转换生成语法

Some basic assumptions
• Generative Grammar and Chomsky-------to provide a cognitive explanation for the nature of human linguistic system/wishes to set up a model of the Grammatical Competence语法能力 of the fluent native speaker of the language.
2)Remarkable changes in the new theory:
①Some of the discrete analytical models in the GB are discarded and the two levels of analysis. the deep structure and the surface structure, are left out. ②The important concept of “government” in the previous theory is rejected and the facts interpreted by the theory of government are replaced by several revised concepts, thus the theory of government has turned from a subsystem of universal grammar into the interpretative constraint of the output condition.
Five stages of development
• • • • The Classical Theory The Standard Theory The Extended Standard Theory The Revised Extended Standard Theory • The Minimalist Program
Phrase structure grammar短语结构 语法
a. S→NP+VP b. VP → Verb+ NP c. NP →NP (single) NP (plural) d. NP (s) → D+N e. NP (p) → D+N+ s f. D → the g. N → ｛man, ball, door, dog, book,…｝ h. Verb→ aux+ V i. V→｛ hit, take, bite, eat, walk,… ｝ j. Aux → Tense (+M) (+have + en) (+ be+ ing) k. Tense → Present Past l. M → ｛ will, can, may, shall, must,…｝
The Government and Binding Theory
• • • • • • • X-bar Theory θ-Theory Bounding Theory Government Theory Case Theory Control Theory Binding Theory
The Minimalist
Three levels to Evaluate Grammars
• Observational Adequacy level • Descriptive Adequacy level • Explanatory Adequacy level John saw Mary. Mary was seen by John. （用代数的方法可 表达为 NP1 + Aux + V+ NP2 NP2 + Aux + be + en + V + NP1
Generative grammar VS Structuralism
• • • •
• • • •
哲学基础不同 先天论 演绎的方法 强调解释力cognitive explanation for nature of human linguistic system 形式化 重视语言功能want to set up a model of the Grammatical Competence of the fluent native speaker of the language 强生成力 重视共性 (N.Chomsky )
The Classical Theory
• Chomsky puts forward three kinds of grammar: Finite state grammar有限状态语法 Phrase structure grammar短语结构语法 Transformational grammar转换语法
syntax
• A. Syntax as opposed to Morphology
• B. The traditional approach传统句法分析 • C. The structural approach结构句法分析
• D. The generative approach生成句法分析
• E. The functional approach功能句法分析
The man opened the door. (kernel sentence)
• The man didn’t open the door. (negation) • Did the man open the door? (interrogation) • Didn’t the man open the door? (negative interrogation) • The door was opened by the man. (passive) • The door was not opened by the man. (passive negation) • Was the door opened by the man? (passive interrogation) • Wasn’t the door opened by the man? (passive negative interrogation)
The Standard Theory
① Transformations only change forms, not to alter meaning ② Animate noun before the verb, inanimate noun after the verb ③ This theory not only covers simple sentences but also complex ones ④ Rules’ order e.g. (reflexive rule and imperative rule)
• E.g. The man hit the ball
NP(Det(the)N(man))VP(V((hit)NP(Det(the)N(ball)))) OR S ↘ ／ ＼ mathematical principles NP VP ／ ＼ ／ ＼ Det N Verb NP ∣ ∣ ∣ ／＼ the man hit Det N ∣ ∣ the ball
Semantic Interpretative
Phonological Representation
Logical From Representation
The most remarkable change：puts semantic interpretation in the surface structure.
The Baidu Nhomakorabeatandard Theory
• (1) S → NP + VP, and VP → V + NP S S ／＼ ／＼ NP VP NP VP ∣ ／＼ ∣ ／＼ John V NP wine V NP drink wine drink John
• (2) some of the English verbs do not have passive structures: John married Mary. ≠ Mary was married by John. (transformational rules are not universally applicable)
The Extended Standard Theory
The base component Phrase structure rules; Lexicon Deep Structure The Transformational Component Surface Structure
Phonological Rules
Program
1)The Minimalist Program is motivated by two related questions: ①What are the general conditions that the human language faculty should be expected to satisfy? ②To what extent is the language faculty determined by these conditions, without a special structure that lies beyond them?
Generative Syntax
Functional Syntax
What is a generative grammar?
①By a generative grammar， Chomsky simply means “a system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentences”. He believes that every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. “Thus a generative grammar attempts to specify what the speaker actually knows，not what he may report about his knowledge.” (Chomsky, 1965) ②To generate is to predict what could be the possible sentences of language. ③Transformation is a kind of process that transforms one sentence into another. It uses a finite number of rules to produce infinite number of sentences.
Base Component
Rewriting Rules
Lexicon
Deep Structure
T-Rules
Surface Structure
Semantic Component
Phonological Rules
Semantic Representation
Phonological Representation
Some basic assumptions
• E-language and I-language外在语言和内 在语言-------重点从外部的社会环境，行为 等因素转向大脑内部 the ultimate goal of generative grammar is to characterize the nature of the internalized linguistic system.