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Directions: Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You should decide on the best choice. Passage OnePerhaps the most important defining characteristic of a human being is culture. The term culture as used here is not limited to operas, paintings, and other artistic endeavors. These are seen by anthropologists (人类学家) as examples of culture: culture itself is the customary manner in which human groups learn to organize their behavior and thought in relation to their environment. Defined in this manner, culture has three principal aspects: behavioral, perceptual and material. The behavioral component refers to how people act, especially how they interact with each other. In child rearing (养育) , for example, parents and children tend to interact in a relatively patterned fashion. Then there is the manner of perception, the ways people perceive the world. For example, parents have a limited range of ideas about how they should act, and what significance parenthood carries in the scheme of things. Finally, there is the material component of culture — the physical objects that we produce.Most of what goes into making up culture is a result of learning — modifying behavior in response to experience within an environment. Learning is practically universal among organisms. But no other organism has a greater capacity for learning than a human, or depends as much on learned behavior for its survival.While the survival of most other organisms is to some extent safeguarded by instincts, humans rely heavily on culture for their survival. People must learn how to live in a particular social and physical setting, biology playing but a minimal (最小限度的) role.The ideas and modes of behavior that constitute culture are transmitted largely by a complex system of symbols that includes language. Humans have evolved an extremely complex system of communication that is unique to our species. Without it the creation of human culture as we know it would be impossible.1.What is the definition of culture by anthropologists?问题1 答案C) Behavioral, perceptual and material components interacting with each other.B) Customary manners of behavior and thought related to the environment.A) Operas, paintings and may other artistic activities as a whole.D) The different ways people perceive the physical world.问题2 文本问题2 1 分保存2.According to the passage, the behavior of making tools for producing material objects should fall within the category of _________ component of culture.问题2 答案C) materialA) behavioralD) artisticB) perceptual问题3 文本问题3 1 分保存3.Learning is most essential for _________.问题3 答案C) human beings to respond to experience within an environmentB) all the organisms to acquire learned behaviorD) human beings to survive and live in a societyA) all the organisms to survive问题4 文本问题4 1 分保存4. What’s the element to human culture?问题4 答案B) Biological adaptation to the environmentD) Learning to surviveC) Safeguarding by instinctsA) Communication in language.问题5 文本问题5 1 分保存5.Which of the following statements is True?问题5 答案D) If there were no language communication, humans couldn’t have created the present culture.A) The capacity for learning can only be observed in human beings.B) Biology plays an important role in humans’ living in a social and physical settingC) Human behavior and thought do not have anything to do with culture.Passage TwoThe best kept secret in San Diego is waiting to offer you a delightful getaway — without leaving town.Less than three years ago, the Parisi Hotel was just an office building above the shops on the corner of Prospect Street. Now, that valuable space is an intimate luxury hotel — with several rooms overlooking the ocean. You’ll be amazed when you enter from the corner and ascend the curving staircase to the second-floor lobby. It will take you into a different world.What will you find when you enter the large contemporary lobby is a handsome and peaceful space that was designed with a hint of Tuscany in its modern Mediterranean (地中海式的) style. The lobby has a large fireplace with comfortable sofas in warm neutral colors surrounding it. You’ll feel relaxed just sitting there — with its skylight overhead letting in the morning sun.All the rooms are more like suites (套房), with large comfortable beds, beautiful baths and stylish custom-designed furnishings and art throughout.The Parisi Hotel is the perfect place for seniors because it’s quiet and restful — with only 20 rooms. You won’t find many hotels like this in the center of a tourist town.The shops are all around you. Likewise for some of the city’s best restaurants, you will never have to take your car out of the garage during your stay. And, by the way, the underground parking lotat the Parisi Hotel is free for hotel guests.Once you stay at this little gem (珍品), you’ll want to return again and again. I know we do. It’s a perfect place for seniors.Rates for standard suites begin at $275. You can call the hotel for reservation at (858) 454-1513. The Parisi Hotel is located at 1111 Prospect St. right across from La Valencia.1.The Parisi Hotel is described as _________.问题1 答案B) a large hotel famous for its rooms facing the oceanD) a tourist attraction full of amazing cornersA) a luxury hotel with comfortable facilitiesC) a good place for escaping away from the noisy city问题2 文本问题2 1 分保存2.When you enter the lobby, you will find that ________.问题2 答案A) it is decorated with Mediterranean furnitureC) there is a large fireplace burning all the timeB) the walls are painted in warm neutral bright colorsD) sunlight comes through the window in the sloping roof问题3 文本问题3 1 分保存3.Why is the Parisi Hotel suitable for old people?问题3 答案A) Because all the rooms are like suites.B) Because it has fashionable furnishingsC) Because it is in the center of the town.D) Because it is peaceful to stay there.问题4 文本问题4 1 分保存4.What special benefit can people get while staying in the Parisi Hotel 问题4 答案C) They can buy things cheaper in nearby shops.B) They can enjoy free parking.D) They can make a reservation by phone.A) They don’t need to drive to eat out in a restaurant.问题5 文本问题5 1 分保存5.Which of the following statements is True?问题5 答案A) The Parisi Hotel is a small restful hotel.C) The Parisi Hotel is in a secret place in San Diego.B) Most guests staying the hotel are old people.D) You must make a reservation before entering the hotelBombay wasn’t the ideal place to get sick — not when my doctor, family and friends were half a world away. I was alone, quite ill and had to delay my flight home. Luckily, when booking my ticket months before, I had bought travel insurance. So my illness didn’t cost me a cent.It’s actually pretty simple. A lot of unforeseen things can happen to you when you’re traveling. Make sure you’re prepared for all of them.A good health insurance policy will get you proper medical attention anywhere in the world outside your home province — at the insurance company’s expense. The company will send you home if it is considered medically necessary and, if you’re sick enough, it will send a nurse to accompany you. If you end up in a hospital and a doctor recommends that a family member come to your bedside, the insurance company will pay for it. You may even get pocket money to make your hospital stay more comfortable.When I was sick in Bombay, I called the insurance company collect. It paid for a doctor (who came to my hotel room), all my medication, an extra night in the hotel and all my meals.Picture it: the day before your big trip to Vancouver, you wake up with appendicitis (阑尾炎). You have no choice —you have to cancel your trip. Your ticket, like most, is non-refundable and you can’t make any changes. You’re about to lose all the money you put out for the ticket — unless you bought cancellation insurance beforehand.Most travel plans include some form of non-refundable element: your deposit, your flights, your cruise, your stay at the all-inclusive resort. That non-refundable portion is what you’ll lose if you have to cancel your trip in the event that you get sick and you don’t have cancellation insurance.1. What happened to the author when he was in Bombay?问题1 答案B) He didn’t buy travel insurance.D) He couldn’t get in touch with his family and friends.A) He fell ill and couldn’t go home as scheduledC) He spent a lot of money on curing his illness.问题2 文本问题2 1 分保存With a health insurance policy, if you get sick traveling away from home, _________.问题2 答案D) you may get a nurse from the insurance company to take care of youA) you may get pocket money from the local hospital you are inC) you may choose to stay in the best local hospitalB) your family members may go to see you at the insurance company’s expense问题3 文本问题3 1 分保存3.Which item was paid by the insurance company when the author was ill in Bombay?问题3 答案C) All his meals at his hotelD) His travel insurance policy.A) His trip to BombayB) All his hotel rates.问题4 文本问题4 1 分保存4.With cancellation insurance, you can _________.问题4 答案B) get your money back when canceling your travel ticketC) enjoy a reduced rate of travel expenseD) buy a refundable ticket at the ticket officeA) have a choice where to go and where to stay问题5 文本问题5 1 分保存5.From the passage we may say that _________.问题5 答案B) a cancellation insurance policy can make your trip safe and comfortableD) travel insurance is strongly recommended when you travel away from homeA) a health insurance policy is more useful than a cancellation insurance policyC) when you get sick while traveling away from home, you’d better buy a health insurancePsychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology."If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity, " says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Neward. " But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards. "A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.1.Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward____问题1 答案C. the study of relationship between actions and their consequencesD. the effects of external rewards on students performanceB. the amount of monetary rewards for student creativityA. the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards问题2 文本问题2 1 分保存2.What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?问题2 答案C. They approve of them.B. They have doubts about themD. They avoid talking about themA. They have no doubts about them问题3 文本问题3 1 分保存3. Which of the following can best raise students’ creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?问题3 答案D. Giving them rewards they anticipate.C. Giving them rewards they really deserve.A. Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with beforeB. Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness.问题4 文本问题4 1 分保存4. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ____问题4 答案B. punishment is more effective than rewardingD. discouraging the students’ anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgencyC. failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standardsA. rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students问题5 文本问题5 1 分保存5. The phrase " token economies " (Line 1, Para. 5) probably refers to _____.问题5 答案D. methods of improving performanceA. ways to develop economyC. approaches to solving problemsB. systems of rewarding studentsIn the evolution of mammals from reptiles(爬行动物), there was a succession of physical changes: the development of warm blood, body hair instead of scales, and the beginning of the nursing of the young. This radical physical transformation provided mammals with a greater tolerance for external temperature and required reliance on specialized food types. When the dominant dinosaurs（恐龙）became extinct, the Age of Mammals began. For the rest 60 million years mammals expanded into the biological vacuum which they were better equipped to exploit than all but a few varieties of reptiles.The habitat of life forms on earth has been the entire planet, conveniently dividing the world into the birds of the air, the fish of the sea, and the creatures of the land. The evolutionary process also created sea-dwelling mammals who appeared to reverse the process of evolution as they returned to the sea. The whales’ limbs became flipperlike, and they lost the hair on their bodies, suiting them better to aquatic life.On the other hand, in the course of the evolution of birds from reptiles, there was a succession of changes in the bone, muscle, and skin structures of the animals. This wholesale restructuring of some reptiles over a period of thousands of years equipped the new animals to escape their predators and to find food more easily. But the evolutionary process did not stop there. Once adapted to flight, some birds continued to change and the process seemed to reverse itself. As penguins（企鹅）adapted to marine life, their wings changed to flippers and their feathers to a waterproof covering, thus suiting the birds for a semi-aquatic existence.1.The Age of Mammals began when ____问题1 答案A. animals evolved from reptilesD. the dominant dinosaurs died outC. animals were more tolerant to external temperatureB. animals nursed the young问题2 文本问题2 1 分保存2.It can be concluded from this passage that the ancestors of whales ___问题2 答案D. had too many offspringA. were fishC. lived on the landB. chased reptiles问题3 文本问题3 1 分保存3. In paragraph 2, the word ‘aquatic’ is closest in meaning to ____问题3 答案A. of earthC. of riverD. of waterB. of land问题4 文本问题4 1 分保存4. Certain reptiles gradually became able to escape quickly by ____.问题4 答案B. becoming smaller and strongerA. acquiring new structural featuresD. changing their eating habitsC. finding food more easily问题5 文本问题5 1 分保存5. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?问题5 答案D. The Adaptation of Whales and Penguins.A. The Evolution of Mammals.B. The Evolution of Life on Earth.C. The Disappearance of Reptiles.The temperature of the Sun is over 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the center. The Sun is so much hotter than the Earth that matter can exist only as a gas, except at the core. In the core of the Sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a small solid core. However, no one really knows, since the center of the Sun can never be directly observed.Solar astronomers do know that the Sun is divided into five layers or zones. Starting at the outside and going down into the Sun, the zones are the corona, chromospheres, photosphere, convection zone, and finally the core. The first three zones are regarded as the Sun’s atmosphere. But since the Sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the atmosphere ends and the main body of the Sun begins.The Sun’s outermost layer begins about 10,000 miles above the visible surface and goes outward for millions of miles. This is the only part of the Sun that can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At any other time, the corona can be seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to keep out the glare of the Sun’s rays.The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light, about as bright as the full Moon. Its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona’s rays flash out in a brilliant fan that has wispy spike like rays near the Sun’s north and south poles. The corona is thickest at the Sun’s equator.The corona rays are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching a temperature of more than 2 million degrees Fahrenheit. The rays of gas thin out as they reach the space around the planets. By the time the Sun’s corona rays reach the Earth, they are weak and invisible.1. One thing that is sure about the core of the Sun is that____问题1 答案A. it is gasB. it is solidD. the pressure is greatC. the temperature is low问题2 文本问题2 1 分保存2.The zone that is NOT regarded as the Sun’s atmosphere is ____问题2 答案C. chromospheres zoneD. photosphere zoneB. corona zoneA. convection zone问题3 文本问题3 1 分保存3.Paragraph 2 is mainly about ____问题3 答案B. the structure of the SunC. why scientists study the SunD. the age of the SunA. how the Sun evolved问题4 文本问题4 1 分保存4. The word “one” in Paragraph 3 refers to ____问题4 答案A. the SunD. the surfaceB. the coronaC. an eclipse问题5 文本问题5 1 分保存5.According to the passage, as the corona rays reach the planets, they become____.问题5 答案C. thinnerB. cleanerA. hotterD. strongerWhy don’t birds get lost on their long migratory flights from one place to another? Scientists have puzzled over this question for many years. Now they’re beginning to fill in the blanks. Not long ago, experiments showed that birds rely on the sun to guide them during daylight hours. But what about birds that mainly fly by night? Tests with artificial stars have proved that certain night-flying birds are able to follow the stars in their long-distance flights.One such bird –a warbler (刺嘴莺) –had spent its lifetime in a cage and had never flown under a natural sky at migration time. Yet it showed an inborn ability to use the stars for guidance. The bird’s cage was placed under an artificial star-filled sky. The bird tried to fly in the same direction as that taken by his outdoor cousins. Any change in the position of the make-belief stars caused a change in the direction of his flight.Scientists think that warblers, when flying in daylight, use the sun for guidance. But the stars are apparently their principal means of navigation. When the stars are hidden by clouds, they apparently find their way by such landmarks as mountain ranges, coast lines, and river courses. But when it’s too dark to see these, the warblers circle helplessly, unable to get their bearings (方向感).1. The reason why birds don’t get lost on their long migratory flights ________.问题1 答案A. has been known to scientists for yearsB. has only recently been discoveredD. will probably remain a mysteryC. is known by everyone问题2 文本问题2 1 分保存2. During daylight hours, birds ________.问题2 答案B. rely on landmarksC. use sun for guidanceD. are more likely to get lostA. fly aimlessly问题3 文本问题3 1 分保存3.By “his outdoor cousins” the author means ________.问题3 答案B. the other warblers of the same broodD. other birds in generalA. other experimentersC. warblers under the natural sky问题4 文本问题4 1 分保存4.The experiment with the warbler indicated that ________.问题4 答案B. a bird that has been caged cannot fly long distancesD. some birds seem to follow the stars when they fly at nightC. some birds cannot fly at nightA. birds have to be taught to navigate问题5 文本问题5 1 分保存5.In total darkness, warblers ________问题5 答案B. don’t know which way to flyC. fly back homeA. use landmarksD. wait for the stars to appearThe medical world is gradually realizing that the quality of the environment in hospitals may play a significant role in the process of recovery from illness.As part of a nationwide effort in Britain to bring art out of the galleries and into public places, some of the country's most talented artists have been called in to transform older hospitals and to soften the hard edges of modern buildings. Of the 2,500 National Health Service hospitals in Britain, almost 100 now have significant collections of contemporary art in corridors, waiting areas and treatment rooms.These recent initiatives owe a great deal to one artist, Peter Senior, who set up his studio at a Manchester hospital in northeastern England during the early 1970s. He felt the artist had lost his place in modern society, and that art should be enjoyed by a wider audience.A typical hospital waiting room might have as many as 500 visitors each week. What better place to hold regular exhibitions of art? Senior held the first exhibition of his own paintings in the out-patients waiting area of the Manchester Royal Hospital in 1975. Believed to be Britain's first hospital artist, Senior was so much in demand that he was soon joined by a team of six young art school graduates.The effect is striking. Now in the corridors and waiting rooms the visitor experiences a full view of fresh colors, playful images and restful courtyards.The quality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when a patient isrecovering from an illness. A study has shown that patients who had a view onto a garden needed half the number of strong pain killers compared with patients who had no view at all or only a brick wall to look at.1. According to the passage, "to soften the hard edges of modern buildings" means问题1 答案D. to make the corners of hospital buildings roundA. to pull down hospital buildingsB. to decorate hospitals with art collectionsC. to improve the quality of treatment in hospitals问题2 文本问题2 1 分保存2. What can we say of Peter Senior?问题2 答案C. He is an artist who has a large collection of paintings.B. He is a doctor interested in paintingD. He is a faithful follower of hospital artA. He is a pioneer in introducing art into hospitals问题3 文本问题3 1 分保存3.According to Peter Senior, _______.问题3 答案C. patients should be encouraged to learn paintingA. art is losing its audience in modern societyD. art should be encouraged in British hospitalsB. art galleries should be changed into hospitals问题4 文本问题4 1 分保存4. After the improvement of the hospital environment, _______.问题4 答案B. patients are no longer wholly dependent on expensive drugsC. patients need good-quality drugs in their recoveryA. patients no longer need drugs in their recoveryD. patients use fewer pain killers in their recovery问题5 文本问题5 1 分保存5.The fact that six young art school graduates joined Peter shows that_______.问题5 答案D. the role of hospital environment is being recognizedB. Peter Senior enjoys great popularityA. Peter's enterprise is developing greatlyC. they are talented hospital artistsPolyester (聚酯) is now being used for bottles. ICI, the chemicals and plastics company, believes that it is now beginning to break the grip of glass onthe bottle business and thus take advantage of this huge market.All the plastics manufacturers have been experiencing hard times as their traditional products have been doing badly world-wide for the last few years. Between 1982 and 1984 the Plastics Division of ICI had lost a hundred and twenty million dollars, and they felt that the. most hopeful new market was in packaging, bottles and cans.Since 1982 it has opened three new factories producing "Melinar", the raw material from which high quality polyester bottles are made.The polyester bottle was born in the 1970s, when soft drinks companies like Coca Cola started selling their drinks in giant two-liter containers. Because of the build-up of the pressure of gas in these large containers, glass was unsuitable. Nor was PVC, the plastic which had been used for bottles since the 1960s, suitable for drinks with gas in them. A new plastic had to be made. Glass is still cheaper for the smaller bottles, and will continue to be so unless oil and plastic become much cheaper, but plastic does well for the larger sizes.Polyester bottles are virtually unbreakable. The manufacturers claim they are also lighter, less noisy when being handled, and can be reused. Shopkeepers and other business people are unlikely to object to a change from glass to polyester, since these bottles mean few breakages, which are costly and time-consuming. The public, though, have been more difficult to persuade. ICI's commercial department is developing different bottles with interesting shapes, to try and make them visually more attractive to the public.The next step could be to develop a plastic which could replace tins for food. The problem here is the high temperatures necessary for cooking the food in the container.1. Plastics of various kinds have been used for making bottles__________.问题1 答案A. since 1982B. since the 1970s but only for large bottlesD. since companies like Coca Cola first tried themC. since the 1960s but not for liquids with gas in them问题2 文本问题2 1 分保存2.Why is ICI's Plastics Division interested in polyester for bottles?问题2 答案D. The price of oil keeps changing.A. The other things they make are not selling wellC. They have factories which could be adapted to make it.B. Glass manufacturers cannot make enough new bottles.问题3 文本问题3 1 分保存3.Why aren't all bottles now made of polyester?问题3 答案D. Shop-keepers dislike reusable bottlesB. It is not suitable for containing gassy drinksA. The price of oil and plastic has risen.C. The public like traditional glass bottles.问题4 文本问题4 1 分保存4.Manufacturers think polyester bottles are better than glass bottles because they 问题4 答案A. are cheaperD. do not break easilyB. are more suited to small sizesC. are more exciting to look at问题5 文本问题5 1 分保存5.Plastic containers for holding food in the same way as cans______.问题5 答案C. are possible, but only for hot foodD. are the first things being made in the new factoriesA. have been used for many yearsB. are an idea that interests the plastics companiesBCBCC。