剑二ThemeA词汇精讲

1.flexible
adj.①that can bend easily without breaking
②able to adjust readily to different conditions
考点一：词形转换
flexible→adj.
flexibly→adv.
flexibility→n.
E.g.The flexibility of a man's muscles will lessen as he becomes old.(flexible)
We should stick to the principles and be flexible as well.(flexibly)
考点二：词汇搭配
flexible in在…方面灵活的
E.g.flexible in applying economic program在执行经济计划方面灵活的
flexible towards对…有灵活性的
E.g.Now that we are in business, we'd better be flexible towards losses and profits.
文化扩充巧实力(smart power)
美国为了实现领导世界的目标，其政府软硬兼施，文武并用，硬实力和软实力，两手
都要用，两手都要硬，不能顾此失彼，只偏重硬实力，忽视软实力。

简单来讲，就是
萝卜加大棒。

2.squash
考点一：首字母填空
E.g. S quash is a game in which two players hit a small rubber ball against the walls of a court using rackets.
考点二：词义辨析
squash n.壁球；摺皱不堪；拥挤嘈杂的人群；浓缩果汁；美国南瓜
v.压制；压扁；变扁；挤进（注意动词词性）
press & jam & squeeze & compress & squash
这些动词均含“压、挤”之意。

press:普通用词，指一个物体在另一个物体上加压力。

press the button按下按钮
jam:专指四面八方都压紧或塞满。

traffic jam交通堵塞
squeeze:多指从两面或多面施加压力来压紧、压碎或压出水来。

squeeze time挤时间compress:指把某些东西压在一起或使占有较小空间，“压缩”。

compressed files压缩文件squash:指某物受力被压偏或压碎，也指塞挤。

squash into挤入
3.aerobic
adj.①depending on free oxygen or air
②based on or using the principles of aerobics
考点一：首字母填空
E.g. I do a erobic exercises at the gym, like jogging.
考点二：词形转换
anaerobic adj. ①living or active in the absence of free oxygen
②not aerobic
E.g.The anaerobic exercise is good for your muscle,not for your heart.(aerobic)
考点三：词组扩充
aerobic / anaerobic respiration需/厌氧呼吸
aerobic / anaerobic bacteria需/厌氧细菌
aerobic / anaerobic treatment需氧/厌气处理
aerobic digestion需氧消化
aerobic endurance有氧耐久力
aerobic / anaerobic exercise有/无氧健身运动
anaerobic ecosystem厌氧生态系统
考点四：词汇拓展
否定前缀
1)纯否定
a-, an- symmetry对称→asymmetry不对称hydrous含水的→anhydrous无水的dis- dishonest, dislike
in-, ig-, il, im, ir, incapable, ignoble, impossible, illegal, irregular
ne-, n- neither, never
non- nonsense
un- unable,unemployment
2)表示错误的意义
mal- maltreat
mis- mistake, mislead
pseudo- pseudoscience
3)表示反动作的意思
de- degrade
dis- disarm
un- unload, uncover
4)表示相反，相互对立意思
anti-, ant- antiknock( 防震), antiforeign
contra- contradiction
counter-, counterreaction, counterbalance
4.muscle
n. one of the contractile(有收缩性的) organs of the body
v. make one's way by force
考点一：首字母填空
E.g.M uscle is the largest organ in our body.
考点二：词形转换
muscular adj. 肌肉的；壮健的，肌肉发达的，强壮的
E.g.The athlete is tall and muscular.(muscle)
考点三：词组扩充
muscle in强占
muscle into强行插入
muscle out of逐出,赶出
5.improve
v. become better
考点一：词形转换
improvement n.
E.g.There's still plenty of scope for improvement.(improve)
考点二：词义辨析
improve in & improve on/upon
1.前者表示“本身在…方面有改进”,后者主要指“对…加以改进”。

2.improve on多接实物名词; 而improve in多接名词或动名词。

3.improve in多用进行时或完成时态,而improve on多用一般时态。

improve & improve on/upon
improve和improve on都可接宾语,意思是“使…有长进或提高”。

improve指在原有的基础上加以改进。

而improve on则用于另一事物，即创造新的，比原来更好的事物。

试比较: I can improve this poem.
我可以把这首诗改得更好。

I can improve on this poem.
我可以再写一首超过这首的另一首诗。

I can improve upon her poem.
我能作一首比她好的诗。

(用于另一事物)
考点三：易错点解析
1.我提不出比这更好的建议。

【误】I am unable to improve the suggestion.
【正】I am unable to improve on the suggestion.
【析】improve用作及物动词,表示“改善或改进”。

如表示“作出比…更好的东西”,应该说 improve on〔upon〕…,此时, improve是不及物动词。

2.我们希望改进我们的工作。

【误】We wish to improve our work better.
【正】We wish to improve our work.
【析】improve的意思是“改进,使更好(make better)”,已包含better之义,再加上个
better,即属赘余。

3.你认为这个形势得到改善了吗？
【误】Do you think the situation is improved?
【正】Do you think the situation is improving?
【析】句中的形势改善应是一种主动语态，这不可用improved。

6.circulation
n.movement through a circuit, especially the movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels
考点一：词形转换
circulate v.
E.g.The blood must circulate freely everywhere in the body. (circulation)
考点二：词义精讲
circulation作“流通”解时,可指体内血液循环,水、空气的流通,还可指货币等的流通。

指报纸杂志等的“发行量”时,常用单数形式。

E.g.A number of forged banknotes are in circulation.市面上有一定数量的伪钞在流通。

考点三：词组搭配
in (或out of) circulation （不）在流通中；（不）在使用中
E.g.There is a huge volume of video material in circulation.
有大量录像材料流通。

improve blood circulation改善血液循环
7.breathe
v. take air into the lungs and send it out again
考点一：词形转换
breath n.
E.g.I got out of breath running up the hill from the station. (breathe)
考点二：词义精讲
①breathe的基本意思是“呼吸”,即生物体与外界进行气体交换。

可以表示“呼吸”,也可指单独地呼出(与out连用)或单独地“吸入”(与in连用)。

引申可表示“吐露”,在书面语里breathe还可引出直接引语,作“说出”解。

②breathe可接同源宾语,以加强动作的意义,但在固定短语里常省略并与物主代词连用,如breathe one's last死亡，断气。

考点三：词组拓展
take a deep breath深吸一口气
a breath of（风或气流的）一丝，丝毫
catch one’s breath（通常因为震惊）倒吸一口冷气
hold one’s breath 屏息；止住呼吸
breathe in/out吸/呼气
breathe a secret 泄露秘密
breathe...into... 将（生气、信心或兴奋）注入；为…带来…
8.oxygen 简写符号:O
n.[U:]chemical element, a gas without color, taste or smell, present in the air and necessary for all forms of life on earth
考点一：首字母填空
E.g.No living things can live without o xygen.
考点二：词组拓展
lack of oxygen缺氧liquid oxygen液态氧combine with oxygen与氧结合
9.carbon简写符号：C
n.non-metallic chemical element that is present in all living matter and occurs in its pure form as diamond and graphite
考点一：首字母填空
E.g.I dread(担心) to think what the c arbon footprint must be like of moving that coal but
we have no choice.
Diamonds are pure c arbon.
考点二：词组拓展
activated carbon活性炭
radioactive carbon放射性碳
carbon spot(硬币的)碳斑,黑斑
carbon tax烟尘排放税
carbon copy/ paper复写本/纸
10.dioxide
n.oxide formed by combining two atoms of oxygen and one atom of another element
考点：首字母填空
E.g.Studying the light in each image could also reveal physical characteristics, such as the
presence of water or carbon d ioxide.
11.champion
n.person, team, animal or plant that has defeated or excelled all others in a competition V.protect or fight for
考点一：词义精讲
champion的基本意思是“优胜者”,指在比赛中得第一名的人或动物、物品等,尤指体育项目比赛的冠军或锦标赛的优胜者。

引申可作某一原则、运动等而奋斗的“斗士”解,此时常与介词of或for连用。

考点二：词组拓展
basketball champion篮球冠军
boxing champion拳击冠军
swimming champion游泳冠军
champion for people为民众奋斗的战士
champion of freedom自由战士
champion of reform主张改革者
12.medal
n.flat piece of metal, usu shaped like a coin and stamped with words and a design, which commemorates an event etc, or is awarded to sb for bravery, sporting achievement, etc 考点一：首字母填空
E.g.He got a m edal for bravery.
考点二：词组拓展
award sb a medal授予某人奖章
earn a medal赢得奖章
Olympic medal奥林匹克奖牌
bronze medal铜牌
on a medal在奖牌上
medal for授予…的奖牌
考点三：词义辨析
prize & medal
这一对名词都有奖品的意思。

prize是表示“奖品”或“奖（彩）金”之意。

E.g.1921年，爱因斯坦获得了诺贝尔物理奖。

Einstein won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.
她获得了唱歌一等奖。

She took the first prize for her singing.
medal是指“奖牌（章）”或“勋章”。

E.g.卡尔.刘易斯夺得四块金牌。

Carl Lew is won four gold medals.
勋章授给了那位英勇的战士。

A medal was given to the brave fighter.
13.maybe by chance
考点一：翻译
and I don't mean maybe一定要做到
考点二：词义辨析
maybe & perhaps & possibly & probably
这四个词都有“可能,或许”的意思。

其区别是：
1.probably指“多半”,其可能性超过一半; perhaps和maybe指“或许”,其可能性大致为一半; possibly仅指“也许”“有可能”,其可能性低于一半。

E.g.Probably he will succeed.他很可能会成功。

Perhaps〔maybe〕he will succeed.他也许会成功。

He will possibly succeed.他有可能成功。

2.maybe比perhaps更口语化,且要用于句首; perhaps可用于句末、句中、句首; probably多用于句中。

3.maybe和possibly可用于礼貌的建议或请求,另两个词无此义。

E.g. Maybe you could move the chair.也许你可以挪动一下那张椅子。

Could you possibly lend me 1000 yuan ?你能借给我1000元钱吗?
14.weight
n.degree of heaviness of a thing, esp as measured on a balance, weighing-machine, etc and expressed according to a particular system of measuring (e.g. kilos, tons, etc) V. weight down with a load ;present with a bias
考点一：词义精讲
n.(名词)
weight的基本意思是“重量,分量”,也可指“重的特性”“重力”,是不可数名词,引申可表示“负荷,负担”,作此解时通常只用于单数形式。

weight也可作“重量单位”或“不同分量”解,是可数名词,也可用作不可数名词。

weight还可作“秤砣,砝码”“重物”解,是可数名词。

weight还可表示“重要性、严重性或影响力(的程度)”,是不可数名词。

v.(动词)
weight用作动词的基本意思是“使…变重”,指在某物上加重量或用矿物质处理(织物)使之加重,引申可作“偏袒”解,指计划或组织(某事物)使之偏向某人或某集体。

weight是及物动词,接名词或代词作宾语,多用于被动结构。

考点二：易错点
他体重120磅。

【误】He weights 120 pounds.
【正】He weighs 120 pounds.
【正】His weight is 120 pounds.
【析】weight是名词,也可用作及物动词,其后须接宾语。

不及物动词是weigh。

15.length
n.measurement or extent from end to end
考点一：词义精讲
length的基本意思是“长,长度”,可指距离,也可指时间。

length作“一段,一节”解时,是单位词, length of可修饰名词,表示数量,如该名词是可数名词,变复数时length和该名词都要变;如该名词是不可数名词,变复数时只要变length即可。

考点二：词形转换
long adj.
E.g.They fell into a long discussion on the bill.(length)
考点三：易错点
这部电影的长度为两小时。

【误】The lengths of the movie are two hours.
【正】The length of the movie is two hours.
【析】length作“长度”解时,多用作不可数名词。

考点四：词组拓展
at length①充分地,详尽地②最后,终于
E.g. He went into the subject at full length. 他详细地研究了这个问题。

Well, we have discussed the matter at length. 这件事我们已经仔细讨论过了。

At length he returned. 他最后还是回来了。

At length, the bus arrived, forty minutes late. 公共汽车终于到了,晚了40分钟。

go to great lengths不遗余力,竭尽全力
E.g.They went to great lengths to limit press coverage of the trial.
他们将尽全力限制新闻界对这次审判的报道。

She'll go to great lengths to get promotion. 为了提升,她什么事都干得出来。

the length and breadth到处,四面八方
E.g.Their protest will be echoed throughout the length and breadth of the land.
他们的抗议将得到全国各地的响应。

16.diameter
n.(length of a) straight line connecting the center of a circle or sphere, or of the base of a cylinder, to two points on its sides
考点：首字母填空
The d iameter of the tree-trunk is about 2 meters.
17.formula
(mathematics or physics 数或物) expression of a rule or relationship in algebraic symbols 考点一：首字母填空
E.g.The chemical f ormula for water is H2O.
考点二：单复数变化
复数：formulae
18.calculate
v.work (sth.) out by using numbers or one's judgement; estimate
考点一：词义精讲
calculate的基本意思是以数学方式,尤其是算术程序来慎重地、准确地进行高深、复杂的运算,引申可表示“指望”“依靠”“打算”。

calculate可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词。

用作及物动词时,可接名词、代词、动词不定式或名词从句作宾语,也可接以动词不定式充当补足语的复合宾语。

calculate后接for可以表示“适合于…”,接on〔upon〕表示“期待”“指望”。

考点二：介词搭配
calculate for 适合于…
E.g.He is calculated for a teacher.他适合当教师。

The room was not calculated for such uses .这房间不是为这些用途而设计的。

calculate on〔upon〕期待,指望
E.g. We must calculate on a long-term basis.我们要作长期打算。

You cannot calculate upon his help.你不能指望他的帮助。

19.triangle
n.geometric figure with three straight sides and three angles
考点：首字母填空
The t riangle is an important structural shape in geometry and construction.
20.announcement
n.statement in spoken or written form that makes sth known
考点一：词形转换
announce v.
That is why I am so excited today to announce that we have agreed to acquire Motorola.(announcement)
考点二：易错点
1.他向她宣布他打算离开。

【误】He announced her his intention of going.
【正】He announced to her his intention of going.
【正】He announced his intention of going to her.
【析】announce后不能直接接双宾语,它的宾语是被宣布的内容,而不是听取宣布的人,表示“向某人宣布某事”应该说announce to sb sth 或announce sth to sb。

2.政府已经宣布对该货限制进口。

【误】The government has announced to restrict the import of this commodity.
【正】The government has announced that the import of this commodity is restricted. 【析】announce后既可接名词,也可接从句,但是不能直接跟不定式。

21.loudspeaker
考点：首字母填空
The l oudspeaker announced the arrival of the train.
22.pledge
n.solemn promise; vow
v.promise solemnly and formally
考点一：词形转换
She pledged her word and kept it for my sake. （pledge)
考点二：词义辨析
pledge & oath
这两个词的共同意思是“誓言”。

1.pledge指“诺言”或“保证”,是正式用语; oath指一种正式的许诺或保证,含有如违背誓言便要为其后果负责之意。

2.pledge尤其用于指政府或政党的誓约、保证; oath则多用于法庭上的宣誓。

23.allegiance
n.support of or loyalty to a government, ruler, cause, etc
考点一：词形转换
allegiant adj.
I think dogs are supposed to be the allegiant friend in the world. (allegiance)
考点二：词汇搭配
pledge allegiance to发誓效忠于
考点三：近义词扩充
fidelity忠实
faithfulness忠诚
devotion虔诚
fealty效忠
fidelity忠诚；尽责；保真度
24.except
not including (sb/sth); but not
考点一：词义辨析
besides & but & except & except for & apart from
这些前置词或短语均含“除……之外”之意。

besides:besides着重于指另外还有。

表示补充意义，即“除了…尚有”。

but:but侧重指不包括在内。

except:except侧重于排除在外，从整体里减去。

可与but换用，但语气较强。

except for:except for多用于在说明基本情况或对主要部分加以肯定，还引出相反的原因或细节，从而部分地修正前面的主要意思，含惋惜意味。

apart from 则既表示排除意义，又可以表示补充意义。

考点二：介词搭配
except for
=apart from除…之外
E.g.Except for smoking and drinking, he is a thrifty man.
除了抽烟、喝酒,他是个生活节俭的人。

=but for 若不是
E.g.The translation is well done except for a few small mistakes.
除却几处小错,翻译练习做得就是很好的了。

except against反对
E.g.She excepted against this statement.她反对这个声明。

except from不包括(某人)在…之内
E.g.I excepted him from my invitation.我邀请的人里不包括他。

用于be ～ed from结构
E.g.I discovered that I had been excepted from the list of those who were being sent to
Italy.我发现我并没有包括在派往意大利去的人的名单上。

except to 反对,对…存有异议
E.g.They all excepted to the statement.他们都对这项声明存有异议。

25.mathematics
n.science of numbers, quantity and space, of which arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry and geometry are branches
考点一：易错点
1.他是我们的数学老师。

【误】He is our mathematical teacher.
【正】He is our mathematics teacher.
【析】表示“一名数学老师”,应该说a mathematics teacher, mathematical的意思是“数学上的; 精确的”。

2.数学是她最差的科目。

【误】Mathematics are her weakest subject.
【正】Mathematics is her weakest subject.
【析】mathematics指一门科目时,应该视为单数,谓语动词也用单数形式。

3.我们学数学、化学、物理等。

【误】We study Mathematics,Chemistry,Physics, etc.
【正】We study mathematics, chemistry, physics, etc.
【析】学科名词的第一英文字母一般不大写; 但用作教科书的名称时须大写。

考点二：词汇拓展(以-ics结尾的学科名词)
physics物理学
politics 政治学
economics 经济学
statistics统计学
26.equipment
n. things needed for a particular purpose
考点：词义精讲
1.equipment的意思是“设备,装备”,指的是用于某种特殊〔专门〕用途或特殊目的(研究、工作、战争等)所需要的全套设备,如装备、器械、仪表等,尤用来指实用或技术性的装备、设备。

2.equipment是不可数名词,不能说equipments或an equipment,“一件设备”应说a piece of equipment。

3.equipment用于比喻是“知识,才能”的意思,其后面可接动词不定式,不接介词和v-ing。

27.locker
n.small cupboard, esp one of several where clothes can be kept, e.g. at a swimming-pool 考点：首字母填空
He went to a locker room for his street clothes, and returned.。