参与细胞凋亡的基因

引物浓度：10pmol足够30个循环

引物的浓度太高：与模板非特异性结合增强，扩增非特异片段增多低扩增效率低

引物的配置：厂家提供的引物一般是干粉状态表明OD值，1OD约含33 μg，开盖前先将干粉离心至浓度2μg/ μl，再取部分稀释至10pmol/μl 引物计算公式：1pmol=(3.3×10-4 μg)×n n是引物的碱基数

在含质粒的大肠杆菌混悬液中加SDS和NaOH，使菌体充分裂解，并使蛋白质和染色体DNA变性

再加KΑc 使变性蛋白、染色体DNA及SDS沉淀。质粒DNA存于上清中

异丙醇可使质粒DNA沉淀，然后用内切酶消化

在某些情况下，需用酚-氯仿-异丙醇去除残留Pr.

内切酶可切割双链DNA的磷酸二酯键

Dendritic cell (DC) 来源于 1. Lymphoid progenitor

2. myeloid progenitor all come from HSC

A functional sequence GATA-2 gene is essential for the development of the lymphoid, erythroid, and myeloid lineages.

In contrast to GATA-2, another transcription factor, Ikaros, is required only for the development of cells of the lymphoid lineage. Although Ikaros knockout mice do not produce significant numbers of B,T,and NK cells, their production of erythrocytes, granulocytes, and other cells of the myeloid lineage is unimpaired.

Ikaros knockout mice survive embryonic development, but they are severely compromised immunologically and die of infections at an early age.

Yet another transcriptional regulator, Bmi-1,is a transcriptional repressor that is a key dominant of the ability of HSCs to self-renew.

When the gene for Bmi-1, which is highly expressed in HSCs of humans and mice, is knocked out, the Bim-1 deficient mice die within two months of birth.

细胞坏死→胞内物质释放

细胞凋亡→只裂解，不会引起炎症但DNA降解为片段

Genes that regulate apoptosis: promote: bax, bcl-Xs, Caspase, Fas

Inhibit: bcl-2, bcl-X L

During acute infection, the lymphocyte count increases fourfold or more, producing a circulating lymphocyte level of over 4×1010.

The immune system cannot sustain such a massive increase in cell numbers for an extended period, so the system must eliminate unneeded activated lymphocytes once the antigenic threat has passed. Activated lymphocytes have been found to express lower levels of Bcl-2 and therefore are more susceptible to the induction of apoptotic death than are naïve lymphocytes or memory cells.