西安交通大学人体解剖学2018年考博真题试卷
中南大学神经解剖学2018年考博真题试卷
中南大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经解剖学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、简答题
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1.海马的细胞构筑，纤维联系及功能。 2.前庭神经核的纤维联系。 3.舌咽神经的纤维成分，起核，止核，分支分布。 4.脊髓半侧损伤的表现。 5.多巴胺能神经元在脑内的分布，神经通路，受体类型及功能。 6.瞳孔大小的调节和瞳孔对光反射的临床意义。 二、论述题 1.神经细胞信息传递的结构基础及其可塑性调节。 2.神经元和神经胶质细胞的关系。
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2018年全国医学考博英语试题.doc教学文稿
2018年全国医学考博英语试题.d o c2018MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
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5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he hasdepression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brainmetabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up.However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positiveside effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as testsubjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well betrue, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive ratherthan negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones couldaffect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then“exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Theircognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice notgenetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treatingAlzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobilephones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there arenegative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks.Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of hisproduction. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats – much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow arule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries” that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB. our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD. it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78. The point, based on Rockstrom’s investigation, is simply that __________.A. they made the first classification of Earth systemsB. it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planetC. we are approaching the anthropocene faster than expected。
西安交通大学外科学(骨外科学)2003,2011--2013年考博真题
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发生在小关节及腱鞘的滑膜层和滑囊内或沿腱鞘生长，为慢性长大的软结节， 无压痛的良性肿瘤。研究认为本病较多发生于手指骨关节附近，生长在大关节 较少，往往不伴关节积液，也无功能障碍。
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西安交通大学
2011年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：骨外科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
外科总论（50分） 一．名词解释（4*5=20分） 1.基因诊断 2.HHFTR 3.DHTRS 4.高温灭菌法 5.MODS 二．简答题（5*3=15分） 1.简述外科疾病的分类？ 2.外科手术中的无菌原则？ 3.感染性休克的治疗？ 三．叙述题（15分） 低渗性脱水的病因、诊断、临床表现以及治疗？
骨外专业部分： 1.Frank's分型： Frankel脊髓损伤分级法：等级功能状况 A 损伤平面以下深浅感觉完全消失，肌肉运动功能完全消失
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B 损伤平面以下运动功能完全消失，仅存某些包括骶区感觉 C 损伤平面以下仅有某些肌肉运动功能，无有用功能存在 D 损伤平面以下肌肉功能不完全，可扶拐行走 E 深浅感觉、肌肉运动及大小便功能良好，可有病理反射 肌力分级： 0级 肌肉完全麻痹，触诊肌肉完全无收缩力【完全瘫痪，不能作任何自由运动】 1级 肌肉有主动收缩力，但不能带动关节活动【可见肌肉轻微收缩】 2级 可以带动关节水平活动，但不能对抗地心引力【肢体能在床上平行移动】 3级 能对抗地心引力做主动关节活动，但不能对抗阻力 肢体可以克服地心吸收力，【能抬离床面】 4级 能对抗较大的阻力，但比正常者弱【肢体能做对抗外界阻力的运动】 5级 正常肌力 【肌力正常，运动自如】 2.嗅鞘细胞：嗅鞘细胞(olfactoryensheathingcells，OECs)是在功能上介于施旺细 胞和少突胶质细胞之间的一种特殊的胶质细胞,具有神经营养、抑制胶质增生、 瘢痕形成、成鞘作用等。为轴突生长提供了适宜的微环境及较强的迁移的特性 ，使其成为促进中枢神经再生的理想候选细胞之一。嗅鞘细胞是目前所发现的 极少数中枢神经系统可以再生的细胞之一。其特点为终身具有神经再生功能, 还能够释放多种神经营养因子、神经粘附分子,被认为是髓鞘化能力最强的胶 质细胞。逐渐用Байду номын сангаас治疗脊髓损伤。嗅鞘细胞与胶质细胞、许旺细胞在表现型上 有共同点，它们都能促进轴突的再生，主要区别在于嗅鞘细胞不但存在于中枢 神经系统，也存在于外周神经中。嗅黏膜中的神经元是唯一生后才生长并在成 年时继续分化的神经元，寿命为4～12周，随着新细胞的生长，又建立了新的神 经支配关系。嗅鞘细胞存在于嗅神经及嗅球的神经层上，沿嗅神经的全长，从 周围神经系统到中枢神经分布。 3.Weak up test： 4.新月征：指股骨头坏死时呈顶部半月状软骨下断裂，股骨头软骨下骨小梁与 软骨分离，X线表现在骨性关节面的下方出现了24mm宽的新月形透明带,即"新月征(ereseentsign)"，又称“半月征”。 5.腱鞘巨细胞瘤：是一种起源于滑膜细胞或者趋向滑膜细胞分化的间叶细胞，
神经解剖学考博真题-精品总结
神经解剖学考博真题1]中南大学湘雅医学院2000年博士考试神经解剖学1.突触的超微结构及分类2。
神经元学说的起源及进展3. 为什么人体只有一个神经系统，从发生、形态和功能等方面论述CNS和PNS的统一性 4. 请设计一个实验证明牵涉痛是因为一个脊神经节神经元的周围突即分布到躯体部，又分布到内脏器官？综合1、试述神经递质的合成、运输有关的结构及其机制2、DA的中枢通路及其病理意义2]中南大学湘雅医学院2001年博士考试神经解剖学1. 脑神经III、VII、IX、X的起核、终核、纤维成分、神经行程、分支分布及功能。
2. 锥体系的传统概念及修正。
3. 构成锥体外系的主要结构、神经通路和功能概念。
4. 海马结构的细胞构筑，主要纤维联系和边缘系统的功能。
5. 5-HT能神经元在脑内的分布、神经通路、主要受体分型和多种神经功能。
6. 多巴胺能神经元在脑内的分布、神经通路、受体分型和功能。
3]中南大学湘雅医学院2002年博士考试神经解剖学1神经之间信息传递的结构基础。
2. 脑神经的纤维成分及各成分的分布区域或支配器官。
3. 上行网状激动系统的结构与功能。
4. 瞳孔大小的调节及瞳孔对光反射的临床意义。
5. 从外侧沟进入内囊经过哪些结构？描述并解释内囊膝损伤可能出现的症状和体征4] 2003年中南大学博士入学考试试题（神经解剖学）论述题一、试述神经元细胞器的结构及其功能。
（20二、牵张反射的解剖学基础，生理功能及其临床意义。
三、脑桥小脑三角区肿瘤可能累及哪些结构？病人可能出现哪里症状和体征？（20分）四、人体各语言中枢的位置、功能及受损后表现。
五、周围神经的再生过程和影响因素。
（20分）5] 2004年中南大学博士生入学考试试题（神经解剖学）论述题一、大脑皮质的细胞分层及皮质功能柱概念。
（20二、神经营养因子的概念及对神经元的作用。
（20）三、脊髓灰质Rexed分层与解剖学神经核团的关系。
四、边缘系统中与学习和记忆高级神经活动有关的结构和机能学基础。
医学博士考试01-06试题 加详解
2000FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）PAPER TWO31.A 32.B 33.C 34.D 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.A 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.B46.D 47.C 48.B 49.A 50.C51.C 52.B 53.D 54.A55.C 56.D 57.D 58.C59.C 60.C 61.D 62.D63.A 64.B 65.D 66.D67.C 68.B 69.C 70.A71.C 72.C 73.C 74.D 75.D2001FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）PAPER ONE1.A2.C3.D4.B5.A6.A7.C8.A9.D 10.C 11. PAPER TWO1.C2.C3.A4.B5.C6.D7.B8.D9.C 10.D 11.D 12.A 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.D 20.D 21.D 22.C 23.A 24.C 25.C 26.C 27.A 28.B 29.A 30.A31.C 32.A 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.D 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.A 44.B 45.B46.C 47.D 48.B 49.D 50.A51.C 52.A 53.A 54.D55.D 56.C 57.A 58.A59.C 60.C 61.D 62.A63.B 64.D 65.D 66.C67.A 68.A 69.D 70.D71.C 72.A 73.C 74.D 75.A2002FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.B2.C3.C4.A5.D6.B7.C8.C9.B 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.A 21.D 22.D 23.C 24.C 25.C 26.A 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.D 36.C 37.C 38.C 39.D40.D41.B 42.D 43.D 44.B 45.C 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.A50.B51.B 52.C 53.D 54.A 55.C 56.C 57.C 58.C 59.A60.A61.A 62.D 63.D 64.B 65.A 66.D 67.D 68.A 69.C70.C71.B 72.A 73.A 74.A 75.A 76.B 77.C 78.B 79.C80.D81.C 82.B 83.D 84.D 85.D 86.A 87.B 88.C 89.A 90.D2003FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.D 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.B 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.A16.C 17.A 18.D 19.D 20.D 21.C 22.D 23.D 24.A 25.C 26.D 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.D31.A 32.B 33.D 34.C 35.A 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.C 40.A 41.A 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.D 46.B 47.D 48.D 49.C 50.A51.B 52.A 53.C 54.A 55.C 56.B 57.A 58.C 59.B60.A61.C 62.B 63.C 64.B 65.C 66.C 67.B 68.D 69.A70.B71.D 72.A 73.D 74.C 75.D 76.B 77.D 78.C 79.C80.A81.A 82.A 83.D 84.C 85.B 86.B 87.C 88.A 89.D 90.B2004年全国医学考博英语试题答案（仅供参考）1.A2.B3.C4.C5.C6.B7.D8.A9.D 10.D11.A 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.A21.A 22.B 23.D 24.C 25.D 26.A 27.D 28.C 29.B 30.C31.B 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.B 37.A 38.B 39.C 40.B41.A 42.C 43.B 44.D 45.C 46.D 47.C 48.A 49.D 50.A51.A 52.B 53.D 54.A 55.B 56.C 57.A 58.A 59.B 60.C61.D 62.C 63.B 64.D 65.C 66.D 67.D 68.C 69.D 70.B71.B 72.D 73.B 74.C 75.B 76.B 77.A 78.D 79.A 80.B81.B 82.D 83.C 84.C 85.A 86.B 87.D 88.A 89.A 90.D2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5CACDA6-10CDBCB11-15CADBA16-20DDBCB21-25ABCBD26-30CCDAD31-35CABAA36-40CADAD41-45BACBA46-50ABDCC51-55BACBA56-60ACBCB61-65BCBBC66-70BDABC71-75CACBB76-80CACBB81-85CBACD86-90ADBCC2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案31-40 CDCCB BCBDA41-50 ACACA ACDDB51-60 BCACA AADBC61-70 DDDDA ACABD71-80ACCCC BCAAD81-90DBDBD DDBBC2001part III vocabulary(15%)1.we are all overwhelmed with more facts and information than we can possibly____A.feedB.maintainC.absorbD.consume2.pleasure,or joy, is vital to ____health. vital.生死攸关的, 重大的, 生命的, 生机的, 至关重要的, 所必需的A.optimistic pessimistic悲观的B.optional可选择的, 随意的C.optimal最佳的, 最理想的near optimal近似最佳D.operational3.A ____ effort is required to achieve health.mitted 承担义务的；忠于既定立场的；坚定的B.restrictedposed镇静的, 沉着的D.sophisticated诡辩的, 久经世故的4.A person’s belief ____ and colors his experience.A.contradicts vt.同...矛盾, 同...抵触contradict a statement驳斥一项声明contradict oneself自相矛盾B.shapes shape the destiny of决定...的命运C.summarizes概述, 总结, 摘要而言D.exchanges交换, 调换, 兑换, 交流, 交易.exchange experience 交流经验5.Many professors encourage students to question and ____ their idearsA.convey vt.搬运, 传达, 转让I can't convey my feelings in words.我的情感难以言表。
西安交通大学生物化学与分子生物学2008,2012--2018年考博真题
西安交通大学
2008年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：生物化学与分子生物化学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一．单选题（1分x20）
二．不定项选择题（1分x10）
三．名词解释（3分x10）
1. one-carbon unit
2. 内含子
3. 选择性剪接
4. G蛋白
5. 糖酵解
6. 遗传密码
7. 核酸分子杂交
8. 反义RNA
9. 端粒酶
10.
四．简述题（40分）
1. 蛋白质分离、纯化的方法？
2. 试述原核生物复制中的酶及各自的功能？
3. 原核生物基因和真核生物基因表达过程各自的特点？
1. 4. 试述在细胞水平研究基因功能的方法有哪些？
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考博外科学外科学总论（共50分）⼀名词解释：1.基因诊断2.⾼温灭菌法3.NHSTR4.GHTRS5.MODS⼆简答题：1 简述外科疾病的分类2 外科⼿术进⾏中的⽆菌原则3 感染性休克的治疗三问答题低渗性缺⽔的定义病因临床表现诊断治疗普外科各论（50分）⼀名词解释mastopathy 原发性腹膜炎strangulated hernia （狂晕刚意识到答成绞窄性肠梗阻了）abdominal compartment syndrome 第五个忘了⾼选择⾏迷⾛神经切断术（英⽂）⼆问答题甲状腺功能亢进症的病因术前术中注意事项⼿术适应症⼿术禁忌症术后常见并发症及处理原则原发性肝癌的病因病理临床表现诊断和鉴别诊断治疗2007年第⼆军医⼤学考博普通外科学⼀、多选题（12题，每题1分）1、腹腔镜⼿术禁忌：2、能叩诊出移动性浊⾳的腹腔积液：A、100ml B、200ml C、300ml D、400ml E、⼤于500ml3、急性胰腺炎⾎淀粉酶的变化：4、胆囊癌最佳的诊断⽅法：B超、CT、ERCP、？、？5、⼩⼉肠扭转病例6、肝脓肿病例7、以下胃、⼗⼆指肠穿孔描述不正确的是：⼆、填空题（8分）1、影响胃癌预后的因素有：（7空）2、下消化道出⾎的诊断⽅法有：（5空）3、下肢深静脉栓塞分为四型：_____型（4空）三、名词解释（6分，每题2分）1、buerger病2、charcot 综合征3、TME四、问答题1、家族性结肠息⾁病的发病原理、诊断、⼿术⽅式、术后随访原则？（20分）2、甲亢术后并发症及处理？（24分）3、肠梗阻按梗阻原因的分类；肠梗阻的治疗原则以及⾮⼿术治疗⽅法？（30分）第三军医⼤学2013博⼠普外专业⼀、名词解释1、richer疝2、倾倒综合征（英⽂）3、布加综合征（英⽂）4、⼆、简答题1、乳腺癌根治术切除范围2、胰腺癌⼿术切除范围3、简述直肠癌超低位保肛术4、chiold分级及其临床意义三、问答题1、急性梗阻性黄疸治疗原则2、论述胃癌外科治疗的最新进展2013南京医科⼤学普外科学（总论+普外）考博真题回忆版简答4分*61、创伤组织修补基本过程？2、30秒内确定⼼搏骤停的⽅法？3、输⾎后常见并发症？4、低钾的常见病因？5、营养⽀持⽅法选择原则？6、⼿术中的⽆菌原则？问答19分*41、胰腺假性囊肿的⼿术指征、⽅式、要点？2、甲状腺⼿术并发症及治疗？3、腹膜后⼗⼆指肠破裂诊断依据及治疗？4、完善的科研设计标志有哪些？第三军医⼤学2013年外科专业基础之⼈体解剖真题名词解释：胸⾻⾓纵隔膜迷路动脉韧带肺段简答脑屏障的主要特点喉的结构，运动及功能的关系胆汁的产⽣，排出的主要特点问答⽪质核束的主要特点内脏传导通路的主要特点迷⾛神经的主要特点腰丛的主要特点2013中⼭⼤学博⼠⽣⼊学考试（普外）1糖⽪质激素外科感染性休克2糖尿病围术期准备要点3开放⽓胸处理原则4影像学在泌尿系结⽯的诊断应⽤5胃癌腹腔镜禁忌6胆管囊性扩张的分型7下肢静脉体格检查名称8外科真菌感染因素和抗真菌药物9切⼝裂开预防10⿊⾊素瘤的临床表现11CEA.AFP.CA199.CA125.PSA，中⽂名称及诊断价值12门脉⾼压⾮⼿术治疗及贲门⾎管离断理由13 低渗性缺⽔的原因14乳腺癌分⼦分型及治疗建议15胃癌根治原则，根治划分，远端胃癌根治切除范围16慢性胰腺炎⼿术指征，⼿术原则，⼿术⽅式。
西安交通大学 医学院 考博真题 诊断学 2005 2011
一、名词解释（4分*7）
1.驰张热
2.Murphy征
3.中性粒细胞左移
4.肺泡呼吸音
5.Graham stell
6.周围血管征
7.？
二、简答题（5分*8）
1.湿罗的特点
2.甲状腺肿大分级、意义
3.鉴别第一、第二心音
4.脑膜刺激征
5.额外心音
6.语音震颤减弱的意义
7.腹壁静脉血流方向的鉴诊
8.
三、论述题（8分*4）
1.左侧胸水的体征.
2.二尖瓣狭窄的体征
3.渗、漏液鉴诊及实验室检查
4.ob的意义
一、名词解释：
1.干扰与脱节
2.驰张热
3.蜘蛛痣
4.Courvoisier征
5.血沉
6.异型淋巴细胞
二、简答：
1.简述异常支气管呼吸音；
2.糖化血红蛋白临床意义；
3.中性粒细胞病理性增多临床意义；
4.心电图运动试验方法及结果判断
三、论述：
1.额外心音有哪些，各自的听诊特点及临床意义；
2.肝硬化门静脉高压症的表现。
西安交通大学骨外科学2003年考博真题考博试卷
三、问题题（10 分/题，选答两题） 1.创伤修复过程 2.代谢性酸中毒的病因和诊断 3.炎症介质在全身感染中的作用
骨外专业部分： 一、名词解释（3 分/题） 1.Frank's 分型 2.嗅鞘细胞 3.Weak up test 4.新月征 5.腱鞘巨细胞瘤
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西安交通大学
2003 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：骨外科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
外科总论部分： 一、名词解释（3 分/题） 1.基因诊断 2.初期复苏 ABC 3.ARDS 4.冷休克 5.应激性溃疡
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近十年重点院校考博解剖专业课试题大全
2002年协和医科大学解剖学考博试题一、名词;1、海式三角（英文）2、胆囊三角3、斜角肌三角4、背盖背区5、REXED板层6、心包斜窦7、鼻烟壶二、填空30分1、肾上腺的血供2、肩胛动脉网3、肛直肠环三、选择20分1、脾的位置2、选择性迷走神经切断术的神经四、问答1、小脑的分叶和联系2、内囊后脚损伤产生那些症状3、踝关节能做那些运动其支配肌肉神经是什么4、骑跨伤损伤造成渗尿会到达那些结构5、胰头癌会压迫那些部位产生什么症状复旦大学医学院2000年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释1、腺管2、胸导管3、海绵窦4、基底膜5、膀胱三角6、胆囊三角7、鼓室二、问答1、针刺中指后痛觉传导通路2、下皮层的功能定位3、肝脏的吡邻复旦大学医学院2001年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释1、膀胱三角2、室上脊3、奇静脉4、海绵窦二、问答1、脊柱的连接2、视觉通路3、心脏的结构复旦大学医学院2002年解剖学（博士）一、名词1、willis环2、肾窦3、巩膜静脉窦二、问答题1.膝关节的组成，运动特点支配肌肉神经2.右心室的结构3.肾脏的解剖毗邻被膜4.丘脑的解剖结构和纤维联系复旦大学医学院2003年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释1.滑膜关节2.肾窦3.腹直肌鞘4.弹性圆锥5.肝胆三角6.语言中枢7.室间隔8.海马-纵隔9.呼吸道二、问答1.手掌动脉的解剖位置2.男性尿道的解剖结构、解剖位置3.脊柱连接4.三叉丘系、脊丘系；内侧、外侧丘系复旦大学医学院2004年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：（5分/题）1.ptreon;2.结膜穹窿；3.房间隔4.岛叶5.limibic system6.bala7.梨状窝8.venous angle9.髌韧带10.关节盘二、问答题：（10分/题）1.试述内耳的结构组成。
2.内囊的结构和受损后的症状。
3.男性小骨盆与女性小骨盆里都有什么器官，有何区别？4.人体有多少消化腺，其位置形态分泌腺的名称和作用。
四川大学华西医院2007考博题局部解剖学：一、名词解释：颈动脉窦，肺根，面部危险三角区，膀胱直肠陷凹，胆囊三角，（还有一个想不起了）二、问答题：（9选7）1.临床作气管切开的位置，经过的层次，切开过深可损伤的器官，过低可造成什么后果2.盆腹部消化管道的动脉血供及来源3.上、下腔静脉系的吻合支4.腹部器官、结构的体表投影（至少10个）5.子宫的位置，及影响其位置的因素6.股三角的内容、排列及交通7. 腮腺肿大可压迫那些结构8.颈根部的结构9.左右纵隔之间的血管、神经名称及位置2004年湘雅博士入学考试试题局部解剖学名词解释（每题5分，共30分）硬膜外隙（腔）；腹股沟管；Willis环（cerebral arterial circle）bronchopulmonary segment；thoracic duct；鞍上池论述题（1、2题必答，每题18分；3、4、5题任选两题，每题17分）1、颈内动脉的行程、分段及分支分布2、后纵隔的位置、结构及毗邻关系3、髂关节的结构、功能、血供及神经支配4、尿道球部损伤尿液外渗的解剖学基础5、论述肝段划分的理论依据及临床意义苏州大学2004年博士入学解剖试题第一题为必答题，然后从其他题目中选4道题目回答。
西安交通大学诊断学2011年考博真题试卷
2.糖化血红蛋白临床意义；
3.中性粒细胞病理性增多临床意义；
4.心电图运动试验方法及结果判断
பைடு நூலகம்三、论述题：
1.额外心音有哪些，各自的听诊特点及临床意义；
2.肝硬化门静脉高压症的表现
西安交通大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
西安交通大学
2011年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：诊断学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释：
1.干扰与脱节
2.驰张热
3.蜘蛛痣
4.Courvoisier征
5.血沉
6.异型淋巴细胞
二、简答题：
各院校历年考博解剖真题
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1995年1. 心脏的血供。
2. 胃的静脉和淋巴回流。
3. 眼的神经支配。
4. 颈部的淋巴回流。
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1996年1. 眼的神经支配。
2. 内囊的位置和后肢损伤后的表现。
3. 肾脏的位置和毗邻。
4. 腋窝淋巴结分布及回流。
5. 腹膜附属结构、大小网膜的功能。
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1997年1．神经元的形态分类。
2．眼眶内的静脉、神经分布。
3．三角肌、前踞肌、背阔肌的起止、功能和神经支配。
4．本体感觉传导通路，为什么小脑损害会引起指鼻不准、走路蹒跚。
5．腹膜和腹膜囊的构成韧带和窝。
6．上下腔静脉的构成、之间的吻合、临床意义。
7．腋动脉的分段，分支供应的器官和伴随神经支配的器官。
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1998年1．臂丛神经分支(5支)的分布。
2．腹股沟管的结构、通过的神经。
3．甲状腺的血供、静脉回流。
4．心脏的血供、静脉回流。
5．头面部本体感觉传导通路、交叉上下损害的特点。
6．眼的神经、动脉。
7．咽腔组成，鼻咽癌的好发部位。
8．食管的行程及三个狭窄生理意义。
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1999年1．以肩关节为例叙述关节的基本结构和附属结构。
2．眼动脉的分支和静脉回流。
3．瞳孔对光反射的路径；一侧视神经和动眼神经损伤的表现。
4．脑干特殊内脏运动神经核名称、位置，纤维组成颅神经的分布。
5．颈外动脉在颈部的分支、起止、走行和分布。
6．腹膜后间隙定义、范围和脏器。
7．臀部神经的分层，经梨状肌上孔的神经、血管及相对的供应和支配。
8．直肠肛管上下的动脉、静脉和神经的特点。
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖2000年1、臂丛的神经分支及分布。
2、上颌动脉的走行和分支。
3、腹腔淋巴结的分布和范围。
4、脑干网状结构的形态和功能。
5、心脏的形态、位置、毗邻、动静脉及神经支配。
6、下丘脑的主要核团及分泌激素。
7、子宫的固定装置。
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖2002年六选五1、叙述眼内、外肌的神经支配和功能。
2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试题部分
31.The medical team discussed their shared
A.
obedience B. susceptibility C.
to eliminating this curable disease. inclination D. dedication
32.Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness,or emotional
A.
imaginable B. capable
C. sensible
D. humble
42.The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.
A.
C.
in students a sense of modesty and a sense of
instilling
D. disillusivery good at filtering out sensory information that is not
be at-tending to.
A.
set...back B. take...over C. pull...in
D. break...down
39.Asthma patient doesn't need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather
A. intermittent B. precedent
C. dominant
D. prevalent
1995-2018华西博士考试局部解
2018年解剖学试题一、名词解释（12选10）1.心包斜窦2.尿生殖膈3.椎动脉三角4.胃后动脉5.踝管6.骨纤维孔7.前庭小脑8.Trigone of biadder9.Triangle ducts arteriosus 10.Projection fibers teroconal fascia Humeromuscular hummel 12.肱骨肌管二、问答题1.侧脑室的结构、位置及毗邻。
2.尿道骑跨伤解释尿外渗的解剖原因。
3.肛门括约肌的结构、神经支配及临床意义。
4.内侧丘系的形成、行程、毗邻和损伤后症状。
5.颈部外侧深淋巴结位置、走行及注群。
6.心脏的神经支配。
7.手掌层次结构。
8.描述胸骨平面10个解剖结构。
9.髋关节囊的组成、韧带和血供。
10.硬膜外麻醉穿刺的进针点和层次。
11.肝段划分的范围、第一肝段毗邻。
12.胰头的血供和毗邻。
2017年解剖学试题一、名词解释（12选6）1.third porta hepatis2.Hypogastric nerve3.坐骨肛门窝前隐窝4.枕下三角5.Adductor hiayus6.封套筋膜7.头皮8.Retzius veins9.Cavernous sinus 10.动脉导管三角11.肱骨肌管12.Medial lemniscus二、问答题1.简述上纵膈的主要器官和分层排列情况。
2.简述腰神经通道的解剖学特点。
3.紧贴上下肢骨面行走的神经有哪些？损伤后有何表现？4.简述腋淋巴结的分群、位置和引流范围。
5.由腹膜所形成的脾韧带有哪些？韧带间有哪些结构通过？6.十二指肠的走行、分布、第三段毗邻关系。
7.肾旁前间隙的周界、内容和临床意义。
8.在正常前倾屈位下子宫各部的毗邻。
9.直肠的结构特点和血供。
10.腹壁浅筋膜性层附着及该积血区的通连（有图）。
11.内囊结构、通行结构（上下行投射纤维及名称）、血供及损伤后的临床表现。
12.描述颈部血供情况（颈内、外总动脉的位置、走行及分支情况，重点描述颈外动脉及动脉分支及甲状腺血供）。
西安交通大学人体解剖学2018年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
西安交通大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：人体解剖学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题（1题8分） 1. 喉腔的形状和通连
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பைடு நூலகம்
2. 胆总管分段及毗邻 3. 间脑的分区及各部分组成 4. 鼓室的结构和通连 5. 大腿肌神经支配 二、论述题（1题15） 1. 脊柱的连接 2. 心的血供 3. 子宫的位置、血供和淋巴回流 4. 试述右脚踢球涉及的神经传导通路
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