专业英语中的常见语法现象分析(doc 8页)

专业英语中的常见语法现象一．人称、时态和语态科技英语中主要使用第三人称，但第一人称也经常出现，主要是：（1）叙述某个实验、现象或结论时，告诉读者我们以前也报道过，这里不在叙述；（2）为了引导读者按照作者的思路去思考问题，此时we等第一人称是指作者和读者双方。

另外在文章的开头和结论部分有事也使用we，如in this paper, we report…或者we concluded that…等时态主要使用三种时态：一般现在时，一般过去时和现在完成时(1)在叙述一般的科学原理、公式推导、计算过程和结论时，常用一般现在时；如当提到本文、此图、此表等说明了、表达了什么时This paper describe s……The focus of this paper is……Figure 1 show s ……Most of the common condensation polymers are listed in Table 1-1.(2)在叙述某种实验操作、试剂配制时，常使用一般过去时；例如：Novozym-435 (2.0 g) was suspended in 25 mL of nanopure water in a 100 mL round-bottomed flask fitted with a water cooled condenser. The lipase suspension was refluxed for 14 h. The suspension was then allowed to cool to room temperature, and water was removed by freeze drying…. The reaction vials were capped tightly and shaken vigorously for a few minutes. Thereaction vials were then placed in a constant-temperature water bath maintained at 37°C for 3h with magnetic stirring….(3)在叙述已经发生的并且延续到现在的事情时使用现在完成时，如描述研究进展使用Inrecent years作时间状语时，通常使用完成时In recent years, Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature.时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把握，需要注意的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃。

科技英语使用被动语态比较多，但也可使用主动语态，特别是强调自己的观点时，在学术会议交流时也使用主动语态，这种语态的句子简洁，意思准确。

例：The oscillator strengths of certain 4f-4f transitions in lanthanide(Ⅲ) complexes exhibit an especially strong sensitivity to the structural details and chemical nature of the ligand environment.The extraction behavior of trivalent lanthanide ions has been studied with DBM. The ratio of Ln:DBM in the extracted species was determined to be 1:3 by the slope analysis method.二数数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上的问题视为语法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可以下是需要注意的语法不规则变化的单复数单数复数criterion criteria 依据phenomenon phenomena 现象medium media 介质radius radii 半径index indices 指数appendix appendices 附录stimulus stimuli 刺激basis bases 基础synthesis syntheses 合成matrix matrices 基体Novel biomaterials with improved, specific biological action are being developed using polymers that are responsive to environmental stimuli.一些数有特殊性的名词data, kinetics 通常作复数名词research, work: 不可数名词The data in Table 1 are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures.The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding bulk polymerization.Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelope glycoprotein.Most research on poly(ortho esters) has focused on the synthesis of polymers.一些结构的数<主谓的统一>one of 复数名词:单数none of 复数名词:复数none of 单数名词/不可数名词:单数no 复数名词:复数no 单数名词/不可数名词:单数a kind of 单数名词:单数this/that kind of 单数名词:单数these kinds of 复数名词:复数复数名词of this/that kind ：复数sort 与kind 类似a type of 单数名词：单数a series of 复数名词：复数a class of 复数名词：复数the number of 复数名词：单数a number of 复数名词：复数Ara-C is one of most important antitumor agent s, especially used in the treatment of various leukaemias.One of possibilitie s for enhancing the pharmacological properties is to link it to a carrier. Biocompatibility is one of the main criteria for the selection of a particular biomaterial. Controlled drug delivery technology represent s one of most rapid advancing area s of science in which chemists are contributing to human health care.Several model s have been proposed but none appear to be generally applicable.None of the presently used ones are applied rigorously.Thus far no studies have conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac gene therap approaches.This type of termination is often referred to as spontaneous termination.A number of polymer backbone s that are potentially degradable are detailed in the text.The number of mechanism s which have been proposed to explain the stereopecificity of Ziegler-Natta catalysts.* The number of 复数名词: 整个做主语时谓语应为单数; 但此句的动词have 是从句的谓语而从句是形容mechanisms.在其它的从句谓语中也是同样如: One of the mechanism s which have been……A series of telomer s reported in table 1 were then synthesized.A diverse range of mechanism s have been developed.Polymer s are a promising class of biomaterial s that can be engineered to meet specific end-use requirements.The most important class of poly(amide s) for controlled release are the poly(amino acids). The majority of poly(anhydride s) are prepared by melt-condensation polymerization.A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymer s have been used to fabricate tissue-engineering matrices.后面通常要用复数名词对可数名词而言various differentmost all many severalone of many ofkinds ofa number of the number ofa (wide) variety of a class ofa series of a wide range ofDozens of different type s of receptor s are present on the average mammalian cell.In a number of special application s (e.g. contact lens es and skin-grafting material s), additional requirement s such as transparency should be considered when selecting a polymer.Many of these transmembrane protein s are receptor s.Some polymer s are highly crystalline primarily because their structure is conductive to packing, while others are crystalline primarily because of the secondary forces. For still other polymer s, both factors may be favorable for crystallization.形容可数名词的量词a few，many ，a number of形容不可数名词的量词a great/small/certain amount of，a great/good deal of形容可数和不可数名词均可的量词a lot of ，lots ofAlthough a few polymer s may be completely amorphous and a few completely crystalline, most polymer s are partially or semi-crystalline in character.The use of IPNs has received a great deal of attention in recent years and different kind s of IPN have been synthesized with different composition s.The major amount of work on size distributions has been on polyesters and polyimides.A sizeable amount work has been published on the copolymerizations of various cyclic monomers.以下结构的谓语的数由前一个决定, as well as……由较靠近谓语动词的决定not only……but also……either……or……neither……nor……◆当含意上强调复数时建议用复数。