货币金融学第11版-米什金-思考题目答案
货币金融学第11版-米什金-思考题目答案第25章
Chapter 25ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1.Despite very low interest rates as a result of monetary easing, expenditures on consumer durables wereweak at this period of time, indicating that the interest rate channel, as it affected consumer durables, was not very healthy. As a result, the government instituted such programs in order to more directly stimulate spending in these areas.尽管由于货币宽松政策利率非常低，但在这段时间内，消费者耐用品支出疲软，这表明利率渠道，因为它影响了耐用消费品，并不是很健康。
因此，政府制定了这样的计划，以便更直接地刺激这些领域的支出。
2.Uncertain. Although consumption is the largest part of overall U.S. GDP, and there is no doubt that thesechannels can be important to monetary policy effectiveness, some may disagree with this statement. For instance, even though investment is closer to 15% of U.S. GDP, investment fluctuations are much more pronounced over the business cycle than changes in consumption, leading to the possibility that interest rate effects on investment could be potentially more important. In addition, proponents of the credit view believe that credit market effects are much more important than interest rate effects, and since the credit view primarily impacts investment, credit effects on investment could be potentially more powerful than consumption effects from monetary policy changes.不确定的。
米什金《货币金融学》(第11版)章节题库-第2章 金融体系概览【圣才出品】
第2章 金融体系概览一、概念题1．金融市场答：金融市场指以金融资产为交易对象而形成的供求关系及其机制的总和。
它包括如下三层含义，一是它是金融资产进行交易的一个有形和无形的场所；二是它反映了金融资产的供应者和需求者之间所形成的供求关系；三是它包含了金融资产交易过程中所产生的运行机制，其中最主要的是价格（包括利率、汇率及各种证券的价格）机制。
在一个有效的金融市场上，金融资产的价格和资金的利率能及时、准确和全面地反映所有公开的信息，资金在价格信号的引导下迅速、合理地流动。
金融市场作为货币资金交易的渠道，以其特有的运作机制使千百万居民、企业和政府部门的储蓄汇成巨大的资金流推动和润滑着商品经济这个巨大的经济机器持续地运转。
金融市场还以其完整而又灵敏的信号系统和灵活有力的调控机制引导着经济资源向着合理的方向流动，优化资源的配置。
在金融市场上，价格机制是其运行的基础，而完善的法规制度、先进的交易手段则是其顺利运行的保障。
2．同业拆借市场答：同业拆借市场指银行之间、其他金融机构之间以及银行与其他金融机构之间进行短期、临时性资金拆出拆入的市场。
这是一个无形市场，主要通过现代通讯手段进行交易，由于拆借期限较短，一般最长不超过一年，借款方也无须提供担保抵押。
各金融机构为了弥补头寸暂时不足和灵活调度资金，将经营过程中暂时闲置的资金和已存入央行且大于法定准备金的部分，相互间进行拆借。
同业拆借市场的拆借利率一般由融资双方根据资金供求关系及其他影响因素自主议定或者通过市场公开竞标确定，市场性较强，最易实现利率市场化。
二、选择题1．已上市的股票或债券在场外交易的市场，称为（ ）。
A．第一市场B．第二市场C．第三市场D．第四市场【答案】C【解析】“第一市场”即一级市场，是筹集资金的公司或政府机构将其新发行的股票或债券等证券销售给最初购买者的金融市场。
“第二市场”即二级市场，是交易已经发行的证券的金融市场。
“第三市场”实际上是一种场外交易市场，只不过所交易的资产同时也在交易所上市交易；而“第四市场”则是指完全通过计算机网络联系的无形市场。
货币金融学第11版-米什金-思考题目答案第15章
Chapter 15ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1.The snowstorm would cause float to increase, which would increase the monetary base. To counteractthis effect, the manager will undertake a defensive open market sale of securities using a reverse repo transaction.这场暴风雪将使浮款上升，这将增加货币基础。
为了抵消这种影响，经理将采用逆回购交易进行防御性公开市场销售。
2.When the public’s holding of currency increases during holiday periods, the currency–checkabledeposits ratio increases and the money supply falls. To counteract this decline in the money supply, the Fed will conduct a defensive open market purchase of securities.在节假日期间，当公众持有货币升值时，现金/存款比率增加，货币供应量下降。
为了抵消货币供应的下降，美联储将采取防御性的公开市场购买证券。
3.As we saw in Chapter 14, when the Treasury’s deposits at the Fed fall, the monetary base increases. Tocounteract this increase, the manager would undertake an open market sale of securities.正如我们在第14章所看到的，当财政部的存款下降时，货币基础会增加。
米什金货币金融学英文版习题答案chapter11英文习题
米什金货币金融学英文版习题答案chapter11英文习题Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 11e, Global Edition (Mishkin) Chapter 11 Banking Industry: Structure and Competition11.1 Historical Development of the Banking System1) The modern commercial banking system began in America when theA) Bank of United States was chartered in New York in 1801.B) Bank of North America was chartered in Philadelphia in 1782.C) Bank of United States was chartered in Philadelphia in 1801.D) Bank of North America was chartered in New York in 1782.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge2) A major controversy involving the banking industry in its early years wasA) whether banks should both accept deposits and make loans or whether these functions should be separated into different institutions.B) whether the federal government or the states should charter banks.C) what percent of deposits banks should hold as fractional reserves.D) whether banks should be allowed to issue their own bank notes.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) The government institution that has responsibility for theamount of money and credit supplied in the economy as a whole is theA) central bank.B) commercial bank.C) bank of settlement.D) monetary fund.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge4) Because of the abuses by state banks and the clear need for a central bank to help the federal government raise funds during the War of 1812, Congress created theA) Bank of United States in 1812.B) Bank of North America in 1814.C) Second Bank of the United States in 1816.D) Second Bank of North America in 1815.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge5) The Second Bank of the United States was denied a new charter byA) President Andrew Jackson.B) Vice President John Calhoun.C) President Benjamin Harrison.D) President John Q. Adams.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge6) Currency circulated by banks that could be redeemed for gold was calledA) junk bonds.B) banknotes.C) gold bills.D) state money.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge7) To eliminate the abuses of the state-chartered banks, the ________ created a new banking system of federally chartered banks, supervised by the ________.A) National Bank Act of 1863; Office of the Comptroller of the CurrencyB) Federal Reserve Act of 1863; Office of the Comptroller of the CurrencyC) National Bank Act of 1863; Office of Thrift SupervisionD) Federal Reserve Act of 1863; Office of Thrift SupervisionAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge8) The belief that bank failures were regularly caused by fraud or the lack of sufficient bank capital explains, in part, the passage ofA) the National Bank Charter Amendments of 1918.B) the Garn-St. Germain Act of 1982.C) the National Bank Act of 1863.D) Federal Reserve Act of 1913.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge9) Before 1863A) federally-chartered banks had regulatory advantages not granted to state-chartered banks.B) the number of federally-chartered banks grew at a much faster rate than at any other time since the end of the Civil War.C) banks acquired funds by issuing banknotes.D) banks were required to maintain 100% of their deposits asreserves.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge10) Prior to 1863, all commercial banks in the United StatesA) were chartered by the U.S. Treasury Department.B) were chartered by the banking commission of the state in which they operated.C) were regulated by the Federal Reserve.D) were regulated by the central bank.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge11) Although the National Bank Act of 1863 was designed to eliminate state-chartered banks by imposing a prohibitive tax on banknotes, state banks were able to stay in business byA) issuing credit cards.B) ignoring the regulations.C) acquiring funds through deposits.D) branching into other states.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking12) The National Bank Act of 1863, and subsequent amendments to itA) created a banking system of state-chartered banks.B) established the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.C) broadened the regulatory powers of the Federal Reserve.D) created insurance on deposit accounts.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge13) Which regulatory body charters national banks?A) the Federal ReserveB) the FDICC) the Comptroller of the CurrencyD) the U.S. TreasuryAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge14) The regulatory system that has evolved in the United States whereby banks are regulated at the state level, the national level, or both, is known as aA) bilateral regulatory system.B) tiered regulatory system.C) two-tiered regulatory system.D) dual banking system.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge15) Today the United States has a dual banking system in which banks supervised by the________ and by the ________ operate side by side.A) federal government; municipalitiesB) state governments; municipalitiesC) federal government; statesD) municipalities; statesAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge16) The U.S. banking system is considered to be a dual system becauseA) banks offer both checking and savings accounts.B) it actually includes both banks and thrift institutions.C) it is regulated by both state and federal governments.D) it was established before the Civil War, requiring separate regulatory bodies for the North and South.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking17) The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 required thatA) state banks be subject to the same regulations as national banks.B) national banks establish branches in the cities containing Federal Reserve banks.C) national banks join the Federal Reserve System.D) state banks could not join the Federal Reserve System.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge18) The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 required all ________ banks to become members of the Federal Reserve System, while ________ banks could choose to become members of the system.A) state; nationalB) state; municipalC) national; stateD) national; municipalAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge19) Probably the most significant factor explaining the drastic drop in the number of bank failures since the Great Depression has beenA) the creation of the FDIC.B) rapid economic growth since 1941.C) the employment of new procedures by the Federal Reserve.D) better bank management.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking20) With the creation of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, member banks of the Federal Reserve System ________ to purchase FDIC insurance for their depositors, while non-member commercial banks ________ to buy deposit insurance.A) could choose; were requiredB) could choose; were given the optionC) were required, could chooseD) were required; were requiredAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge21) With the creation of the Federal Deposit Insurance CorporationA) member banks of the Federal Reserve System were given the option to purchase FDIC insurance for their depositors, while non-member commercial banks were required to buy deposit insurance.B) member banks of the Federal Reserve System were required to purchase FDIC insurance for their depositors, while non-member commercial banks could choose to buy deposit insurance. C) both member and non-member banks of the Federal Reserve System were required to purchase FDIC insurance for their depositors.D) both member and non-member banks of the Federal Reserve System could choose, but were not required, to purchase FDIC insurance for their depositors.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking22) The Glass-Steagall Act, before its repeal in 1999, prohibited commercial banks fromA) issuing equity to finance bank expansion.B) engaging in underwriting and dealing of corporate securities.C) selling new issues of government securities.D) purchasing any debt securities.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge23) The legislation that separated investment banking from commercial banking until its repeal in 1999 is known as theA) National Bank Act of 1863.B) Federal Reserve Act of 1913.C) Glass-Steagall Act.D) McFadden Act.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge24) Which of the following statements concerning bank regulation in the United States is TRUE?A) The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency has the primary responsibility for state banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System.B) The Federal Reserve and the state banking authorities jointly have responsibility for the state banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System.C) The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency has sole regulatory responsibility over bank holding companies.D) The state banking authorities have sole regulatory responsibility for all state banks. Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking25) Which bank regulatory agency has the sole regulatory authority over bank holding companies?A) the FDICB) the Comptroller of the CurrencyC) the FHLBSD) the Federal Reserve SystemAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge26) State banks that are not members of the Federal Reserve System are most likely to be examined by theA) Federal Reserve System.B) FDIC.C) FHLBS.D) Comptroller of the Currency.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge27) State banking authorities have sole jurisdiction over state banksA) without FDIC insurance.B) that are not members of the Federal Reserve System.C) operating as bank holding companies.D) chartered in the 21st century.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge11.2 Financial Innovation and the Growth of the "Shadow Banking System"1) Financial innovations occur because of financial institutions search forA) profits.B) fame.C) stability.D) recognition.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) ________ is the process of researching and developing profitable new products and services by financial institutions.A) Financial engineeringB) Financial manipulationC) Customer manipulationD) Customer engineeringAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge3) The most significant change in the economic environment that changed the demand for financial products in recent years has beenA) the aging of the baby-boomer generation.B) the dramatic increase in the volatility of interest rates.C) the dramatic increase in competition from foreign banks.D) the deregulation of financial institutions.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) In the 1950s the interest rate on three-month Treasury bills fluctuated between 1 percent and3.5 percent; in the 1980s it fluctuated between ________ percent and ________ percent.A) 5; 15B) 4; 11.5C) 4; 18D) 5; 10Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge5) Uncertainty about interest-rate movements and returns iscalledA) market potential.B) interest-rate irregularities.C) interest-rate risk.D) financial creativity.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge6) Rising interest-rate riskA) increased the cost of financial innovation.B) increased the demand for financial innovation.C) reduced the cost of financial innovation.D) reduced the demand for financial innovation.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking7) Adjustable rate mortgagesA) protect households against higher mortgage payments when interest rates rise.B) keep financial institutions' earnings high even when interest rates are falling.C) benefit homeowners when interest rates are falling.D) generally have higher initial interest rates than on conventional fixed-rate mortgages. Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking8) Adjustable rate mortgagesA) reduce the interest-rate risk for financial institutions.B) benefit homeowners when interest rates rise.C) generally have higher initial interest rates than conventional fixed-rate mortgages.D) allow borrowers to avoid paying interest on portions of their mortgage loans.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking9) The agreement to provide a standardized commodity to a buyer on a specific date at a specific future price isA) a put option.B) a call option.C) a futures contract.D) a mortgage-backed security.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge10) An instrument developed to help investors and institutions hedge interest-rate risk isA) a debit card.B) a credit card.C) a financial derivative.D) a junk bond.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge11) Financial instruments whose payoffs are linked to previously issued securities are calledA) grandfathered bonds.B) financial derivatives.C) hedge securities.D) reversible bonds.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge12) Both ________ and ________ were financial innovations that occurred because of interest rate volatility.A) adjustable-rate mortgages; commercial paperB) adjustable-rate mortgages; financial derivativesC) sweep accounts; financial derivativesD) sweep accounts; commercial paperAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking13) The most important source of the changes in supply conditions that stimulate financial innovation has been theA) deregulation of financial institutions.B) dramatic increase in the volatility of interest rates.C) improvement in information technology.D) dramatic increase in competition from foreign banks.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking14) New computer technology hasA) increased the cost of financial innovation.B) increased the demand for financial innovation.C) reduced the cost of financial innovation.D) reduced the demand for financial innovation.Answer: CAACSB: Information Technology15) Credit cards date back toA) prior to the second World War.B) just after the second World War.C) the early 1950s.D) the late 1950s.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge16) A firm issuing credit cards earns income fromA) loans it makes to credit card holders.B) subsidies from the local governments.C) payments made to it by manufacturers of the productssold in stores on credit card purchases.D) sales of the card in foreign countries.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking17) The entry of AT&T and GM into the credit card business is an indication ofA) government's efforts to deregulate the provision of financial services.B) the rising profitability of credit card operations.C) the reduction in costs of credit card operations since 1990.D) the sale of unprofitable operations by Bank of America and Citicorp.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking18) A debit card differs from a credit card in thatA) a debit card is a loan while for a credit card purchase, payment is made immediately.B) a debit card is a long-term loan while a credit card is a short-term loan.C) a credit card is a loan while for a debit card purchase, payment is made immediately.D) a credit card is a long-term loan while a debit card is a short-term loan.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge19) Automated teller machinesA) are more costly to use than human tellers, so banks discourage their use by charging more for use of ATMs.B) cost about the same to use as human tellers in banks, so banks discourage their use by charging more for use of ATMs.C) cost less than human tellers, so banks may encourage their use by charging less for using ATMs.D) cost nothing to use, so banks provide their services free of charge.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge20) The declining cost of computer technology has made ________ a reality.A) brick and mortar bankingB) commercial bankingC) virtual bankingD) investment bankingAnswer: CAACSB: Information Technology21) Bank customers perceive Internet-only banks as beingA) more secure than physical bank branches.B) a better method for the purchase of long-term savings products.C) better at keeping customer information private.D) prone to many more technical problems.Answer: DAACSB: Information Technology22) A disadvantage of virtual banks (clicks) is thatA) their hours are more limited than physical banks.B) they are less convenient than physical banks.C) they are more costly to operate than physical banks.D) customers worry about the security of on-line transactions.Answer: DAACSB: Information Technology23) So-called fallen angels differ from junk bonds in thatA) junk bonds refer to newly issued bonds with low credit ratings, whereas fallen angels refer to previously issued bonds that have had their credit ratings fall below Baa.B) junk bonds refer to previously issued bonds that have had their credit ratings fall below Baa, whereas fallen angels refer to newly issued bonds with low credit ratings.C) junk bonds have ratings below Baa, whereas fallen angels have ratings below C.D) fallen angels have ratings below Baa, whereas junk bonds have ratings below C.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking24) Newly-issued high-yield bonds rated below investment grade by the bond-rating agencies are frequently referred to asA) municipal bonds.B) Yankee bonds.C) "fallen angels."D) junk bonds.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge25) In 1977, he pioneered the concept of selling new public issues of junk bonds for companies that had not yet achieved investment-grade status.A) Michael MilkenB) Roger MillikenC) Ivan BoeskyD) Carl IcahnAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge26) One factor contributing to the rapid growth of the commercial paper market since 1970 isA) the fact that commercial paper has no default risk.B) improved information technology making it easier to screen credit risks.C) government regulation.D) FDIC insurance for commercial paper.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking27) The development of money market mutual funds contributed to the growth of ________ since the money market mutual funds need to hold liquid, high-quality, short-terms assets.A) the commercial paper marketB) the municipal bond marketC) the corporate bond marketD) the junk bond marketAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking28) The process of transforming otherwise illiquid financial assets into marketable capital market instruments is known asA) securitization.B) internationalization.C) arbitrage.D) program trading.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge29) ________ is creating a marketable capital market instrument by bundling a portfolio of mortgage or auto loans.A) DiversificationB) ArbitrageC) ComputerizationD) SecuritizationAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge30) The driving force behind the securitization of mortgages and automobile loans has beenA) the rising regulatory constraints on substitute financial instruments.B) the desire of mortgage and auto lenders to exit this field of lending.C) the improvement in information technology.D) the relaxation of regulatory restrictions on credit card operations.Answer: CAACSB: Information Technology31) Securitization is a process of asset transformation that involves a number of different financial institutions working together. These financial institutions are known collectively as theA) transformers.B) amalgamation.C) movers and shakers.D) shadow banking system.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge32) Which of the following is NOT part of the shadow banking system?A) the transformerB) the servicerC) the bundlerD) the distributorAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge33) Because of securitization, a new class of residential mortgages offered to borrowers with less-than-stellar credit records developed. These mortgages are known asA) risk-enhanced mortgages.B) subprime mortgages.C) bundled mortgages.D) adjustable-rate mortgages.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge34) According to Edward Kane, because the banking industry is one of the most ________ industries in America, it is an industry in which ________ is especially likely to occur.A) competitive; loophole miningB) competitive; innovationC) regulated; loophole miningD) regulated; innovationAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge35) Loophole mining refers to financial innovation designed toA) hide transactions from the IRS.B) conceal transactions from the SEC.C) get around regulations.D) conceal transactions from the Treasury Department.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge36) Prior to 2008, bank managers looked on reserverequirementsA) as a tax on deposits.B) as a subsidy on deposits.C) as a subsidy on loans.D) as a tax on loans.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge37) Prior to 2008, the bank's cost of holding reserves equaledA) the interest paid on deposits times the amount of reserves.B) the interest paid on deposits times the amount of deposits.C) the interest earned on loans times the amount of loans.D) the interest earned on loans times the amount on reserves.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking38) Prior to 1980, the Fed set an interest rate ________, a maximum limit, on the interest rate that could be paid on time deposits.A) floorB) ceilingC) wallD) windowAnswer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge39) The process in which people seeking higher yielding securities take their funds out of the banking system thus restricting the amount of funds banks can lend is calledA) capital mobility.B) loophole mining.C) disintermediation.D) deposit jumping.AACSB: Application of Knowledge40) Money market mutual fundsA) function as interest-earning checking accounts.B) are legally deposits.C) are subject to reserve requirements.D) have an interest-rate ceiling.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge41) In September 2008, the Reserve Primary Fund, a money market mutual fund, found itself in the situation know as "breaking the buck." This means thatA) they could no longer afford to redeem shares at the par value of $1.B) they required shareholders to contribute a dollar more in fees each month.C) shareholders were able to redeem shares for more than a $1.D) shares earned more than a dollar in interest.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge42) In this type of arrangement, any balances above a certain amount in a corporation's checking account at the end of the business day are "removed" and invested in overnight securities that pay the corporation interest. This innovation is referred to as aA) sweep account.B) share draft account.C) removed-repo account.D) stockman account.AACSB: Application of Knowledge43) Sweep accounts which were created to avoid reserve requirements became possible because of a change inA) deposit ceilings.B) technology.C) government rules.D) bank mergers.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking44) Sweep accountsA) have made reserve requirements nonbinding for many banks.B) sweep funds out of deposit accounts into long-term securities.C) enable banks to avoid paying interest to corporate customers.D) reduce banks' assets.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking45) Since 1974, commercial banks importance as a source of funds for nonfinancial borrowersA) has shrunk dramatically, from around 40 percent of total credit advanced to around 25 percent by 2014.B) has shrunk dramatically, from around 70 percent of total credit advanced to below 50 percent by 2014.C) has expanded dramatically, from around 50 percent of total credit advanced to above 70 percent by 2014.D) has expanded dramatically, from around 30 percent of total credit advanced to above 50 percent by 2014.AACSB: Reflective Thinking46) Thrift institutions importance as a source of funds for borrowersA) has shrunk from around 40 percent of total credit advanced in the late 1970s to below 30 percent by 2014.B) has shrunk from over 20 percent of total credit advanced in the late 1970s to around 3 percent by 2014.C) has expanded dramatically, from around 15 percent of total credit advanced in the late 1970s to above 25 percent by 2014.D) has expanded dramatically, from around 15 percent of total credit advanced in the late 1970s to above 30 percent by 2014.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking47) Since 1980A) banks have decreased risk taking to offset the decline in profits.B) banks have offset the decline in profits from traditional activities with increased income from off-balance-sheet activities.C) banks have offset the decline in profits from off-balance-sheet activities with increased income from traditional activities.D) bank profits have grown rapidly due to deregulation.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking48) Financial innovation has causedA) banks to suffer declines in their cost advantages in acquiring funds, although it has not caused a decline in income advantages.B) banks to suffer a simultaneous decline of cost and income advantages.C) banks to suffer declines in their income advantages in acquiring funds, although it has not caused a decline in cost advantages.D) banks to achieve competitive advantages in both costs and income.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking49) Disintermediation resulted fromA) interest rate ceilings combined with inflation-driven increases in interest rates.B) elimination of Regulation Q (the regulation imposing interest rate ceilings on bank deposits).C) increases in federal income taxes.D) reserve requirements.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking50) The experience of disintermediation in the banking industry illustrates thatA) more regulation of financial markets may avoid such problems in the future.B) banks are unable to remain competitive with other financial intermediaries.C) consumers no longer desire the services that banks provide.D) markets invent alternatives to costly regulations.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking51) Banks responded to disintermediation byA) supporting the elimination of interest rate regulations, enabling them to better compete for funds.B) opposing the elimination of interest rate regulations, as this would increase their cost of funds.C) demanding that interest rate regulations be imposed on money market mutual funds.D) supporting the elimination of interest rate regulations, as this would reduce their cost of funds.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking52) One factor contributing to the decline in cost advantages that banks once had is theA) decline in the importance of checkable deposits from over60 percent of banks' liabilities to 2 percent today.B) decline in the importance of savings deposits from over60 percent of banks' liabilities to under 15 percent today.C) decline in the importance of checkable deposits from over40 percent of banks' liabilities to15 percent today.D) decline in the importance of savings deposits from over40 percent of banks' liabilities to under 20 percent today.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking53) The most important developments that reduced banks cost advantages includeA) the growth of the junk bond market.B) the competition from money market mutual funds.C) the growth of securitization.D) the growth in the commercial paper market.Answer: B。
米什金《货币金融学》(第11版)章节题库-第10章 金融监管的经济学分析【圣才出品】
第10章 金融监管的经济学分析一、概念题1．商誉（goodwill）答：商誉是一种无形价值，指由企业的良好信誉、产品的较高质量和市场占有率、可靠的销售网络、有效的内部管理、先进的技术、优越的地理位置等因素形成，属于不可辨认的无形资产。
其特征是：①商誉与企业整体相关，不能单独存在；②形成商誉的因素无法单独计值；③商誉与形成商誉过程中所发生的成本无关，它是一种获得超额收益的能力。
商誉只有在企业兼并、联营，或以全部产权有偿转让时，经评估才能作为无形资产。
2．监管宽容答：监管宽容是指监管者尽量不行使将破产银行逐出行业外的权力。
由于金融对于经济增长具有不容替代的支撑作用，因此，各国中央政府乃至地方政府都充分认识到金融资源对于经济发展的重要意义，因而，作为金融控制的主体也使得金融监管者本身在监管过程中存在监管宽容。
监管宽容是世界各国银行存在的通病，尤其在政府持银行产权比重高的国家更甚。
一旦国有银行出现问题，“大而不倒”的观念根深蒂固，很容易产生“监管宽容”，监管宽容的存在致使市场惩戒机制不力，金融监管的效率无从保障，道德风险的激励会危害整个金融体系。
二、选择题1．商业银行的资本充足率指（ ）。
A．资本和期限加权资产的比率B．资本和风险加权资产的比率C．资本和期限加权负债的比率D．资本和风险加权负债的比率【答案】B【解析】商业银行的资本充足率是指商业银行持有的符合相关规定的资本与商业银行风险加权资产之间的比率。
2．下列说法不正确的是（ ）。
A．金融全球化促进金融业提高效率B．金融全球化增强国家宏观经济政策的效率C．金融全球化会加大金融风险D．金融全球化会增加国际金融体系的脆弱性【答案】B【解析】金融全球化的积极影响主要有：提高金融市场运作的效率；促进资金在全球范围内的有效配置；促进了国际投资和贸易的迅速发展以及促进了金融体制与金融结构的整合。
同时金融全球化的负面影响主要有：导致国际金融体系和金融机构内在脆弱性的加深，削弱国家货币政策的自主性，加大了各国金融监管的难度以及使资产价格过度波动的破坏性大。
米什金《货币金融学》(第11版)章节题库-第4章 理解利率【圣才出品】
第4章 理解利率一、概念题1．利息与利率答：利息指借入方因取得资金使用权而支付给贷出方的报酬，是利润的一部分，伴随着信用关系的发展而产生。
一方面，利息是借入者取得资金使用权所付出的代价；另一方面，利息是贷出者让渡资金使用权而应当获得的报酬。
利率即利息率，是一定时期内利息额与贷出资本额的比率，是衡量生息资本增值程度的尺度。
按照不同的划分标准，利率可以分为基准利率、差别利率、官定利率、公定利率、市场利率、固定利率、浮动利率等。
在现代经济生活中，各国政府都通过调节利率来调控宏观经济。
2．基准利率答：基准利率是指通过市场机制形成的无风险利率，是在多种利率并存的条件下起决定作用的利率，即这种利率发生变动，其他利率也会相应变动。
在市场经济国家，政府发行的债券利率，即国债利率可看作为无风险利率。
基准利率必须是市场化的利率：一方面，只有市场机制才能形成整个社会的无风险利率；另一方面，也只有市场机制中的市场化的无风险利率，其变化才可以使全社会其他利率按照同样的方向和幅度发生变化。
基准利率在实际生活中也有另一种用法。
如中国人民银行对商业银行等金融机构的存、贷利率叫基准利率；美国主要是联邦储备系统确定“联邦基金利率”，该系统也同时发布贴现率；欧洲中央银行则发布三个指导利率；有价证券回购利率、央行对商业银行的隔夜贷款利率和商业银行在央行的隔夜存款利率。
3．单利和复利答：单利指本金所生利息后不再加入本金重复计息的计算方式。
即在计算下一时间单位的利息时，本金中不包括上一时间单位所生的利息，而仅按原始的本金和借贷时间的长短来计算。
用单利法计算利息，优点是简便易行，有利于减轻借款人的利息负担。
其计算公式为：I＝P×R×n，S＝P（1＋R×n）。
式中，S为终值，I为利息，P为本金，R为利率，n为期限。
复利指本金所生利息加入本金重复计息的计算方式。
即在计算利息时，分期计息，在一定时期内按本金计息，随即将所得到的利息加入本金，作为计算下一期利息的基础，俗称“利滚利”。
米什金《货币金融学》(第11版)章节题库-第9章 银行业与金融机构的管理【圣才出品】
第9章 银行业与金融机构的管理一、概念题1．中间业务答：中间业务指银行并不需要运用自己的资金而代理客户承办支付和其他委托事项，并据以收取手续费的业务。
最常见的商业银行的中间业务是传统的汇兑、信用证、代收和代客买卖等业务。
中央银行的中间业务指中央银行为获得非利息收入，办理商业银行和其他金融机构资金划拨清算和资金转移的业务。
中央银行是全国清算中心，由于商业银行的准备金集中在中央银行，因而他们彼此之间由于交换各种支付凭证所产生的应收应付款项，就可以通过中央银行的存款账户划拨来清算。
同时中央银行通过资金划拨系统，用网络连接全国主要地区的主要政府部门和银行。
中央银行不仅为商业银行办理票据交换和清算，而且还在全国范围内为商业银行办理异地资金转移业务。
2．存款准备金答：存款准备金指银行所持有的现金和在央行的存款。
银行为应付储户的提现和正当的贷款要求，必须按所吸收存款的一定比例保留一部分现金和央行存款，其余部分用于贷款或投资，保留的这部分存款被称为存款准备金。
存款准备金分为两部分，法定存款准备金和超额准备金。
法定准备金是国家为了加强监管，维护储户利益，以法律形式规定，要求商业银行必须保留的部分准备金，而法定准备金与存款总额之比就是法定准备金率。
而超过法定准备金的部分是超额准备金。
银行一般会保留部分超额准备金，以免在需要资金时必须向央行贷款或拆入资金，增加成本，并受到一定的限制，流动性风险提高。
3．贷款证券化答：贷款证券化指为解决流动性问题的一种创新。
具体操作是把抵押贷款标准化，以此为抵押发行抵押担保证券，在市场上流通转让，为抵押贷款提供了流动性。
最初是美国为鼓励银行发放住房抵押贷款，由美国政府国民抵押协会创造的。
后来又推出了以其他资产担保贷款为基础的抵押担保证券。
贷款证券化兼有资产业务创新和负债业务创新两重性质，既增强了商业银行资产的流动性，又为银行获得新的资金来源创造了捷径。
4．流动性目标答：流动性目标指商业银行保持随时可以以适当的价格取得可用资金的能力，以便随时应付客户提存及银行支付的需要，是商业银行的三大经营目标之一，与其他两个目标有此消彼长的作用。
米什金货币金融学第11版笔记和课后习题答案
第1篇引言第1章为什么研究货币、银行与金融市场1.1复习笔记1.为什么研究金融市场金融市场是指将资金剩余方的资金转移到资金短缺方的市场。
资金供求双方通过金融市场进行资金融通，实现金融资源的有效配置，提高经济效率。
金融市场对个人财富、企业经营、消费者行为以及经济周期等都有直接的影响。
(1)债券市场和利率证券是对发行人未来收入与资产的索取权。
债券是债务证券，它承诺在一个特定的时间段中进行定期支付，债券包括长期债务工具和短期债务工具。
债券市场能够帮助政府和企业筹集所需资金，同时也是决定利率的场所。
利率是借款的成本或为借入资金支付的价格(通常以一定时期内的利息额同本金额的比率来表示)。
利率对整个经济的健康运行有着很大的影响:对于个人来说，利率过高倾向于使其减少消费，增加储蓄;对于企业来说，利率还影响着企业的投资决策，利率的高低决定着企业投资成本的高低。
(2)股票市场普通股(简称为股票)代表持有者对公司的所有权，是对公司收益和资产的索取权。
股票市场是指人们交易股票的市场。
股票市场的价格波动会影响到人们的财富水平，进而对他们的消费意愿产生影响。
股票市场也是影响投资决策的一个重要因素，因为股票价格的高低决定了发行股票所能筹集到的资金数量，从而限制了企业可用于投资的资金。
企业股票的价格高，则他们可以筹集到更多的资金，用于购买更多的生产设施以及装备。
2.为什么研究金融机构和银行银行与其他金融机构是金融市场实现资金由储蓄者向有生产性投资机会的人转移的桥梁，对于经济运行具有十分重要的作用。
(1)金融体系的结构金融体系是由银行与非银行金融机构(保险公司、共同基金等)共同构成的复杂系统。
金融中介是指在金融市场上资金融通过程中，在资金供求者之间起媒介作用的金融机构。
(2)银行与其他金融机构银行是吸收存款、发放贷款的金融机构，包括商业银行、互助储蓄银行等。
金融中介机构中，银行的经济规模最大，但近些年保险公司、财务公司、养老基金、投资银行等其他金融机构的成长速度也很快。
米什金货币金融学第11版笔记和课后习题答案
米什金货币金融学第11版笔记和课后习题答案1.2 课后习题详解二、思考题1. 在通常情况下，3个月期国库券利率、长期政府债券利率与Baa 级企业债券利率之间有什么联系?答:3个月期国债利率的波动通常要比其他两种债券利率的波动剧烈，并且平均来说利率更低些。
Baa级的企业债券的利率平均来说要高于其他两种债券的利率。
2. 股票价格的下降对于企业的投资会产生怎样的影响?答:股票价格可以影响企业通过发行新股所能筹集到的资金规模。
一家企业股票价格高昂意味着它可以筹集到更多的资金用于购置生产设施和设备。
公司股票价格下降，意味着公司可筹集的资金数量越少，因而该公司投资于厂房设备的数量减少。
3. 股票价格的上升对于消费者的支出决策会产生怎样的影响?答:股票价格的巨大波动通过影响投资者的财富规模而作用于他们的支出意愿。
股票价格的升高意味着消费者的财富增加，因此，消费者更可能会增加支出。
4. 为什么金融市场对于经济的健康运行至关重要?答:在现代市场经济中，金融市场和商品市场、劳动力市场、技术市场等共同构架了完整的市场体系。
在整个市场体系中，金融市场处于中枢的地位，对经济的健康运行起着十分重要的作用。
其主要通过发挥以下功能来促进经济的健康运行:(1) 融通资金功能在现实经济生活中，总是存在着资金的供应者和需求者，且具有不同的目标。
金融市场的产生与发展为资金的融通以及资金供应者、需求者目标的实现创造了条件，提供了媒介与场所。
金融市场的发展与完善，使其融通资金功能进一步突显。
(2) 调节资金功能金融市场调节资金功能主要表现在动态过程中。
当资金的供应大于需求时，利率就会下降，利率下降使筹资成本下降，从而刺激需求增加，最终达到资金供求平衡;否则反之。
(3) 资金积累功能金融市场的资金积累功能主要通过长期资金市场的作用，促使储蓄转化为投资而实现的。
在长期资金市场上，资金需求者(主要是企业与政府部门)通过发行股票和债券，将资金集中用于投资，引导物资资料和各生产要素的流动和组合，从而实现资金的价值增值。
米什金《货币金融学》(第11版)章节题库-第8章 金融结构的经济学分析【圣才出品】
第8章 金融结构的经济学分析一、概念题1．科斯定理答：科斯定理是一种产权理论。
其内容是：只要财产权是明确的，并且其交易成本为零或者很小，则无论在开始时将财产权赋予谁，市场均衡的最终结果都是有效率的。
科斯定理进一步扩大了“看不见的手”的作用。
按照该定理，只要那些假设条件成立，则外部影响就不可能导致资源配置不当。
或者以另一角度来说，在所给条件下，市场力量足够强大，总能够使外部影响以最经济的办法来解决，从而仍然可以实现帕累托最优状态。
西方学者认为，明确的财产权及其转让可以使得私人成本（或利益）与社会成本（或利益）趋于一致。
以污染问题为例，科斯定理意味着，一旦所需条件均被满足，则污染者的私人边际成本曲线就会趋于上升，直到与边际社会成本曲线完全重合，从而污染者的利润最大化产量将下降至社会最优产量水平。
科斯定理解决外部影响问题在实际中并不一定真的有效。
资产的财产权不一定总是能够明确地加以规定；已经明确的财产权不一定总是能够转让；分派产权会影响收入分配，而收入分配的变动可能造成社会不公平，引起社会动乱。
在社会动乱的情况下，就无法解决外部影响的问题了。
2．金融中介答：金融中介有动态和静态两种解释。
动态概念的金融中介是指在货币资金运动和信用活动中为资金供给者和需求者提供信息、设施、信贷服务、结算服务、投资服务、保险服务、信托服务等金融性服务的活动。
而静态概念的金融中介则是指专门从事金融性服务活动的机构，包括商业银行、投资银行、保险公司、证券公司、证券交易所、信托公司、养老基金等。
金融中介的功能包括：①克服金融交易中的信息不对称，降低信息成本；②实施规模经营和专业化操作，降低交易成本；③克服逆向选择和道德风险障碍，防范和降低各种金融风险；④为交易者提供最多的收益机会和最灵活的支付机制。
3．利益冲突（conflicts of interest）答：①利益冲突的产生利益冲突是道德风险的一种类型，当一个人或者机构拥有多种目标（利益）时，这些目标之间就会出现冲突，即产生利益冲突。
米什金《货币金融学》(第11版)章节题库-第12章 金融危机【圣才出品】
第12章 金融危机一、概念题1．金融自由化答：金融自由化亦称“金融深化”，是“金融压制”的对称，主张改革金融制度，政府改变对金融的过度干预，放松对金融机构和金融市场的限制，增强国内的筹资功能以改变对外资的过分依赖，放松对利率和汇率的管制使之市场化，从而利率能反映资金供求、汇率能反映外汇供求，促进国内储蓄率的提高，减少对外资的依赖，最终达到抑制通货膨胀、刺激经济增长、形成金融资产增长和经济增长之间的良性循环的目的。
金融自由化的标志是金融资产增长超过经济增长，金融相关比率不断提高。
2．次贷危机答：次贷危机源于房地产市场繁荣时期的大肆信贷扩张，当利率升高且房价开始下跌之后，借款人丧失还款能力，导致违约和丧失抵押品赎回权的比率剧增，次贷危机开始显现。
资产证券化则进一步将危机由抵押贷款市场传递到证券市场，使得危机迅速蔓延并传递到其他国家。
中国的银行业在次贷危机中也受到一定程度的影响。
3．货币危机与金融危机答：①货币危机又称国际收支危机，它的含义有广义和狭义两种。
从广义来看，一国货币的汇率变动在短期内超过一定幅度（有的学者认为该幅度为15%～20%），就可以称为货币危机。
就其狭义来说，货币危机是与对汇率波动采取某种限制的汇率制度相联系的，主要发生于固定汇率制下，它是指在市场参与者对一国的固定汇率失去信心的情况下，通质的事件。
②金融危机指金融体系和金融制度的混乱和动荡。
金融危机的特征是人们基于经济未来将更加悲观的预期，整个区域内货币币值出现较大幅度的贬值，经济总量与经济规模出现较大幅度的缩减，经济增长受到打击，往往伴随着企业大量倒闭的现象，失业率提高，社会普遍的经济萧条，有时候甚至伴随着社会动荡或国家政治层面的动荡。
主要表现是：强制清理旧债；商业信用剧减；银行资金呆滞，存款者大量提取现钞，部分金融机构倒闭；有价证券行市低落，发行锐减；货币饥荒严重，借贷资金缺乏，市场利率猛烈提高，金融市场动荡不安；本币币值下降。
米什金《货币金融学》(第11版)笔记和课后习题详解-第5篇 国际金融与货币政策【圣才出品】
第5篇国际金融与货币政策第17章外汇市场17.1 复习笔记1．外汇市场（1）汇率汇率就是两种不同货币之间的兑换比率，也就是以一国货币表示的另一国货币的价格。
①即期汇率与远期汇率即期汇率是指在即期交易中所使用的汇率，即买卖双方成交后，在两个营业日以内办理交割所使用的汇率。
远期汇率是指在远期交易中所使用的汇率，即买卖双方成交时，约定在未来某一时间进行交割所使用的汇率。
②汇率的标价方法直接标价法：以一定单位的外国货币为标准，折算成若干数量的本国货币来表示汇率的方法。
也就是说，在直接标价法下，是以本国货币来表示外国货币的价格。
在直接标价法下，一定单位的外国货币折算的本国货币数额增大，说明外国货币币值上升，或本国货币币值下降，称为外币升值，或称本币贬值。
反之，一定单位外币折算的本国货币的数额减少，称为外币贬值，或称为本币升值。
因此，在直接标价法下，外币币值上升或下跌的方向和汇率值的增加或减少的方向正好相同，而本币币值上升或下跌的方向和汇率值的增加或减少的方向正好相反。
间接标价法：以一定单位的本国货币为标准，折算成若干数量的外国货币来表示汇率的方法。
即在间接标价法下，以外国货币间接表示本国货币的价格。
在间接标价法下，一定单位的本国货币折算的外国货币数额增多，称为外币贬值，或本币升值。
反之，一定单位的本国货币折算的外币的数额减少，称为外币升值，或本币贬值。
因此，在间接标价法下，外币币值上升或下跌的方向和汇率值的增加或减少的方向正好相反，而本币币值上升或下跌的方向和汇率值的增加或减少的方向正好相同。
（2）汇率的重要意义某国货币升值时（相对其他货币价值上升），该国商品在国外会变贵。
而外国商品在本国则会变便宜（假设两国国内价格水平保持不变）；相反，当某国货币贬值时，该国商品在国外将变得更便宜，而外国商品在本国将变贵。
因此，货币升值时，国内生产商向国外出口商品将变得更困难，而外国商品因为价格下降，在国内的竞争力将会提高。
米什金《货币金融学》第十一版 第一章 课后题
20.美元汇率上升，持有美国政府债券和国库券的国外投资者收益会增加，美元债务能够兑换更多的外国货币或外国资产，在外国投资者看来价值升高了。
14.与1950比较，美国政府的预算赤字水平正在不断升高。
15.英国消费会减少购买进口货物，增加购买本国货物。
16. 它使英国商品相对美国商品更加昂贵。 因此，美国企业会发现它更容易在美国和国外出售他们的货物，并为他们的产品的需求将上升。
17.外汇汇率变化会影响金融机构持有的外国资产价值，导致资产出现损益，汇率变化也会影响为金融机构工作的外汇市场交易者的利润。
4.金融市场具有调节资金流动，融通资金、优化资金配置，指示国民经济指标，防范金融风险等功能，对于经济的健康运行起着中枢神经一般的调控作用。
5.源于美国次级贷款抵押市场出现大量贷款违约，导致金融机构受到巨大损失，资产负债表恶化，大量银行倒闭，能够发放的投资和贷款减少，这样，整个市场可用于生产的投资来源大大减少，企业不得不缩小生产规模，经济陷入衰退。
18.20世纪70年代中后期，80年代后期和90年代中期。这时候美元相对其他国家货币价值较低，出国旅游成本比较高。 在中期到20世纪70年代末，在20世纪80年代末和90年代初，美元的价值低，使得出国旅游相对较昂贵，因此，它是在美国度假的好时机，看到大峡谷。 随着美元的价值在20世纪80年代初兴起，出国旅游变得相对便宜，使它成为一个很好的时间来参观伦敦塔。
米什金《货币金融学》(第11版)章节题库-第11章 银行业：结构与竞争【圣才出品】
第11章 银行业：结构与竞争一、概念题股票指数期货答：股票指数期货亦称“股价指数期货”“股票指数期货合约”，它是一种金融期货合约，以股票市场价格指数为交易标的物，具体操作是买卖双方即期签定合同，规定买卖股票指数的日期、价格和数量等，并在未来到期日时完成交割。
与普通金融期货相比，股票指数期货还具有一些特点：①它的交易对象是股票指数，与具体商品和金融产品不同，是衡量各种股票平均价格变动水平的无形的综合指数；②它的价格是以股票指数点数乘以人为规定的每点价格形成的；③合约到期后，不可能进行实物交割，只需支付或收取到期日股票指数与合约成交指数差额所对应的现金，进行对冲。
二、选择题1．期货是一种标准化的金融合约，以下哪一项是一般的期货合约中没有被标准化的？（ ）A．合约规模B．交割日期C．交割方式D．交割地点【答案】C【解析】期货合约是交易双方按约定价格在未来某一期间完成特定资产交易行为的一种方式。
期货合约的交易是在有组织的交易所内完成的，合约的内容，如相关资产的种类、数量、价格、交割时间、交割地点等，都有标准化的特点。
2．以下哪个组织不属于国际性金融机构？（ ）A．国际货币基金组织（TMF）B．世界贸易组织（WTO）C．国际复兴开发银行（IBRD）D．国际清算银行（BIS）【答案】B【解析】国际金融机构主要包括：国际清算银行、国际货币基金组织、世界银行（也称国际复兴开发银行）、国际开发协会、国际金融公司、亚洲开发银行以及非洲开发银行等。
3．下面关于外汇看跌期权的表述中，错误的是（ ）。
A．合约买方拥有卖出外汇的权利B．合约买方拥有买入外汇的权利C．合约卖方承担买入外汇的义务D．合约买方支付的期权费不能收回【答案】B【解析】外汇看跌期权的买方拥有卖出外汇的权力，在买方执行合约时期权卖方承担买入外汇的义务，若买方放弃执行合约其支付的期权费也不能收回。
4．关于可转换债券，下列描述错误的是（ ）。
A．可转换债券是指公司债券附加可转换条款，赋予债券持有人按预先确定的比例（转换比率）转换为该公司普通股的选择权B．大部分可转换债券是没有抵押的低等级债券，并且常由风险较大的小型公司所发行C．发行可转换债券的公司筹措债务资本的能力较低，使用可转换债券的方式将增强对投资者的吸引力D．可转换债券不能被发行公司提前赎回【答案】D【解析】可转换债券是指，在约定的期限内，在符合约定条件之下，其持有者有权将其转换（也可以不转换）为该发债公司普通股票的债券。
米什金《货币金融学》(第11版)笔记和课后习题详解-第2篇 金融市场【圣才出品】
第2篇金融市场第4章理解利率4.1 复习笔记1．利率的计量（1）现值在普通贷款中，用利息除以贷款额是计量借款成本的标准，这种成本计量称为单利。
计算将来一笔货币收入相当于今天多少数额的过程可以称为对未来的贴现。
现值是从现在算起数年后能够收到的某笔收入的贴现价值。
如果i代表利率水平，PV 代表现值，CF代表未来现金流量，n代表年限，那么计算公式如下：PV＝CF/（1＋i）n （2）四种类型的信用市场工具①普通贷款普通贷款中，借款人获得一定数量的资金（本金），到期归还并向贷款人支付额外的一定量金额，也就是利息。
发放给企业的商业贷款通常属于此种类型。
②固定支付贷款（也称分期偿还贷款）这种贷款给借款人提供一笔资金，在数年以内，借款人每月都必须偿还固定数量的资金（包括部分本金及利息）。
分期付款贷款和抵押贷款通常属于固定支付贷款。
③息票债券息票债券是一种每年向其持有人支付固定利息、到期偿还本金的债券。
息票债券的四要素：面值、发行人、到期日和息票利率。
④贴现发行债券 贴现发行债券，也称零息债券，以低于面值的价格购入（贴现），到期日按票面价值偿还。
与息票债券不同，贴现债券不支付任何利息，仅支付票面价值。
这四种类型的信用市场工具对清偿时间的要求不同：普通贷款和贴现发行债券仅要求在其到期日进行支付，而固定支付贷款和息票债券则要求在其期限内定期进行支付。
（3）到期收益率到期收益率，即恰好使债券工具带来的回报的现值与其现在的价值相等的利率。
理解到期收益率计算的关键是使债券工具带来的回报的现值与其现在的价值相等。
①普通贷款普通贷款到期收益率的计算公式：LV ＝（LV ＋I ）/（1＋i ）n ，其中，LV ＝贷款金额，I ＝利息支付额，n ＝贷款年限，i ＝到期收益率。
对于普通贷款，单利率等于到期收益率。
因此，在普通贷款中，同一个i 既用来表示单利率，也用来表示到期收益率。
②固定支付贷款固定支付贷款的到期收益率计算公式：23=1(1)(1)(1)n FP FP FP FP LV i i i i ++++++++L 其中，LV ＝贷款金额，FP ＝年固定偿付额，n ＝贷款年限，i ＝到期收益率。
货币金融学第11版-米什金-思考题目答案第16章
Chapter 16ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. A nominal anchor helps promote price stability by tying inflation expectations to low levels directlythrough its constraint on the value of money. It can also limit the time-inconsistency problem byproviding an expected constraint on monetary policy.名义上的锚定可以通过约束货币价值，将通胀预期直接与低水平挂钩，从而促进价格稳定。
它还可以通过提供预期的货币政策约束来限制时间不一致问题。
2.Central bankers might think they can boost output or lower unemployment by pursuing overlyexpansionary monetary policy even though in the long run this just leads to higher inflation with no gains to increasing output or lowering unemployment. Alternatively, politicians may pressure the central bank to pursue overly expansionary policies.央行官员可能认为，他们可以通过推行过度扩张的货币政策来提高产出或降低失业率，尽管从长远来看，这只会导致通胀上升，而不会增加产出或降低失业率。
或者，政治家们可能会向中央银行施压，要求其推行过度扩张的政策。
3.This could pose a problem for a couple reasons. First of all, monetary policy has limited ability toencourage long-run economic growth other than through its ability to maintain low, stable long-run inflation and interest rates. Moreover, a strictly interpreted focus on economic growth may result in an unhealthy focus on keeping short-term interest rates low for a prolonged period of time to raiseinvestment and consumption in the near-term. This could lead to imbalances in the economy that, if not properly addressed, could lead to bubbles and financial crises.这可能会造成一个问题，有几个原因。
米什金《货币金融学》(第11版)章节题库-第6章 利率的风险结构与期限结构【圣才出品】
第6章 利率的风险结构与期限结构一、选择题1．以下关于利率的期限结构说法错误的是（ ）。
A．利率期限结构通常表现出短期利率波动大，长期利率波动小的特征B．市场分割理论不能解释收益率曲线通常向上倾斜的特征C．预期理论能够解释短期利率和长期利率的联动关系D．流动性升水理论假设不同期限的债券之间存在不完全的替代性【答案】B【解析】B项，市场分割理论认为资金在不同期限市场之间基本是不流动的。
不同金融机构有不同的负债性质，因而为资金的期限有特定需求。
例如，当长期市场上资金供不应求，导致利率上升的同时，短期市场资金供过于求，导致利率下降，就会形成向上倾斜的收益率曲线。
2．利率的期限结构理论主要研究的关系是（ ）。
A．期限与风险B．期限与收益C．期限与流动性D．期限与安全性【答案】B【解析】利率期限结构理论的重要内容包括：为什么收益率曲线不是简单向上倾斜，体现期限越长，利率越高的结果；形成曲线种种不同走势的原因；不同的曲线走势会给未二、判断题预期理论认为如果未来短期利率上升，收益率曲线下降；如果未来短期利率下降，收益率曲线则上升；如果未来短期利率不发生变化，收益率曲线也不动，即呈水平状。
（ ）【答案】×【解析】预期理论认为如果未来短期利率上升，收益率曲线上升；如果未来短期利率下降，收益率曲线也下降；如果未来短期利率不发生变化，收益率曲线也不动，即呈水平状。
三、简答题1．预期理论是如何解释利率的期限结构的？答：利率的期限结构是指利率与金融资产期限之间的关系，是在一个时点上因期限差异而产生的不同的利率组合。
预期理论认为，短期证券的预期利率决定了利率的期限结构，并与所有证券利息相关。
如果人们预期利率将上升，那么长期利率将高于短期利率。
因为一方面由于预期以后出售证券将支付更高的利率，证券供给者急售出长期证券，这样短期证券的供给下降，长期证券供给上升；另一方面，因预期以后购买证券可获得更高的利率，证券需求者不愿购买长期证券，而只愿购买短期证券，这样对长期证券的需求下降，短期证券需求上升。
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Chapter 16ANSWERS TO QUESTIONSA nominal anchor helps promote price stability by tying inflation expectations to low levels directly 1.through its constraint on the value of money. It can also limit the time-inconsistency problem by providing an expected constraint on monetary policy.它还可以通过提供预期的货币政策名义上的锚定可以通过约束货币价值，将通胀预期直接与低水平挂钩，从而促进价格稳定。
约束来限制时间不一致问题。
Central bankers might think they can boost output or lower unemployment by pursuing overly2.expansionary monetary policy even though in the long run this just leads to higher inflation with no gains to increasing output or lowering unemployment. Alternatively, politicians may pressure the centralbank to pursue overly expansionary policies.这只会导致通胀上升，他们可以通过推行过度扩张的货币政策来提高产出或降低失业率，尽管从长远来看，央行官员可能认为，而不会增加产出或降低失业率。
或者，政治家们可能会向中央银行施压，要求其推行过度扩张的政策。
This could pose a problem for a couple reasons. First of all, monetary policy has limited ability to 3.encourage long-run economic growth other than through its ability to maintain low, stable long-runinflation and interest rates. Moreover, a strictly interpreted focus on economic growth may result in an unhealthy focus on keeping short-term interest rates low for a prolonged period of time to raise investment and consumption in the near-term. This could lead to imbalances in the economy that, if not properly addressed, could lead to bubbles and financial crises.货币政策刺激长期经济增长的能力有限。
首先，有几个原因。
相对于维持低、稳定的长期通胀和利率，这可能会造成一个问题，这可能此外，对经济增长的严格解读，可能会导致不健康的关注于将短期利率维持在较低水平以便在短期内提高投资和消费。
导致经济失衡，如果不恰当解决，可能导致泡沫和金融危机。
Uncertain. Most economists probably would not dispute that trying to maintain stability in financial 4.markets is important to the economy. However, having a constant and prioritized focus on financial market stability in order to prevent crises in most cases is probably unnecessary since financial crises aregenerally pretty rare. In addition, constantly focusing on maintaining stability in financial markets couldcome at the expense of ignoring more important factors that can be far more costly to the economy on a day-to-day basis, such as stabilizing output, unemployment, or other related short-term movements in thebusiness cycle.不确定的。
大多数经济学家可能不会否认，试图维持金融市场的稳定对经济是重要的。
然而，为了防止在大多数情况下发生危机，将重点放在金融市场稳定上，这可能是不必要的，因为金融危机通常是相当罕见的。
此外，不断关注金融市场的稳定，可能会忽视更重要的因素，这些因素在日常生活中可能会对经济造成更大的损失，比如稳定产出、失业，或商业周期中其他相关的短期波动。
False. There is no long-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment, so in the long run a central5.bank with a dual mandate that attempts to promote maximum employment by pursuing inflationary policies would have no more success at reducing unemployment than one whose primary goal is pricestability.通货膨胀与失业之间没有长期的平衡，因此长期以来，央行有双重使命：通过推行通货膨胀政策来促进就业最大化，在降低失业率方面没有比其主要目标是价格稳定更成功的了。
6.The success of inflation targeting relies on its ability to credibly anchor inflation expectations at a low,desirable level. Without formal public announcements and reminders about the numerical inflation target,markets and the public may have less faith that policymakers are committed to maintaining the inflationtarget. And if a formal inflation target is not announced at all, market participants and the public may notknow the exact target and be forced to infer or estimate the target, creating uncertainty which can raise inflation expectations and unanchor inflation expectations from a low, desirable level.如果没有正式的公告和关于数字通胀目标的理想的水平上。
通胀目标的成功依赖于它有能力将通胀预期可靠地锚定在一个低、市场参与者和公众可提醒，市场和公众可能对政策制定者承诺维持通胀目标的信心减少。
如果一个正式的通胀目标没有公布，能不知道确切的目标，被迫推断或估计目标，制造不确定性，从而提高通胀预期，将通胀预期从低、理想的水平上拉出来。
Inflation targeting increases the accountability of monetary policymakers, and is a mechanism of7.self-discipline which effectively ties the hands of policymakers to commit to a policy path. Because of the transparency of an inflation targeting framework, it is very easy to verify whether policymakers are faithful to a committed policy path. As a result, there is much less ability and incentive for policymakersto deviate to a discretionary policy which could increase output or raise the inflation rate, therefore mitigating the time-inconsistency problem.由于通胀目通货膨胀目标制增加了货币政策制定者的责任，是一种自律机制，有效地将政策制定者的手绑在一条政策道路上。
政策制定者偏离自由裁量政策的能力和动机要小得标框架的透明性，很容易验证政策制定者是否忠于承诺的政策路径。
因此，多，这可能会增加产出或提高通货膨胀率，从而缓解时间不一致性的问题。
Inflation-targeting central banks engage in extensive public information campaigns that include the8.type documents, making speeches to distribution of glossy brochures, the publication of Inflation Report- the public, and continual communication with the elected government.向公众以通货膨胀为目标的中央银行从事广泛的公共信息宣传活动，包括分发印刷精美的小册子、发布通货膨胀报告式文件、发表演讲以及与民选政府进行持续的沟通。