会计英语 第四版 叶建芳03
会计英语(第四版)(完整教资)
第一章会计总论学习目标：1.了解会计信息系统2.应用公认会计准则3.了解财务报表4.运用会计要素5.运用会计等式6.了解会计及其环境本章讨论不同的使用者对会计信息的需求，介绍不同实体对会计职业的影响、会计职业道德及职业行为准则。
本章也将对公认会计准则以及一些相关概念和原则进行解释。
本章将介绍会计等式：资产＝负债＋所有者权益，并逐一定义会计等式中的每个要素，举例分析不同业务对会计等式的影响。
同时，本章还将简单介绍财务报表。
1.1 会计是一个信息系统我们通常把会计描述为一个信息系统。
作为一个信息系统，会计计量经济活动，将信息编制成财务报表，并将财务报表传达给决策者。
会计的范围包括：确认经济事项，进行计量、记录、汇总，并把信息报告给使用者。
会计所涵盖的范围要大于簿记。
图表1－1是信息在会计系统内的流转图。
簿记是对交易和事件的记录，只是会计的一部分。
会计还包括对会计信息的分析和阐述，以帮助财务报表的外部和内部的使用者制定各项经济决策。
决策制定经济业务财务报告图表1-1 会计信息流转会计信息使用者主要是投资者和债权人，政府，工会，普通公众也会使用会计信息。
1.2 组织形式企业有三种组织形式：个人独资企业是指由一个自然人投资拥有的企业组织。
个人独资企业是一个会计实体，但并不是法律实体个人独资企业的所有者对企业的债务承担无限责任，这也是个人独资企业的一个主要缺点。
合伙企业与个人独资企业的区别只在于它有两个或两个以上的所有者。
合伙企业的所有者被称为合伙人。
现实商业活动中有许多不同类型的合伙企业。
公司是依据当地法律注册成立的单独实体；公司的所有者被称为股东。
股东不对公司的债务负责。
有限责任是公司这种组织形式的一个显著优点。
公司的所有权被分为股份。
股份可以在所有者之间转让。
1.3 编报财务报表的框架由于各个国家的法律和经济环境不同，各国有不同的会计模式。
在一个国家可行的会计实务在另一个国家并不一定可行。
由于各国的会计模式不同，所以我们需要制定一个互相协调的会计标准：用全球通用的会计语言来传达相关的且可靠的会计信息。
叶建芳会计英语中文版1-4
第一章会计总论学习目标：1.了解会计信息系统2.应用公认会计准则3.了解财务报表4.运用会计要素5.运用会计等式6.了解会计及其环境本章讨论不同的使用者对会计信息的需求，介绍不同实体对会计职业的影响、会计职业道德及职业行为准则。
本章也将对公认会计准则以及一些相关概念和原则进行解释。
本章将介绍会计等式：资产＝负债＋所有者权益，并逐一定义会计等式中的每个要素，举例分析不同业务对会计等式的影响。
同时，本章还将简单介绍财务报表。
1.1会计是一个信息系统我们通常把会计描述为一个信息系统。
作为一个信息系统，会计计量经济活动，将信息编制成财务报表，并将财务报表传达给决策者。
会计的范围包括：确认经济事项，进行计量、记录、汇总，并把信息报告给使用者。
会计所涵盖的范围要大于簿记。
图表1－1是信息在会计系统内的流转图。
簿记是对交易和事件的记录，只是会计的一部分。
会计还包括对会计信息的分析和阐述，以帮助财务报表的外部和内部的使用者制定各项经济决策。
图表1-1 会计信息流转会计信息使用者主要是投资者和债权人，政府，工会，普通公众也会使用会计信息。
1.2组织形式企业有三种组织形式：个人独资企业是指由一个自然人投资拥有的企业组织。
个人独资企业是一个会计实体，但并不是法律实体个人独资企业的所有者对企业的债务承担无限责任，这也是个人独资企业的一个主要缺点。
合伙企业与个人独资企业的区别只在于它有两个或两个以上的所有者。
合伙企业的所有者被称为合伙人。
现实商业活动中有许多不同类型的合伙企业。
公司是依据当地法律注册成立的单独实体；公司的所有者被称为股东。
股东不对公司的债务负责。
有限责任是公司这种组织形式的一个显著优点。
公司的所有权被分为股份。
股份可以在所有者之间转让。
1.3编报财务报表的框架由于各个国家的法律和经济环境不同，各国有不同的会计模式。
在一个国家可行的会计实务在另一个国家并不一定可行。
由于各国的会计模式不同，所以我们需要制定一个互相协调的会计标准：用全球通用的会计语言来传达相关的且可靠的会计信息。
会计英语课后习题答案作者叶建芳会计英语课后习题参考答案
Suggested SolutionChapter 11.3.4.5.(a)(b) net income = 9,260-7,470=1,790(c) net income = 1,790+2,500=4,290Chapter 21.a.To increase Notes Payable -CRb.To decrease Accounts Receivable-CRc.To increase Owner, Capital -CRd.To decrease Unearned Fees -DRe.To decrease Prepaid Insurance -CRf.To decrease Cash - CRg.To increase Utilities Expense -DRh.To increase Fees Earned -CRi.To increase Store Equipment -DRj.To increase Owner, Withdrawal -DR2.a.Cash 1,800Accounts payable ................................................. 1,800 b.Revenue ................................................................. 4,500Accounts receivable ..................................... 4,500c.Owner’s withdrawals............................................... 1,500Salaries Expense ........................................... 1,500 d.Accounts Receivable (750)Revenue (750)3.Prepare adjusting journal entries at December 31, the end of the year.Advertising expense 600Prepaid advertising 600Insurance expense (2160/12*2) 360Prepaid insurance 360Unearned revenue 2,100Service revenue 2,100Consultant expense 900Prepaid consultant 900Unearned revenue 3,000Service revenue 3,000 4.1. $388,4002. $22,5203. $366,6004. $21,8005.1. net loss for the year ended June 30, 2002: $60,0002. DR Jon Nissen, Capital 60,000CR income summary 60,0003. post-closing balance in Jon Nissen, Capital at June 30, 2002: $54,000Chapter 31. Dundee Realty bank reconciliationOctober 31, 2009Reconciled balance $6,220 Reconciled balance $6,2202. April 7 Dr: Notes receivable—A company 5400Cr: Accounts receivable—A company 540012 Dr: Cash 5394.5Interest expense 5.5Cr: Notes receivable 5400June 6 Dr: Accounts receivable—A company 5533Cr: Cash 553318 Dr: Cash 5560.7Cr: Accounts receivable—A company 5533Interest revenue 27.73. (a) As a whole: the ending inventory=685(b) applied separately to each product: the ending inventory=6254. The cost of goods available for sale=ending inventory + the cost of goods=80,000+200,000*500%=80,000+1,000,000=1,080,0005.(1) 24,000+60,000-90,000*0.8=12000(2) (60,000+24,000)/( 85,000+31,000)*( 85,000+31,000-90,000)=18828Chapter 41. (a) second-year depreciation = (114,000 – 5,700) / 5 = 21,660;(b) second-year depreciation = 8,600 * (114,000 – 5,700) / 36,100 = 25,800;(c) first-year depreciation = 114,000 * 40% = 45,600second-year depreciation = (114,000 – 45,600) * 40% = 27,360;(d) second-year depreciation = (114,000 – 5,700) * 4/15 = 28,880.2. (a) weighted-average accumulated expenditures (2008) = 75,000 * 12/12 + 84,000 * 9/12 + 180,000 * 8/12 + 300,000 * 7/12 + 100,000 * 6/12 = 483,000(b) interest capitalized during 2008 = 60,000 * 12% + ( 483,000 –60,000) * 10% =49,5003. (1) depreciation expense = 30,000(2) book value = 600,000 – 30,000 * 2=540,000(3) depreciation expense = ( 600,000 – 30,000 * 8)/16 =22,500(4) book value = 600,000 – 30,000 * 8 – 22,500 = 337,5004. Situation 1:Jan 1st, 2008 Investment in M 260,000Cash 260,000June 30 Cash 6000Dividend revenue 6000Situation 2:January 1, 2008 Investment in S 81,000Cash 81,000June 15 Cash 10,800Investment in S 10,800December 31 Investment in S 25,500Investment Revenue 25,5005. a. December 31, 2008 Investment in K 1,200,000Cash 1,200,000June 30, 2009 Dividend Receivable 42,500Dividend Revenue 42,500December 31, 2009 Cash 42,500Dividend Receivable 42,500b. December 31, 2008 Investment in K 1,200,000Cash 1,200,000 December 31, 2009 Cash 42,500Investment in K 42,500Investment in K 146,000Investment revenue 146,000 c. In a, the investment amount is 1,200,000net income reposed is 42,500In b, the investment amount is 1,303,500Net income reposed is 146,000Chapter 51.a. June 1: Dr: Inventory 198,000Cr: Accounts Payable 198,000 June 11: Dr: Accounts Payable 198,000Cr: Notes Payable 198,000 June 12: Dr: Cash 300,000Cr: Notes Payable 300,000b. Dr: Interest Expenses (for notes on June 11) 12,100Cr: Interest Payable 12,100Dr: Interest Expenses (for notes on June 12) 8,175Cr: Interest Payable 8,175c. Balance sheet presentation:Notes Payable 498,000 Accrued Interest on Notes Payable 20,275d. For Green:Dr: Notes Payable 198,000 Interest Payable 12,100Interest Expense 7,700Cr: Cash 217,800For Western:Dr: Notes Payable 300,000Interest Payable 8,175Interest Expense 18,825Cr: Cash 327,0002.(1) 20⨯8 Deferred income tax is a liability 2,400Income tax payable 21,600 20⨯9 Deferred income tax is an asset 600Income tax payable 26,100(2) 20⨯8: Dr: Tax expense 24,000Cr: Income tax payable 21,600 Deferred income tax 2,400 20⨯9: Dr: Tax expense 25,500Deferred income tax 600Cr: Income tax payable 26,100 (3) 20⨯8: Income statement: tax expense 24,000Balance sheet: income tax payable 21,600 20⨯9: Income statement: tax expense 25,500 Balance sheet: income tax payable 26,1003.a. 1,560,000 (20000000*12 %* (1-35%))b. 7.8% (20000000*12 %* (1-35%)/20000000)5.Notes Payable 14,400 Interest Payable 1,296 Accounts Payable 60,000 +Unearned Rent Revenue 7,200 Current Liabilities 82,896Chapter 61. Mar. 1Cash 1,200,000Common Stock 1,000,000Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value 200,000Mar. 15Organization Expense 50,000Common Stock 50,000Mar. 23Patent 120,000Common Stock 100,000Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value 20,000The value of the patent is not easily determinable, so use the issue price of $12 per share on March 1 which is the issuing price of common stock.2. July.1Treasury Stock 180,000Cash 180,000The cost of treasury purchased is 180,000/30,000=60 per share.Nov. 1Cash 70,000Treasury Stock 60,000Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock 10,000Sell the treasury at the cost of $60 per share, and selling price is $70 per share. The treasury stock is sold above the cost.Dec. 20Cash 75,000Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock 15,000Treasury Stock 90,000The cost of treasury is $60 per share while the selling price is $50 which is lower than the cost.3. a. July 1Retained Earnings 24,000Dividends Payable—Preferred Stock 24,000b.Sept.1Dividends Payable—Preferred Stock 24,000Cash 24,000c. Dec.1Retained Earnings 80,000Dividends Payable—Common Stock 80,000d. Dec.31Income Summary 350,000Retained Earnings 350,0004.a. Preferred stock gives its owner certain advantages over common stockholders. These benefits include the right to receive dividends before the common stockholders and the right to receive assets before the common stockholders if the corporation liquidates. Corporation pay a fixed amount of dividends on preferred stock.The 7% cumulative term indicates that the investors earn 7% fixed dividends.b. 7%*120%*20,000=504,000c. If corporation issued debt, it has obligation to repay principald. The date of declaration decrease the stockholders’ equity; the date of record and the date of payment have no effect on stockholders.5.a. Jan. 15Retained Earnings 35,000Accumulated Depreciation 35,000To correct error in prior year’s depreciation.b. Mar. 20Loss from Earthquake 70,000Building 70,000c. Mar. 31Retained Earnings 12,500Dividends Payable 12,500d. Apirl.15Dividends Payable 12,500Cash 12,500e. June 30Retained Earnings 37,500Common Stock 25,000Additional Paid-in Capital 12,500To record issuance of 10% stock dividend: 10%*25,000=2,500 shares;2500*$15=$37,500f. Dec. 31Depreciation Expense 14,000Accumulated Depreciation 14,000Original depreciation: $40,000/40=$10,000 per year. Book value on Jan.1, 2009 is $350,000(=$400,000-5*$10,000). Deprecation for 2009 is $14,000(=$350,000/25).g. The company does not need to make entry in the accounting records. But the amount of Common Stock ($10 par value) decreases 275,000, while the amount of Common Stock ($5 par value) increases 275,000.Chapter 71.Requirement 1If revenue is recognized at the date of delivery, the following journal entries would be used to record the transactions for the two years:Year 1Inventory .................................................................................... 480,000 Cash/Accounts payable ........................................................ 480,000 To record purchase of inventoryInventory .................................................................................... 124,000 Cash/Accounts payable ........................................................ 124,000 To record refurbishment of inventoryAccounts receivable ................................................................... 310,000 Sales revenue ...................................................................... 310,000 To record sale of goods on accountCost of goods sold...................................................................... 220,000 Inventory .............................................................................. 220,000 To record the cost of the goods sold as an expenseSales returns (I/S) ...................................................................... 15,500* Allowance for sales returns (B/S).......................................... 15,500 To record provision for return of goods sold under 30-day return period* 5% of $310,000Warranty expense ...................................................................... 31,000* Provision for warranties (B/S) ............................................... 31,000 To record provision, at time of sale, for warranty expenditures* 10% of $310,000Allowance for sales returns......................................................... 12,400 Accounts receivable ............................................................. 12,400 To record return of goods within 30-day return period.It is assumed the returned goods have no value and are disposed of.Provision for warranties (B/S) ..................................................... 18,600 Cash/Accounts payable ........................................................ 18,600 To record expenditures in year 1 for warranty workCash .......................................................................................... 297,600*Accounts receivable ............................................................. 297,600 To record collection of Accounts Receivable* $310,000 – $12,400Year 2Provision for warranties (B/S) ..................................................... 8,400 Cash/Accounts payable ........................................................ 8,400 To record expenditures in year 2 for warranty workRequirement 2If revenue is recognized only when the warranty period has expired, the following journal entries would be used to record the transactions for the two years:Year 1Inventory .................................................................................... 480,000 Cash/Accounts payable ........................................................ 480,000 To record purchase of inventoryInventory .................................................................................... 124,000 Cash/Accounts payable ........................................................ 124,000 To record refurbishment of inventoryAccounts receivable ................................................................... 310,000 Inventory .............................................................................. 220,000 Deferred gross margin .......................................................... 90,000 To record sale of goods on accountDeferred gross margin ................................................................ 12,400 Accounts receivable ............................................................. 12,400 To record return of goods within the 30-day return period. It is assumed the goods haveno value and are disposed of.Deferred warranty costs (B/S)..................................................... 18,600 Cash/Accounts payable ........................................................ 18,600 To record expenditures for warranty work in year 1. The warranty costs incurred are deferred because the related revenue has not yet been recognizedCash .......................................................................................... 297,600* Accounts receivable ............................................................. 297,600 To record collection of Accounts receivable* $310,000 – $12,400Year 2Deferred warranty costs ............................................................. 8,400 Cash/Accounts payable ........................................................ 8,400 To record warranty costs incurred in year 2 related to year 1 sales. The warranty costs incurred are deferred because the related revenue has not yet been recognized.Deferred gross margin ................................................................ **77,600Cost of goods sold...................................................................... 220,000 Sales revenue ...................................................................... 297,600* To record recognition of sales revenue from year 1 sales and related cost of goods sold at expiry of warranty period* $310,000 – $12,400** ($90,000 – $12,400)Warranty expense ...................................................................... 27,000* Deferred warranty costs ....................................................... 27,000 To record recognition of warranty expense at same time as related sales revenue recognition* $18,600 + $8,400Requirement 3Allied Auto Parts Inc. might choose to recognize revenue only after the warranty periodhas expired if they are not able to make a good estimate, at the time of sale, of the amount of warranty work that will be required under the terms of the one-year warranty. If Allied is not able, at the time of sale, to make a good estimate of the warranty work that will be required, then the measurability criterion of revenue recognition is not met at the time of sale. The measurability criterion means that the amount of revenue can be reliably measured. If the seller is not able to estimate the amount of work that will have to be done under the warranty agreement, then it is not able to reasonably measure the profit that it will eventually earn on the sales. The performance criteria might also be invoked here.The performance criterion means that the seller has transferred the significant risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer. As long as there is warranty work to be performed after the sale that is the responsibility of the seller, you might argue that performance is not substantially complete. However, if the seller was able to reliably estimate the amount of warranty work, then performance would be satisfied on the assumption that we could measure the risk that remains with the seller, and make a provision for it.2.Percentage-of-completion method:The first step in applying revenue recognition using the percentage-of-completion method (using costs incurred to date compared to estimated total costs to determine the percentage of completion) is to estimate the percentage of completion of the project at the end of each year. This is done in the following table (in $000s):End of 2005 End of 2006 End of 2007Total costs incurred $ 5,400 $ 12,950 $ 18,800 Total estimated costs 18,000 18,500 18,800 % completed 30% 70% 100%Once the percentage of completion at the end of each year has been calculated as above, the next step is to allocate the appropriate amount of revenue to each year, based on the percentage completed to date, less what has previously been recorded in revenue. This is done in the following table (in $000s):2005 2006 20072005 $20,000 × 30% $ 6,0002006 $20,000 × 70% $ 14,0002007 $20,000 × 100% $ 20,000 Less: Revenue recognized in prior years (0) (6,000) (14,000) Revenue for year $ 6,000 $ 8,000 $ 6,000Therefore, the profit to be recognized each year on the construction project would be:2005 2006 2007 TotalRevenue recognized $ 6,000 $ 8,000 $ 6,000 $ 20,000 Construction costs incurred (expenses) (5,400) (7,550) (5,850) (18,800) Gross profit for the year $ 600 $ 450 $ 150 $ 1,200The following journal entries are used to record the transactions under thepercentage-of-completion method of revenue recognition:2005 2006 20071. Costs of construction:Construction in progress................. 5,400 7,550 5,850 Cash, payables, etc. ..... 5,400 7,550 5,850 2. Progress billings:Accounts receivable ........... 3,100 4,900 12,000 Progress billings ........... 3,100 4,900 12,000 3. Collections on billings:Cash .................................. 2,400 4,000 12,400 Accounts receivable ..... 2,400 4,000 12,400 4. Recognition of profit:Construction in progress..... 600 450 150Construction expense ......... 5,400 7,550 5,850 Revenue from long-termcontract..................... 6,000 8,000 6,000 5. To close construction in progress:Progress billings ................. 20,000 Construction in progress 20,0002005 2006 2007Balance sheetCurrent assets:Accounts receivable $ 700 $ 1,600 $ 1,200 Inventory:Construction in process 6,000 14,000 Less: Progress billings (3,100) (8,000)Costs in excess of billings 2,900 6,000Income statementRevenue from long-term contracts $ 6,000 $ 8,000 $ 6,000 Construction expense (5,400) (7,550) (5,850) Gross profit $ 600 $ 450 $ 1503.a. The three criteria of revenue recognition are performance, measurability, andcollectibility.Performance means that the seller or service provider has performed the work.Depending on the nature of the product or service, performance may mean quitedifferent points of revenue recognition. For example, for the sale of products, IAS18 defines performance as the point when the seller of the goods has transferred therisks and rewards of ownership to the buyer. Normally, this means that performance is done at the time of sale. Although the seller may have performed much of the work prior to the sale (production, selling efforts, etc.), there is still significant risk to theseller that a buyer may not be found. Therefore, from a reliability point of view,revenue recognition is delayed until the point of sale. Also, there may be significant risks remaining with the seller of the product even after the sale. Warranties given by the seller are a risk that remains with the seller. However, if this risk can be reliably estimated at the time of sale, revenue can be recognized at the point of sale.Performance is quite different under a long-term construction contract. Here,performance really is considered to be a measure of the work done. Revenue isrecognized over the production period as the work is performed. It is intended toreflect the amount of effort expended by the seller (contractor). Although legal titlewon’t transfer to the buyer until the project is completed, revenue can be recognized because there is a known and committed buyer. If the contractor is not able toestimate how much of the work has been done (perhaps because he or she can’treliably estimate how much work must still be done), then profit would not berecognized until the extent of performance is known.Measurability means that the seller or service provider must be able to reliablyestimate the amount of the revenue from the sale or service. For the sale of products this is generally known at the time of sale (the sales price is set). However, if the seller provides a return period, it may be necessary to estimate the volume of returns at the time of sale in order to measure the revenue that will be recognized.Collectibility means that the seller or the service provider has reasonable assurance that the sales price will actually be collected. In most cases for the sales of products, the seller is able to recognize revenue at the time of sale even if the sale is on account.This is because the seller has experience with its customers and is able to estimate reliably the risk of non payment. As long as the seller is able to make this estimate, it is appropriate to recognize the revenue but to offset it with a provision for possible non collection. If the seller is unable to make reliable estimates of future collection ofamounts owing, the recognition of revenue would be delayed until the cash is actually received. This is what is done using the instalment sales method of revenuerecognition.b. Because of the performance criterion of revenue recognition, it would seem to bemost appropriate to recognize most revenue as the seller or service provider per forms the work. This would be the best measure of performance. This would mean, for example,that sellers of products would recognize their revenue over the whole production, selling, and post sales servicing periods. As we saw above, this is not commonly done because,in many cases, there are still significant risks that are retained by the seller (risk of not being able to sell the product, for example). There are also measurement risks (knowingthe selling price) that exist prior to the sale. The percentage-of-completion method of revenue used for some long-term construction contracts would seem to most closely recognize revenue as the work is performed. As mentioned in Part 1, we are able to recognize revenue on this basis since a contract exists which commits the purchaser tobuy the project (assuming certain conditions are met) and the sales price is known because of the existence of the contract.4.If all revenue is recognized when a student registers for the course, profit for 2007 would be:Sales Revenue1:Manuals and initial lessons (200 × $100) $ 20,000 Additional lessons ((200 × 8) × $30) 48,000 Examinations ((200 × 80%) × $130) 20,800 Total sales revenue 88,800Cost of sales:Manuals and initial lessons (200 × ($15 + $3)) 3,600 Additional lessons ((200 × 8) × $3)) 4,800Examinations ((200 × 80%) × $30) 4,800 Total cost of sales 13,200Depreciation of development costs:$180,000 × (200/1,000) 36,000Profit $ 39,6005.FINISH ENTERPRISESIncome Statementfor the year ending December 31, 2005Continuing operations (excluding the chemical division)Sales ($35,000,000 – $5,500,000) $ 29,500,000Cost of sales ($15,000,000 – $2,800,000) (12,200,000)Gross profit 17,300,000Selling & administration expenses($18,000,000 – $3,200,000) (14,800,000)Profit from operations 2,500,000Income tax expense (40%) 1,000,000Profit after tax $ 1,500,000Discontinuing operations (Chemical division)Sales 5,500,000Cost of sales (2,800,000)Gross profit 2,700,000Selling & administration expenses (3,200,000)Loss from operations (500,000)Income tax expense(40%) 200,000Loss after tax (300,000) Gain on discontinuance of the Chemical division 3,500,000Tax thereon (1,400,000)After-tax gain on discontinuance of the Chemical division 2,100,000 Enterprise net profit $ 3,300,000Chapter 81.Payment of account payable. operatingIssuance of preferred stock for cash. financingPayment of cash dividend. financingSale of long-term investment. investingAmortization of bond discount. no effectCollection of account receivable. operatingIssuance of long-term note payable to borrow cash. financing Depreciation of equipment. no effectPurchase of treasury stock. financingIssuance of common stock for cash. financingPurchase of long-term investment. investingPayment of wages to employees. operatingCollection of cash interest. investingCash sale of land. InvestingDistribution of stock dividend. no effectAcquisition of equipment by issuance of note payable. no effect Payment of long-term debt. financingAcquisition of building by issuance of common stock. no effect Accrual of salary expense. no effect2.(a) Cash received from customers = 816,000(b) Cash payments for purchases of merchandise. =468,000(c) Cash payments for operating expenses. = 268,200(d) Income taxes paid. =36,9003.Cash sales …………………………………………... $9,000 Payment of accounts payable ……………………….-48,000 Payment of income tax ………………………………-13,000 Payment of interest ……………………………..…..-16,000 Collection of accounts receivable ……………………93,000 Payment of salaries and wages ……………………….. -34,000 Cash flows from operating activitiesby the direct method -9,0004.Operating activities:Net loss -200,000 Add: loss on sale of land 250,000 Add: depreciation 300,000Add: amortization of patents 20,000Less: increases in current assets other than cash -750,000Add: increases in current liabilities 180,000Net cash flows from operating -200,000Investing activitiesSale of land -50,000Purchase of PPE -1,500,000Net cash flows from investing -1,550,000Financing activitiesIssuance of common shares 400,000Payment of cash dividend -50,000Issuance of non-current liabilities 1,000,000Net cash flows from financing 1,350,000 Net changes in cash -400,000 5.。
叶建芳会计英语中文版1-5(精编文档).doc
【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】第一章会计总论学习目标：1.了解会计信息系统2.应用公认会计准则3.了解财务报表4.运用会计要素5.运用会计等式6.了解会计及其环境本章讨论不同的使用者对会计信息的需求，介绍不同实体对会计职业的影响、会计职业道德及职业行为准则。
本章也将对公认会计准则以及一些相关概念和原则进行解释。
本章将介绍会计等式：资产＝负债＋所有者权益，并逐一定义会计等式中的每个要素，举例分析不同业务对会计等式的影响。
同时，本章还将简单介绍财务报表。
1.1会计是一个信息系统我们通常把会计描述为一个信息系统。
作为一个信息系统，会计计量经济活动，将信息编制成财务报表，并将财务报表传达给决策者。
会计的范围包括：确认经济事项，进行计量、记录、汇总，并把信息报告给使用者。
会计所涵盖的范围要大于簿记。
图表1－1是信息在会计系统内的流转图。
簿记是对交易和事件的记录，只是会计的一部分。
会计还包括对会计信息的分析和阐述，以帮助财务报表的外部和内部的使用者制定各项经济决策。
图表1-1 会计信息流转会计信息使用者主要是投资者和债权人，政府，工会，普通公众也会使用会计信息。
1.2组织形式企业有三种组织形式：个人独资企业是指由一个自然人投资拥有的企业组织。
个人独资企业是一个会计实体，但并不是法律实体个人独资企业的所有者对企业的债务承担无限责任，这也是个人独资企业的一个主要缺点。
合伙企业与个人独资企业的区别只在于它有两个或两个以上的所有者。
合伙企业的所有者被称为合伙人。
现实商业活动中有许多不同类型的合伙企业。
公司是依据当地法律注册成立的单独实体；公司的所有者被称为股东。
股东不对公司的债务负责。
有限责任是公司这种组织形式的一个显著优点。
公司的所有权被分为股份。
股份可以在所有者之间转让。
1.3编报财务报表的框架由于各个国家的法律和经济环境不同，各国有不同的会计模式。
在一个国家可行的会计实务在另一个国家并不一定可行。
由于各国的会计模式不同，所以我们需要制定一个互相协调的会计标准：用全球通用的会计语言来传达相关的且可靠的会计信息。
会计英语叶建芳第四版课后题
会计英语叶建芳第四版课后题Section 1: Introduction to Accounting1.1 What is accounting?Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring, summarizing, and communicating financial information to interested users.It involves recording transactions, preparing financial statements, and providing financial analysis.1.2 Why is accounting important?Accounting is important because it provides essential information for decision-making by management, investors, creditors, and other stakeholders.It helps in evaluating the financial performance and position of a business, and ensures transparency and accountability.1.3 Types of accounting.There are several types of accounting, including financial accounting, cost accounting, and management accounting.Financial accounting focuses on preparing financial statements for external users, while cost accounting is used for internal decision-making.Management accounting provides information for planning, controlling, and decision-making by management.Section 2: Financial Statements2.1 What are financial statements?Financial statements are written records prepared by a company that convey its financial performance and financial position.They include the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and statement of changes in equity.2.2 What is the balance sheet?The balance sheet is a financial statement that shows the company"s assets, liabilities, and shareholders" equity at a specific point in time.It provides a snapshot of the company"s financial position.2.3 What is the income statement?The income statement, also known as the profit and loss statement, shows the company"s revenues, expenses, and net income or loss for a specific period of time.It demonstrates the company"s ability to generate profit.2.4 What is the statement of cash flows?The statement of cash flows shows the inflows and outflows of cash from operating, investing, and financing activities during a specific period of time.It provides information about the company"s cash flow position and its ability to meet short-term obligations.Section 3: Accounting Principles and Concepts3.1 What are accounting principles?Accounting principles are rules and guidelines that govern the preparation of financial statements.They provide a framework forconsistent and comparable financial reporting.Some common accounting principles include the accrual basis of accounting, the going concern concept, and the monetary unit assumption.3.2 What is the accrual basis of accounting?The accrual basis of accounting recognizes revenues and expenses when they are earned or incurred, regardless of when cash is received or paid.This provides a more accurate representation of the company"s financial performance.3.3 What is the going concern concept?The going concern concept assumes that the company will continue its operations in the foreseeable future.This allows for the valuation of assets and liabilities on a long-term basis.3.4 What is the monetary unit assumption?The monetary unit assumption assumes that the value of money is stable over time and that financial information can be measured in a common unit of currency.This simplifies the accounting process and allows for meaningful comparison of financial data.Section 4: Accounting Records and Journal Entries4.1 What are accounting records?Accounting records are detailed records of all financial transactions of a company.They provide a chronological record of transactions and serve as the basis for preparing financial statements.4.2 What are journal entries?Journal entries are the means by which accounting transactions are recorded in the accounting records.They involve debiting one account and crediting another account to maintain the balance of the accounting equation.4.3 What is the accounting equation?The accounting equation, Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders" Equity, serves as the foundation of the double-entry bookkeeping system.It ensures that every transaction has equal and opposite effects on the accounting equation.Section 5: Financial Analysis5.1 What is financial analysis?Financial analysis is the process of evaluating the financial performance and position of a company.It involves interpreting financial statements and using ratios, trends, and other financial indicators to assess the company"s liquidity, solvency, and profitability.5.2 What are financial ratios?Financial ratios are calculations used to analyze the relationships between different financial values.They provide insights into the company"s performance and financial mon financial ratios include the current ratio, debt-to-equity ratio, and return on assets.5.3 What is the current ratio?The current ratio is a liquidity ratio that compares a company"s current assets to its current liabilities.It indicates the company"s ability to cover its short-term obligations.5.4 What is the debt-to-equity ratio?The debt-to-equity ratio is a leverage ratio that compares a company"s total debt to its shareholders" equity.It indicates the company"s level of financial risk and its。
叶建芳会计英语中文版
交易的记录采用通用货币,并假设币值稳定。
会计分期原则
将会计主体的生产经营活动人为地划分为一定的,间隔相等的会计期间,比如一年，并在此基础上进行会计报告。
收入确认原则
收入和相关的费用应在实现时确认，而不考虑是否收到或支出现金。又称为实现原则。
配比原则
收入与费用应在收入实现以及费用发生的当期记录。
实务中会计主要分为三类——财务会计,管理会计和税务会计。请注意下表并没有包括非盈利组织会计,如医院,学校和其他非盈利机构中使用的会计。图表1-4对每类会计的责任进行了汇总。
图表1—4会计责任
１.6会计要素和会计等式使用
◇什么是会计等式
会计要素是会计实务的基本分类。会计要素是反映企业财务状况和经营结果的基本元素。我们已经介绍了资产负债表。资产和对资产的要求权之间的关系可以用如下等式表示:
资产是指由过去的交易或事项形成的、由企业拥有或者控制、预期会给企业带来经济利益的资源。
资产分为有形资产和无形资产。有形资产包括现金，应收账款，商品存货,物料用品，设备，建筑物和机器等。无形资产包括专利权,商标权和版权等。
资产的来源有两种,一种是负债，另一种是所有者权益。IＡＳB框架对负债的定义如下:
本章将介绍会计等式：资产＝负债+所有者权益，并逐一定义会计等式中的每个要素，举例分析不同业务对会计等式的影响。同时，本章还将简单介绍财务报表。
1.1会计是一个信息系统
我们通常把会计描述为一个信息系统。作为一个信息系统，会计计量经济活动，将信息编制成财务报表,并将财务报表传达给决策者。会计的范围包括：确认经济事项，进行计量、记录、汇总,并把信息报告给使用者。会计所涵盖的范围要大于簿记。图表1-1是信息在会计系统内的流转图。簿记是对交易和事件的记录,只是会计的一部分。会计还包括对会计信息的分析和阐述,以帮助财务报表的外部和内部的使用者制定各项经济决策。
会计英语第四版叶建芳
Interpretation of the Income Statement
要点一
Revenue
Revenue reports the total amount of income generated by a company through its normal business operations This can include sales of products or services, interest income, and other sources of income
Accounting Definition and Function
Preparing financial statements
Recording business transactions
Functions of Accounting
01
03 02
Accounting Definition and Function
Owner's Equity
Owner's equity reports the residual interest in the assets of the company after conducting its liabilities It reflects the amount of capital contributed by the owners and the retained earnings over time
Cash Flow from Operating AThcistsievctiiotnieofsthe cash flow
statement shows how much cash is generated from a company's normal business operations It includes cash received from customers and cash paid to suppliers, employees, and for other operating expenses
会计英语
Accounting English
6
International financial reporting standards & GAAP
Accounting concepts and principles include:
business entity （会计主体） time period （会计分期） going-concern （持续经营） monetary unit （货币计量） objectivity principle （客观性原则） cost principle （成本原则） revenue recognition or realization principle （收入确 认原则） materiality principle（重要性原则） matching principle （匹配原则） consistency principle （一致性原则） conservatism principle （稳健性原则） full-disclosure principle （充分披露原则）
Accounting English
17
2. Purchased equipment for $5,000 cash. Liabilities Assets Accounts Accounts + Receivable + Equipment = Payable +5,000 Stockholders’ Equity
Accounting English
8
The balance sheet
details assets, liabilities, and equity A specific date of the business entity Two columns The definition of an asset : tangible and intangible Sources of assets The definition of liability: present obligation, outflow of economic benefits Definition of equity : residual amount. Assetsliabilities
会计英语 第四版 叶建芳01
10
Forms of organization
Single or sole proprietorship
Owner is personally responsible for business debts. Partners are personally responsible for all partnership debts. A corporation is a separate legal entity. It is responsible for its own debts.
Ye Sun Accounting English 5
Users of accounting information
Primary users – investors and creditors External users & Internal users
External users are users outside of the entity examples: banks, government, creditors, unions Internal users are users within the entity examples: Marketing Manager, Accounts Receivable Manager, Accounts Prmation
Actions (decisions)
Decision makers
Financial statements
The statement of comprehensive income (income statement) summarizes financial performance resulting from income (revenue and gains) less expenses (including losses). The statement of changes in equity reconciles changes in equity (increases are caused by owner investments and net income, while decreases result from owner withdrawals and net losses for sole proprietorship ). The statement of financial position (balance sheet) details assets, liabilities, and equity. The statement of cash flows shows the cash inflows and outflows from operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities.
会计英语(第四版)(叶建芳)05
On July 15, Play Clothes pays the full amount due to Kid’s Clothes.
Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.
credit terms are stated in the invoice.
2/10, n/30
Read as: “Two ten, net thirty”
YE SUN AccountingEnglish
18
Credit Terms and Cash Discounts
2/10, n/30
Percentage of Discount
• Record discount when taken.
• Net of discount
• Charge discounts not taken when paid.
YE SUN AccountingEnglish
11
Terminology
Purchase = receipt of merchandise not to placing of a purchase order.
• Tangible items that will be consumed in the course of normal operations.
• e.g., office supplies, lubricants, repair parts.
• Not sold and not accounted for as part of cost of goods sold.
• 3 types of inventories;
• Materials. • Work-in-process. • Finished goods.
叶建芳会计英语中文版1-4
第一章会计总论学习目标：1.了解会计信息系统2.应用公认会计准则3.了解财务报表4.运用会计要素5.运用会计等式6.了解会计及其环境本章讨论不同的使用者对会计信息的需求，介绍不同实体对会计职业的影响、会计职业道德及职业行为准则。
本章也将对公认会计准则以及一些相关概念和原则进行解释。
本章将介绍会计等式：资产＝负债＋所有者权益，并逐一定义会计等式中的每个要素，举例分析不同业务对会计等式的影响。
同时，本章还将简单介绍财务报表。
1.1会计是一个信息系统我们通常把会计描述为一个信息系统。
作为一个信息系统，会计计量经济活动，将信息编制成财务报表，并将财务报表传达给决策者。
会计的范围包括：确认经济事项，进行计量、记录、汇总，并把信息报告给使用者。
会计所涵盖的范围要大于簿记。
图表1－1是信息在会计系统内的流转图。
簿记是对交易和事件的记录，只是会计的一部分。
会计还包括对会计信息的分析和阐述，以帮助财务报表的外部和内部的使用者制定各项经济决策。
图表1-1 会计信息流转会计信息使用者主要是投资者和债权人，政府，工会，普通公众也会使用会计信息。
1.2组织形式企业有三种组织形式：个人独资企业是指由一个自然人投资拥有的企业组织。
个人独资企业是一个会计实体，但并不是法律实体个人独资企业的所有者对企业的债务承担无限责任，这也是个人独资企业的一个主要缺点。
合伙企业与个人独资企业的区别只在于它有两个或两个以上的所有者。
合伙企业的所有者被称为合伙人。
现实商业活动中有许多不同类型的合伙企业。
公司是依据当地法律注册成立的单独实体；公司的所有者被称为股东。
股东不对公司的债务负责。
有限责任是公司这种组织形式的一个显著优点。
公司的所有权被分为股份。
股份可以在所有者之间转让。
1.3编报财务报表的框架由于各个国家的法律和经济环境不同，各国有不同的会计模式。
在一个国家可行的会计实务在另一个国家并不一定可行。
由于各国的会计模式不同，所以我们需要制定一个互相协调的会计标准：用全球通用的会计语言来传达相关的且可靠的会计信息。
会计英语 章 叶建芳and孙红星
1.1 会计是一个信息系统
我们通常把会计描述为一个信息系统。作为一个信息系统，会计计量经济活动，将信息编制成财 务报表，并将财务报表传达给决策者。会计的范围包括：确认经济，进行计量记录汇总，把信息报告 给使用者。会计所涵盖的范围要大于簿记。表 1－1 是信息在会计系统内的流转图。簿记是对交易和 事件的记录，只是会计的一部分。会计还包括对会计信息的分析和阐述外部和内部的经济决策。
筑物和机器等。无形资产包括专利权，商标权和版权等。 资产的来源有两种一种是负债，另一种是所有者权益。IASB 框架对负债的定义如下： 负债是由过去的交易或事项形成的，预期会导致经济利益流出企业的，通过转移资产或向其他企
业提供服务等实现的义务。 负债包括应付账款，应付票据，应付工资，应付税款，应付利息和应付债券。 权益（独资企业的所有者权益，合伙企业的合伙人权益，及公司的股东权益）是剩余权益。IASB
4
收入： 咨询收入 租金收入 总收入
营业费用： 租金费用 工资费用 营业费用总额
净利润
Amy Schneider 会计师事务所 利润表
年 12 月 31 日
$3,800 300
$1,000 700
$4,100
1,700 $2,400
接下来，利润表中的数据编制所有者权益变动表。 Amy Schneider 会计师事务所 所有者权益变动表 年 12 月 31 日
充分披露原则 财务报表（包括报表附注）必须报告所有与企业经营成果和财务状况相关 的信息。
一致性原则
同一企业在不同的会计期间应采用同样的会计方法，以使各期的财务报表 具有可比性。
重要性原则
对报表使用者而言，如果某金额对财务报表的影响不重要，则这个金额可 以被忽略。又称为成本效益约束。
叶建芳会计英语中文版1_5
第一章会计总论学习目标：1.了解会计信息系统2.应用公认会计准则3.了解财务报表4.运用会计要素5.运用会计等式6.了解会计及其环境本章讨论不同的使用者对会计信息的需求，介绍不同实体对会计职业的影响、会计职业道德及职业行为准则。
本章也将对公认会计准则以及一些相关概念和原则进行解释。
本章将介绍会计等式：资产＝负债＋所有者权益，并逐一定义会计等式中的每个要素，举例分析不同业务对会计等式的影响。
同时，本章还将简单介绍财务报表。
1.1会计是一个信息系统我们通常把会计描述为一个信息系统。
作为一个信息系统，会计计量经济活动，将信息编制成财务报表，并将财务报表传达给决策者。
会计的围包括：确认经济事项，进行计量、记录、汇总，并把信息报告给使用者。
会计所涵盖的围要大于簿记。
图表1－1是信息在会计系统的流转图。
簿记是对交易和事件的记录，只是会计的一部分。
会计还包括对会计信息的分析和阐述，以帮助财务报表的外部和部的使用者制定各项经济决策。
图表1-1 会计信息流转会计信息使用者主要是投资者和债权人，政府，工会，普通公众也会使用会计信息。
1.2组织形式企业有三种组织形式：个人独资企业是指由一个自然人投资拥有的企业组织。
个人独资企业是一个会计实体，但并不是法律实体个人独资企业的所有者对企业的债务承担无限责任，这也是个人独资企业的一个主要缺点。
合伙企业与个人独资企业的区别只在于它有两个或两个以上的所有者。
合伙企业的所有者被称为合伙人。
现实商业活动中有许多不同类型的合伙企业。
公司是依据当地法律注册成立的单独实体；公司的所有者被称为股东。
股东不对公司的债务负责。
有限责任是公司这种组织形式的一个显著优点。
公司的所有权被分为股份。
股份可以在所有者之间转让。
1.3编报财务报表的框架由于各个国家的法律和经济环境不同，各国有不同的会计模式。
在一个国家可行的会计实务在另一个国家并不一定可行。
由于各国的会计模式不同，所以我们需要制定一个互相协调的会计标准：用全球通用的会计语言来传达相关的且可靠的会计信息。
会计英语 第四版 叶建芳04
protect assets against theft or misuse
promote operational efficiencies encourage adherence to prescribed managerial policies
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Cash not needed for business purposes should be distributed to the company’s stockholders.
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Internal control
Internal control procedures are designed to:
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The Bank Reconciliation
1
2
What are two records of a business’s cash? Cash account in the business’s own general ledger. The bank statement which tells the actual amount of cash the business has in the bank.
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Internal Control
Operational Controls Financial Reporting Controls
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Cash defined
Liquidity refers to how readily an asset can be converted into other types of assets or can be used to buy services or satisfy obligations. Cash is a current asset that includes currency, coin, money orders received from customers, amounts held in the form of demand deposits, savings accounts, and certificates of deposit.
会计英语第四版参考答案
会计英语第四版参考答案会计英语第四版参考答案会计英语是会计专业学生必修的一门课程，它旨在帮助学生掌握会计领域的专业术语和表达方式。
《会计英语第四版》是一本广泛使用的教材，其中包含了大量的习题和案例，供学生练习和巩固知识。
本文将为大家提供《会计英语第四版》的参考答案，希望对学习者有所帮助。
第一章：会计概述1. 会计的定义是什么？会计是一门研究经济活动并提供相关信息的学科，它通过记录、分类、汇总和报告财务信息，帮助用户做出经济决策。
2. 什么是会计要素？会计要素是构成会计信息的基本要素，包括资产、负债、所有者权益、收入和费用。
3. 会计的目标是什么？会计的目标是提供有关企业财务状况、经营成果和现金流量的信息，帮助用户做出正确的经济决策。
第二章：会计准则和规范1. 什么是会计准则？会计准则是规范会计信息记录和报告的原则和规则，它确保财务报表的准确性、可比性和可理解性。
2. 什么是国际财务报告准则（IFRS）？国际财务报告准则是由国际会计准则委员会制定的全球通用的会计准则，旨在提高财务报告的质量和可比性。
3. 什么是美国通用会计准则（US GAAP）？美国通用会计准则是美国财务会计准则委员会制定的会计准则，适用于在美国注册的公司。
第三章：资产负债表1. 什么是资产负债表？资产负债表是一份反映企业财务状况的报表，它列出了企业的资产、负债和所有者权益。
2. 资产负债表的基本公式是什么？资产负债表的基本公式是：资产=负债+所有者权益。
3. 什么是流动资产和非流动资产？流动资产是指在一年内可以变现或消耗的资产，如现金、应收账款等；非流动资产是指长期持有的资产，如固定资产和投资。
第四章：利润表1. 什么是利润表？利润表是一份反映企业经营成果的报表，它列出了企业的收入、费用和利润。
2. 利润表的基本公式是什么？利润表的基本公式是：利润=收入-费用。
3. 什么是毛利润和净利润？毛利润是指企业在销售产品或提供服务后剩余的金额，净利润是指扣除所有费用后的利润。
会计英语 第四版 叶建芳01
Total
$
8,000 Total
$
8,000
The Effects of Business Transactions
On May 8, 2001, JJ’s purchased a $15,000 truck.
JJ’s paid $2 000 down in cash and issued a note payable for the remaining $13 000.
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An example!
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Let’s analyze some transactions for JJ’s Lawn Care Service.
The Effects of Business Transactions
JJ's Lawn Care Service Balance Sheet May 1, 2001 Assets Owner's Equity $ 8,000 Jill Jones, capital $ 8,000
Cash
Total
$
8,000 Total
$
8,000
The Effects of Business Transactions
The Effects of Business Transactions
JJ's Lawn Care Service Balance Sheet May 8, 2001 Assets Liabilities & Owner's Equity Cash $ 3,500 Notes payable $ 13,000 Tools & equipment 2,500 Owner's Equity Truck 15,000 Jill Jones, capital 8,000
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GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Jan. 1 Unexpired/Prepaid Insurance
advance (creates an
asset).
Adjusting Entry Recognize portion of asset consumed as
expense, and
Reduce balance of
asset account.
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Entries to prepaid expenses
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Debit Credit
200 200
13
Entries to prepaid expenses
Balance Sheet
Cost of assets that benefit
future periods.
Income Statement
Cost of assets used this period to generate revenue.
50
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Depreciation Is Only an Estimate
JJ’s Lawn Care Service would make the following adjusting entry.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
$200 Monthly Insurance Expense
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
On January 1, Webb, Co. purchased a one-
year insurance policy for $2,400.
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Entries to prepaid expenses
their economic usefulness over time.
Depreciation is the systematic allocation of the cost of a depreciable asset to expense.
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Need for adjustments
Revenue = Cash received Expense = Cash paid
Revenue <> Cash received Expense <> Cash paid
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Adjustments at the end of each period are necessary to update some of the asset, liability, expense, and revenue accounts and to show the effects of previously unrecorded internal economic events of the business.
4
Accrual and cash basis accounting
Accrual accounting requires adjustments for prepaid, unearned, and accrued items; therefore, it reports revenues when earned and expenses when the expiration of benefit is incurred.
May 31 Depreciation Expense: Tools & Eq.
Accumulated Depreciation: Tools & Eq.
To record one month's depreciation.
Debit Credit 50 50
Contra-asset
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Depreciation Is Only an Estimate
On May 2, 2001, JJ’s Lawn Care Service purchased a lawn mower with a useful life
of 50 months for $2,500 cash.
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Need for adjustments
The life of a business is divided into accounting periods so that periodic financial reports can be prepared and used to evaluate the financial progress of the business.
The Concept of Depreciation
The portion of an asset’s utility that is used up must be expensed in the period used.
On date when initial payment is
made . . .
Prepaid Insurance 1/1 2,400 1/31 200 Bal. 2,200
பைடு நூலகம்
Insurance Expense 1/31 200
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The Concept of Depreciation
Depreciable assets are physical objects that retain their size and shape but lose
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Monthly Adjusting Entry for Insurance
Jan. 31 Insurance Expense
Prepaid Insurance
Insurance expense for January.
Accrued Expenses
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Entries to prepaid expenses
End of Current Period Prior Periods Current Period Future Periods
Transaction Paid future expenses in
The cash basis of accounting is not generally accepted.
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Step 5: Adjusting the accounts
Adjusting entries are journalized in the general journal and then posted into the general ledger.
Fixed Asset (debit)
Cash (credit)
The asset’s usefulness is
partially consumed during the
period.
Accumulated Depreciation
(credit)
At end of period . . .
Depreciation Expense (debit)
accrue revenues and record the related assets
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Types of Adjusting Entries
Prepaid Costs/Expenses
Accrued Revenue
Unearned Revenue
Examples Include: Depreciation Supplies
Expiring Insurance Policies
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Entries to prepaid expenses
$2,400 Insurance Policy Coverage for 12 Months
Cash basis accounting does not make adjustments for prepaid expenses, accrued expenses, unearned revenues, and accrued revenues; revenues are recorded when cash is received and expenses are recorded when cash is paid.
accrue expenses and record the related liabilities
……
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