植物生理学(双语)
植物生理学(双语)教学大纲
植物生理学课程教学大纲课程名称：植物生理学Plant Physiology课程编码：1311011学分：2.5总学时：40，其中，理论学时：40适用专业：植物生产类，农业资源与环境先修课程：植物学、基础生物化学一、课程的性质本课程为专业基础课，使用专业为农学、植保、园艺、农业资源与环境等农科专业。
本课程的先修课程为植物学、生物化学、化学、物理等课程二、教学目的植物生理学是研究植物生命活动规律及其与环境相互关系，揭示植物生命现象本质的科学。
植物的生命活动是在水分代谢、矿质营养、光合作用和呼吸作用等基本代谢的基础上，表现出种子的萌发、营养器官的生长、开花、受精、果实和种子的成熟等生长发育过程。
植物生理学是植物学学科和农学学科各专业必修的一门重要的专业基础课，也被称之为“合理农业的基础”课程。
本课程的任务是向学生讲授植物生命活动中的物质代谢、能量转化、信息传导、形态建成、生长发育、环境因素对植物生理活动的影响、植物对逆境的抗性等基本理论和知识。
通过本课程的教学，总体目的和要求是使学生：1、了解植物生理学概念的基本内涵及其所研究的主要内容。
2、了解植物体内的物质代谢与能量代谢的基本情况和过程，了解这些代谢过程之间的相互关系。
3、了解植物生长发育的基本规律，理解外界条件对植物生长发育进程的影响。
4、了解植物逆境种类及其对植物的危害，理解植物抗逆性的生理基础，掌握提高植物抗逆性的原理、途径和方法。
5、理解植物生理学是重要的专业基础课，为后续课程如作物耕作学、栽培学、遗传育种等专业课的学习打下必要的理论基础。
6、理解植物生理学是一门实验科学，通过实验教学，掌握研究植物生命活动的基本方法和基本技能，培养观察问题和分析问题的能力，以及提高理论联系实际、掌握解决农业生产中实际问题的途径和方法。
二．各部分教学内容及其重点、难点绪论（0.5学时）1、教学基本要求⑴了解植物生理学的定义。
⑵了解植物生理学研究的范畴和内容。
湖南农业大学生科院植物生物学(双语)名词解释重点
湖南农业大学生科院植物生物学（双语）名词解释重点（按字母顺序排列）10版授课老师夏石头彭晓英整理09生技创新班Abscisic Acid(ABA)(脱落酸) :A growth-inhibiting hormone of plants; involved with other hormones in dormancy. Abscission(脱落): The separation of leaves, flowers, and fruits from plants after the formation of an abscission zone at the base of their petioles, peduncles ,and pedicels.Achene(瘦果): A single-seeded fruit in which the see is attached to the pericarp only at its base.Acids(酸) a substance that dissociates in water releasing hydrogen ionsActive Transport(主动运输): The expenditure of energy by a cell in moving a substance across a plasma membrane against a diffusion gradient.Adventitious(无定形的):said of buds developing in internodes or on roots or of roots deveoping along stems or on leaves.Aerobic respiration(有氧呼吸): Bespiraion that requires free oxygen.Agar(琼脂): A gelatinous substance produced by certain red algae and also a few brown algae; often used as a culture medium , particularly for bacteria.Aggregate Fruit(聚合果): A fruit derived from a single flower having several to many pistils.Amino acids(氨基酸)one of the organic ,nitrogen-containig units form which proteins are synthesized there are about 20 in all proteinsAnaerobic Respiration(无氧呼吸): Respiration in which the hydrogen removed from the glucose during glycolysis is combined with an organic ion (instead of oxygen).Anthocyanin(花青素,花清苷): A water-soluble pigment found in cell sap; anthocyanins vary in color from red to blue.Annual ring(年轮):a single season production of xylem(wood) by the vascular cambium.Annual(一年生植物): A plant that completes its entire life cycle in a single growing season.Annuals:(一年生植物)a spexialized layer of cells around a fern sporangium;aids in spore dispersal through a springlike action;also a membran ring around the stipe of a mushroom.Anther(花药花粉囊): The pollen-bearing part of a stamen.Apical meristem(顶端分生组织) a meristem at the tip of a shoot or rootAssimilation(同化作用)cellular conversion of raw materials into protoplasm and cell wallsAtom(原子微粒) the smallest individual unit of an element that retains the properties of the elementATP: Adenosine triphosphate(三磷酸腺苷), a molecule with three phosphate groups found in all living cells; the principal vehicle for energy storage and exchange in cell metabolism.Auxin(植物生长素) : A growth-regulating substance produce either naturally by plants or synthetically.Axil(叶腋):the angle formed between a twig and the petiole of a leaf;normally the site of an axillary bud (also called lateral bud).BBark:(.(树)茎皮)tissues of a woody stem between the vasular cambium and the exterior.Berry(浆果): A thin-skinned fruit that usually develops from a compound ovary and commonly contains more than one seed.Biennial(两年生植物): A plant that normally requires two seasons to complete its life cycle, the first season growthbeing strictly vegetative.Biological controls(生物控制) the use of natural enemies and inhibitors in combating insect pests and other destructive organismsBlade(桨叶, 叶片): The conspicuous, flattened part of a leaf (also called lamina) or seaweed.Botany(植物学) science involving the study of plantsBract(苞叶; 苞): A structure that is usually leaflike and modified in size , shape, or color.Bulb(球茎):an underground food-storage organ that is essentially a modified bud consisting of fleshy leaves that surround and are attached to a swall stem.Bundle scars(捆绑疤痕):a small scar left by a vascular bundle within a leaf scar when the leaf separates from its stem through abscission.CCallose(胼胝质，愈伤葡聚糖) a complex carbohydrate that develops in sieve tubes following an injury, commonly associated with the sieve areas of sieve-tube membersCallus(愈伤组织) undifferentiated tissue that develops around injured areas of stems and roots also the undifferentiated tissue that develops during tissue cultureCalvin Cycle:(卡尔文循环，光合碳还原环) (简)The heart of the light-independent reactions is the calvin cycle,during which carbon dioxide is fixed and converted to carbohydrate.（繁）The Calvin cycle of photosynthesis.The cycle takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts where each step is meddiated by an enzyme.Carbon dioxide molecules from the air enter the cycle one at a time ,making six turns of the cycle necessary to produce one molecule of a 6-carbon sugar such as glucose.Calyx(花萼): Collective term for the sepals of a flower.Cambium(形成层) a meristem produced secondary tissue ;see vascular cambium ,cork cambiumCapillary wate r (毛细水)water held in the soil against the force of gravity, available to plantsCapsules(蒴): A dry fruit that splits in various ways at maturity, often along or between carpel margins ; also the main part of a sporophyte, in which different types of tissues develop.Carbohydrates(碳水化合物) an organic compound containing carbon hydrogen and oxygen with twice as many hydrogen as oxygen atoms per moleculeCarpel(心皮): An ovule-bearing unit that is a part of a pistil.Caryopsis(壳果): A dry fruit in which the pericarp is tightly fused to the seed ;does not split at maturity. Casparian strips( 凯氏带)a band od suberin around the radial and transverse walls of an endodermal cellCell Cycle(细胞周期): Sequence of events involved in the division of a cell.Cell biology(细胞生物学)the biological discipline involving the study ofcells and their fuctions.Cell plate(细胞板) the precursor of the middle lamella; forms at the equator during telophase Cell sap the liquid contents of a vacuoleCell Wall(细胞壁): The relatively rigid boundary of cells of plants and certain other organisms. Centromere(着丝点) the dense constricted portion of a chromosome to which a spindle fiber is attached (also called kinetochore)Chemiosmosis(化学渗透) : A theory that energy is provided for phosphorylation by protons being pumped across inner mitochondrial and thylakoid membranes.Cheromop Chloroplast an organelle containing chlorophyll,found in cells of most photsyntheticChlorophyll(叶绿素) green pigments essential to photosynhesisChloroplast(叶绿体) an organelle containing chlorophyll,found in cells of most photsynthetic organisms Chromatin(染色质) a readily staining complex of DNA and proteins found in chromosomesChromosomes(染色体) a body consisting of a linear sequence of genes an composed of DNA and proteins ; chromosomes are found in cell nuclear and appear in contracted form during mitosis and meiosisCircadian(生理节奏) rhythms: A mostly daily rhythm of growth and activity found in living organisms.Cohesion-Tension(衔接张力): Theory that explains the rise of water in plants as resulting from a combination of cohesion of water molecules in vessels and tracheids and tension on the water columns brought about by transpiration. Coleoptile(胚芽鞘): A protective sheath surrounding the emerging shoot of seedlings of the grass family(poaceae) (E.G.,corn,wheat).Coleorhiza([植]胚根鞘): A protective sheath surrounding the emerging radical (immature root ) of members of the grass family (poaceae) (E.G.,corn,wheat).Colloid（胶体） a substance consisting of a medium in which fine particles are permanently dispersed Collenchyma(厚角组织) tissue composed of cells with unevenly thickened wallsCompound(混合物) a substance whose molecules are composed of two or more elementsCompound Leaf: A leaf whose blade is divided into distinct leaflets.Cork(软木) tissue composed of whose walls are impregeated with suberinat maturity ;the outer layer of tissue of an older woody stem ;produced by the cork cambimCork cambium(木栓形成层) a narrow cylindrical sheath of cells between the esterior of a woody root or stem and the central vascular tissue ;produces cork to its esterior and phelloderm to its interior ;also called phellogenCork cambium an narrow cylindrical sheath of cells btween the exterior of a woody root or stem and the central vascular tissue ;produces cork to its exterior and phelloderm to its interior;also called phellodermCorms(球茎, 球根)：a vertically oriented,thickened food-storage stem that is usually enveloped by a few papery nonunctional leaves.Corolla(花冠): Collective term for the petals of a flower.Cortex(皮质；皮层) a pimay tissue composed mainly of parenchyma , the tissue usually extends between the epidermis and the vascular tissueCotyedons(胚叶):an embryo leaf that usually either stores or absorbs food.Cotyledon(子叶): An embryo leaf that usually either stores or absorbs food.Cutin(角质): The waxy or fatty substance of which a cuticle is composed.Cuticles（表皮） a waxy ftty later of warying thickness on the outer walls of epidermal cellsCytochrome(细胞色素): Iron-containing protein involved in molecule transfer in an electron transport system. Cytokinesis(胞质分裂) Cytokinesis is the process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cellsCytokinin(细胞分裂素): A growth hormone involved in cell division and several other metabolic activities of cells. Cytoplasm(细胞质): The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of the nucleus.Cytoplasmic streaming(胞质环流):is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells.DDay-Neutral Plants(日中性植物): A plant that is not dependent on specific day lengths for the initiationDeciduous（落叶的）: shedding leaves annuallyDevelopment（生长）: Changes in the form of a plant resulting from growth and differentiation of its cells into tissues and organs.Dicotyledon（双子叶植物）: A class of anglosperms whose see commonly have two cotyledons; frequently abbreviated to dicotDictyosomes(高尔基体): see golgi body.Differentially Permeable Membrane（差异渗透膜）: A membrane through which different substances diffuse at different rates.Differentiation（区别）: The change of a relatively unspecialized cell to a more specialized one (E.G.,The change of a cell just produced by a meristem to a vessel member or fiber ).Diffusion（传播）: The random movement of molecules or particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration ,ultimately resulting in uniform distribution.Digestion（消化吸收）an enzyme-controlled conversion of complex usually insoluble substances to simpler usually soluble substancesDormancy（休眠）: A period of growth inactivity in seeds, buds, bulbs ,and other plant organs even when environmental conditions normally required for growth are met.Drupe（核果）: A simple fleshy fruit whose single seed is enclosed within a hard endocarp.EElectrons（电子）a negatively charged particle of an atomElement（成分）one of more than too types of matter most existing naturally but some human-made , each of which is composed of one kind of atomEmbryo（胚芽）immature sporophyte that develops from a zygote within an ovule or archegonium after fertilization Endocarp（内果皮）: The innermost layer of a fruit wall.Endodermis（内皮） a single layer of cells surrounding the vascular tissue (stele) in roots and some stems , the cells have casparian stripsEndoplasmic reticulum（内质网） a complex system of interlinked double membrane channels subdividing the cytoplasm of a cell into compartments; parts of it are linked with ribosomesEnergy（活力）:the capacity to do work , some forms of energy are heat light and kineticEnzyme（酶）one of numerous complex proteins that speeds up a chemical reaction in living cells without being used up in the reactionEpicoty（上胚轴）l: the part of an embryo or seedling above the attachment point of the cotyledon(s). Epidermis（表皮the exterior tissue ,usually one cell thick ,of ,leaves ,young stems and roots ,and other parts of plants Essential（要素）Elements: One of 17 elements generally considered essential to the normal growth, development ,and reproduction of most plants.Ethylene（乙烯）: A simple, naturally produced, gaseous hormone that inhibits plant growth and promotes the ripening of fruit.Etiolated（黄化的）: A condition characterized by long internodes, poor leaf development, and pale ,weak appearance due to a plant having been deprived of light.Eukaryotic（真核状态的）ertaining to cells having distinct membrane-bound organelles ,including a nucleus with chromosomesExocarp :（外果皮）The outermost layer of a fruit wall.FFad（流行）: Flavin adenine dinucleotide , a hydrogen acceptor molecule involved in the krebs cycle of respiration and in photosynthesis.Fat（肥料）an organic compound containing carbon hydrogen and oxygen but with proportionately much less oxygen than is present in a carbohydrate moleculeFermentation（发酵）: Respiration in which the hydrogen removed from the glucose during glycolysis is transferred back to pyruvic acid, creating substances such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.Fiber（纤维） a long thick-walled cell whose protoplasm often is dead at maturityFilament（单纤维）: Threadlike body of certain algae and fungi; also the stalk portion of a stamen.Follicle（小囊）: A dry fruit that splits along one side only.Fruit（果实）: A mature ovary usually containing seeds; term also somewhat loosely applied to the reproductive structures of groups of plants other than angiosperms.GGene（基因） a unit of heredity, part of a linear sequence of such units occurring in the dna of chromosomesGenetics（遗传学）the biological discipline involving the study of heredityGibberellin（赤霉素）(GA):One of a group of plant hormones that have a variety of effects on growth; they are particularly known for promoting elongation of stems.Glycolysis（糖酵解）: The initial phase of all types of respiration in which clucose is converted to pyruvic acid without involving free oxygen.Grain（谷物）: See Caryopsis. A dry fruit in which the pericarp is tightly fused to the seed ;does not split at maturity. Grana（基粒） a series of stacked thylakoids within a chloroplastGravitational water（重力水）water that drains out of the pore space of a soil after a rainGravitropism（小包）：Growth response to gravity.Ground meristem（基本分省组织）From the original cell (s) as part of cells derived ,Future differentiation as the basic organization part of the Department.Grow, Growing, Growth（成长）: Progressive increase in size and volume through natural development. Guard Cell（保卫细胞）: One of a pair of specialized cells surrounding a stoma.Gluten（蜡质）the waxy or fatty substance of which a cuticle is composedGuttation（吐水作用）: The exudation of water in liquid form from leaves due to root pressure.HHaustoria(singular:haustorium)（吸气） a protuberance of a fungal hypha or plant organ such as a root that functions as a penetrating and absorbing structureHeartwood（赤木质）:nonliving,usually darkercolored wood whose cells have ceased to function in waterconduction.Hormone（激素）: An organic substance generally produced in minute amounts in one part of an organism and transported to another part of the organism where it controls or affects growth and development.HYdathode（排水器）: Structure at the tip of a leaf vein through which water is forced by root pressures. Hydrolysis（水解）: The breakdown of complex molecules to simpler ones as a result of the union of water with the compound ; usually controlled by enzymes.Hygroscopic water（吸湿水底）water that is chemically bound to soil particles and therefore unavailable to plants Hypocoty（胚轴）l: The portion of an embryo or seedling between the radical and the cotyledon(s). Hypodermis（皮下组织）: A layer of cells immediately beneath the epidermis and distinct from the parenchyma cells of the cortex in certain plants.Hypothesis（假说） A postulated explantation for some observed facts thatt must be tested experimentally before it can be affected as valid or discarded as incorrect.IImbibition（吸收）: Absorption of water and subsequent swelling of organic materials because of th adhesion of the water molecules to the internal surfaces.Inferior（差的）Ovary: An ovary to which parts of the calyx, corolla ,and stamens have become more or less united so they appear to be attached at the top of it.Inflorescence（花序）: A collective term for a group of flowers attached to a common axis in a specific a arrangement. Inorganic（无机的）descriptive of compounds having no carbon atomsIntermediate-Day plants（中级日照之物）: A plant that has two critical photoperiods; it will not flower if the days are either too short or too long.Internode（节间部分）:a stem region between nodes.Isotope（同位素）one of two or more forms of an element that have the same chemical properties but differ in the number of neutrons in the nuclei of their atomsKKinetochore（着丝点）: Kinetochore is the protein structure on chromosomes where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull the chromosomes apart.Knot（节）:a portion of the base of a branch enclosed within wood.Krebs Cycle（柠檬酸循环）: A Complex series of reactions following glycolysis in aerobic respiration that involves ATP, mitochondria ,and enzymes and that results in the combining of free oxygen with protons and electrons from pyruvic acid to make water.LLaticifer:（乳汁细胞）specialized cells or ducts resemaling vessels；they form branchen networks of latexsecreting cells in the phloem and other parts of plantsLeaf （叶子） a flattened ,usually photosynthetic structure arranged in various ways on a stemLeaf gaps: a parenchyma-filled interruption in a stem's cylinder of vascular tissue immediately above the point at which a branch of vascular tissue (leaf trace) leading to a leaf occursLeaf scars:（叶痕）the suberin-covered scar left on a twig when a leaf separates from it through abscission Lenticel （皮孔）one of usually numerous ,slighty raised ,somewhat spongy groups of cells in the bark of woody plants ;lenticels permit gas exchange between the interrior of a plant and the external atmosphereLeucoplasts （白色体） a colorless plastid comonly associated with starLight Reaction:（光反应） A series of chemical and physical reactions through which light energy is converted to chemical energy with the aid of chlorophyll molecules; in the process ,water molecules are split, with hydrogen ions and electrons being produced and oxygen gas being released; ATP and NADPH.Lignin （木质素） a polymer with which certain cell walls(E.G,,those of wood ) become impregnatedLipids （脂质） a general term for fats , fatty substances ,and oilsLong-day Plants:（长日照植物）A plant in which flowering is not initiated unless exposure to more than a critical day length occurs.MMeristems（分生组织） a region in which undifferetiated cells divideMesocarp: （中果皮）The middle region of the fruit wall that lies between the exocarp and the endocarp. Mesophyll:（叶肉组织）Parenchyma(chlorenchyma) tissue between the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf. Microfilaments （微丝）a protein filament involved wih cytoplasmic streaming and with contraction an movement in animal cellsMicrotubule（微管）an unbranched tubelike proteinaceous structure commonly found inside the plasma membrane where it apparently regulates the addition of cellulose to the cell wallMiddle lamella（胞间层）a layer of material ,rich in pectin ，that cements two adjacent cell walls together Midrib: （中脉）The central( main) vein of a pinnately veined leaf or leaflet.Mitochondria （线粒体）an organelle containing enzymes that function in the krebs cycle and the electron transport chain of aerobic respirationMolecule （分子）the smallest unit of an element or compound retaining it's own identity , consists of two or more atomsMonocotyledon: （单子叶植物）A class of angiosperms whose seeds have a single cotyledon; the term is commonly abbreviated to monocot.Monomers （单体）a simple individual molecular unit of a polymerMultiple Fruits:（聚合果） A fruit derived from several to many individual flowers in a single inflorescence. mycorrhizae （菌根）a symbiotic association between fungal hyphae and a plant rootNNADP:（烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸,辅酶II）Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a high-energy storage molecule that temporarily accepts electrons from photosystem 1 in the light reactions of photosynthesis.Nastic Movements: （感性运动）A nondirected movement of a flat organ(E.G.,petal, leaf) in which the organ alternately bends up and down.Neutron （中子）an uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atomNode:（节）Region of a stem where one or more leaves are attached.Non-meristematic tissue（非分生组织）a tissue composed of cells that have asumed various shaps and sizes related to their functions as they matured following their production by a meristemNotes region of a stem where one or more leaves are attachedNuclear envelope（核膜）a porous membrane enclosing a nucleusNucleic acids（核酸）see dna rna.Nucleic acids are biological molecules essential for life, and include DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).Nucleotide （核苷酸）the structural unit of dna and rnaNucleus（细胞核）the organelle of living cell that contains chromosomes and is essential to the regulation and control of all the cell functions . also ,the core of an atomsNuts:（坚果）One-seeded dry fruit with a hard, thick pericarp; develops with a cup or cluster of bracts at the base. OOil (油）a fat in a liquid stateOrbital （（电子）轨道）a volume of space in which a given electron occurs 90％of the timeOrganelle （细胞器）a membrane-bound body in the cyoplasm of a cell;there are several kinds, each with a specific function (e.g. Mitochondrion,chloroplast)Organic（有机物质）pertaining to or derived from living organisms and pertaining to the chemistry of carbon-containing compoundsOsmosis: Is（渗透作用）The diffusion of water or other solvents through a differentially permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Ovary: （子房）The enlarged basal portion of a pistil that contains an ovule or ovules and usually develops into a fruit. Ovule: （胚珠）A structure of seed plants that contains a female gametophyte and has the potential to develop into a seed.PPalisade Mesophyll:（栅栏组织）Mesophyll having one or more relatively uniform rows of tightly packed, elongate, columnar parenchyma (chlorenchyma) cells beneath the upper epidermis of a leaf.Palmately Compound: （掌状复叶）Having leaflets or principal veins radiating out from a common point. Palmately vined: See palmately compound. Palmately Compound: Having leaflets or principal veins radiating out from a common point.Parenchyma （薄壁组织）thin-walled cells varying in size ,shape ,and function ; the most commom type of plant cellPassage cells（通道细胞） a thin-walled cell of an endodermisPectin （胶质） a water-soluble organic copound occurring primarily in the middle lamella; becomes a jelly when combined organic acids and sujarPeduncle: （花梗）The stalk of a solitary flower or the main stalk of an inflorescence.Perennial: （多年生植物）A plant that continues to live indefinitely after flowering.Pericarp（果皮）: Collective term for all the layers of a fruit wall.Pericycle（中柱鞘）:tissue sandwiched between the endodermis and phloem of a root, often only one or two cellswide in transverse section, the site of origin of lateral rootsPeriderm（周皮）outer bark ;composed primarily of cork cellsPetal（花瓣）: A unit of a corolla; usually both flattened and colored.Petiole（叶柄）: the stalk of a leafPH （酸碱度） a symbol of hydrogen ion concentration indicating the degree of acidity or alkalinity Photon（光子）: A unit of light energy.Photoperiodism（光周期现象）: The initiation of flowering and certain vegetative activities of plants in response to relative lengths of day and night. Photosynthesis（光合作用）the conversion of light energy to chemical energy, water carbon dioxide and chlorophyll are all essential to the process which ultimately produces carbohydrate with oxygen being released as a by productPhotosynthetic unit（光合单位）: One of two groups of about 250 to 400 pigment molecules each that function together in chloroplasts in the light reactions of photosynthesis; the units are exceedingly numerous in each chloroplast. Photosystem（光和体系）: Collective term for a specific functional aggregation of photosynthetic units. Phytochrome（植物色素）: Protein pigment associated with the absorption of light; it is found in the cytoplasm of cells of green plants and occurs in interconvertible active and inactive forms red and facilitates a plant’s capacity to detect the presence (or absence) and duration of light.Pinnately Compound（羽状复叶）: Having leaflets or veins on both sides of a common axis(E.G., rachis, midrib) to which they are attached.Pinnately Vined: See pinnately compound. Pinnately Compound: Having leaflets or veins on both sides of a common axis(E.G., rachis, midrib) to which they are attached.Pistil（雌蕊）: A female reproductive structure of a flower; each is composed of one or more carpels and consisting of an ovary, style, and stigma.Pith（髓）:central tissue of a dicot stem and certain roots;consists of parenchyma cells that become proportionataly less of the volume of woody plants as cambibl activity in creases the organ girth.Plant anatomy（植物解剖学）the botanical discipline that pertains the internal structure of plants.Plant ecology（植物生态学）the science that deals with the relationships and interactions between plants and their environment.Plant geography（植物地理学）the science that deals with the relationships and interactions between plants and their environment.the botanical discipline that pertains to the broader aspects of the space relations of plants and their distribution over the surfance of the earth.Plant morphology（植物形态学）the botanical discipline that pertains to plant form and develoment.Plant physiology（植物生理学）the botanical discipline that pertains to the metabolic activities and processes of plants.Plant taxonomy（植物分类学）the botanical discipline that pertains to the classification,naming,and identification of plants.Plasma membrane（质膜）the outer boudary of the protpasm of a cell ; also called cell membrane,particularly in animal cellsPlasmodesmata（胞间连丝）minute strands of cytoplasm that extend between adjacent cells through pores in the wallsPlasmolysis（质壁分离）: The shrinking in volume of the protoplasm of a cell and the separation of the protoplasm from the cell wall due to loss of water via osmosis.Plastids（质体）:An organelle associated primarily with the storage or manufacture of carbohydrates(E.G.,leucoplast ,chloroplast.)Plumule（胚芽）: The terminal bud of the embryo of a seed plant.Pollen Grain（花粉粒）: A structure derived from the microspore of seed plants that develops into a male gametophyte.Polymer（聚合体） a large molecule composed of many monomersPome（梨果）: A simple fleshy fruit whose flesh is derived primarily from the receptacle.Pressure-Flow or Mass-Flow Hypothesis（压力流量或质量流量假说）: The theory that food substances in solution in plants flow along concentration gradients between the sources of the food and sinks (places where the food is utilized )Primary tissues （基层组织）a tissue produced by an apical meristem (E.G.,epidermis ,cortex,primary xylm and phloem pith )Primordia(singular:primordium)（原基）:an organ or structure(E.G;leaf,bud) at its earliest stage of development Procambium（前形成层） a tissue produced by the primary meristem that differentiates into primary xylem and phloemProkaryotic （原核的）having a cells that lack a distin nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles (e.g. Bacteria)Proplastid（原生质体） a tiny,undifferetiated organelle that can duplicate itself an that may develop into a chloroplast,leucoplast,or other type of plastidProtein （蛋白质） a polymer composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds Protoderm（原表皮）the primary meristem that gives rise to the epidermisProton（质子） a positively charged particle in the nucleus of and atomPyruvic Acid（丙酮酸）: The organic compound that is the end product of the glycolysis phase of respiration. RRadicle （胚根）the part of an embryo in a seed that develops into a rootRays （射线）radially orientedReceptacle:（花托）The commonly expanded tip of a peduncle or pedicel to which the various parts of a flower(E.G., calyx, corolla) are attached.Reproduction（繁殖方式）the development of new individual organisms through either sexual or asexual meansResin（树脂）canals: a tubular duct of many conifers and some angiosperms that is lined with resin-secreting cells Respiration（植物的呼吸）the cellular breakdown of sugar and other foods, accompanied by release of energy ,in aerobic respiration oxygen is utilizedRhizome（根茎，根状茎）：an underground stem,usually horizontally orienten,that may be superficially rootlike in appearance but has definite nodes and internodes.Root cap （根冠） a thimble-shaped mass of cells at the tip of a gowing root, functions primarily in protection Root hair（根毛） a delicate protublerance that is part of an epidermal cell of a root, root hairs occur in a zone behind the growing tipRoots（根） a plant organ that functions in anchorage and absorption ; most roots are produced below ground Runners（纤匐支，长匐茎）：a stem that grows horizontally along the surface of the ground ; typically has long internodes; see also stolon。
植物生理学英文版
1. plant hormones （phytohormones） ：Auxins（AUXs） Gibberellins（GAs） Cytokinins（CTKs）Ethylene（ETH） Abscisic acid（ABA）
2.plant growth regulators ：NAA TIBA CCC
long-day plants——short-day plants（LDP-SDP）
IDPs：甘蔗
photoperiodic induction：达到一定生理年龄的植株，只要经过一定时间适宜的光周期处理，以后即使处在不适宜光周期条件下，仍然可以长期保持刺激的效果而诱导植物开花的现象
critical dark period：临界夜长，昼夜周期中，长日植物能够开花的最长暗期或短日植物能开花的最短暗期（LDPs=SNPs，SDPs=LNPs）
redifferertiation：再分化
explant：外植体
thermoperiodicity：温周期现象
grand period of growth：生长大周期（S型慢快慢）
biological clock：生物钟
RGR：相对生长速率
circadian rhythms ：内生昼夜节奏
free radical：自由基，带有未配对电子的离子，原子，分子和基团的总称
active oxygen：活性氧，化学性质活泼，氧化能力很强的含氧物质的总称
Stratification：层积处理，解除种子休眠的方法
environmental stress：对植物生存生长不利的各种环境因素的总称，逆境
photoperiod：一昼夜中白天和黑夜的相对长度（光周期）
植物生理学名词解释(双语)
1,water metabolism水分代谢：植物对水分的吸收、运输、利用和散失的过程。
2,bound water束缚水：靠近胶粒而被胶粒吸附束缚不易自由流动的水分。
3,free water自由水：距离胶粒较远而可以自由流动的水分。
4,water potential水势：指每偏摩尔体积水的化学式（差）可判断水分的能态。
5,osmotic potential渗透势：渗透势亦称溶质势，是由于溶质颗粒的存在，降低了水的自由能，因而其水势低于纯水的水势。
6,matric potential衬质势：由于细胞胶体物质亲水性和毛细管对自由水的束缚而引起的水势降低值，恒为负值。
7,aquaporin水通道蛋白：生物膜上具有通透水分的功能的内在蛋白，亦称水乳蛋白。
8,transpiration pull蒸腾拉力：叶片蒸腾时，气孔下腔附近的叶肉细胞因蒸腾失水而水势下降，所以从旁边细胞取得水分。
同理，旁边细胞又从另一个细胞取得水分，如此下去，便从导管要水，最后根部就从环境吸收水分。
引起这种吸水的能力即是蒸腾拉力。
9,Photosynthetic unit光合单位：位于类囊体膜上，能进行光合作用的最小结构单位，包括聚光色素系统和光反应中心10,Photophosphorylation光合磷酸化：利用贮存在跨类囊体膜的质子梯度的光能把ADP和无机磷合成为ATP的过程，称为光合磷酸化。
11,Photorespiration光呼吸：植物的绿色细胞依赖光照，吸收氧气和放出二氧化碳的过程。
12,Photoinhibition光抑制：光能超过光合系统所能利用的数量时，光合功能下降，这个现象为光合作用的光抑制。
13,CO2 compensation point二氧化碳补偿点：当光合吸收的二氧化碳量等于呼吸放出的二氧化碳量时，外界的二氧化碳含量就叫二氧化碳补偿点。
14,Light saturation point光饱和点：在光照强度较低时，光合速率随光强增加而增加；光强进一步提高时，光合速率的增加逐步减小；当超过一定光强时，光合速率不再增加，此时的光照强度即为光饱和点。
植物生理学英文课件：Chapter08 flowering
• Photoperiodism and vernalization are two of the most important mechanisms underlying seasonal responses.Photoperiodism is a response to the length of day or light;vernalization is the promotion of flowering by prolonged cold temperature.
• The first (outermost) whorl consists of four sepals, which are green at maturity;
• The second whorl is composed of four petals, which are white at maturity;
• The hemeotic genes fall into three classes-types A, B, and C. The control of organ identity by type A, B, and C homeotic genes is referred as ABC model.
Chapter 8 Flowering and reproductive physiology in plant
• Plant flowering is strongly correlated with season.----Most people look forward to the spring season and the profusion of flowers it brings.
【VIP专享】植物生理学(第4版)(国外经典教材译丛)(Plant Physiology)
6.培养学生观察、思考、对比及分析综合的能力。过程与方法1.通过观察蚯蚓教的学实难验点，线培形养动观物察和能环力节和动实物验的能主力要；特2征.通。过教对学观方察法到与的教现学象手分段析观与察讨法论、，实对验线法形、动分物组和讨环论节法动教特学征准的备概多括媒，体继课续件培、养活分蚯析蚓、、归硬纳纸、板综、合平的面思玻维璃能、力镊。子情、感烧态杯度、价水值教观1和.通过学理解的蛔1虫.过观适1、察于程3观阅 六蛔寄.内列察读 、虫生出蚯材 让标容生3根常蚓料 学本教活.了 据见身： 生，师的2、解 问的体巩鸟 总看活形作 用蛔 题线的固类 结雌动态业 手虫 自形练与 本雄学、三： 摸对 学动状习人 节蛔生结4、、收 一人 后物和同类 课虫活构请一蚯集 摸体 回并颜步关 重的动、学、蚓鸟 蚯的 答归色学系 点形教生生让在类 蚓危 问纳。习从 并状学理列学平的害 题线蚯四线人 归、意特出四生面体以形蚓、形类 纳大图点常、五观玻存 表及动的鸟请动文 本小引以见引、察璃现 ，预物身类 3学物明 节有言及的、导巩蚯上状 是防的体之生和历 课什根蚯环怎学固蚓和， 干感主是所列环史 学么据蚓节二样生练引牛鸟 燥染要否以举节揭 到不上适动、区回习导皮类 还的特分分蚯动晓 的同节于物让分答。学纸减 是方征节布蚓物起 一，课穴并学蚯课生上少 湿法。?广的教， 些体所居归在生蚓前回运的 润；4泛益学鸟色生纳.靠物完的问答动原 的4蛔，处目类 习和活环.近在成前题蚯的因 ？了虫以。标就 生体的节身其实端并蚓快及 触解寄上知同 物表内特动体结验和总利的慢我 摸蚯生适识人 学有容点物前构并后结用生一国 蚯蚓在于与类 的什，的端中思端线问活样的 蚓人飞技有 基么引进主的的考?形题环吗十 体生行能着 本特出要几变以动，境？大 节活的1密 方征本“特节化下物.让并为珍 近习会形理切 法。课生征有以问的小学引什稀 腹性态解的 。2课物。什游题主.结生出么鸟 面和起结蛔关观题体么戏：要利明蚯？类 处适哪构虫系察：的特的特用确蚓等 ，于些特适。蛔章形殊形征板，这资 是穴疾点于可虫我态结式。书生种料 光居病是寄的们结构，五小物典， 滑生？重生鸟内学构，学、结的型以 还活5要生类部习与.其习巩鸟结的爱 是如原活生结了功颜消固类构线鸟 粗形何因的存构腔能色化练适特形护 糙态预之结的，肠相是系习于点动鸟 ？、防一构现你动适否统。飞都物为结蛔。和状认物应与的行是。主构虫课生却为和”其结的与题、病本理不蛔扁的他构特环以生？8特乐虫形观部特8征境小理三页点观的动位点梳相组等、这；，哪物教相，理适为方引些2鸟，育同师.知应单面导鸟掌类结了；？生识的位学你握日构解2互.。办特生认线益特了通动手征观识形减点它过，抄；察吗动少是们理生报5蛔？物，与的解.参一了虫它和有寄主蛔与份解结们环些生要虫其。蚯构都节已生特对中爱蚓。会动经活征人培鸟与飞物灭相。类养护人吗的绝适这造兴鸟类？主或应节成趣的为要濒的课情关什特临？就危感系么征灭来害教；？；绝学，育，习使。我比学们它生可们理以更解做高养些等成什的良么两好。类卫动生物习。惯根的据重学要生意回义答；的3.情通况过，了给解出蚯课蚓课与题人。类回的答关：系线，形进动行物生和命环科节学动价环值节观动的物教一育、。根教据学蛔重虫点病1.引蛔出虫蛔适虫于这寄种生典生型活的线结形构动和物生。理二特、点设；置2.问蚯题蚓让的学生生活思习考性预和习适。于穴居生活的形态、结构、生理等方面的特征；3.线形动物和环节动物的主要特征。
植物生理学中英文对照
一画乙醛酸体glyoxysome乙醛酸循环glyoxylate cycle，GAC乙醇酸glycolate，glycolic acid乙醇酸氧化酶glycolate oxidase乙醇酸氧化途径glycolic acid oxidation pathway乙醇脱氢酶alcohol dehydrogenase乙烯ethylene乙烯利ethrel二画二型性别dimorphism二苯脲diphenylurea二酰甘油diacylglycerol，DG，DAG二硝基酚dinitrophenol，DNP 11,3-二磷酸甘油酸1,3-bisphosphoglycerate二氧化碳猝发CO2 outburst二氧化碳饱和点CO2 saturation point二氧化碳补偿点CO2 compensation point 二氨丙烷diaminopropane2，4-二氯苯氧乙酸2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,2,4-D 二氢玉米素dihydrozeatin二氢吡咯pyrroline二氢红花菜豆酸dihydrophaseic acid二羟丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetone phosphate，DHAP人工种子artificial seeds儿茶酚氧化酶catechol oxidase三画三十烷醇1-triacontanol三碘苯甲酸2，3，5-triiodobenzoic acid，TIBA三氯苯氧乙酸trichlorophenoxyacetic acid三重反应triple response 293三羧酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle，TCAC干旱drought干旱胁迫drought stress土壤—植物—大气连续体soil-plant-atmosphere continuum,SPAC 下调作用down regulation 大纤丝macrofibril大量元素major element，微量元素macroelement小孔扩散律small pore diffusion law尸胺cadaverine 299己糖磷酸途径hexose monophosphate pathway，HMP己糖激酶hexokinase马来酰肼maleic hydrazide,MH四画开放体系open system天然单性结实natural parthenocarpy天冬氨酸aspartate,Asp天冬氨酸转氨酶aspartate amino transferase天线色素antenna pigment无土栽培soilless culture无融合生殖apomixis无辐射退激radiationless deexcitation 无氧呼吸anaerobic respiration 1无氧呼吸消失点anaerobic respiration extinction point无籽果实seedless fruit无限生长indeterminate growth无孢子生殖apospory无丝分裂amitosis木酮糖5 磷酸xylulose-5-phosphate木质素lignin支链淀粉amylopectin区域化compartmentation瓦伯格效应Warburg effect日中性植物day neutral plant中日照植物intermediate day length plant 中央液泡central vacuoleＣ3－Ｃ4 中间植物Ｃ3－Ｃ4 intermediate plant中间丝intermediate filament中层middle lamella水培hydroponics水培法water culture method水势water potential水杨基氧肟酸salicylhydroxamate，SHAM 水杨酸salicylic acid,SA水生植物hydrophytes水氧化钟water oxidizing clock水合补偿点hydration compensation point 水分亏缺water deficit水分平衡water balance水分临界期critical period of water水分代谢water bolism水溶清蛋白albumin水通道蛋白water channel protein水孔蛋白aquaporins内吞endocytosis内聚力cohesion内聚力学说cohesion theory内在蛋白intrinsic protein内酯酶lactonase内转换internal conversion内向K +通道inward K + channel ，内质网endoplasmic reticulum,ER内膜endomembrane内能internal energy贝壳杉烯kaurene气培法aeroponics气相色谱gas chromatography气腔网络air space netwotk气穴现象cavitation气孔开度stomatal aperture气孔运动stomatal movement气孔蒸腾stomatal transpiration气孔下腔substomatal cavities气孔频度stomatal frequency毛管水capillary water毛细作用capillarity长日植物long day plant长短日植物long short day plant片层lamellae化学势chemical potential化学信号chemical signal化学渗透学说chemiosmotic theory反向传递antiport反馈抑制feedback inhibition反馈调节feedback regulation反应中心reaction center ，反应中心色素分子reaction center pigment介电常数dielectric constant 分支酶branching enzyme分化differentiation分泌囊泡secretory vesicles比热容specific heat比集运转速率specific mass transfer rate，SMTR比久B9,二甲胺基琥珀酰胺酸 dimethyl aminosuccinamic acid巴斯德效应Pasteur effect双“S”形生长曲线double sigmoid growth curve双光系统two photosystem双向运输bidirectional transport双受精double fertilization五画末端氧化酶terminal oxidase玉米素zeatin，ZT玉米素核苷zeatin riboside玉米素顺反异构酶zeatin cistrans isomerase玉米赤霉烯酮zearaienone正常性种子orthodox seed正化学信号positive chemical signal正向重性positive gravitropism正效应物positive effector去春化作用devernalization去极化depolarization去镁叶绿素pheophytin，Pheo甘氨酸甜菜碱glycine betaine甘油三酯triacylglycerols,TAG甘油3 磷酸glycerol-3-phosphate甘油3 磷酸脱氢酶glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase甘油醛3 磷酸glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate，GAP甘油醛3 磷酸脱氢酶ghyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase甘油酸激酶glycerate kinase可溶性氧化酶soluble oxidase可溶性淀粉合成酶soluble starch synthase丙酮酸pyruvate丙酮酸磷酸二激酶pyruvate phosphatedikinase PPPk丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体pyruvic acid dehydrogenase complex丙酮酸脱羧酶pyruvic acid decarboxylase 丙酮酸激酶pyruvate kinase丙氨酸甜菜碱alaninebetaine丙糖磷酸异构酶triose phosphate isomerase戊糖磷酸途径pentose phosphate pathway，PPP平衡压力balance pressure平衡石statolith平衡溶液balance solution平衡细胞statocyles灭光信号light off signal卡尔文循环Calvin cycle叶黄素xanthophyll叶面营养foliar nutrition叶面积系数leaf area index，LAI叶肉细胞mesophyll cell叶绿素chlorophyll,Chl叶绿体chloroplast叶绿体被膜chloroplast envelope5′-甲硫基核苷5′-methylthioribose甲硫氨酸methionine甲瓦龙酸甲羟戊酸mevalonic acid电中性electroneutrality电化学势electrochemical potential电负性electronegative田间持水量field capacity四氢吡喃苄基腺嘌呤 tetrahydropyranyl benzyladenine生理碱性盐physiologically alkaline salt生理酸性盐physiologically acid salt生理中性盐physiologically neutral salt 生理钟physiological clock生理休眠physiological dormancy生殖生长reproductive growth生殖细胞无孢子生殖generatine apospory 生物大分子biomacromolecule生物固氮biological nitrogen fixation 生物钟biological clock生物氧化biological oxidation 生物分子biomolecule生物膜biomembrane生长growth生长素auxin生长素梯度学说auxin gradient theory生长素赖氨酸合成酶IAA lysinesynthetase生长素结合蛋白auxin binding protein生长抑制剂growth inhibitor生长大周期grand period of growth生长呼吸growth respiration生长延缓剂growth retardant生长的周期性growth periodicity生长效率growth efficiency生长发育growth and development生命周期life cycle生色团chromophore代谢bolism代谢库bolic sink代谢源bolic source外排exocytosis外植体explant外在蛋白extrinsic protein外连丝ectodesmata外向K＋通道outward K + channel外膜outer membrane饥饿基因famine gene主动转运active transport主动吸水active absorption of water主动吸收active absorption主宰酶master enzyme主导库dominant sink半醌semiquinone半支莲醛potulai半透膜semipermeable membrane半自主性细胞器semiautonomous organelle 半月苔酸lunlaric acid半纤维素hemicellulose它感化合物allelochemical必需元素essential element永久萎蔫permanent wilting永久萎蔫系数permanent wilting coefficient皮孔蒸腾lenticular transpiration发酵fermentation发育development对氯汞苯磺酸parachloro-mercuribenzene sulfonate幼年期juvenile phase丝状亚基fibrous subunits丝氨酸serine丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶 serine glyoxylate aminotransferase六画动作电位action potential，AP动力蛋白dynamin老化aging共振传递resonance transfer共价键covalent bond共向传递体symport共质体symplast共质体运输symplastic transport共质体装载symplastic phloem loading 共质体途径symplast pathway亚硝酸还原酶nitrite reductase，NiR亚胺环已酮cycloheximide亚麻酸linolenic acid亚精胺spermidine亚油酸linoleic acid过氧化氢酶catalase，CAT过氧化物酶peroxidase，POD过氧化物体peroxisome过敏反应hypersensitive reaction再春化现象revernalization再生阶段regeneration phase再分配redistribution再分化redifferentiation扩散作用diffusion ，协助扩散facilitated diffusion西罗血红素sirohaem压力探针pressure probe压力势pressure potential压力流学说pressure flow hypothesis压力室法pressure chamber有氧呼吸aerobic respiration有益元素beneficial elements有限生长determinate growth有丝分裂reduction mitosis 灰分ash灰分元素ash element死亡激素death hormone成花素florigen成花决定态floral determinated state 成花启动floral evocation成花诱导floral induction成膜体phragmoplast成熟maturation光形态建成photomorphogenesis光呼吸photorespiration光呼吸碳氧化循环photorespiration carbon oxidation cycle光敏色素phytochrome，PHY光保护作用photoprotection光化学烟雾photochemical smog光反应light reaction光合速率photosynthetic rate光合有效辐射photosynthetically active radiation，PAR光合碳还原循环photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle光合磷酸化photophosphorylation光合链photosynthetic chain光合午睡现象midday depression of photosynthesis光合作用photosynthesis光合作用的光抑制photoinhibition of photo synthesis光合膜photosynthetic membrane光合产物photosynthetic yield光合单位photosynthetic unit光合滞后期lag phase of photosynthesis 光合细菌photosynthetic bacteria光受体photoreceptor光周期photoperiod光周期现象photoperiodism光周期诱导photoperiodic induction光饱和点light saturation point光系统Ⅰ photosystem Ⅰ，PSⅠ光系统Ⅱ photosystem Ⅱ，PSⅡ光亲和标记photoaffinity labling光滑性内质网smooth endoplasmic reticulum光补偿点light compensation point光调节因子light regulated element光能利用率efficiency for solar energy utilization早熟发芽precocious germination早前期带preprophase band，PPB ，吐水guttation同型二聚体homodimer同化物assimilate同化物运输assimilate transportation 同化作用assimilation同化力assimilatory power同源异型基因homeotic gene同源异型突变homeotic mutation吸胀吸水imbibing absorption of water 吸胀作用imbibition ，吸收光谱absorption spectrum吸附作用absorption回补机制replenishing mechanism传递体transporter休眠dormancy休眠素dormin伤呼吸wound respiration伤流bleeding伤流液bleeding sap自动催化作用autocatalysis自花授粉self pollination自由基free radical自由水free water自由空间free space自由能free energy自交不亲和性self incompatibility自交不育self infertility自养性autotropism自溶作用autolysis向光性phototropism向重性gravitropism向化性chemotropism向触性thigmotropism向性运动tropic movement后熟作用after ripening近似昼夜节奏circadian rhythm杀粉蝶菌素A piericidin A合子zygote 肌动蛋白actin肌醇三磷酸inositol-1,4,5-triphophate，IP3肌醇磷脂lipositol负化学信号negative chemical signal负向重性negative gravitropism负效应物negative effector多元酚氧化酶polyphenol oxidase多聚核糖体polyribosome多聚化截留机理polymerization trap mechanism多聚半乳糖醛酸酶polygalacturonase多克隆抗体polyclonal antibody多胺ployamines,PA色素pigment色素蛋白复合体pigment protein complex 色氨酸tryptophan色氨酸单加氧酶thyphophan monooxygenase 色胺tryptamine交替氧化酶alternative oxidase交替途径alternative pathway交叉适应现象cross adaptation交叉忍耐cross tolerances次生壁secondary wall次级共运转secondary cotransport次级电子供体secondary electron donor 次级电子受体secondary electron acceptor次级库subordinate sinks异花授粉allogamy异构酶isomerase异柠檬酸裂解酶isocitratelyase异柠檬酸脱氢酶isocitric acid dehydrogenase异戊烯基腺苷isopentenyl adenosine,iPA 异戊烯基腺嘌呤isopentenyladenine,ip异戊烯转移酶isopentenyl transferase异戊烯焦磷酸isopentenyl pyrophosphate 异化作用disassimilation阳生植物sun plant阴生植物shade plant红花菜豆酸phaseic acid红光red light红降red drop纤维素cellulose纤维素酶cellulase七画麦芽糖酶maltase形态发生morphogenesis远红光far red light运动反应motor response运转器translocator韧皮部装载phloem loading韧皮部卸出phloem unloading韧皮蛋白P 蛋白phloem protein坏死性死亡necrosis death赤藓糖4 磷酸erythrose-4-phosphate赤霉素gibberellin，GA赤霉烷gibberellane抑制剂depressant抗坏血酸氧化酶ascorbate oxidase抗盐性salt resistance抗热性heat resistance抗蒸腾剂antitranspirant抗旱性drought resistance抗虫性pest resistance抗氰呼吸cyanide resistant respiration 抗氰氧化酶cyanide resistant oxidase 抗冻性freezing resistance抗冷性chilling resistance抗病性disease resistance抗性resistance,hardiness抗涝性flood resistance抗张强度tensile strength壳梭孢菌素fusicoccin，FC拟核体nucleoid拟脂体lipid body芽休眠bud dormancy花芽分化flower bud differentiation花的发端initiation of flower花熟状态ripeness to flower state花粉pollen花粉粒pollen grain6-苄基腺嘌呤6-benzyl adenine，BA克隆clone极性polarity极性运输polar transport极性分子polar molecule 束缚型赤霉素conjugated gibberellin束缚型生长素bound auxin束缚水bound water两极光周期植物amphophotoperiodism plant还原阶段reduction phase旱害drought injury旱生植物xerophytes吲哚丁酸indole-3-butyric acid，IBA吲哚丙酮酸indole pyruvic acid吲哚丙酸indole propionic acid吲哚乙醛indole acetaldehyde吲哚乙酰天冬氨酸indole acetyl aspartic acid吲哚乙酰葡萄糖indole acetyl glucose吲哚乙酰肌醇indole acetyl inositol吲哚乙酸indole-3-acetic acid，IAA吲哚乙酸氧化酶IAA oxidase吲哚乙腈indole acetonitrile别藻蓝蛋白allophycocyanin延胡索酸酶fumarase体细胞无孢子生殖somatic apospory体细胞胚somatic embryo伸展蛋白extensin低温诱导蛋白low temperature induced protein希尔氧化剂Hill oxidant希尔反应Hill reaction谷氨酰胺合成酶glutamine synthetase，GS 谷氨酸合酶glutamate synthase,GOGAT谷氨酸脱氢酶glutamate dehydrogenase，GDH谷氨酸乙醛酸转氨酶glutamate glyoxylate aminotransferase谷胱甘肽glutathione谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶glutathione peroxidase，GPX谷胱甘肽还原酶glutathione reductase，GR邻香豆酸ocoumaric acid邻近细胞neighbouring cell免疫immune角质蒸腾cuticular transpiration系统获得性抗性systemic acquiredresistance系统肽systemin冻害freezing injury库sink库强sink strength应变素allergens冷击蛋白cold shock protein冷响应蛋白cold responsive protein冷害chilling injury间质stroma泛醌ubiquinone,UQ泛醌氧化还原酶ubiquinone oxidoreductase完熟ripening初生壁primary wall初级共运转primary cotransport识别recognition层积处理stratification张力tension阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白arabinogalactan protein阿斯匹林aspirin驱动蛋白kinesin纺锤体spindle八画环式光合磷酸化cyclic photophosphorylation环式电子传递cyclic electron transport 环境污染environmental pollution环腺苷酸cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP环脂肪酸cyclic fatty acid环割试验girdling experiment表面张力surface tension ，表异构酶epimerase表观光合速率apparent photosynthetic rate表观库强apparent sink strength顶端优势apical dominance茉莉酸jasmonic acid，JA茉莉酸甲酯methyl jasmonate，MeJA茉莉酸类jasmonates苯丙氨酸phenylalanine苯丙氨酸解氨酶phenylalanine ammonia lyase苯乙酸phenylactic acid苹果酸malate,Mal苹果酸酶malic enzyme苹果酸代谢学说malate bolism theory苹果酸合成酶malate synthetase苹果酸脱氢酶malic acid dehydrogenase ，直链淀粉amylose板块镶嵌模型plate mosaic model刺激感受stimulus perception刺激性单性结实stimulative parthenocarpy矿质元素mineral element矿质营养mineral nutrition转运肽transit peptide转基因植物transgenic plant转醛醇酶transaldolase转酮酶transketolase转移细胞transfer cell,TC转化酶invertase ，转录因子tranion factors非环式光合磷酸化non cyclic photophosphorylation非环式电子传递noncyclic electron transport非堆叠区nonappressed region果胶pectin果胶物质pectic substances果胶酶pectinase果胶酸pectic acid果糖1，6 二磷酸fructose-1,6-bisphosphate,FBP果糖1，6 二磷酸酯酶fructose-1,6-bispho sphate phosphatase果糖-6-磷酸fructose-6-phosphate,F6P果糖激酶fructokinase固氮酶nitrogenase固定化细胞immobilized cells呼吸速率respiratory rate呼吸电子传递链respiratory electron transport chain呼吸跃变respiratory climacteric呼吸链respiratory chain呼吸作用respiration呼吸系数respiratory coefficient呼吸底物respiratory substrate吸呼效率respiratory ratio呼吸商respiratory quotient，RQ岩棉栽培rockwool culture罗汉松内酯podolactone物理信号physical signal物候期phenological period质蓝素plastocyanin，PC质体plastid质体醌plastoquinone，PQ ，质体小球plastoglobulus质壁分离plasmolysis ，质壁分离复原deplasmolysis质子动力proton motive force，pmf质子泵proton pump质外体apoplast质外体运输apoplastic transport质外体装载apoplasmic phloem loading质外体途径apoplast pathway受体receptor ，，受精作用fertilization乳酸脱氢酶lactic acid dehydrogenase乳酸发酵lactate fermentation胁迫stress胁迫激素stress hormone胁变strain周期性growth periodicity鱼藤酮rotenone饱和蒸气压saturation vapor pressure夜间断night break底物水平磷酸化substrate level phosphorylation放热呼吸thermogenic respiration放氧复合体oxygen evolving complex ，放射免疫检测法radioimmunoassay放线菌素actinomycin D净光合速率net photosynthetic rate净同化率net assimilation rate,NAR ，育性转化fertility change性别表达sex expression单“S”形生长曲线single sigmoid growth curve单盐毒害toxiciy of single salt 单克隆抗体monoclonal antibody单酚氧化酶monophenol oxidase单倍体无配子生殖haploid apogamr单倍体孤雄生殖haploid androgenesis单倍体孤雌生殖haploid parthenogenesis 单向传递体uniport单性结实parthenocarpy法呢基焦磷酸farnesyl pyrophosphate ，油菜素brassin油菜素内酯brassinolide，BR油菜素甾体类化合物brassinosteroids油酸oleic acid油体oil body油体蛋白oleosins泥炭培养peat culture空种皮技术empty seed coat technique 衬质matrix衬质势matrix potential衬质水势matrix water potential降解breakdown线性期linear phase线粒体mitochondria ，细菌叶绿素bacteriochlorophyll细胞克隆cell clone细胞板cell plate细胞松弛素B cytochalasin B细胞融合cell fusion细胞浆cytosol细胞器cell organelle细胞骨架cytoskeleton细胞繁殖cell reproduction细胞质环流cyclosis细胞质基质cytoplasmic matrix细胞质膜plasma membrane细胞全能性totipotency细胞分裂素cytokinin，CTK细胞分裂素氧化酶cytokinin oxidase细胞分化cell differentiation细胞膜cell membrane细胞周期cell cycle细胞色素cytochrome，Cyt细胞色素氧化酶cytochrome oxidase细胞衰老cellular aging细胞液cell sap细胞学说cell theory细胞壁cell wall孤立体系isolated system孢粉素pollenin孢子体型不亲和sporophyric self incompatibility,SSI九画春化素vernalin春化作用vernalization封闭体系closed system指数期logarithmic phase草酰乙酸oxaloacetic acid，OAA荧光fluorescence荧光猝灭剂fluorescence quencher ，胡萝卜素carotene枯斑necrotic spot相互竞争allelospoly相生相克它感作用allelopathy相关性correlation相对生长速率relative growth rate，RGR 相对自由空间relative free space,RFS 柠檬酸循环citric acid cycle柠檬酸合成酶citrate synthase砂培sand culture砂基培养法sand culture method砂砾栽培gravel culture临界日长critical daylength临界暗期critical dark period钙调蛋白钙调素calmodulin,CaM ，氢醌hydroquinone氢化酶hydrogenase选择吸收selective absorption种子劣变seed deterioration种子生活力seed viability种子休眠seed dormancy种子的寿命seed longevity种子活力seed vigor秋水仙素colchicine ，重力势gravitational potential重力水gravitational water复种指数multiple crop index复合脂类complex lipids顺乌头酸酶aconitase保卫细胞guard cell 信号转导signal transduction ，信息传递message transportation胚芽鞘coleoptile胚柄suspensor胚状体embryoid胚胎萌发viviparous germination，vivipary胚胎晚期丰富蛋白late embryogenesis abundant protein,LEA胚胎发生embryogenesis胞间连丝plasmodesma胞间层intercellular layer亲和性compatibility亲和力affinity类胡萝卜素carotenoid类胡萝卜素途径carotenoid pathway类囊体thylakoid前质体proplastid ，前馈活化feedforward activation逆境environmental stress逆境逃避stress avoidance逆境乙烯stress ethylene逆境蛋白stress protein逆境忍耐stress tolerance总光合速率gross photosynthetic rate 活化酶activase活性氧active oxygen ，染色体chromosome染色质chromatin染色单体chromatid穿梭运动shuttle streaming诱导酶induced enzyme ，诱导性单性结实induced parthenocarpy 昼夜节律circadian rhythm昼夜周期性daily periodicity结构酶constitutive enzyme结合态淀粉合成酶granule bound starch synthase结合蛋白binding protein绝对生长速率absolute growth rate，AGR 十画顽拗性种子recalcitrant seed载体carrier载色体chromatophore盐碱土saline and alkaline soil盐逆境蛋白salt stress protein盐溶清蛋白globulin盐害salt injury热电偶thermocouple热休克蛋白热激蛋白heat shock proteins,HSPs热害heat injury热力学thermodynamics莽草酸shikimic acid真核生物eukaryote真核细胞eukaryotic cell真光合速率true photosynthetic rate核基质nuclear matrix核酮糖1，5 二磷酸ribuloseBF-1,5-bisphosphate, BFQ RuBP核酮糖1，5 二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶BFQ ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxyla se/oxygenase，Rubisco核酮糖-5-磷酸ribulose-5-phosphate,Ru5P核酮糖-5-磷酸表异构酶ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase核酮糖-5-磷酸激酶ribulose-5-phosphate kinase,Ru5PK核小体nucleosome核仁nucleolus核质nucleoplasm核膜nuclear membrane核糖=5-磷酸ribose-5-phosphate,R5P核糖-5-磷酸异构酶ribose-5-phosphate isomerase核糖体ribosome核液karyolymph核孔nuclear pore根压root pressure根冠比root top ratio,R/T砾培gravel culture原核生物prokaryote原核细胞prokaryotic cell原果胶protopectin原生质protoplasm原生质体protoplast原初电子供体primary electron donor 原初电子受体primary electron acceptor 1 原初反应primary reaction原初主动运转primary active transport 原发优势primigenic dominance配子体型不亲和gametophytic self incompatibility,GSI致电泵electrogenic pump圆球体spherosome铁硫黄素蛋白iron sulfur flavoprotein 铁硫蛋白iron sulfur protein铁氧还蛋白ferredoxin,Fd铁氧还蛋白-NADP+还原酶ferredoxin-NADP+reductase，FNR氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation氧自由基oxygen free radical氧饱和点oxygen saturation point1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid,ACC氨基酮戊酸aminolevulinic acid氨基氧乙酸aminooxyacetic acid,AOA氨基乙氧基乙烯基甘氨酸aminoethoxyvinyl glycine,AVG缺绿症chlorosis敌草隆Diuron,DCMU爱默生增益效应Emerson enhancement effect脂氧合酶lipoxygenase ,脂肪酸fatty acid胶体colloid胼胝质callose衰老senescence衰老相关基因senescence associated gene 衰老特定基因senescence specific gene 衰减期senescence phase高尔基体Golgi body高效液相层析high performance liquid chromatography高温胁迫high temperature stress病原菌disease producing germ病原相关蛋白pathogenesis related proteins,PRs ，病原物causal organism病害disease离区abscission zone离层abscission layer离子载体抑制剂ionophore depressant离子颉颃ion antagonism离子交换ion exchange离子通道ion channel凋亡apoptosis凋亡小体apoptotic body涝害flood injury酒精发酵alcohol fermentation流动镶嵌模型fluid mosaic model被动运输passive transport被动吸水passive absorption of water 被动吸收passive absorption能荷energy charge能量梯度energy gradient通道channel继代培养subculture十一画堆叠区appressed region授粉pollination培养基medium接触态建成thigmomorphogenesis接触交换contact exchange基态ground state基因组genomes基质matrix基质片层stroma lamella基质类囊体stroma thylakoid基粒granum基粒片层grana lamella基粒类囊体grana thylakoid基细胞basal cell黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavin adenine dinucleotide,FAD黄素单核苷酸flavin mononucleotide,FMN 黄化现象etiolation黄质醛xanthoxin ,萘基邻氨甲酰苯甲酸naphthyphthalamic acid萘氧乙酸naphthoxyacetic acid萘乙酸naphthalene acetic acid,NAA , 萌发germination萝卜酰胺raphanusamide 萝卜宁raphanusanin萎蔫wilting菊芋素heliangint营养转移nutrient diversion营养生长vegetative growth营养膜技术nutrient film technique,NFT 梅勒反应Mehler's reaction副卫细胞subsidiary cell酚氧化酶phenol oxidase辅酶A coenzyme A,CoA辅助色素accessory photosynthetic pigments悬浮培养suspension culture甜菜碱betaines第二信使second messenger敏感性sensitivity偶联因子coupling factor偶联部位coupled site偏向受精preferential fertilization假环式光合磷酸化pseudocyclic photopho sphorylation 假环式电子传递pseudocyclic electron transport 脯氨酸proline,Pro ，脯氨酸甜菜碱prolinebetaine脱落abscission脱落素abscisin脱落酸abscisic acid,ABA脱支酶debranching enzyme脱分化dedifferentiation脱羧作用decarboxylation阈时presentation time羟基丙酮酸还原酶hydroxypyruvate reductase羟脯氨酸hydroxyproline，Hyp粘性plasticity粘附力adhesionJP 粗糙型内质网rough endoplasmic reticulum,RER JP烯醇化酶enolase液晶态liquid crystalline state液泡膜tonoplast淀粉酶amylase淀粉磷酸化酶starch phosphorylase淀粉体amyloplast ，淀粉合成酶starch synthase淀粉粒starch grain渗透势osmotic potential渗透吸水osmotic absorption of water渗透作用osmosis渗透胁迫osmotic stress渗透调节osmotic adjustment寄主host寄主特异毒素host specific toxin密度density弹性胁变elastic strain蛋白磷酸酯酶protein phosphatase蛋白激酶protein kinase ，隐花植物cryptogamia隐花色素cryptochrome ，维持呼吸maintenance respiration维管束鞘细胞bundle sheath cell，BSC绿色荧光蛋白green fluorescent protein 绿色硫细菌green sulfur bacteria十二画琥珀酸硫激酶succinic thiodinase琥珀酸脱氢酶succinic dehydrogenase琥珀酸:泛醌氧化还原酶succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase超氧化物歧化酶superoxide dismutase,SOD 颉颃作用antagonism插入蛋白integral protein葡聚糖ployglucosan葡萄糖-6-磷酸glucose-6-phosphate,G6P 葡萄糖6 磷酸脱氢酶glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase植醇phytol植物生长物质plant growth substance植物生长调节剂plant growth regulator 植物激素plant hormone植物组织培养plant tissue culture植保素phytoalexin硝酸还原酶nitrate reductase，NR硫氧还蛋白thioredoxin硫胺素焦磷酸thiamine pyrophosphate硫脂sulpholipid硫辛酸lipoic acid雄性素androecious line雄性生殖单位male gerem unit，MGU 暂时萎蔫temporary wilting紫黄质violaxanthin紫外线诱导蛋白UV induced protein紫色硫细菌purple sulfur bacteria紫色非硫细菌purple nonsulfur bacteria 量子需要量quantum requirememt量子效率quantum efficiency量子产额quantum yield喷灌spray irrigation景天科酸代谢crassulacean acid bolism,CAM景天庚酮糖-1，7-二磷酸sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate，SBP 景天庚酮糖-1，7-二磷酸酯酶sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate phosphatase，SBPase景天庚酮糖-7-磷酸sedoheptulose-7-phosphate，S7P蛭石栽培vermiculaponics短日植物short-day plant短长日植物short-long day plant氰化物cyanide氯丁唑多效唑，PP333, paclobutrazol4-氯吲哚乙酸4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid氯氟代烃chlorofluorocarbous2-氯乙基膦酸2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid稀土元素rare earth element筛管sieve tube筛管装载sieve loading筛管分子sieve element筛管分子伴胞复合体sieve element companion cell，CC集光色素light harvesting pigment集体效应group effect集流mass flow焦磷酸磷酸果糖激酶 pyrophosphate phosphofructokinase湿害waterlogging温周期现象thermoperiodicity温度补偿点temperature compensation point游离型生长素free auxin 270富含羟脯氨酸的糖蛋白hydroxyproline rich glycoprotein，HRGP强迫休眠epistotic dormancy十三画蓝光效应blue light effect蒸气压梯度vapor pressure gradient蒸腾拉力transpirational pull蒸腾速率transpiration rate蒸腾作用transpiration蒸腾系数transpiration coefficient蒸腾效率transpiration ratio蒸腾流-内聚力-张力学说transpiration-cohesion tension theory 蒸发vaporizationα-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合体α-ketoglutaric acid dehydrogenase complex酪氨酸酶tyrosinase感震性seismonasty感受perception感受蛋白sensor protein感夜性nyctinasty感性运动nastic movement感温性thermonasty4-碘苯氧乙酸4-iodo phenoxy acetic acid 雾培spray culture暗呼吸dark respiration暗反应dark reaction跨膜蛋白transmembrane protein蜂蜡醇myricylalcohol嵴cristae锯木培sawdust culture矮壮素氯化氯胆碱chlorocholine chloride，CCC微量元素minorelement微团micell微管microtubule微管蛋白tubulin微体microbody微注射法microinjection technique微梁系统microtrabecular system微纤丝microfibril微丝microfilament 愈伤组织callus腺苷三磷酸酶adenosine triphosphatase，ATPase腺苷酸激酶adenylate kinase解偶联剂uncoupler新黄质neoxanthin2 羧基3 酮基阿拉伯糖醇1，5 二磷酸2-carboxy-3-ketoarabinitol-1,5-bispho sphate2 羧基D 阿拉伯糖醇1 磷酸2-carboxy-D-arabinitol1phosphate羧化效率carboxylation efficiency羧化阶段carboxylation phase塑性胁变plastic strain源source源-库单位source-sink unit源强source strength溶酶体lysosome溶质势solute potential溶胶sol溶液培养法solution culture method叠氮化物azide十四画聚光色素复合体light harvesting pigment complex蔗糖磷酸磷酸酯酶sucrose phosphate phosphatase蔗糖磷酸合成酶sucrose phosphate synthase,SPS蔗糖－质子共运输蛋白sucrose-H＋symporter,蔗糖合成酶sucrose synthase,SS碱土alkaline soil碳酸酐酶carbonic anhydrase,CA碳同化carbon dioxide assimilation酶联免疫吸附检测法enzyme linked immunoso rbent assay酶复合体enzyme complex 198酶放大的免疫鉴定法enzyme amplified immunoassay酸生长理论acid growth theory酸化作用acidification需水量water requirement雌蕊pistil雌雄同株同花植物hermaphroditic plant 雌雄同株异花植物monoecious plant雌雄异株植物dioecious plant雌性生殖单位female germ unit雌性系gynoeciousline锻炼hardening膜动转运cytosis膜不饱和脂肪酸指数unsaturated fatty acid index膜片钳patch clamp,PC膜间空间intermembrane space腐胺putrescine精胺spermine漫灌wild flooding irrigation滴灌drip irrigation滴漏式hourglass寡霉素oligomycin寡糖素oligosaccharin缩合酶condensing enzyme十五画增效作用synergism醇溶谷蛋白prolamin潜在库强potential sink strength缬氨霉素valinomycin十六画操纵子operon燕麦试法avena test薄层层析thin layer chromatography整形素morphactin整合integration醛缩酶aldolase膨压turgor pressure膨压素turgorins膨压运动turgor movement凝聚condensation凝集素lectins凝胶gel糖酵解glycolysis糖脂glycolipid激素受体hormone receptor激动素kinetin，KT激发态excited state激发子elicitor激子传递exciton transfer 十七画磷酸运转器pi translocator，PT3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase 磷酸甘油酸phosphoglycerate，PGA磷酸甘油酸变位酶phosphoglyceromutase 磷酸甘油酸激酶phosphoglyceric kinase,PGK磷酸葡萄糖酸phosphogluconate6-磷酸葡萄糖酸内酯6-phosphogluconolactone6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase磷酸葡萄糖变位酶phosphoglucomutase磷酸蔗糖合成酶sucrose phosphate synthetase,SPS磷酸丙糖运转器triose phosphate translocator磷酸丙糖异构酶phosphotrioseisomerase 磷酸酯酶phosphatase磷酸水解酶phosphorhydrolase磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸phosphoenolpyruvate，PEP磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase，PEPC 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶PEP carboxykinase磷酸乙醇酸磷酸脂酶phosphoglycolate phosphatase磷酸己糖异构酶phosphohexoseisomerase 磷光phosphorescence磷脂phospholipid磷脂酰甘油phosphatidylglycerol磷脂酰胆碱phosphatidylcholine磷脂酰肌醇phosphatidylinositol,PI磷脂酰乙醇胺phosphatidylethanolamine 磷脂酰丝氨酸phosphatidylserine磷脂酶phos pholipase十九画藻蓝蛋白phycocyanin藻胆素phycobilin藻红蛋白phycoerythrin二十二画囊腔lumen__。
植物生理学名词解释(双语)
植物生理学名词解释(双语)1,water metabolism水分代谢：植物对水分的吸收、运输、利用和散失的过程。
2,bound water束缚水：靠近胶粒而被胶粒吸附束缚不易自由流动的水分。
3,free water自由水：距离胶粒较远而可以自由流动的水分。
4,water potential水势：指每偏摩尔体积水的化学式（差）可判断水分的能态。
5,osmotic potential渗透势：渗透势亦称溶质势，是由于溶质颗粒的存在，降低了水的自由能，因而其水势低于纯水的水势。
6,matric potential衬质势：由于细胞胶体物质亲水性和毛细管对自由水的束缚而引起的水势降低值，恒为负值。
7,aquaporin水通道蛋白：生物膜上具有通透水分的功能的内在蛋白，亦称水乳蛋白。
8,transpiration pull蒸腾拉力：叶片蒸腾时，气孔下腔附近的叶肉细胞因蒸腾失水而水势下降，所以从旁边细胞取得水分。
同理，旁边细胞又从另一个细胞取得水分，如此下去，便从导管要水，最后根部就从环境吸收水分。
引起这种吸水的能力即是蒸腾拉力。
9,Photosynthetic unit光合单位：位于类囊体膜上，能进行光合作用的最小结构单位，包括聚光色素系统和光反应中心10,Photophosphorylation光合磷酸化：利用贮存在跨类囊体膜的质子梯度的光能把ADP和无机磷合成为ATP的过程，称为光合磷酸化。
11,Photorespiration光呼吸：植物的绿色细胞依赖光照，吸收氧气和放出二氧化碳的过程。
12,Photoinhibition光抑制：光能超过光合系统所能利用的数量时，光合功能下降，这个现象为光合作用的光抑制。
13,CO2compensation point二氧化碳补偿点：当光合吸收的二氧化碳量等于呼吸放出的二氧化碳量时，外界的二氧化碳含量就叫二氧化碳补偿点。
14,Light saturation point光饱和点：在光照强度较低时，光合速率随光强增加而增加；光强进一步提高时，光合速率的增加逐步减小；当超过一定光强时，光合速率不再增加，此时的光照强度即为光饱和点。
植物生理学双语试题答案
《Plant Physiology》模拟试卷一参考答案Part 1: Explain terms (Select 8 terms from followings，5 marks for each and total 40 marks.)1.Guttation：When soil has enough water and atmosphere is warm and higher RH, often in the early morming, unwounded leaf can secret sap form the tip or margin of leaf.2 Photosynthetic unit: Photosynthetic unit is a photosynthetic pigment and protein complex. It function asa unit for absorption and change of 1 photon into a charge, in which there are about 250-300 chl molecules.3．Photophosphorylation：A process in which generation of ATP by using ADP and Pi is accompanied with photosynthetic electron transport is called photophosphorylation (PSP).4．Physiologically acid salts：Physiologically acid salts are defined as the salts can result in solution acidification, as uptake of cation by plant is larger than that of anion, such as NH4Cl、NH4SO4、KCl、CaCl etc.5．Alternate oxidase：A special respiration in plants, which is not blocked by normal respiratory inhibitors, such as CN—, N3— (azide) or CO, but it is sensitive to SHAM (salicylhydroxamic acid).6．Growth inhibitors:Growth inhibitors are compounds resistant to IAAs function, which inhibit the growth of the apical meristem, so the plants loss of apical dominance. This inhibitory effect can not be reversed after using gibberellin.ABA, but it can be recovered by application of IAA.7. Optimum temperature for growth: The optimum temperature for growth is the temperature at which plant can grow fastest but not the most healthy or strongest.8. Critical night length: Critical night length refers to the shortest dark period for short-day plant flowering or the longest dark period for long-day plant flowering during a 24h-cycle.9.Senescence:Senescence refers to the functional decline of organ or whole plant, the process will ultimately lead to a series deterioration which causes the natural died.10. Stress proteins:Stress factors such as low temperature, high temperature, drought, salt, pathogens, chemicals, the lack of oxygen and UV can induced a new type of protein (enzyme)called stress proteins, such as low-temperature-induced proteins, heat shock proteins, drought stress protein, salt stress proteins, pathogen-associated protein etc.Part 2: Qestions（Total 60 marks. 1，2，3，4 are necessary to answer and chose one of 5 and 6.）1. Why do plants often appear in wilting in the summer noon？（5 marks）In the summer noon, temperature is high and relative humidity is low. The transpiration of the leaf is very high so that the plant’ water absorption can not satisfied with the water loss by transpiration. In this case theplant occurs temporary wilting.2. Why do the leaves in some plants become yellow and those in other plant become red in the late autumn?（10 marks）When the season turns to the late autumn, some of the plants begin to senescence and /or dormancy because of induction by decreasing temperature. In low temperature condition, the chlorophyll synthesis become low but the chlorophyll degradation rises. The total chlorophyll is decreased. The green appearance which is mainly determined by chlorophyll is substituted by yellow color which depended on carotenoids or red colors which is determined by anthocyanin. Carotenoids can be synthesized in lower temperature. their contents increase in the fall. Anthocyanin is synthesized in the late autumn perhaps due to accumulation of the more soluble sugar in plant leaf.3. What is difference between growth inhibitors and growth retardants？（10 marks）The main difference between growth inhibitors and growth retardants is their difference in the functioned parts and inhibition and recovering behaves. Growth inhibitors, such as TIBA and HM block apical meristem growth and the inhibition can be removed by IAA (IAA recovering).Growth redardants such as CCC, PP330 and PIX inhibit the subapical meristem and this inhibits can be removed by GA (called GA recovering).4. How does chilling injury damage the plants in physiology and which season does chilling injuryoccur frequently.（15 marks）Chilling injury in tropical or subtropical plants is caused by temperature above 0℃(freezing point ), which could be broadly divided into two steps.The first step is the change in lipid states. The biomembrane states became solid gel states from liquid crystalline state, resulting biomembrane leakage, loss of ion equilibrium and disorder in energy and substance metabolism.The second step causes metabolic disorders of the plant, including that uptake function of roots declines and water balance losses. The physiological drought occurs because water loss by transpiration is more than water absorption by root system. Photosynthetic rate lowers, aerobic respiration decreases while anaerobic respiration increases, which make plant face to anic substance degrades due to higher activities of hydrolase such as RNase, Protease etc.Chilling injury often occurred in the late spring and the late autumn.5. Explain plant organelles can undertake a completely metabolic (physiological) pathway in individual and cooperative.（20 marks）Because of compartmentation of plant cell, each organelle has its special function such as mitochondrium for respiration, chloroplast for photosynthesis, peroxisome for some oxidation, ribosome for protein synthesis,Golgi body and endoplasmic reticulum for macromolecular assembly and secretion and vacuole for storage and digestion of some compounds and so on.However, lots of metabolic pathways need to cooperate with several organelles. Photorespiration is a typical example. The whole pathway is carried out in chloroplast, peroxisome and mitochondrium. In wchloroplast the substrate glycolic acid is produced through oxygenation of RuBP. Glycolic acid is transferred to peroxisome in which it is oxidized to form glyoxylic acid. After transamination glycine is produced and it is transferred to mitochondrium. In mitochondrium two molecules of glycine are combined to one serine after deamination and decarboxylation. The serine returns to peroxisome and became to hydroxypyruvatic acid. The hydroxypyruvatic acid is reduced to glyceric acid and then it returns to chloroplast where glyceric acid is phosphorylated to form phosphoglycerate, which participates in RuBP regeneration and begins to next cycle.6. Describe the roles of vernalization and photoperiodism on the plant development in theory andproduction? (20 marks)Vernalization refers low-temperature promotion of flowering in the past, but it includes low temperature promotion of any developmental events now. Photoperiodism refers the response of plant flower (development) to photoperiod (day length of 24 h cycle).Both plays very important role on plant development in theory and production.Not only is it found for flowering of some of plants including winter annuals,biennials and perennials but also scientists have uncovered the characteristics of vernalization, such as the relationship between temperature and time during the vernalization, the parts and ages sensitive to low temperature and possible mechanisms and some genes for vernalization in theory. Farmers can used vernalization and devernalization to control plant growth and developments, such as to sow winter wheat in spring after germinating seeds treated with low temperature and harvest larger angleca or onion with high temperature in winter. It is used to select sowing time according to different types and characters of plants and to induce crop from one place to others.For photoperiodism 3 basal types (SDP、LDP and DNP) and other types have been known in base on the requirement of day length and night length for plant flowering.Critical night length is determiner for plant flowering and phytochrome, a complex of chromophore and protein, participates this reaction. special genes have been cloned and stimulus of floral---Florigen or inhibitors of floral are hypothesized. The principles are also applied in production to (1) Introducing crops. If you want to harvest seed of plant, you must obey the law of the inducing crops in the Northern Hemisphere. It is that SDP induced from south to north, growth stage longer, early matured cultivar can be done. On contrary, from north to south, growth stage shorter, lately matured cultivar can be done. LDP induced from south to north, growth stage shorter, lately matured cultivar can be done. On contrary, from north to south, growth stage longer, early matured cultivar can be done. However, you often induce crop belonging SDP from south to north to harvest larger vegetative body such as sugarcane. (2) Selecting suitable sowing stage and controlling flower time.SDP or LDP or Genetic male sterility induced by day length need to sow different seasons. (3)Regulation of flower time for hybrids seed production , flash flower production by SD or LD treatments.。
植物生理学(双语)
《植物生理学》一、课程基本信息课程编号：2583220课程中文名称：植物生理学课程英文名称：Plant Physiology课程类型：专业必修课总学时：54 理论学时：54 课外学时：30学分： 3适用专业：生物科学先修课程：植物学、生物化学、细胞生物学开课院系：生命科学学院二、课程性质和任务植物生理学是研究植物生命活动规律的科学。
它是生物科学专业的专业课、生物技术专业的选修课。
学习植物生理学不仅是为认识和了解植物在各种环境条件下，进行生命活动的规律和机理，而且要将掌握的理论知识应用于生产实践，为植物生产业服务。
三、课程教学目标本课程内容主要包括植物生理学的三个组成部分：代谢生理；生长发育；逆境生理。
通过本课程的学习要使学生在以下几方面得到全面提高：（1）对植物生命活动的基本规律有比较全面的和系统的认识；（2）掌握植物生理学的基本实验方法，并在科学态度、实验技能、独立工作能力方面得到初步训练；（3）能够运用所学知识解决实际问题。
四、理论教学环节和基本要求（一）绪论1．掌握植物生理学的定义和内容2．了解植物生理学的产生和发展3．理解学习植物生理学的重要意义（二）植物的水分代谢1．了解植物对水分的需要、水分在植物生命活动中的作用、蒸腾作用的生理指标与影响因素、水分通过植物体内的途径和速度、合理灌溉的指标。
2．掌握植物体内水分存在的状态、植物细胞对水分的吸收、植物根系对水分的吸收、植物叶片气孔运动的机理、水分通过植物体内运输的机理、合理灌溉增产的原因。
3．理解蒸腾作用的生理意义、作物的需水规律、合理灌溉与作物优质、高产。
重点和难点：1．细胞水势概念与细胞吸水；2．气孔运动机理。
（三）植物的矿质营养1．了解植物体内的元素、矿质元素运输的形式、途径和速度、矿质元素在植物体内的分布和再利用、作物的需肥规律。
2．掌握植物必需元素及其生理作用、植物细胞对矿质元素的吸收、无机养料的同化、合理施肥的指标。
3．理解植物对矿质元素的吸收、矿质元素在植物体内的运输、合理施肥的生理基础及发挥肥效的措施重点和难点：植物细胞吸收矿质元素的机理。
植物生理学英文课件：Chapter06 substances
• Darwin(1880)
第一节生长素 1.1 发现
• 随着物理和化学方法的发展，植物激素的测定分析采用薄层层析(thin layer chromatography,TLC)、气相色谱(gas chromatography,GC)、高效液 相层析(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)和质谱分析(mass spectrography,MS)等，其原理大都是基于不同物质在不同介质中有不同的 分配系数。
到目前为止，有五大类植物激素得到大家公认，它们是：生长素类、 由于植物体内植物激素含量很少，难以提取，无法大规模在农业生产 上应用。随着研究的深入，人们合成(或从微生物中提取)了多种与植物激 素有相似生理作用的物质，称为植物生长调节剂(plant growth regulators)。
• 除了五大类植物激素外，人们在植物体内还陆 续发现了其它一些对生长发育有调节作用的物 质。如油菜花粉中的油菜素内酯，苜蓿中的三 十烷醇，菊芋叶中的菊芋素(heliangint)，半支 莲叶中的半支莲醛(potulai)，罗汉松中的罗汉 松内酯(podolactone)，月光花叶中的月光花素 (colonyctin)，还有广泛存在的多胺类化合物等 都能调节植物的生长发育。此外，还有一些天 然的生长抑制物质，如植物各器官中都存在的 茉莉酸、茉莉酸甲酯、酚类物质中的酚酸和肉 桂酸族以及苯醌中的胡桃醌等。
1gIAA/10000 tip. 1mgIAA/1T leaf. 10mgBR/225kg of pollen。 公认的植物激素IAA、GA、CTK、ABA和 Eth。
• Plant growth regulators (植物生长调节剂) 是指人工合成的化合物质，具有植物激 素相同的生理功能。
植物生理学PLANTPHYSIOLOGY
植物对地表、水域和大气的化学成分产生巨大影响 在保护和改造自然环境方面有重要作用
2018/10/15 3
2.植物生理学的产生和发展(萌芽)
(1)植物生理学的萌芽
几千年前，我国劳动人民就在农业生产中总结出丰富的植物生理学知识：
①380多年前《群芳谱》记载，无花果 “结实后不宜缺水，常量瓶其侧， 出以细流，日夜不绝，果大如瓶。” ②《荀子.富国篇》“多粪肥田”。 《韩非子》“积力于田畴，必且粪灌”。 ③《吕氏春秋》辩土篇 “正其行，通其风”。 ④ 北魏贾思勰所撰《齐民要术 》描述“热进仓”贮存法:“日曝令干,及热埋 之”
2018/10/15 21. 定义与任务: Nhomakorabea
研究植物生命活动规律的科学。
研究和了解植物生命活动各个生理过程的内在机制及其与环
境的相互作用，阐明植物体结构和功能的关系，并将这些研
究成果应用于一切利用植物生产的事业中。
动物和微生物的食物和能量
光合作用
植物
光 CO2
有机物
工业、医药的原料 中草药的有效成分
荷兰的Jan Ingenhousz在1779年指出：植物只有在光下
才有净化空气的作用。且仅绿色部分才有。在黑暗中，也
能使空气变坏。
瑞士的 de Saussure 在1804年证明： 植物在光下吸收 CO2并放出O2, CO2的同化产物是糖和淀粉。此时期，已 命名叶绿素，有光合作用的初步概念。
德国的J.von Liebig 在1840年声称：植物只需无机物作养 料，便可维持其正常生活，除碳素外, 植物所有的矿质营 养都是从土壤中取得的。 植物矿质营养学说诞生.
植 物 生 理 学
Plant Physiology
植物生理学(英汉双语版)
作者简介
莫蓓莘，女，教授，深圳大学生命科学学院副院长、广东省植物生理学会副理事长、全国植物生物学女科学 家分会理事。
感谢观看
2016年7月13日，《植物生理学（英汉双语版）》由高等教育出版社出版。
内容简介
《植物生理学（英汉双语版）》共13章，围绕“整体植物生理”这一主题，以叙述性方式阐述了植物的生长、 发育以及应对环境的机制，内容包括植物的水分代谢、矿质营养、光合作用、呼吸作用、植物体内有机物的代谢 和运输、信号转导途径、植物生长物质、生长生理、光形态建成、生殖生理、植物的成熟与衰老、抗逆生理，基 本覆盖植物生理学的知识点。
植物生理学（英汉双语版）
2016年高等教育出版社出版图书
01 成书过程
03 教材目录
目录
02 内容简介 04 教学资源
05 教材特色
07 作者简介
目录
06 社会评价
《植物生理学（英汉双语版）》是由莫蓓莘主编，高等教育出版社2016年出版的教材，可作为生物学相关专 业的植物生理学双语教材，也可供从事植物生理学相关研究的师生、科研序为从左列至右列）
教学资源
《植物生理学（英汉双语版）》配有Abook数字课程，该课程包括第1章的全英文授课录像、教学PPT、名词 解释、自测题以及第2-13章的名词解释和自测题等资源。
教材特色
1、《植物生理学（英汉双语版）》采用英汉双语撰写。
2、《植物生理学（英汉双语版）》将植物生长发育的过程分解为一个个具体的事件，以植物生长发育的时间 顺序为主线将这些事件串为一个相互关联的整体。在不同章节中出现的相关知识点均提示读者参阅该知识点所涉 及的章节。
社会评价
《植物生理学（英汉双语版）》包含了关于植物生理过程的分子机制的新发现（截至2016年4月），将植物 分子生物学领域的前沿知识介绍给学生们。该书的13个章节全面介绍了植物生命周期中的各种生理过程，条理明 晰、循序渐进，使学生不仅看到“树木”，也看到“‘森林”。相信该教材将对大学植物生理学的教学产生较大 影响。（美国国家科学院院士，美国加州大学河滨分校教授陈雪梅评）。
《植物生理学》英文缩写
《植物生理学》英文缩写TR：蒸腾比率WUE：水分利用率，亦称蒸腾系数PEP：烯醇丙酮酸磷酸PEPC：烯醇丙酮酸磷酸羧激酶SPAC：土壤—植物—大气连续体系RDI：调方灌溉CRAI：控制性分根交替灌溉PME：质子动力《植物生理学》英文缩写TR：蒸腾比率WUE：水分利用率，亦称蒸腾系数PEP：烯醇丙酮酸磷酸PEPC：烯醇丙酮酸磷酸羧激酶SPAC：土壤—植物—大气连续体系RDI：调方灌溉CRAI：控制性分根交替灌溉PME：质子动力NR：硝酸还原酶NiR：亚硝酸还原酶Fd red：还原态铁氧还蛋白GS：谷氨酰胺合成酶GOGAT：谷氨酰胺—a—酮戊二酸转氨酶GDH：谷氨酸脱氢酶ASP—AT：天冬氨酸转氨酶APS：腺苷酰硫酸GSH：还原态谷胱甘肽GSSG：氧化态谷胱甘肽OAS：乙酰丝氨酸AC：乙酸ALA：5—氨基酮戊酸PBG：胆色素原PSⅠ：光系统ⅠPSⅡ：光系统ⅡLHCⅠ：捕光复合体ⅠLHCⅡ：捕光复合体ⅡOEC：放氧复合体PC：质体蓝素（质体氢）UQ：泛醌PQH2：质体氢醌Fe—S：铁硫中心RuBP：核酮糖—1，5—二磷酸Rubisco：核酮糖—1，5—二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶TP：丙糖磷酸OAA：草酰乙酸DCMU：敌草隆PGA：甘油酸—3—磷酸DPGA：甘油酸—1，3—二磷酸PGAld：甘油醛—3—磷酸CAM：景天酸代谢途径EMP：糖酵解TAC：三羧酸循环PPP：戊糖磷酸途径RPPP：还原戊糖磷酸途径NAD：辅酶ⅠNADP：辅酶ⅡFMN：黄素单核苷酸FAD：黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸P/O：磷氧比RQ：呼吸商IPP：异戊烯焦磷酸DNP：2，4—二硝基苯酚PAL：苯丙氨酸解氨酶SPS：蔗糖磷酸合酶UVB：紫外线BHPK：组氨酸蛋白激酶RR：反应调节蛋白/应管调控蛋白CDPK：钙依赖型蛋白激酶CDK：依赖于细胞周期蛋白的蛋白激酶CBL：钙调磷酸酶B相似蛋白NOS：一氧化氮合酶PI：磷脂酰肌醇PLC：磷脂酶CDAG：二酰甘油PKC：蛋白激酶CPK：蛋白激酶PP：蛋白磷酸酶MAPK：促分裂原活化蛋白激酶IAA：生长素（吲哚乙酸）IBA：吲哚丁酸IPA：吲哚丙酮酸PAA：苯乙酸NOA：萘基氧乙酸NPA：萘基邻氨甲酰苯甲酸CPD：羧苯基苯丙烷二酮CDP：内根—焦磷酸TAM：色胺途径IAN：吲哚乙晴IAM：吲哚乙酰胺CaM：钙调蛋白ABP1：生长素结合蛋白1TIR1：运输抑制剂响应1ARFs：生长素响应因子GA：赤霉素CTK：细胞分裂素CRE：细胞分裂素受体KT：激动素ET：乙烯ACC：1—氨基环丙烷—1—羧酸MACC：N—丙二酰—ACCSAM：S—腺苷甲硫氨酸MTA：5’—甲硫基腺苷MTR：5’—甲硫基核糖ABA：脱落酸AOA：氨基氧乙酸AVG：氨基乙氧基乙烯基甘氨酸BRs：油菜素甾类物质SA：水杨酸JAs：茉莉酸PHY：光敏色素Pr：光敏色素红光吸收型Pfr：光敏色素远红光吸收型VLFR：极低辐照度反应LFR：低辐照度反应HIR：高辐照度反应LDP：长日植物SDP：短日植物DNP：日中性植物LSDP：长短日植物SLDP：短长日植物IDP：中日照植物ECM：胞外基质TTS：引导组织特异糖蛋白CCC：氯化氯胆碱（矮壮素）MH：马来酰肼TIBA：三碘苯甲酸NCED：9—顺—环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶PA：红花菜豆酸DPA：二氢红花菜豆酸SI：自交不亲和SSI：孢子体型自交不亲和性GSI：配子体型自交不亲和性NAA：a—萘乙酸QC：静正中心SLG：S基因座蛋白SRK：S基因座受体激酶DMAPP：二甲丙烯焦磷酸GP：牻牛儿焦磷酸GGPP：牻牛儿牻牛儿焦磷酸FPP：法尼焦磷酸ARR：拟南芥反应调节蛋白Q10：温度系数IP3：三磷酸肌醇2,4—D：2，4—二氯苯氧乙酸PG：多聚半乳糖醛酸酶ADPG：焦磷酸化酶XET：木葡聚糖内转糖基酶PCD：程序性细胞死亡AGR：绝对生长速率RGR：相对生长速率Pheo：去镁叶绿素G蛋白：GTP调节蛋白AQP：水孔蛋白CAT：过氧化物酶POD：抗坏血酸氧化酶ATP：腺苷三磷酸ADP：腺苷二磷酸GTP：鸟苷三磷酸GDP：鸟苷二磷酸NR：硝酸还原酶NiR：亚硝酸还原酶Fd red：还原态铁氧还蛋白GS：谷氨酰胺合成酶GOGAT：谷氨酰胺—a—酮戊二酸转氨酶GDH：谷氨酸脱氢酶ASP—AT：天冬氨酸转氨酶APS：腺苷酰硫酸GSH：还原态谷胱甘肽GSSG：氧化态谷胱甘肽OAS：乙酰丝氨酸AC：乙酸ALA：5—氨基酮戊酸PBG：胆色素原PSⅠ：光系统ⅠPSⅡ：光系统ⅡLHCⅠ：捕光复合体ⅠLHCⅡ：捕光复合体ⅡOEC：放氧复合体PC：质体蓝素（质体氢）UQ：泛醌PQH2：质体氢醌Fe—S：铁硫中心RuBP：核酮糖—1，5—二磷酸Rubisco：核酮糖—1，5—二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶TP：丙糖磷酸OAA：草酰乙酸DCMU：敌草隆PGA：甘油酸—3—磷酸DPGA：甘油酸—1，3—二磷酸PGAld：甘油醛—3—磷酸CAM：景天酸代谢途径EMP：糖酵解TAC：三羧酸循环PPP：戊糖磷酸途径RPPP：还原戊糖磷酸途径NAD：辅酶ⅠNADP：辅酶ⅡFMN：黄素单核苷酸FAD：黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸P/O：磷氧比RQ：呼吸商IPP：异戊烯焦磷酸DNP：2，4—二硝基苯酚PAL：苯丙氨酸解氨酶SPS：蔗糖磷酸合酶UVB：紫外线BHPK：组氨酸蛋白激酶RR：反应调节蛋白/应管调控蛋白CDPK：钙依赖型蛋白激酶CDK：依赖于细胞周期蛋白的蛋白激酶CBL：钙调磷酸酶B相似蛋白NOS：一氧化氮合酶PI：磷脂酰肌醇PLC：磷脂酶CDAG：二酰甘油PKC：蛋白激酶CPK：蛋白激酶PP：蛋白磷酸酶MAPK：促分裂原活化蛋白激酶IAA：生长素（吲哚乙酸）IBA：吲哚丁酸IPA：吲哚丙酮酸PAA：苯乙酸NOA：萘基氧乙酸NPA：萘基邻氨甲酰苯甲酸CPD：羧苯基苯丙烷二酮CDP：内根—焦磷酸TAM：色胺途径IAN：吲哚乙晴IAM：吲哚乙酰胺CaM：钙调蛋白ABP1：生长素结合蛋白1TIR1：运输抑制剂响应1ARFs：生长素响应因子GA：赤霉素CTK：细胞分裂素CRE：细胞分裂素受体KT：激动素ET：乙烯ACC：1—氨基环丙烷—1—羧酸MACC：N—丙二酰—ACCSAM：S—腺苷甲硫氨酸MTA：5’—甲硫基腺苷MTR：5’—甲硫基核糖ABA：脱落酸AOA：氨基氧乙酸AVG：氨基乙氧基乙烯基甘氨酸BRs：油菜素甾类物质SA：水杨酸JAs：茉莉酸PHY：光敏色素Pr：光敏色素红光吸收型Pfr：光敏色素远红光吸收型VLFR：极低辐照度反应LFR：低辐照度反应HIR：高辐照度反应LDP：长日植物SDP：短日植物DNP：日中性植物LSDP：长短日植物SLDP：短长日植物IDP：中日照植物ECM：胞外基质TTS：引导组织特异糖蛋白CCC：氯化氯胆碱（矮壮素）MH：马来酰肼TIBA：三碘苯甲酸NCED：9—顺—环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶PA：红花菜豆酸DPA：二氢红花菜豆酸SI：自交不亲和SSI：孢子体型自交不亲和性GSI：配子体型自交不亲和性NAA：a—萘乙酸QC：静正中心SLG：S基因座蛋白SRK：S基因座受体激酶DMAPP：二甲丙烯焦磷酸GP：牻牛儿焦磷酸GGPP：牻牛儿牻牛儿焦磷酸FPP：法尼焦磷酸ARR：拟南芥反应调节蛋白Q10：温度系数IP3：三磷酸肌醇2,4—D：2，4—二氯苯氧乙酸PG：多聚半乳糖醛酸酶ADPG：焦磷酸化酶XET：木葡聚糖内转糖基酶PCD：程序性细胞死亡AGR：绝对生长速率RGR：相对生长速率Pheo：去镁叶绿素G蛋白：GTP调节蛋白AQP：水孔蛋白CAT：过氧化物酶POD：抗坏血酸氧化酶ATP：腺苷三磷酸ADP：腺苷二磷酸GTP：鸟苷三磷酸GDP：鸟苷二磷酸。
植物生理学中英互译
中英互译水势(water potential渗透势(osmotic potential溶质势(solute potential蒸腾作用(transpiration)光合作用(photosynthesis原初反应(primary reaction)光合单位（photosynthetic unit）光补偿点（Light Compensation Point，LCP）光抑制(photoinhibition)CO2补偿点(CO2 compensa-tion point)末端氧化酶（terminal oxidase）长日植物（long-day plant，LDP）短日植物（short-day plant，SDP）日中性植物（day-neutral plant，DNP）植物生理学(plant physiology)质膜（plasma membrane）内膜系统（endomembrane system）内质网（endoplasmic reticulum）高尔基体（Golgi body）液泡（vacuole）过氧化物酶体（peroxisome）乙醛酸循环体(glyoxysome)细胞核(cell nucleus)线粒体(mitochondrion)质体(plastid)白色体(leucoplast)叶绿体(chloroplast)有色体(chromoplast)细胞质基质（cytoplasmic matrix）细胞骨架（cytoskeleton）胞间连丝（plasmodesma）共质体（symplast）质外体（apoplast）扩散作用（diffusion)渗透作用（osmosis）压力势(pressure potential衬质势(matrix potential水孔蛋白(aquaporin)蒸腾速率(transpiration rate)蒸腾比率(transpiration ratio)蒸腾系数(transpiration coefficient)内聚力学说(cohesion theory)矿质营养（mineral nutrition)矿质元素（mineral element）灰分元素(ash element)必需元素(essential element)溶液培养法(solution culture method)水培法(hydroponics)砂基培养法(sand culture method) 有益元素（benefieial element）。
植物生理学双语课件5
Plant Physiology蒋德安1./sub/classroom/physiology/content/ketang.htm2./k/437/content/ketang.htmChapter 5 Translocation and partitioningof photoassimilatesp123-143Focus on:• 1.The allocation of fixed carbon (photoassimilate)• 2. Photoassimilate transport systems• 3.Phloem translocation: structure, direction (source-sink), power---the pressure-flow hypothesis, phloem loading andunloading• 4. Partitioning of photoassimilate in the different organs• 5.Factors that regulate the distribution of photoassimilate•Section1 Starch and sucrose are biosynthesized in two different compartments•The appropriation of carbon fixed by the PCR cycle into either starch or sucrose biosynthesis is called carbon allocation.•Starchy leaf: soybean, spinach, tobacco•Sugar leaf: wheat, barley, oat•1. Starch is biosynthesized in the stroma •The dominant storage carbohydrate in higher plants is the polysaccharide starch.•Amylose•AmylopectinAmylose•Amylopectin Fig 5-2 The structure of starch•2. Sucrose is biosynthesized in the cytosol • A soluble disaccharide: G + F.•The more abundant natural products not only play a vital role in plant life but is also a leading commercial commodity.•Translocation to other nonphotosynthetic tissues for direct metabolic use or for conversion to starch•Strorage products in sugarbeet or sugarcane•3.Sucrose synthesis is regulated by fructose -2,6-biphosphate (F2,6P).F-2,6-P regulates conversion ofF1,6P to F6PSection 2 Translocation systems of assimilatein plant•Figure5-3 shows compartmentation in plant cell•Fruit stores photoassimilateLeaf makes photoassimilate •Figure5-4 shows compartmentation in plant organs•2.1 Photoassimilates are translocated by the two systems•Short-distance transport systems •Long-distance transport system••2.1.1 Transport systems in short distance.•1. Intracelular transport→diffusion，protoplasmic streaming，transporters—Pi.•2. Intercellular transport throughout apoplast and symplast(see chapter 1 water relationship) .Intercellular transport pathway---Plasmodesmaconsist of endoplasmic reticulum , plama membrane, central rod, spoke-like extensions, desmotubule and cytoplasmic sleeve (figure 5-5).Figure 5-5 The structure of plasmodesma•106~107/mm2in plantThe plasmodesma is φ3nm, can transport the limited molecule of 800-1000D, but virus 10000D.Figure5-6 shows conceptual model for the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral RNA(vRNA) in uninfected plants.MP ：Move proteinFigure 5-7 shows a conceptual model for cell-to-cell trafficking of specific proteins of a size larger than passiveSEL.Plasmodesma function：•Substance transport and information transduction.•Less resistance to substance transport cell by cell because of no transmembrane transport.•Such as the resistance for plasma membrane is 0.31Ω/m2，for tonoplast0.1Ω/m2and for plasmadesma0.05/Ωm2。
植物生理学英语_Plant Physiology English
植物生理学词汇植物生理学 plant physiology message transportation 信息传递signal transduction 信号转导water potential 水势solute potential 溶质势osmotic potential 渗透势matric potential 衬质势diffusion 扩散osmosis 渗透plasmolysis 质壁分离deplasmolysis 质壁分离复原pressure potential 压力势turgor pressure 膨压bulk flow 集流aquaporin 水孔蛋白active absorption of water 主动吸水root pressure 根压blooding 伤流blooding sap 伤流液guttation 吐水apoplast 质外体symplast 共质体passive absorption of water 被动吸水transpiration pull 蒸腾拉力bound water 束缚水gravitational water 重力水cappilary water 毛细管水permanent wilting coefficient 永久萎蔫系数accumulation 积累性lenticular transpiration 皮孔蒸腾cuticular transpiration 角质层蒸腾stomatal transpiration 气孔蒸腾transpiration rate 蒸腾速率transpiration ratio 蒸腾效率transpiration coefficient 蒸腾系数small pore diffusion law 小孔扩散律feed back manner 反馈调节feed forward manner 前馈调节vapor pressure difficiency 叶片-大气水气压亏缺cohesion theory 内聚力学说mineral nutrition 矿质营养ash 灰分ash element 灰分元素mineral element 矿质元素essential element 必需元素solution culture method 溶液培养法water culture method 水培法sand culture method 沙基培养法balance solution 平衡溶液major element 大量元素minor element 微量元素nutrient deficiency symptom 营养缺乏症calcium binding proteins 钙结合蛋白calmodulin 钙调素beneficial elements 有益元素rare earth element 稀土元素selective absorption 选择吸收physiologically acid salt 生理酸性盐physiologically alkaline salt 生理碱性盐physiologically neutral salt 生理中性盐toxicity of single salt 单盐毒害ino antagonism 离子拮抗ion transporter 离子运载体ion channel 离子通道ion carrier 离子载体ion pump 离子泵voltage sensor 电压感受器permease 透过酶transport enzyme 运输酶ATPase ATP酶electrogenic pump 致电离子泵electroneutral pump 中性离子泵masterenzyme 主宰酶pinocytosh 胞饮作用simple diffusion 单纯扩散facilitated diffusion 协助扩散primary active transport 初始主动运输secondary active transport 次级主动运输co-transport 协同转运，共转运secondary co-transport 次级共转运proton mative force 跨膜质子电动势symport 同向转运antiport 反向转运ATP-binding complex ATP结合复合体contact exchange 接触交换foliar nutrition 叶片营养ectodesmata 外连丝nitrate reductase ，NR 硝酸还原酶induced enzyme 诱导酶adaptive enzyme 适应酶nitrite reductase 亚硝酸还原酶glutamine synthetase 谷氨酰胺合成酶glutamate synthase 谷氨酸合成酶carbon assimilation 碳素同化作用photosynthesis 光合作用chlorophyll 叶绿素phytol 植醇carotenoid 类胡萝卜素carotene 胡萝卜素lutein 叶黄素pigment protein complex 色素蛋白复合体phycobillin 藻胆素photon 光子quantum 光量子ground state 基态excited state 激发态light reaction 光反应dark reaction 暗反应reaction centre pigments 反应中心色素light-harvesting pigments 聚光色素antenna pigments 天线色素reaction center 反应中心photosynthetic unit 光合单位exciton transfer 激子传递resonance transfer 共振传递primary electron donor 原初电子供体primary electron acceptor 原初电子受体secondary electron donor 次级电子供体trap 陷阱red drop 红降现象Emerson effect 爱默生效应PSII light harvesting complex，LHC II : PSII 的捕光色素复合体pheo 去镁叶绿素plastoquinone 质体醌reductive pentose phosphate pathway，RPPP 还原戊糖磷酸途径GAP 甘油醛-3-磷酸z scheme z方案cytochrome，Cyt 细胞色素ferrdoxin,Fd 铁氧还蛋白plastocyanin,PC 质蓝素water photolysis 水的光解Hill reaction 希尔反应oxygen-evolving complex,OEC 放氧复合体manganese stablizing protein 锰稳定蛋白water oxidizing clock 水氧化钟noncyclic electron transport 非环式电子传递cyclic electron transport 环式电子传递pseudocyclic electron transport 假环式电子传递water-water cycle 水-水循环photosynthetic phosphorylation 光合磷酸化DNP 二硝基苯酚（解偶联剂）crassulacean acid metabolism,CAM 景天酸代谢the Calvin cycle 卡尔文循环oxaloacetic acid 草酰乙酸malic acid,Mal 苹果酸aspartic acid ,Asp天冬氨酸bundle sheath cell 维管束鞘细胞pyruvic acid 丙酮酸photo respiration 光呼吸light compensation point 光补偿点light saturation 光饱和现象photoinhibition of photosynthesis 光抑制midday depression 午睡现象aerobic respiration 有氧呼吸anaerobic respiration 无氧呼吸respiratory substrate 呼吸底物fermentation 发酵respiratory rate 呼吸速率respiratory quotient 呼吸商glycolysis 糖酵解tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环elicitor 激发子biological oxidation 生物氧化barbital acid 巴比妥酸rotenone 鱼藤酮positive effector 正效应物negative effector 负效应物Pasteur effect 巴斯德效应maintenance respiration 维持呼吸growth respiration 生长呼吸confocal laser canning microscope 共聚集激光扫描显微镜empty seed coat technique 空种皮杯技术symplastic phloem loading 共质体装载apoplasmic phloem loading 质外体装载first messenger 第一信使chemical signal 化学信号positive chemical signal 正化学信号negative chemical signal 负化学信号physiocal signal 物理信号action potentials 动作电位variation potentials 变异电位receptor 受体blue light recepter 隐花色素，蓝光受体protein kinase 蛋白激酶phosphorlation 磷酸化作用transcription factor 转录因子plant growth substance 植物生长物质phytohormones 植物激素plant growth regulators 植物生长调节剂auxin 生长素IAA 吲哚乙酸hormone receptor 激素受体acid-growth theory 酸生长学说Gibberellins 赤霉素Gibberellic acid,GA 赤霉酸zeatin 玉米素cytokinin，CTK 细胞分裂素cytokinin oxidase,CKO 细胞分裂素氧化酶abscisin II 脱落素IIdormin 休眠素abscisic acid,ABA 脱落酸terpenoid pathway 类萜途径carotenoid pathway 类胡萝卜素途径xanthoxin 黄质醛lutein 叶黄素neoxanthix 新黄质brassinolide 油菜素内酯brassinosteroide 油菜素甾体类化合物bean bioassay 生物鉴定法jasmonates 茉莉酸Jasmonic acid methyl ester 茉莉酸甲酯linolenic acid α-亚麻酸cyclic fatty acid 环脂肪酸aspirin 阿司匹林salicylic acid ,SA 水杨酸polyamines,PA 多胺putrescine，Put 腐胺cadaverine,Cad 尸胺spermidine,Spd 亚精胺spermine,Spm 精胺CEPA 乙烯利NAA 萘乙酸NAD 萘乙酰胺6-BA 6-苄基腺嘌呤CCC 矮壮素PP333 多效唑growth 生长differentiation 分化development 发育chemical creep 化学滑行totipotency 细胞全能性polarity 极性explant 外植体tissue culture 组织培养primary culture 初代培养subculture 继代培养redifferentiation 再分化embryoid 胚状体somatic embryo 体细胞胚adventitious embryo 不定胚virus-free plants 无病毒植株light seed 需光种子dark seed 需暗种子seed longevity 种子寿命seed vigor 种子活力seed viability 种子生活力seed aging 种子老化determinate 有限性meristem 分生组织initial cell 原细胞seed deterioration 种子劣变indeterminate 无限性self-perpetuating 自我留存stem cell 干细胞quiescent center 静止中心tunica 原套corpus 原体central zone 中央区peripheral zone 周缘区vegetative meristem 营养分生组织floral meristem 成花分生组织growth periodicity 生长的周期性grand period of growth 生长大周期lagphase 停滞期logarithmic growth phase 指数期linear growth phase 线性期senescence phase 衰减期daily periodicity 昼夜周期性correlation 相关性apical dominance 顶端优势primigenic dominance 原发优势autoinhibition 自动抑制allelopathy 它感作用autotoxicity 自毒photomorphogenesis 光形态建成photoreceptor 光敏受体photosensor 光敏受体phytochrome 光敏色素thermoperiodicity of growth 生长的温周期现象tropic movement 向性运动nastic movement 感性运动phototropism 向光性geotropism 向地性gravitropism 向重力性positive/negative gravitropism 正/负向重力性diagravitropism 横向重力性statolith 平衡石amyloplast 淀粉体chemotropism 向化性hydrotropism 向水性turgor movement 紧张性运动nyctinasty 感夜性thermonasty 感温性seismonasty 感震性action potential 动作电位circadian rhythm 近似昼夜节律ripeness to flower state 花熟状态floral induction 成花诱导floral evocation 成花启动initiation of flower 花的发端floral development 花发育vernalization 春化作用devernalization 去春化作用revernalization 再春化作用vernalin 春化素bolting 抽薹photoperiod 光周期photoperiodism 光周期现象photoperiodic induction 光周期诱导critical dark period 临界暗期critical night 临界夜长florigen 成花素floral determinated state 成花决定态flower bud differentiation 花芽分化hermaphroditic plants 雌雄同株同花植物dioecious plants 雌雄异株植物androecious line 雄性系gynoecious line 雌性系fertility change 育性转化pollenin 花粉素recognition 识别group effect 集体效应parthenocarpy 单性结实phyrin 非丁respiratory climacteric 呼吸跃变dormancy 休眠epistotic dormancy 强迫休眠physiological dormancy 生理休眠after-ripening 后熟stratification 层积处理copigmentation 协同关系作用free radical 生物自由基programmed cell death 程序性细胞死亡apoptosis 细胞凋亡abscission 脱落stress 逆境，胁迫stress physiology 逆境生理strain 胁变escape 避性avoidance 御性tolerance 耐性hydraulic signal 水信号water mass flow 水流hydraustatic pressure 水压chemical signal 化学信号aquaporin 水孔蛋白proteinase inhibitor 蛋白酶抑制剂systemin 系统素electrical signal 电信号osmotin 渗调蛋白chaperone 分子伴侣water stress protein 水分胁迫蛋白heat shock protein 热激蛋白late embryogenesis abundant protein 胚胎发生晚期丰富蛋白lipid transfer protein 类脂转移蛋白kinase-regulated protein 激酶调节蛋白biotic stress 生物逆境pathogenesis-related protein 病程相关蛋白heavy metal binding protein 重金属结合蛋白phytochelatin 植物螯合肽cold-acclimation-induced protein 冷驯化诱导蛋白anaerobic stress protein 厌氧蛋白cross adaptation 交叉适应。
植物生理学甲双语复习资料
Chapter 1 Water Relationship in Plant一、Term definition：1、Water potential (Ψw):Water potential is defined as the difference in free energy per unit volume, between matrically -bound, pressurized, or osmotically- constrained water and pure water.水势就是每偏摩尔体积水的化学势差。
2、Apoplast (质外体)是指原生质以外的包括细胞壁、细胞间隙和木质部的导管等无生活物质互相连结成的一个连续的整体3、ansymplast是指活细胞内的原生质体通过胞间连丝及质膜本身互相连结成的一个连续的整体.4、Free water (自由水)It does not tightly bind to components of cell and it moves freely in plant.距离细胞质胶体微粒远而可以自由流动的水分。
5、bound water（结合水）：It tightly binds to components of cell and cannot move freely in plant. 靠近细胞质胶体微粒而被胶粒吸附束缚不易自由流动的水分。
6、Bleeding伤流汁液从伤口（残茎）的切口溢出的现象7、Guttation吐水土壤水分充足、大气温暖、湿润的环境中或清晨，未受伤叶尖或叶缘向外溢出液滴的现象8、Root pressure由于根系的生理活动使液流从根部沿木质部导管上升的压力。
9、Soil available water(土壤有效水或土壤可利用水）是指能被植物直接吸收利用，其含水量高于萎蔫系数(wilting coefficient)以上的水10、Temporary wilting 暂时萎焉当蒸腾作用大于根系吸水及转运水分的速度时，植物会产生萎蔫现象称暂时萎蔫。
《植物生理学》英文缩写
《植物生理学》英文缩写TR：蒸腾比率WUE：水分利用率，亦称蒸腾系数PEP：烯醇丙酮酸磷酸PEPC：烯醇丙酮酸磷酸羧激酶SPAC：土壤—植物—大气连续体系RDI：调方灌溉CRAI：控制性分根交替灌溉PME：质子动力NR：硝酸还原酶NiR：亚硝酸还原酶Fd red：还原态铁氧还蛋白GS：谷氨酰胺合成酶GOGAT：谷氨酰胺—a—酮戊二酸转氨酶GDH：谷氨酸脱氢酶ASP—AT：天冬氨酸转氨酶APS：腺苷酰硫酸GSH：还原态谷胱甘肽GSSG：氧化态谷胱甘肽OAS：乙酰丝氨酸AC：乙酸ALA：5—氨基酮戊酸PBG：胆色素原PSⅠ：光系统ⅠPSⅡ：光系统ⅡLHCⅠ：捕光复合体ⅠLHCⅡ：捕光复合体ⅡOEC：放氧复合体PC：质体蓝素（质体氢）UQ：泛醌PQH2：质体氢醌Fe—S：铁硫中心RuBP：核酮糖—1，5—二磷酸Rubisco：核酮糖—1，5—二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶TP：丙糖磷酸OAA：草酰乙酸DCMU：敌草隆PGA：甘油酸—3—磷酸DPGA：甘油酸—1，3—二磷酸PGAld：甘油醛—3—磷酸CAM：景天酸代谢途径EMP：糖酵解TAC：三羧酸循环PPP：戊糖磷酸途径RPPP：还原戊糖磷酸途径NAD：辅酶ⅠNADP：辅酶ⅡFMN：黄素单核苷酸FAD：黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸P/O：磷氧比RQ：呼吸商IPP：异戊烯焦磷酸DNP：2，4—二硝基苯酚PAL：苯丙氨酸解氨酶SPS：蔗糖磷酸合酶UVB：紫外线BHPK：组氨酸蛋白激酶RR：反应调节蛋白/应管调控蛋白CDPK：钙依赖型蛋白激酶CDK：依赖于细胞周期蛋白的蛋白激酶CBL：钙调磷酸酶B相似蛋白NOS：一氧化氮合酶PI：磷脂酰肌醇PLC：磷脂酶CDAG：二酰甘油PKC：蛋白激酶CPK：蛋白激酶PP：蛋白磷酸酶MAPK：促分裂原活化蛋白激酶IAA：生长素（吲哚乙酸）IBA：吲哚丁酸IPA：吲哚丙酮酸PAA：苯乙酸NOA：萘基氧乙酸NPA：萘基邻氨甲酰苯甲酸CPD：羧苯基苯丙烷二酮CDP：内根—焦磷酸TAM：色胺途径IAN：吲哚乙晴IAM：吲哚乙酰胺CaM：钙调蛋白ABP1：生长素结合蛋白1TIR1：运输抑制剂响应1ARFs：生长素响应因子GA：赤霉素CTK：细胞分裂素CRE：细胞分裂素受体KT：激动素ET：乙烯ACC：1—氨基环丙烷—1—羧酸MACC：N—丙二酰—ACCSAM：S—腺苷甲硫氨酸MTA：5’—甲硫基腺苷MTR：5’—甲硫基核糖ABA：脱落酸AOA：氨基氧乙酸A VG：氨基乙氧基乙烯基甘氨酸BRs：油菜素甾类物质SA：水杨酸JAs：茉莉酸PHY：光敏色素Pr：光敏色素红光吸收型Pfr：光敏色素远红光吸收型VLFR：极低辐照度反应LFR：低辐照度反应HIR：高辐照度反应LDP：长日植物SDP：短日植物DNP：日中性植物LSDP：长短日植物SLDP：短长日植物IDP：中日照植物ECM：胞外基质TTS：引导组织特异糖蛋白CCC：氯化氯胆碱（矮壮素）MH：马来酰肼TIBA：三碘苯甲酸NCED：9—顺—环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶PA：红花菜豆酸DPA：二氢红花菜豆酸SI：自交不亲和SSI：孢子体型自交不亲和性GSI：配子体型自交不亲和性NAA：a—萘乙酸QC：静正中心SLG：S基因座蛋白SRK：S基因座受体激酶DMAPP：二甲丙烯焦磷酸GP：牻牛儿焦磷酸GGPP：牻牛儿牻牛儿焦磷酸FPP：法尼焦磷酸ARR：拟南芥反应调节蛋白Q10：温度系数IP3：三磷酸肌醇2,4—D：2，4—二氯苯氧乙酸PG：多聚半乳糖醛酸酶ADPG：焦磷酸化酶XET：木葡聚糖内转糖基酶PCD：程序性细胞死亡AGR：绝对生长速率RGR：相对生长速率Pheo：去镁叶绿素G蛋白：GTP调节蛋白AQP：水孔蛋白CA T：过氧化物酶POD：抗坏血酸氧化酶ATP：腺苷三磷酸ADP：腺苷二磷酸GTP：鸟苷三磷酸GDP：鸟苷二磷酸。
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《植物生理学》
一、课程基本信息
课程编号：2583220
课程中文名称：植物生理学
课程英文名称：Plant Physiology
课程类型：专业必修课
总学时：54 理论学时：54 课外学时：30
学分： 3
适用专业：生物科学
先修课程：植物学、生物化学、细胞生物学
开课院系：生命科学学院
二、课程性质和任务
植物生理学是研究植物生命活动规律的科学。
它是生物科学专业的专业课、生物技术专业的选修课。
学习植物生理学不仅是为认识和了解植物在各种环境条件下，进行生命活动的规律和机理，而且要将掌握的理论知识应用于生产实践，为植物生产业服务。
三、课程教学目标
本课程内容主要包括植物生理学的三个组成部分：代谢生理；生长发育；逆境生理。
通过本课程的学习要使学生在以下几方面得到全面提高：
（1）对植物生命活动的基本规律有比较全面的和系统的认识；
（2）掌握植物生理学的基本实验方法，并在科学态度、实验技能、独立工作能力方面得到初步训练；
（3）能够运用所学知识解决实际问题。
四、理论教学环节和基本要求
（一）绪论
1．掌握植物生理学的定义和内容
2．了解植物生理学的产生和发展
3．理解学习植物生理学的重要意义
（二）植物的水分代谢
1．了解植物对水分的需要、水分在植物生命活动中的作用、蒸腾作用的生理指标与影响因素、水分通过植物体内的途径和速度、合理灌溉的指标。
2．掌握植物体内水分存在的状态、植物细胞对水分的吸收、植物根系对水分的吸收、植物叶片气孔运动的机理、水分通过植物体内运输的机理、合理灌溉增产的原因。
3．理解蒸腾作用的生理意义、作物的需水规律、合理灌溉与作物优质、高产。
重点和难点：1．细胞水势概念与细胞吸水；2．气孔运动机理。
（三）植物的矿质营养
1．了解植物体内的元素、矿质元素运输的形式、途径和速度、矿质元素在植物体内的分布和再利用、作物的需肥规律。
2．掌握植物必需元素及其生理作用、植物细胞对矿质元素的吸收、无机养料的同化、合理施肥的指标。
3．理解植物对矿质元素的吸收、矿质元素在植物体内的运输、合理施肥的生理基础及发挥肥效的措施
重点和难点：植物细胞吸收矿质元素的机理。
（四）植物光合作用
1．了解光合作用的意义、植物对光能的利用率。
2．掌握叶绿体及叶绿体色素的性质、光合作用的过程和机理（包括原初反应、电子传递、光合磷酸化、碳同化、光呼吸等）。
3．理解影响光合速率的内外因素、、提高作物光能利用率的途径。
重点和难点：光合机理及调节；C3、C4途径的异同点。
（五）植物的呼吸作用
1．了解呼吸作用概念及生理意义、呼吸作用与农业生产的关系。
2．掌握植物的呼吸代谢途径、呼吸作用的调节和控制。
3．理解生物氧化、呼吸过程中能量的储存和利用。
重点和难点：植物呼吸代谢的多样性。
（六）有机物代谢
1．了解各种主要有机物代谢。
2．掌握次生物质萜类、酚类和生物碱的代谢。
重点和难点：萜类、酚类的生物合成。
（七）植物体内有机物的运输
1．了解有机物运输的速度、途径和种类。
2．掌握韧皮部装载、韧皮部卸出和韧皮部运输机理。
3．理解有机物的分配。
重点和难点：韧皮部运输机理。
（八）细胞信号转导
1．了解环境刺激和胞外信号。
2．掌握受体和跨膜信号的传递、胞内信号的转导。
3．理解蛋白质的磷酸化和去磷酸化在信号传导中的作用。
重点和难点：跨膜信号的传递体及传递过程。
（九）植物生长物质
1．了解各类激素的发现及其在植物体内的分布与传导。
2．掌握生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸和乙烯的生物合成、生理作用和作用机理；掌握生长抑制剂和生长延缓剂的区别及应用。
3．理解天然植物生长调节物质不断有新的成员被发现，了解其主要作用。
重点和难点：激素的信号传导和作用机理。
（十）光形态建成
1．了解光敏色素的发现与分布、蓝光和紫外光反应的类型。
2．掌握光敏色素的结构、性质和生理作用及作用机理。
3．理解光敏素的结构变化与其生理作用的关系。
重点和难点：光敏色素的结构、性质和作用。
（十一）植物的生长生理
1．了解细胞的生长与分化、种子的寿命。
2．掌握种子萌发的外界条件、种子萌发的生理生化变化。
3．理解植物生长的周期性、相关性和运动性。
重点和难点：植物生长相关性、植物运动及机理。
（十二）植物的生殖生理
1．了解植物幼年期的特点、花粉的寿命与贮藏。
2．掌握春化作用、光周期现象、花器官的发生与ABC模型、花器官的形成所需要的条件、柱头的生活能力、外界条件对授粉的影响以及受精前后雌蕊器官的生理生化变化。
3．理解植物性别多样性及其原因、自交不亲和现象。
重点和难点：春化作用的机理、光周期现象、花粉和柱头的相互识别。
（十三）成熟及衰老生理
1．了解种子成熟时的生理生化变化、延存器官休眠。
2．掌握果实成熟时的生理生化变化、种子的休眠及原因。
3．理解植物的休眠、衰老与脱落的意义及其相互关系。
重点和难点：果实成熟的生理生化变化和植物衰老的生理生化变化。
（十四）植物的逆境生理
1．了解植物的冷害与抗冷性、植物的抗涝性以及环境污染对植物的影响和植物在环境保护中的作用。
2．掌握植物在逆境条件下生理生化变化及适应性、植物的抗冻性、植物的抗旱性、植物的抗盐性、植物的抗病性。
3．理解逆境条件下植物积累ABA、渗透调节物质等与其抗性的关系。
重点和难点：逆境伤害与植物的抗逆性。
五、实践教学环节和基本要求
本课程的实验教学单独设课，另记学分，相关内容详见《植物生理实验教学大纲》。
六、有关教学环节的说明
本课程的课堂教学采用多媒体双语授课，并通过布置一定量的作业来加强学生对重要内容的掌握。
本课程的学习成绩采用平时成绩和期末考试成绩相结合的评定方法。
其中平时成绩由任课教师根据问题回答、作业、期中考查和出勤情况等确定，按百分制评分；期末考试采用闭卷考试，对学生学习本课程情况进行全面考核。
最终成绩由平时成绩（占30%）和期末考核成绩（占70%）确定。
七、学时分配
八、教材及主要教学参考书目
教材：
潘瑞炽主编.《植物生理学》．第六版．北京：高等教育出版社，2008年
主要教学参考书：
1．李合生主编.《现代植物生理学》．北京：高等教育出版社，2002
2．武维华主编.《植物生理学》. 北京：科学出版社，2003
3．布坎南等著．瞿礼嘉等译．《植物生物化学与分子生物学》．北京：科学出版社，2004年
4．W. G. Hopkins, et al.<Introduction to Pant Physiology>.3rd ed. New York：John Wiley & Sons Inc，2004
5．Taiz L, Zeiger E. < Pant Physiology>. 3rd ed. Sunderland：Sinauer Associates Inc，2002
执笔人：柏新富教研室主任：卜庆梅教学院长（主任）：张萍。