly in 3. ______ mind. One day I had a really terrible fight with my landlady over some foolishincident. I screamed and yelled at her but she very nearly threw me out. A few4.______minutes later, I set for my daily run. By the end of the first mile, the argument 5. ______seemed like the bad dream. At the end of the fourth mile, I was 6. ______ full with feelings of remorse and forgiveness towards the landlady. I saw how 7.______ unreasonable I have been, I stopped at the local flower shop and bought my8.______landlady a beautiful rose. which I immediately gave her I stepped inside the 9.______house. Running has that kind of effect on most runners. It makes us feelpositive and serene. Incorporating long-distance running into a daily routinewill significantly change a runner's life. I do not know whether it comes fromfollowing a strict routine the improved physical condition of the runner. 10._____But I do know that people quickly become addicted to the sport.Passage ThreeWhat is drug? Most of people probably think there’s a perfect simple 1._____answer to this question. In fact, if one carries a quick survey on any street corner,one finds (hat, according to vast majority of people, there are two groups 2. _____ of drugs: those prescribed by doctors, and those people take for non-medicaluse. As medicine and medical profession are generally self-respectful, there 3.______aren't any objections to the use of prescribed drugs. What moat people don’trealize is (hat when prescribed drugs are usually beneficial, they can also 4.______present a serious problem. There were many people addicted by tranquillizers 5.______before doctors began to prescribe them: now there being literally millions who 6.______depend on (hem. An acceptance of the use of drugs for non-medical reasons islargely a matter of a culture. Some Eastern people think the use of alcohol with7.______horror, mainly as a result of religious upbringing. However, these similar 8. ______ people freely use marijuana without a second thought, and this, in turn, isn’taccepted in Western culture which accepts alcohol. In most Western societies, the 9.______tea- or coffee-break' s now a part of the life, And huge quantities of these drinks10. _______are consumed daily.Passage FourIn a competitive and fast-paced modem society, busy businessexecutives are so engrossing in (heir work that they hardly know what 1.______the word 'leisure" means. The higher an executive’s position is on thebusiness ladder, the more hours he spends on his work. With a view togaining greater corporate standing or a big pay rise, he, as a rule, far 2. _____exceeds over the 40-hour working week. 3. _____ The additional stress and tension as well as the shortage of suitable 4._____rest and recreation very often have a disastrous effect on his health. Fewsuch executives realize that unless they learn how to relax, they will soonrun of steam before they get to the top of the executive ladder. A noted 5.______American authority on leisure has said that “The key to relaxation to busy 6.______executives is to avoid the types of activities that are part and parcel oftheir daily work and to devote themselves totally to have recreational 7.______pursuits for at least a part of each day, even it is only for half an hour. 8. _____Those jobs require a great deal of contact with others can engage in activities 9. ____that are quiet and peaceful ― far from the madding crowd, far from client 10. _____ and business associates.”Passage FiveAir quality in Britain has improved considerably in the last 30 years.Total emissions of smoke in the air have risen by over 85 per cent since 1._____1950. The domestic smoking control program has been particularly 2. _____ important in achieving this result. London and other major cities nolonger have the dense smoke-laden “smogs” of the 1950s but in central 3.______London winter sunshine has increased by about 70 per cent since 1958.Since 1990, everyday air pollution data from the British Monitoringnetwork has made available to the public by the Department of theEnvironment’s Air Quantity Bulletins. These concentrated three main 4. ______ pollutants-ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide — end gradeair quality on a scale between “very weak” and “very good”. The 5.______information features in television and radio weather reports appears 6.______in many national and Local newspapers. Therefore, 7. ______the data are also available on the special free telephone number and on 8. ______ video text Systems. A comprehensive review of the issue of urbanized air 9. ______ quality was announced in January 1992, Three independent committees ofexperts have been established to advise on different aspects of the problem,and will set guidelines and targets for air quality. The network will also being10. ______extended and upgraded at a cost of million.Passage sixThe amazing success of humans as a species is the resultof the evolutionary development of our brains which hastened totool-using, tool-making, the ability to solve problems by logicalreasoning, thoughtful cooperation, and language. One of the moststriking ways in that chimpanzees biologically resemble humans 1. _____ lies in the structure of their trains. The chimpanzee, with thecapacity for primitive reasoning, exhibits a type of intelligence like2. _____that of humans than does any, other mammal living today. The brainof the modem chimpanzee is probably not too dissimilar to the brainthat so many millions of years ago direct the behavior of the first ape3. _____man.In a long time, the fact that prehistoric people made tools was 4._____considered to be one of the major criterion distinguishing them from 5._____other creatures. It is true that the chimpanzee does not fashion tools to“a regular and set pattern” but then, prehistoric people, after their6. _____development of stone tools.Undoubtedly poked around with sticks and straws, at whichstage it seems unlikely that they made tools to a set pattern too. 7._____It is because the close association in most people’s minds of 8._____tools with humans that special attention has always been focused uponany animal able to use an objective as a tool; but it is important to realize9. _____that this ability, on its own, does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerning. 10._____Passage sevenDuring the traditional wedding ceremony, the bridal couplepromises each other lifelong devotion. Yet, about one out of four 1. _____ American marriages ends in divorce. Since 1940, the divorce ratehas more than doubled, and experts predict that, of all marriagesthat occured in the 1970s, about 50% will end in divorce, The USA 2. _____ is one of the highest divorce rates in the world, perhaps even the highest.3. _____What goes wrong? That fact that divorce is so common in theUnited States does not mean that Americans consider marriage a casual, unimportant relationship. Just opposite is true. Americans expect a 4._____great deal from marriage. They seek physical, emotional, andintellectual compatibility. They want to be loved deep and understood. 5.______It is because Americans expect so much from marriage that so manyget divorce. They prefer no marriage at all to a marriage without love 6. ______and understanding. With typical American optimist, they end one 7.______marriage in the hope of that the next will be happier. With no-fault 8. ______divorce laws in many states, It is easier than never to get a divorce.9. ______Some American Women stay in unhappy marriages because they donot have the education or job experience to support themselves andtheir children. But most American women believe that, if necessary,they can make it lonely without a husband. All things considered, 10. _____Americans have little reason to continue an unhappy marriage.Passage eightThe world is in a self-destruction mode. By this statementI mean that the people of the world are bent on making this planet inhabitable in three distinct ways. Furthermore, these three ways 1.______are all interrelated and related directly to industrialization.The first of three is through pollution to the air, the water, 2. ______or the soil. Industrialization has meant toxic fumes in the atmo- 3. ______sphere and poisonous substances in the water and in the soil.Industry has also been responsible to noise and visual pollution:the roar of machinery and the ugliness of factories and cheap housing developments ... these factors take the joy outside of natural4. ______surroundings for human beings.However, the balance of nature has been upset. To feed the 5.______hungry factories, huge forests have been leveled, mountains havestripped of their protection ... The results are farther-reaching 6. ______as we can know. 7. ______ The third and the most acute of the problem is the psycho- 8.logical effect on people of increased competition and hard economictimes. The reasons that people give for political unrest might be reasonsof belief or religion, but I believe that it is the desire of people to improve their standard of life that ultimately causes was. Because of the 9.______industrialization, much of the beauty and the simplicity of life is away. 10._____Passage nineThe ordinary family in colonial North America was primarilyconcerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its owneconomic prosperity. Thus, Children were valued in the terms of 1.______their productivity, and they assumed the role of producer quite early.Until they fulfilled this role, his position in the structure of the family2. ______was one of subordination, and their psychological needs andcapacities received much consideration. 3. ______ As the society became more complex, the status of childrenin the family and in the society become, each member must fulfill the 4.______number of personal and occupational role and be in constant contact 5.______with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing childrenpotentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society 6.______means that they are regarded more as people in their own right so as 7.______utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as equal participantsin the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statutesprotecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs devoted exclusively in their well-being. 8.______This new view of children and the increasing contact betweenthe members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest inchild-rearing technique. People today spend a considerable portion oftheir time discussing the proper way to bring about children, It is now 9.possible to influence the details of the socialization of another person'schild in spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and10. _____methods of child rearing.Passage tenAdvertising is a form of mass selling, and it is employed whenthe use of direct, person-to-person selling is practical, impossible, or1.simply inefficient. It is to be distinguished from other activities andits aim intended to persuade the public. Advertising techniques ranges 2. complexly from the publishing of simple, straightforward noticesin the classified-advertising columns of newspapers to the concerted use 3. newspapers, magazines, television, radio, direct mail, and othercommunications media in the course of a single advertising campaign.From its simple beginnings in ancient times, advertising have turned 4. into a worldwide industry. In the U.S. alone in the late 1980s,approximately $120 billion was spent in a single year to advertising 5. to influence the purchase of commodities and services.Advertising falls into two main categories; consumer advertising,directed to the final purchaser, and trade advertising, in which theappeal is made to dealers on through trade journals and other media. 6.Both consumer and trade advertising employ many specializedtypes of commercial persuasion. A relatively minor, except important, 7. form of advertising is institutional advertising, which is designed mainlyto build prestige and public respect for particular business concerns asimportant institutions. Each year millions of dollars is spent on 8. institutional advertising.Another minor, but increasingly popular, form of advertising iscooperation advertising. For example, makers of milk, of pie, and of 9. sausages sometime jointly advertise this combination as an ideal 10. cold-weather breakfast.Passage elevenLike all animal species, plant species must spread their offspringto suitable areas where they can grow and pass on their parent's genes. 1. Young animals generally spread by walking or flying. Because plantsdon't have that ability, they may somehow hitchhike. Some plant seeds 2.scatter by blowing in the wind or floating on water. Many other plantspecies, though, trick an animal into carrying their seeds. How do theydo? They enclose them within a tasty fruit and advertise the fruit'sripeness by its color or smell. The hungry animal collects and swallowsthe fruit, walks or flies off, but later spits out the seeds somewhere far3.from its parent tree. Seeds can thereby be carried thousands of miles.4.It may surprise you to learn that plant seeds can resist digestion. In fact,some seeds actually require passage through an animal's body beforethey can grow.Wild strawberries offer a good example of hitchhiking tactic. 5. When strawberry seeds arc still young and not yet ready to be planted,the surrounding fruit is green, sour, and hard. When the seeds final 6. mature, the berries turn red, sweet, and tender, The change in the berries'color serves as a signal to birds which then eat the strawberries, fly off,and eventually spit out the seeds.Naturally, strawberry plants doesn't set out with a conscious 7. intent of attracting birds only when their seeds were ready to bedispersed away. Nor did birds set out with the intent of plant straw- 8. berries. Rather, strawberry plants evolved through natural selection.The sweeter and reder the final strawberry, the more birds spread 9. its ripe seeds; the greener and more sour the young strawberry, thebirds destroyed the seeds by eating berries before the seeds were ready. 10.Passage TwelveCheese, nutritious food made from the milk of cows and othermammals, including sheeps, goats, buffalo, reindeer, camels, and mares. 1. Cheese is one of the world's oldest food products ― for thousands ofyears, people have been raised animals for milk, turning their surplus2.milk into cheese. More than 400 varieties of cheese existing, making it 3. one of the most general foods in the world. Cheese comes in hundredsof different shapes, sizes, flavors, and is used in as many different ways.Enjoyed with bread, crackers, and fruit, used as an ingredient in cookedfoods, and mixed with salads and flour, cheese is a healthy food all over 4. the world. Cheese is a concentrated resource of almost all the valuable 5. nutrients found in milk, such as protein, vitamins, and minerals, as wellas the less desirable fat and cholesterol, substances that may lead tohealth problems when consumed in excess. The fat content in cheesevaries depending the milk used. Cheese made with whole milk, or milk 6. enriched with cream, has the lowest amount of fat, cholesterol, and 7. calories. Cheese made with skim milk has the lowest. Because its high 8. protein and calcium content, cheese in moderation is an importantcomponent of a balanced diet It is an especially good source of proteinfor children, which growing bodies require higher amounts of protein 9. than adults. Many vegetarians, who do not eat meat, rely to cheese as a 10. source of protein in their diets.Passage thirteenBegun in the late 1960s by Pentagon weapons researches as asystem for easing communication between computers in disparateelectric networks, the Internet has evolved into a popular vehicle for1.scientific research, communication, entertainment, and more. It linkstogether thousands of computer networks such as those belonging tocorporations, commercial services, universities, and research centers,joining them as branches on a tree to larger networks known as 2. backbones. Once a computer is on-line, that is, connected by modemor networking equipment of the Internet, the user can search through 3. data banks for documents, chat with other computer users, or instant 4. send opinions and observations to the likes of President Bill Clinton,film critic Roger Ebert, or rocker Billy Idol (just to name a few).No central governing body runs the Internet, and nobody hasan exact census of users. But estimates of the number already range 5. from around 10 million to as high as 5 million. Well over 10,000separated computer networks are connected by the Internet, and 6. total traffic was expected to double during 1993.Today, the Internet is free resources and commercial servicesthat provide databases and computer files with a fee. Publishers are 7. seeking to make books and periodicals available on the Internet as aprofit-making adventure. Meanwhile, works in the public domain 8. have begun appearing on the Internet for users to “upload” to their9.computers virtually free of charge. With electronic access to data fromall over the world, scholarly research that in the past would haverequired months of travel could now be done at one's desk. 10.Passage fourteenWater is the oldest form of transport. The original sailed vessels 1. were replaced by steamboats in the early 1800s and by diesel power inthe 1920s. A distinct is generally made between deep-water and navigable 2. inland water transport-Domestic commerce center on the Great Lakes, 3. canals, and navigable rivers.The exact miles of improved waterways in operation dependin partly on whether coastwise and intercoastal shipping are included 4.The main advantage of water transport is capacity to move 5. extremely large shipments. Deep-water vessels are restricted inoperation, but diesel-towing barges have a fair-degree of flexibility.6.In comparison to rail and highway, water transport ranks in the middlewith respect to fixed cost. The fixed cost of operation is more greater 7. than that of motor carriers but less than that of railroads. The maindisadvantage of water is the unlimited degree of flexibility and the 8. low speeds of transport. Although the source and destination of the 9. movement are adjacent to a waterway, supplemental haul by rail ortruck is required. The capability of water to transport large tonnageat low various cost places this mode of transport in demand when 10. low freight rates are desired and speed of transit is a secondary consideration.Passage fifteenBefore considering this question it is interesting to reviewbriefly the evolution of the mind as the instrument. The commonest 1.way that has been used to find out the relative intellectual level ofcreatures at different stage of evolutionary complexity has been to study2.the way they behave when giving different kinds of puzzles. For example, 3. an ant possesses a complex routine of behavior, but can it think?The answer is what if an ant is forced to go through a maze of 4. passages, many of which are dead ends, on its way to its nestle, it starts5.by making a lot of mistakes and taking a great many wrong turnings.In the end, however, after it has to worry its way through often enough, 6. it does learn to get to its nest without going into any of the blind alleys.As one moves up the evolutionary scale the test of mind-power 7.exemplified by solving the problem of getting through a maze becomesvery simple. Among mammals, for example, the maze is an inadequate 8. test. The learning problem does not tax enough attributes of the mind.In this sort of learning, as a matter of fact, rats can hit university9.undergraduates and have, in fact, repeatedly done so. The next, moresubtle test of mental ability is to see what level an animal can think10.about something when it is not there.Passage sixteenIf it were only necessary to decide whether to teach elementaryscience to everyone on a mess basis or to find the gifted few and take 1. them as far as they can go, our task would be fairly simple. The publicschool system, moreover, has no such choice, for the two jobs must be 2. carried on at the same time. Because we depend so heavily upon scienceand technology for our progress, we must produce specialist in many 3. fields. Because we live in a democratic nation, whose citizens make thepolicies for the country, large numbers of us must be educated to 4. understand, to support, and when necessary, judge the work of experts. 5. The public school must educate for both producers and users of scientificservices. In education there should be a good balance among the branchesof knowledge that attribute to effective thinking and wise judgment such 6. balance is defeated by too much emphasis on any one field. This questionof balance involves not only the relation of the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the arts but also relative emphases between the natural7.sciences themselves. By contrast, we must have a balance between the 8. current and classical knowledge. The attention of the public iscontinuously drawn to new possibilities in scientific fields and the 9. discovery of new knowledge; these should not be allowed to turn ourattention from the sound, established materials that form the basis of10.courses for beginners.Passage seventeenThe world’s population continues to grow. There now are about4 billion of us on earth. That could reach 6 billion by the end of thecentury and 11 billion in a farther 75 years. 1.Experts have long been concerned about such a growth.Where will we find the food, water, works, houses, schools and 2. health care for all these people?A major new study shows that the situation may be changing.A large and rapid drop in the world’s birth rate have taken place3.during the past 10 years. Families generally are smaller now thanthey were a few years ago. It is happened in both developing and 4. industrial nations.Researchers said they found a number of reasons for this,More men and women are waiting more longer to get married and 5.are using birth control devices and methods to prevent and delay 6. pregnancy. More women are going to school or working at jobsaway from home instead having children. 7.And more governments, especially in developing nations, nowsupport family planned programs to reduce population growth, China 8.is one of the nations that has made great program in reducing its 9. population growth. China has already cut off its rate of population 10. growth by about one half since 1970.Passage eighteenBeyond puppyhood, retraining an aggressive dog often is atough job, and it doesn’t always work. You may need professionaladvice. Contract your veterinarian, who might refer you to a trainer 1. or behaviorist. If after retraining, your dog continues to scare people,considering whether the kindest and safest action is to put the dog to2.sleep.Every pet owner, and every family with children, need to take 3. seriously of the risk of dog bites. Ask the Bogers. It's been more than4.one year since five-year-old Megan began to raise her pet. The scars 5. around her eye and the wound on one side of her mouth have fadedalmost to nothing, and the memory of the attack by her pet lingers. 6. “She’s very hesitant around all dogs,” reports her mom, “I’m more so.”They have taught Megan and their another children to approach dogs 7. slowly, and hold up a hand to be sniffed before getting closer. 8.The family was requiring by law to keep the dog contained for 9.d ten days, to be sure it didn't carry rabies. Then the Bogers gave it toa family friend ― one with children. Now they have it back, but 10.he's carefully supervised.Passage nineteenWhen I was about 11, I inherited my older brother's paper route.It was a good job, though it means waking up at the crack of dawn 1.and hopping on my bike in Rockford, to deliver papers.Punctuality was critic. People expected the paper on their front 2. porch by 6 a.m. If I ran late, they would be standing in their doorwaysand I would infinitely hear about it. On the other hand, doing the job3.professionally often resulted in much-appreciated tips.Ever since then, I have tried to do as professional a job as 4. possible-whether it be bagging groceries, painting houses or tarringroofs. Acting is not different. I believe if you work hard and behavelike a pro, it will pay back, and you will be offered more and better roles. 5.This means giving your all. If a scene requires another characterto react to jumping into the water, I will jump in as many times as it6.takes to help him and the director get the shot. Several years ago,while filmed a movie in the mountains of Brazil, my fellow actors 7.and I all pitched in to help the screw move heavy equipment through 8. rugged jungle. Acting is a job like any other, and you can't let it go toyour head. The thing that made a difference delivering papers 9.being thorough, punctual, doing your best-also count on the movie set.And I still have to woken up at the crack of dawn. 10.Passage twentyJimmy Lee was executed in Parchment, Miss. He was amurder. In Mississippi, killers are executed by strapping them 1.______into a chair and dropped cyanide crystals into a pan of water. 2.______This is supposed to do the job quickly and with a maximum 3. ______of suffering. However, this was not the case of Jimmy Lee. He 4.______moaned and convulsed and thrashed about everywhere for several 5.。
专八改错技巧PPT课件
b. 介词冗余 • 2010 • The English language will be just as rich in terms for different kinds of snow if the
environments in which English was habitually used made such distinctions as important. • as 删除 （made such distinctions important）
1.冠词
2.名词
词
3.代词
法
4.介词及固定搭配
错
误
5.形容词和副词的比较结
构6.情态动词源自7.用词混淆第1页/共47页
1、三类常见冠词错误
• a. 冠词误用 • b. 冠词冗余 • c. 冠词缺失
出现频率较高!!
第2页/共47页
a. 冠词误用
• 09年真题
• The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passes from one schoolchild to the next and illustrates the further difference between school lore and nursery lore.
• The
去掉the
• Language – the language
第4页/共47页
c. 冠词缺失
• 2007年真题
• We may say that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement are largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, whereas language proper does not consist of signs but of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional.
专八改错练习PPT课件
.
23
▪ 例2: The marketing of wheat became an increasing favorite topic of conversation.
▪ increasing increasingly
▪ 例3: …and it often comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves.
▪ Europe European
.
11
语法错误 (2)
▪ 动词错误: 与动词相关的错误所占比例很大, 主要有时态、语态、语气、非谓语动词、情 态动词等方面的错误。而其中分词的用法错 误尤其值得注意。
.
12
▪ 例1: We begin the “natural” learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and practicing the pronunciation of…
▪ Major types of errors ▪ 语法错误 (1) ▪ 名词错误: 名词的单复数,可数与不可数名词,
名词近义词,名词与动词、形容词等词性的转 换等方面。
.
7
▪ 例1: …and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century new height after more than a hundred years of steady decline,…
▪ public the public ▪ the + adj. 表示一类人, 此处为“公众” ▪ 例2: …after more than a hundred years of a
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形容词 副词 名词
常见错误
1.时态错误, 主谓不一致 (6-4, 2-6) 2.现在分词和过去分词的混淆(6-1, 5-1,1-7, 0-4,99-4) 3.动词短语中成分的缺失 （3-1,49,8-2） 4. 动词词义误用 (6-7, 8-5)
1.比较级和原级的误用(7-5,6-6,5-6, 3-4)
代词
典型错误
1.基本用法: 定冠词特指,不定冠词泛指; 2.定冠词+形容词表示一类人或物 3.形容词最高级和冠词搭配 3.固定搭配中的冠词 5. 零冠词表抽象，定冠词表具体
1.指示代词this, that, these, those的混淆， 缺失，误用 (8-6;5-3;3-8;9-8) 2.关系代词的缺失或误用 (8-4; 7-2;5-4,7;2-5)
• 一. 改错题的注意事项 • 二. 改错文章统计分析 • 三. 改错答案统计分析 • 四. 解题步骤 • 五.常见错误类型 • 六. 复习建议
一.注意事项: 1.三改: 添词 ∧ 减词 / 改词
2.三不改: 不改两词 不改词序 不改拼写
3.三个要: 左右都要看 字迹要工整 符号要标准
3.评掌握文章大意。 2）以句子为单位，先对句子结构进行划分，以找出语法错
误。例如：成分缺失、主谓不一致、时态语态错误等等。 3）若没有明显的语法错误，则需考察词汇和短语的错误。例
如：固定搭配错误、词义混淆等等。 4）若既没有语法错误，也没有词汇错误，则需要通过分析上
下文逻辑关系以侦测语篇错误。 5）将修改完毕的文章通读一遍，以检查语法是否正确，语意
对能力的考查
词法morphology是基础---靠记忆，靠积累， 靠语感
语法是药方---概况，总结，举一反三是捷径 语篇是语言的思维
主观测试题型
两个部分：答题要求和一篇要求修改的短文。
答题要求部分:修改短文的三种方法：加入、删去和改动某一单 词，并举例说明。要求修改的短文长度为250词左右。短文的体 裁和题材不超出学生所熟悉的范围。
“迟早，早晚”是sooner or later,而不是soon or later （2011年第3题）
“长大”是grow up,而不是grow （2011年第1题）
词汇测试面涵盖各类词性的词，同时侧重考核它们的搭配与用 法。
2.语法知识
语法知识的掌握尤为重要，它有助于提高语言的 准确性、逻辑性。 • 例如：定语从句，情态动词，冠词，介词，反身 代词，等等。
三. 改错答案统计分析
• 1. 从错词词类上看，分布比较均匀，英语八大 词类中均有涉及，具体来说：
• 每年涉及至少5种词类的修改； • 动词每年都有，至少一个； • 形容词副词每年至少有一个； • 冠词代词每年至少有一个(01年除外) • 2.从修改方法上看，每年10道改错题呈6，7---
1，2---1，2的分值分布，即，修改单词6-7个， 增加单词1-2个，删除单词1-2个（2005年除外）
2. 改错之解题技巧
2000年第7题：
Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably among themselves as the amount of meaning they [7] have, even in the lexical sense.
2. 改错之解题技巧
2002年第1题：
One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt “naturally” and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt deliberately [1] while and consciously…
• 1). 如果文章中未划出删除和增添记号，即 使答案正确，仍不得分
• 2).如果只标出错处和错误类型，但不知如 何改正，得0.5分
二. 改错文章统计分析
1. 内容:人文类学术书籍或期刊杂志（历史政治 语言教育）,特别是语言类为主
2. 篇幅: 最多283词, 最少182词 3. 结构: 总分结构 • 1）总: 文章主题一般在首句 • 2）分: 两条线索—对立和顺承 • 对立: 00，02，06，07, 08, 09年 • 顺承: 03, 04, 05年 • 一句话，两条线
TEM-8
PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION
校对与改错篇
序号
I
II III
IV
V
VI 合计
改错在试卷中的比重
题号
题名
题数
(A1 ) – (A10) 1-10
11 - 30 31 - 40
(B1)-(B10)
听力 A讲座 B会话 C新闻 阅读
人文知识
改错
翻译 A汉译英 B英译汉
1.副词的冗余（0-5，1-4，2-3） 2.副词短语(1-5, 2-10,9-8)
1.近义，多义名词的误用 (3-1,4-9,8-2)
近义近形词辨析 • 2009-4: something and anything • 2008-2,3: move and movement, distinctive and distinct • 2006-6: grow old---grow older • 2011-5，6，7：disagreeing-disagreeable, imaginative-
2. 改错之解题技巧
2000年第7题：
Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably among themselves as the amount of meaning they [7] in have, even in the lexical sense.
1.改错之解题实例 2. 改错之解题技巧 3. 改错之解题步骤 4. 改错之应急方案
1. 改错之解题实例
Example：
When art museum wants a new exhibit, it never buys things in finished form and hangs them on the wall. When a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must often build it.
从篇章结构这个角度去判断句子的正误。跳出单 句的框架，从语段（表达一相关层次意思的句子组 合）的角度来进行判断)。
历年试卷中难易度系数偏低的题目大都为第 二类错误（句际错误）。 平时要加强对篇章的理解能力的训练，了解 、熟悉篇章结构的特点： 语段内句子之间关系、语段之间的关系； 它们的类别； 各种不同关系的表示法，等等。
是否通顺，逻辑是否合理。
十大错误总会出现
• 错误1：介词冠词问题（错误，多余，遗漏） 2011（8） • 错误2：形容词与副词问题（混淆，级）2011（5、6、7） • 错误3：时态语态语气问题（上下文时态不一，语态
混淆，虚拟中动词用错）2015（10） • 错误4：非谓语动词问题 （尤其是V-ing与V-ed混淆） • 错误5：搭配错误（尤其是动词、名词短语搭配） • 错误6：易混词与反义词问题（同形词，近义词误用
➢ 八级考试的这个项目不是孤立地测试学生的语法知 识；它更偏重学生运用语法知识的能力，即怎样把 书本知识转化成实际能力。
➢ 一要巩固已学过的语法知识，理清概念； ➢ 二要注重提高运用语言知识解决具体问题的能力。
3.篇章结构
旨在测试在具体语境或上下文中使用语法或词汇 的能力。
这篇短文由十来个在意义上相关联的句子构成； 需要修改的语病都出现在这些意义上相互关联的句 中。
imaginary, literal-literary • 2015-3: specially-especially
十年考题没有改什么: • 虚拟语气没有改 • 分词做状语没有改 • 情态助动词没有改 • 倒装没有改
掌握基本的英语语法知识，能在阅读、写作等过程中正确运用 这些知识，以达到获取有关信息和表达交流思想的目的。具体
四. 解题步骤
1）通读全文，掌握文章大意。 2）以句子为单位，先对句子结构进行划分，以找出语法错
误。例如：成分缺失、主谓不一致、时态语态错误等等。 3）若没有明显的语法错误，则需考察词汇和短语的错误。例
如：固定搭配错误、词义混淆等等。 4）若既没有语法错误，也没有词汇错误，则需要通过分析上
下文逻辑关系以侦测语篇错误。 5）将修改完毕的文章通读一遍，以检查语法是否正确，语意
测试要求：在15分钟内找出10个错误，并根据要求
这一部分要求考生掌握三种知识：
1.词汇与搭配
2.语法知识
3.篇章结构
• 1.词汇与搭配 对常用词汇、搭配和用法的了解及运用。比如：
“在…的情况下”是in the case of，而不是 in the aspect of（2015年第9题）
“尤其是”是especially或particularly，而不是 specially （2015年第7题）
需要掌握的内容如下：
1、名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法； 2、介词的词义及其用法； 3、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法； 4、常用连接词、冠词的词义及其用法； 5、非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成及其用； 6、虚拟语气的构成及其用法； 7、各类从句的构成及其用法； 8、强调句型的结构及其用法； 9、常用倒装句的结构及其用法。
，根据上下文用了反义词）
• 错误7：一致问题（人称和数错误，代词替代错误， 可数不可数的修饰词混淆）
• 错误8：定语问题 • 错误9：衔接错误（句际之间的逻辑关系连接词）
2011（10）2015（2）
• 错误10：赘述省略平行问题
五. 常见错误类型