英美概况——英国历史

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英美概况（英国篇2：英国的起源（公元前5000年-1066年））2

2．The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.最早的盎格鲁-撒克逊⼈改信基督教。

The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew's Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.盎格鲁-撒克逊⼈把⽇⽿曼宗教带到了英国。

除了康⽡尔、威尔⼠、苏格兰和爱尔兰中的克尔特⼈还信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。

公元597，教皇格⾥⾼⼀世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的副院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，其使命是使异教徒的英国⼈皈依基督教。

公元579年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷⼤主教。

在使国王和贵族皈依基督教⽅⾯，奥古斯丁特别成功。

但是普通⼈的皈依很⼤程度上归功于北部修⼠们的传教活动。

英美概况课件the History of UK

• Romans invaded Britain in 55BC to conquer the native Britons but retreated by 409. • First invasion - Caesar's first raid (55BC) • Second invasion - Caesar's second raid (54BC) • Third and final invasion - in 43 A.D. Emperor Claudius organized the final and successful Roman invasion of Britain
•
•
The Anglo-Saxons established many kingdoms based on their tribes. The many small kingdoms gradually combined into seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. They were generally given the name of Heptarchy. In the early 9th century, Wessex became the dominant kingdom.
•
Between the 5th and 7th centuries, Germanic people form Europe ----- the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes ----arrived in massive members, who have come to constitute Britain’s present predominant stock. Their language became the foundation of the basic, short, everyday words in modern English.

英美国家概况英国历史重大事件年表

英国历史重大事件年表约公元前3000年，伊比利亚人进入不列颠，以长坟闻名约公元前2000年，建立巨石阵；宽口陶器人出现，以钟形容器闻名约公元前700年，三波凯尔特人进入不列颠：盖尔人、布立吞人、贝尔格人●公元前55年，Julius Caesar率罗马军团入侵不列颠，开启不列颠有文字记载的历史●公元43年Claudius皇帝时期，罗马正式占领不列颠，不列颠的罗马时代持续400年●597年，教皇格里高利一世派St. Augustine到不列颠传教●9世纪，Egbert成为第一位英格兰国王●1066年诺曼征服：忏悔者爱德华、哈罗德、征服者威廉；斯坦福桥、黑斯廷斯战役；封建制度完全建立。

●1086年威廉一世“末日审判书”完成●1170年大主教贝克特被刺，亨利二世宗教改革失败●12、13世纪，牛津、剑桥大学建校●1215年约翰王被迫签订《大宪章》，限制王权●1265年的大议会标志着向现代议会的转变，签署《牛津协定》●1284年爱德华一世征服威尔士，创立“威尔士亲王”封号●1337-1453年爱德华三世发动英法百年战争，亨利五世取得大胜●1348年爆发黑死病，劳动力短缺、土地闲置、转耕为牧、农民可讨价还价●《劳工法令》Statute of Labours 禁止提高农民工资●1381年农民起义，理查二世欺骗起义军、谋杀瓦特·泰勒●14、15世纪，圣安德鲁大学、格拉斯哥大学、阿伯丁大学、爱丁堡大学在苏格兰建校●1455-1485玫瑰战争：爱德华四世胜利、爱德华五世失踪、理查三世被击杀、亨利七世建立都铎王朝●1529-1534年亨利八世进行宗教改革Reformation，确立英王为独立的英格兰教会最高领袖，脱离罗马教皇●1558-1603伊丽莎白一世统治●1588年击败无敌舰队Armada●文艺复兴Renaissance (1350-1650)和英国文艺复兴（1485-）●1605年火药阴谋案，天主教谋杀詹姆士一世失败，处决盖伊·福克斯，英国人庆祝11月5日“盖伊福克斯之夜”●1628第三次召集的议会向查理一世提出Petition of Right民权请愿书●1642-1649英国内战（清教革命、英国资产阶级革命）●1649年查理一世被处决，进入Commonwealth 共和国时期●1660年共和国瓦解，查理二世复辟Restoration●1688年光荣革命，威廉、玛丽共掌英国●1689年《权利法案》出台，君主立宪制确立●1707年《联合法案》规定英格兰、苏格兰合并，“大不列颠”产生；也规定苏格兰教会成为联合王国国教之一。

大二英美概况知识点总结

大二英美概况知识点总结随着全球化进程的加速，英美国家在国际经济以及政治上的地位越来越重要，因此，对于学习国际关系以及深入了解英美国家的历史、政治、经济、社会、文化等方面的内容显得尤为重要。

本文将从这些方面紧密结合大二英美概况课程的教学内容，为广大读者详细讲解相关知识点。

一、英美国家的历史英美国家的历史可以追溯到几个世纪前，这其中涉及到很多重大事件和重要人物。

在学习英美概况的过程中，对这些事件和人物的了解也是必须的。

首先，我们需要了解的是殖民时期。

英国曾经控制了大量的殖民地，其中包括美国。

殖民时期的谈判、战争和建设形成了美国的原始社会和文化。

在美国革命期间，美国获得了独立，并成为世界上第一个真正意义上的“自由”国家之一。

较为重要的人物包括乔治·华盛顿、托马斯·杰斐逊等。

此外，我们还需要了解20世纪的历史事件。

第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战对英美国家都产生了深远的影响。

二战后，美国的经济实力快速崛起，并在全球拥有了极大的影响力。

这个阶段的重要人物包括富兰克林·罗斯福、温斯顿·丘吉尔等。

二、英美国家的政治制度英美国家的政治制度非常重要，因为政治制度是社会运作的基本框架。

两国虽然拥有各自独立的政治制度，但又互相交流、学习吸收，因此有许多共性。

首先是英美的民主制度。

英美两国的民主制度比较成熟，包括选举等完备的程序性规定。

英美民主制度的实现离不开一个完备的司法制度和独立的新闻媒体，这一点在美国的选举中十分明显。

其次是英美的联邦制度。

联邦制度是英美国家的一大特色，它体现在中央政府和地方政府之间有一定的自治和更大的自主权。

美国的联邦制度尤为明显，由50个州组成，每个州的机构层次也独立。

英国则采取类似的联合国制度。

最后要强调的是英美国家的政治文化。

英美国家对于人权、平等、自由的追求贯穿了其政治文化的各个方面，这种文化对于英美的民主体制发挥了至关重要的作用。

三、英美国家的经济状况英美国家都是世界上最强大的经济体之一，其各自的发展模式也各具特色。

英美概况第二版

THANK YOU
感谢各位观看
和技能培训。
02
美国教育改革
美国教育改革关注提高教育质量、缩小教育差距、促进教育公平等议题，
同时推动STEM教育和职业教育的发展。
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发展趋势
英美两国都在积极探索教育创新，注重培养学生的创新能力和实践能力，
以适应快速变化的社会需求。同时，两国都在加强国际交流与合作，推
动教育的国际化发展。
05
英美文学与艺术概览
国际贸易，对外投资，吸引外资
教育体系
高等教育，职业教育，中小学教育
Байду номын сангаас3
美国概况
美国历史与文化
美国的起源与历史发展
美国的文学、艺术与音乐
从13个殖民地的建立到独立战争，再到西进运动、南北战争等关键历史节点。
如马克·吐温、海明威等文学巨匠，以及好莱坞电影、百老汇音乐剧等艺术成就。
美国的多元文化
美国经济与社会发展
美国的经济发展历程
01
从工业革命到现代经济体系的建立，包括农业、制造业、服务
业等产业的发展。
美国的社会福利制度
02
如社会保障、医疗保险、失业保险等制度的建立和实施情况。
美国的教育与科技
03
包括高等教育、科研创新等方面的成就和挑战，以及硅谷等科
技中心的崛起。
04
英美教育制度比较
教育理念与特点比较
英国概况
英国历史与文化
中世纪英国
文艺复兴时期
盎格鲁-撒克逊人的入侵，诺曼征服，中世纪的封
建制度
伊丽莎白时代，莎士比亚的戏剧，英国文艺复
兴的成就
工业革命
纺织机的发明，蒸汽机的应用，工业革命的影

英语国家概况：英国的形成历史

英语国家概况:英国的形成历史英国，全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)，本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。

下面是店铺整理的英语国家概况:英国的形成历史，欢迎大家阅读!The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)英国的形成(公元1066-1381)I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)诺曼统治(公元1066-1381)1. William's Rule (1066-1087)威廉一世的统治(公元1066-1087)England's feudalism under the rule of William theConqueror 在威廉统治下的英国封建制度①Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.②According to this system, the King owned all the land personally.③William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military serviceand a proportion of the land's produce.④These estates were scattered f ar and wide over the country, so that those who held themcould not easily combine to rebel the king.⑤The barons, who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lessernobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services.⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs.⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take theoath of allegiance，not only totheir immediate lord, but also to the king.①在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确立。

英美概况之英国早期历史

– These people were called Scots and Picts
• The legend is that the Picts and Scots would paint themselves blue and fight naked!
Skara Brae
Skara Brae (4000 BCE)
• This site is on the Orkney Islands (north of Scotland) • Early inhabitants of Britain lived in stone houses such as these • The main activity of these people would have been farming, raising cattle (cows), and some hunting
Claudius
Roman-British Culture
• After the invasion Romans moved to and lived in Britain with the Celts who accepted Rome’s control • Many Celts were Romanized and the culture was a mixture of Roman and Celtic Culture
Romans
• Who were the Romans?
– Rome was a large empire that lasted from around 500 BCE to about 500 CE – The Roman empire has been one of the largest cultural influence on European culture

英美概况（英国篇2：英国的起源（公元前5000年-1066年））1

I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）早期的居民（公元前5000年-公元前55年）1．The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.⼈们所知的英国最早居民是伊⽐利来⼈。

2． At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.约公元前2000年，从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽⼝陶器⼈。

3． The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.约公元前700年，克尔特⼈来到不列颠岛。

4． The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.克尔特⼈来到不列颠有三次⾼潮。

The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.第⼀次⾼潮是约公元前600年盖尔⼈的来临。

The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第⼆次⾼潮是约公元前400年布⽴吞（不列颠）⼈的抵达。

The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是约公元前150年⽐利其⼈的到达。

II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)罗马⼈统治时期的英国（公元前55年-410年）1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.有记录的英国历史开始于罗马⼈的⼊侵。

英美概况---英国历史一览表

Chronology of British GovernmentMonarch Date of Rule Deeds Events CommentsGermanic/Scandinavian RuleAlfred the Great 871-899 1Defeated“Danlaw” expansion& regained land2establishednavy and garrison3introductionof Christanity toDames, firstpublic schools fornobledescendances andmagistrates4Anglo-SaxonChronicleAnglo-Saxon WessexlineEdward the elder Anglo-Saxon Wessexline;Son to AlfredAthelstan Anglo-Saxon Wessexline;Son to EdwardEdgar thePeaceful959-975 Anglo-Saxon WessexlineEthelred the Unready 978`1016 Invaded England Anglo-Saxon Wessexline;Sweyn Forkbeard, King ofDenmarkCanute 1016-1035 1.chosen as king byWitan;2.UnitedEngland, Denmarkand Norway.Scandinavian ConquerorEdward the Confessor 1042-1066 1.facilitated theNormanConquer;2.Normanfeudal system adoptedSon of Ethelred theUnreadyHaroldGodwinson1066 defeated Norwegians Earl of WessexNorman French RuleWilliam I 1066-1087 5-steps tostrengthenreign inEngland:1.crushedallresistance,built castlesforprotection2.broke upSaxonearldomsestablishedcentralizedroyalgovernment.3.vicomtes4.sloventroyaltreasury,royalcoinage5.alliedwithRomanCatholicChurchdefeated Haroldand crowned WilliamI at WestminsterAbbey onDec.25,1066William the Conqueror,French duke connected tothe Wessex Line whofavored by Edward theConfessorWilliam II 1087-1100 Murdured William Rufus, 2nd son toWilliam IHenry I 1100-1135 Altered therelationshipbetweenKing andhisfollowers:1.chosebishops2.acceptedmoney3rd son of William Ifrom Barons instead of military service-exc hequerStephen &Maud 1135-1154 1.20-years of civilwar and anarchy;2.agreement toStephen’s rule andHenry II’s succession.Stephen:Grandson to William I;Matilda: Daughter to Henry IAngevin French – PlantagenentsHenry II 1154-1189 1.reform oflegislativesystem2.claimedvastterritoriesin Franceand Irelandthroughvariousfamilyconnections;3.alteredtherelationships betweensecular andreligiousauthorities-murderedof ThomasBecket/failure inreformingcanon law;4.invadedandestablishedEnglishSon to Maudkingdom in IrelandRichard I 1189-1199 1.ThreeCrusadesfor controlof holysites in theNear East;2.imprisoned byChristanallies forransom3.fought inFrance Oldest surving son of Henry II; Richard the LionheartedJohn 1199-1216 1.raisedpropertytaxes;2.struggleswith PopeInnocent IIIandinvasion ofPhilipAugustus In 1215. TenantRights movement &Magna Carta2nd surving son of Henry IIHenry III 1216-1272 1civil war in1263 and baronialtriumph;2establishmentof parliamentSon to John DisarstrousEdward I 1272-1307 1.began theHundredYear’s Waragainstwar; 1.1348-1349:Davastation of black deathresulting in the deathof 3/8population-laborshortage;2.1351:the futileStatute of LabororsSon to Henry IIIMilitary control over laboring class underwent changes: shift from old knight&castle system to expert archers&engineers;1Tensionsbetween classeshightened byreligiousdissension;2nationalismaroused, Englishgained popularityRichard II 1377-1399 Confiscatedthe estatesof his uncleJohn,violatingthe law ofinheritance 1.1378-1380,”HeadTax” imposed by Johnof Gaunt;1381, Peasants’RevoltSon to the Black Prince,Grandson to Edward IIILancatriansHenry IV 1399-1413 1.Rebelledby cousinHenry,defeatedRichard2and forcedhim toabdicateandmurderedhim;2.illegallyseizingpower-losttheprotectionof laws ofinheritance-spent much Grandson to Edward III,consin to Richardof his reignsuppressingrebellion.Henry V 1413-1422 Assertingauthorityboth inFrance&athomeHenry VI 1422-1461 Deposed byEdwardYorkist andmurdered(1461) War of Roses(1455-1485)Weak King with dividedgovernmentYorkistsEdward IV 1461-14701471-1483 Briefly ousted frompower by his brotherClarence & hisprevious supporters in1470.Grandson of Edward IIIEdward V 1483 MurderedRichard III 1483-1485 Defeatedand killedin theBattle ofBosworthyby HenryTudor The Battle ofBosworthyBrother of Edward IVTudorsHenryVII 1485-1509 1united theHouse of Yorkistsand Lancastrianby means ofmarriage withYorkist’sElizabeth andestablished theTudor House.2the Star Grandson of EdwardIII; Earl of RichmondChamber-consoli dation of his position;3Morton’s Fork-turned treasury deficit into a surplus;4the threat of revocation to gain trading prileges for English merchants abroad;5Education fundsHenryVIII 1509-1547 1CardinalWosley-lastestablished theconcept“Balance-of-Power” as basis ofEnglish foreignpolicy,1521 crisis2creation ofthe Royal Navy,strengthening centraladministrative&maintainingadequate supervisionof local government31535-incorporrated Wales &England on equalterms in the firstAct of Union;4Middle-classdominatedParliament infavor of the King5Anti-clericalRevolution,1554theAct of Supremacy- Son of Henry III;selected by Privy Council;WelshmanDissolution ofmonasteries6. 1537-1542: Irishanarchy, “Pilgrimageof Gr ace” by Catholicthe Statute ofthe Six ArticlesEdward VI 1547-1553 Parliament’s effort ofreligious unityUncles served as regentsMary I 1553-1558 1.Marriedto CatholicSpanishKingPhilipII,turningEngland avassal ofSpain;2. Lost thelast Frenchlands-thePort ofCalais-as aresult ofsupportingSpainagainstFrench inwar;3.appointedCatholic astheArchbishopofCanteburyandCatholicworshipreturned tolocalchurches. Elder daughter to HenryVIII,selected by the Privy Council, Roman Catholic, Bloody Mary.Elizabeth I 1553-1603 1.twodisarstrouspoliciesaggravatedthe Irishproblems:a. grantingthearistocracycommercialand estatemonopoliesin Irelandformoney&support;b.sentpoorlytrainedhighlyambitiousandavariciousfavoritesas militarycommanders to Ire.1crisis: warwith CatholicSpain caused byCatholic hatred ofProtestantism andEnglish rivalryfor globaltrade&ultimatecontrol of oceans;the destruction ofSpainish Armada in1588 and GB ruledthe sea;21597-1601:Hugh O’NeilRevolt3theflourishing ofcultureRenaissance(Shakespeare,Marlowe,Donne,Johnson, FrancisBacon, Harvey,Gilbert, KingJames Bible of1611)4the economicprosperity basedon individualenterprise inmany fieldsYounger daughter ofHenryVIII, Protestant,Catholic illegitimate,Intelligent, highly-educated,proud, calculating,self-control, rivaled byMary Queen of Scots, Apolitician and a survivor.The Stuart and CommonwealthJames I 1603-1625 1.peacefully united theEnglandand 1.1621. The House ofCommons drew upthe GreatProtestant-first of theGrandson of Henry VII, Sonto Queen Mary of Scots,highly-educated, conceitedand stubbornScotland in politics; 2. New ways to raise revenue without parlimentar y approval:se lling nobilities& awarding Elizabethan monopolies 3.the failed attempt of openly seeking a Catholic Spanish princess as daughter-in -law,startin g the fires with Parl.4. No bishop, no king. Favored the High Church. great documents of English Revolution.2. 1624, Chales’ betrothal to French Catholic Princess.3. the origin of GUY FAWKES Day.4. 1607, the establishment of the first English colony in North America on the Atlantic coast at Jamestown, Virginia for commercial reasons.1620, the second at Polymouth Massachusetts, founded by Pilgrims for religious reason.5. 1609,the first English factory establish in India.Charles I 1625-1649 1.1628, the Petition ofRight, first statingsome most basic rulesof modernconstitutionalgovernment;2. 1629, Kingdissolved parliamentand imprinsoned 9leaders in LondonTower; Son of James I, beheaded by order of the RUMP parl.1629-1640:non-parlia ment rule;3. 1638, Scottish rebellion: fuse of the English Revolution.4. Charles reconvened the parliament in need of money-Short Parl.-soon dissolved.5.Scotts invaded England-Long Parl. of the Revolution-Parl. abolished taxes and unpopular royal administrative courts & meet every 3 years.6. Irish rebellion, massacring northern Irish Protestants; 1641, Grand Remonstrance.7. the Civil War (1642-1649)Oliver Cromwell 1649-1658 1 1.claimed theEngland republicasCommonwealth;2 2.1651, theNavigationAct-embargo onDutch Shipping;3 3.1654,solvedScottish and Irishproblems withviolence4 4.1652,Englishships defeated theDutch and Patriotic Englishman, strong-minded, stubborn, no pathological drive for power, puritan, Lord Protectormastered thenorthern sea.5 5.Dissolved theRump andestablishedhimself as “LordProtector”, choseNew Parliamentbased on the onlywrittenconstitution ofEngland-theInstrument ofGovernment.6 6.Puritans passed“blue laws” in aneffort to imposepuritan lifestylein the country Richard Cromwell 1658-1660Restored StuartCharles II 1660-1685 1dissenterswere excluded byParliamentparticularly in theaccsess to Uni,resulting in thedomination of anonconformistconsciense inpublic life;2Disarsters:theBlackDeath(1665-1666);the Great Fire inLondon3Dutch War of1665-1667,England seizedcommercial Selected by parliament; chief minister of Parliament dominates the monarchy; period of public pursuit of pleasure, loose morals,festive court life and indecent witsupremacy from the Dutch. 41670, the Hudson Bay Company was granted exclusive right to trade by the Hudson Bay in Canada.James II 1685-1688 1687,issued a“Declaration ofIndulgence”1688,fled toFrance. The bloodlessGlorious Revolution(1688-1689)Youger son of Charles,outspoken Catholic, I exiledby Parl.William III &Mary II 1688-1702 1Bill of Rights21690,Battleof Boyne, JamesII and hissupporting IrishRoman Catholicdefeated, thusIrish R.C weredeprived therights ofeducation andcommercialparticipation;31701,Parliamentpassed the Act ofSettlement,promising the crown tothe ProtesetantSophia, whichdirectly pavedway for theHanover’srule;establishingRule by Mary, the elderdaughter of James II and herhusband, William of Orangethe Parl’s right todecide whowould rule.Ann 1702-1714 1702,first Englishdaily newspaper:theDaily Courant1707,England andScotland formallyunited under the nameof Great Britian.Daughter of James IIHanoverians(German Line)Monarch PrimeMinisterParty Deeds Events CommentsGeorge I (1714- 1727) RobertWalpole(1721-1742)Whig 1Status:theFirstLord oftheTreasurytheconfidantof the kingand theleadingminister inthe Cabinetmostinfluentialmember ofthe Whig inthe HOC.2Principal:makethecountryprosperous byGrandson of James I, notinterested in England at all.;encour aging trade and industr y;3tryi ng to reduce politica l and religiou sstrife& avoid foreign entangl ements. 4the emerge nce of Cabinet and the Prime Ministe r.517 27, Robert Walpol e became P.M.George II (1727- 1760) RobertWalpole(1727-1742)Whig 1737,positionweakenedbecause ofthe death ofQ.C;1742,resigned.1.the Seven Year’sWar between Austriaand Prussia,Francefor A while Britan forP.2. in 1757, WilliamPitt the elder becamea leader in EnglishGovernment, whichwas the first instancein English history of aSon of George I;Peppeted by QueenCaroline and P.M. Walpolein politics.Earl ofWilmington(17Whig42-174 4) king being compelled to accept a distrusted and disliked man as PM.3.fighting France in Europe, America and India.4. General Wolfe’s English army defeated the French foreces led by General Montcalm at Quebec, leading to the French control of Canada and resulted in the Peace Treaty of 1763, France ceded Canada to GB.Henry Pelham (1744-1754)WhigDukeofNewcastl-e(1754- 1756)WhigDukeofDevonsh-ire(1756- 1757)ToryEarl ofBute(1762- 1763)ToryGeorge III (1760- 1820) GeorgeGrenville(1763-1765)Whig 1Whigs lostdivided and lostsupport;2forced Pitt toresign by refusingto declare war onSpain as a firststep to increasepower.31763, theSeven Year’s Warended, gainedlands from Peaceof Paris.41760-1770:aFarmer George;Taught by his motherexaggerated ideas of royalpower; wanting the crownto resume administeringaffairs and determininggovernment policy ;wanting direct authorityover cabinet in the placeof the Parl.Marquess ofRocking-ham(1765-1766)whigWilliam Pittwhigthe Elder (1766- 1768)capriciousCabinet5 5.1776,AdamSmith publishedAn Inquiry intothe Nature andCauses of theWealth of Nations6During1750-1761:battleswith France forcommercialcontrol in India,Rober Clivemanagedthriumph-madethe East IndiaCompany aterritorialpower.-1784Pitt’s IndiaACT-making thegovernor-generalsupreme&creating a Board ofControl.1789, consolidation by Richard Wellesley77.After 1783550male and200femaleconvicts sent toAustrilia for thereliefe ofcongesgtion inEnlish prisonsand settled inSydney in 1788.88.1773,acknowledge theDukeofGrafton (1768- 1770)whigLordFrederickNorth(1770- 1782)ToryMarquess of Rocking-hamWhigEarl of Shelburne(1782- 1783)WhigDuke of Portlan d 1783 Coa- litionWillia m Pitt, the Younge r (1783- 1801) Tory In1781,elected to Parl.1782,chancellorof theexchequer1783,theyoungestP.M. Principal:1.eliminating the national debt,2 cutting down on government expenditure sanizing a system of auditing the national accounts 4.introduci ng order to the national finances chaos.5.advocating the abolition of the slave trade,parlia mentary reform and the removal of restrictions on Roman Catholics.6.1789,preve nting the influence of French revolution from spreading in England;17 94,suspendindependence ofNorth Americancolonies. 1774, the Quebec Act granted Catholic religious freedom and permitted French law to remain in force in all Canadian civil matters.-1791 the Canada Act-divided the Canadian settlements into two provinces-Ontario& Quebec.1778,lost American colonies&national debts increased tremendously as a result of his personal rule.99.1780,a resolutioncalling for arestriction on thecrown waspassed.1010.1783,William Pittthe youngerelected P.M.1111.1800,Act ofUnion,mergingtheBritish and Irish Parl and leading to“the United Kingdom of Great Britian and Ireland.1212. 1790,Edmund BurkepublishReflections on theed he Habeas Corpus Act Achieveme nts:Comme rcial treaty with France in1787;succe ss in incoorperati ng Irish in to the British system of gvnmt by Act of Union.7. India Act of 1784Revolution inFreance againstthe FrenchRevolution;Thomas Paine’sRights of Man inprotest toEdmund.1313.IndustrialRevolution1414. thebeginning ofNapoleonicWar,LordNelson-therenowed BritishAdmiral.1515. 1812:British warshipsseized sailorsfrom Americanships-provokingWar of 18121616. 1815-Abroad:Battle of Waterloo- Allied armies defeated Bonaparte under the leadership of Lord Wellington. In Nov.，England, Russia, Austria and Prussia signed the Quadruple Alliance/Vienna Settlement to ensure the quarantine of FranceHome：economic changes-agriculture improved,countryside to larger farms;rural unemploymentHenrtAdding- ton(1801- 1804)ToryWilliam Pitt,theYounger(1804- 1806)ToryWilliamGrenville(1806- 1807)Whig Duke Toryof Portand (1807- 1809) increased;industrial cities grew rapidly,economic subjects exploited.;problems hightened by bad postwar-harvest,Euro pean competition,restrictiv e tariff on foreign grain kept high&starvation,paris h system failed the needs.SpencerPerceval（1809-1812）ToryEarl of Liverpool(1812- 1827)ToryGeorge IV (1820- 1830) Earl ofLiverpoolCulture:JaneAustin(1775-1817),CharlotteBronte(1816-1855),Charle s Dickens(1812-1870),Mrs ElizabethGaskell(1810-1865),Antho ny Trollope(1815-1882), ThomasHardy(1840-1928) Science:Major scientific theory clashed with religious dogma —Charels Darwin On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection (1895)George Cannin gViscou nt Goderi chDuke ofWelling ton。

英美概况知识点总结

英美概况1. 概述英美是指英国和美国，两个国家在历史、文化、经济等方面有着紧密的联系。

英国是位于欧洲的一个岛国，拥有悠久的历史和文化传统；美国是位于北美洲的一个大陆国家，是世界上最强大的经济体之一。

2. 历史背景2.1 英国历史英国的历史可以追溯到公元前1万年左右的旧石器时代。

公元43年，罗马帝国入侵不列颠岛，并建立了不列颠罗马省。

5世纪时，盎格鲁-撒克逊人开始从欧洲大陆迁徙至不列颠岛，建立了各个王国。

9世纪时，威塞克斯王朝统一了英格兰。

1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉一世在哈斯丁斯战役中击败了英格兰的哈罗德二世，并建立了诺曼底王朝。

14世纪后期，英法百年战争爆发，在这场战争中英格兰失去了大部分法国领土。

16世纪初，亨利八世发动宗教改革，英格兰成为新教国家。

17世纪中期，英国爆发了内战，最终奥利弗·克伦威尔夺取政权并建立了共和国。

1660年，英国恢复君主制。

18世纪后期至19世纪初期，工业革命在英国兴起，使其成为当时的工业中心。

19世纪时，英国成为世界上第一个工业化的国家，并在全球范围内建立了庞大的殖民帝国。

2.2 美国历史美洲大陆最早的居民是印第安人。

1492年，哥伦布发现了美洲大陆，并开启了欧洲人对美洲的探索和殖民活动。

17世纪初，英格兰开始向北美洲殖民，并建立了13个殖民地。

这些殖民地于1776年宣布独立，成立了美利坚合众国。

19世纪初至中期，美国经历了西部拓荒运动、南北战争等重要事件。

南北战争结束后，废除奴隶制度，美国逐渐工业化和现代化。

20世纪初至中期，美国崛起为世界上最强大的经济体之一。

两次世界大战后，美国成为超级大国，并在冷战时期与苏联展开了长达几十年的对抗。

3. 政治制度3.1 英国政治制度英国是一个君主立宪制国家，君主是英国的元首，但权力受到议会的限制。

议会分为上议院和下议院，下议院中的议员由选举产生。

英国政府由内阁和首相领导。

首相通常来自于执政党的领袖。

英国政治体系注重权力分立和民主原则。

英美概况第三章英国历史

ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
8
ter Saxon England (900-1042)
• In the 11th century, Canute united England, Demark and Norway.
6. The Norman Conquest (1042-1066)
• Background: King is also said to have promised the English throne to William, Duke of Normandy. But, when Edward was on his deathbed, four men laid claim to the English throne. Fin ally, the Witan chose Harold as king. Four men:
11
The Making of a Nation: From the Norman conquest to the Renaissance
• 1.Stephen/Matilda and Henry Ⅱ-Civil War • 2. Legal Reform and Henry Ⅱ(1135-1189)
resultmuchlandleftuntendedterribleshortage14世纪中期一场鼠疫也名blackdeath黑死病由老鼠身上的跳蚤传播在欧洲蔓延400万欧洲人口有150万染病死亡受巨大劳动力损失劳动力的缺乏导致许多贵族从农耕业转向畜牧业加上后来的农民起义直接导致了中世纪农奴制的没落黑死病是人类历史上最严重的瘟疫之一起源于亚洲西南部约在十四世纪四十年代蔓延到欧洲
2.Henry chose bishops who would their loyalty to him ; the Pope only gave ceremonial approval to these appointments. 3.Henry also began accepting money from his Barons instea d of requiring military service. 4.To record these payments , he created the ”exchequer ” (财政部).

英国历史╲t英美概况教学课件

Chapter II History three clues to learn history: 1. important kings and queens 2. the changing of the Houses 3. the important events *
Chapter II History
I. The Origin of the English Nation II. The great charter and beginning of parliament III. the decline of feudalism IV. House of Tudor V. House of Stuart
Canute
Edward –the confessor
5）Norman invasion (1066---1154)
The influences (Page 219) a. a firmly established feudal system b. a much stronger control over the country c. French as the official language
The Heptarchy
4）Danish viking ( 8th C --- 11th C ) twice invasions---the ending of 8 th C.
the beginning of 11 th C.
The House of Wessex came into being in A.D. 892. Alfred –the Great * Edgar –the Peaceable king Canute Edward –the confessor

英美概况第二讲(UK History)

A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD-5th Century)
First invasion—In August 55 BC, Julius Caesar invaded Britain Second—Caesar's second raid in 54 BC Third and final—In 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of Britain
I II III IV V
The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
Britain since World War II
Additional Information
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
I
The Founding of the Nation
Left—Germanic barbarians attacked Rome, forcing all Roman troops to leave Britain, and thus ending the Roman occupation of the island.
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
1.1.6 The Norman Conquest
In 1066, Edward chose Harold of Wessex to be King in his place. Duke William, often referred to as William the Conquer, challenged Harold’s succession, won the Battle of Hastings, and was crowned King.

英美概况英国历史

• 2.3 The Hundred Years’ War with France (1337-1453) • Reasons: territorial and economic • Edward III claimed the French crown in 1337. • By 1453, France had won back their land (with gunpowder) except for city of Calais.
• The Romans built a network of towns and a network of roads. From London, roads radiated all over the country. They also brought the new religion, Christianity. They pulled out in AD 410. • The Roman impact on the Britons was surprisingly limited. They left behind only roads, a few place names, and clusters of Christian converts.
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Chapter 2 History
• 1.The Origins of a Nation: from the prehistory to Norman Conquest • 1. 1 Early Settlers (5000BC—55BC)
Statue of Alfred the Great, Winchester
• 1.5 The Norman Conquest (1066) • When King Edward was on his deathbed, four men laid claim to the English throne. And one of them was the duke of Normandy.

来安方《新编英美概况》（最新修订版）笔记和典型题（含考研真题）详解

目　录第1卷（英国）第1章　土地和人民1.1　复习笔记1.2　典型题（含考研真题）详解第2章　英国历史2.1　复习笔记2.2　典型题（含考研真题）详解第3章　政治、政府及教育3.1　复习笔记3.2　典型题（含考研真题）详解第4章　补充材料4.1　复习笔记4.2　典型题（含考研真题）详解第2卷（美国）第1章　总　括1.1　复习笔记1.2　典型题（含考研真题）详解第2章　美国的历史2.1　复习笔记2.2　典型题（含考研真题）详解第3章　政府形式和社会生活3.1　复习笔记3.2　典型题（含考研真题）详解第4章　补充材料4.1　复习笔记4.2　典型题（含考研真题）详解第1卷（英国）第1章　土地和人民1.1　复习笔记Ⅰ. The British Isles and Great Britain1. Full name2. Constituents3. Introduction of Each Part4. Physiographic Features5. Climate and W eather6. Factors Influencing English W eather7. Inland W ater8. The English LanguageⅡ. People and the State1. People2. Party Politics3. Central Government4. Local Governments5. Law6. Reform of the Law Court7. Legal Profession8. Police Force9. Religion10. Characteristics of the English PeopleⅢ. National Economy1. General Survey2. Company Law and Framework of Industry3. Heavy and Light Industries4. Textile Industries5. Agriculture6. Transportation and Communication7. British Disease and Thatcher’s Medicine8. CitiesⅠ. The British Isles and Great Britain (不列颠群岛及大不列颠)1. Full name (全称)The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2. Constituents (组成部分)(1)The Island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and W ales大不列颠岛：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士(2)Northern Ireland北爱尔兰3. Introduction of Each Part (各部分简介)(1)England (英格兰)England is the largest and most developed of all the three political divisions.英格兰是三个中最大的和最发达的政治分区。

英美概况（英国篇3：英国的形成（公元1066-1381））1

I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)诺曼统治（公元1066-1381）1. William's Rule （1066-1087）威廉⼀世的统治（公元1066-1087）England's feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror在威廉统治下的英国封建制度①Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. ②According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. ③William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons, who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.①在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确⽴。