托福真题：1995年10月托福阅读全真试题-托福真题
托福199505
5-5 95年5月TOFEL听力(Page300-304)A1. (A) Laura is used to trying hard.(B) Laura once had a red car.(C) Laura wants to buy a used car.(D) Laura uses her credit card often.2. (A) I wish I had gotten some gas.(B) I wasn't the only nervous student in class.(C) I wouldn't have paid for that tent.(D) I wish I had been a more attentive student.3. (A) I think Beth wrote her letter.(B) I didn't hear what Beth said about her letter.(C) Beth finally let her write what she wanted.(D) Beth used the correct address.4. (A) My pets react differently to the rain.(B) Because it's raining, I couldn't take my dog for a walk.(C) Both my pets enjoy spending time outside.(D) My dog doesn't get along with my cat.5. (A) He was too timid to speak.(B) He talked to the boy in the hall.(C) he wouldn't stop crying.(D) He stopped running in the hall.6. (A) Isn't Michael growing quickly?(B) Why does Michael complain so much?(C) What is Michael going to bring?(D) How is Michael's health?7. (A) That job doesn't seem suited to me.(B) It's impossible to find out about that job.(C) I can't wait to start my new job.(D) It's not a job that one person can do alone.8. (A) Diane is going to improve her swimming.(B) Diane is on her way to a swim meet.(C) Diane is going to meet her brother at the pool.(D) Diane practices more than any other swimmer.9. (A) My cousin doesn't like to watch documentaries.(B) My cousin failed his driving test.(C) My cousin left the documents in his car.(D) My cousin wasn't able to get his license.10. (A) The stereo had to be repaired, so Larry did it.(B) The electrician repaid the money to Larry.(C) The electrician fixed Larry's stereo.(D) The electricity in Larry's house was turned off.11. (A) Do you realize how expensive it is to go to that school?(B) You know about the increase in school expenses, don't you?(C) Are you aware that you can go to that school at a minimal cost?(D) How much did you pay for school fees?12. (A) How many things do you own?(B) Can you possibly do that?(C) What did you pay for that?(D) What could have made you do that?13. (A) I thought about getting a second workbook.(B) I'm sorry I didn't borrow the workbook as well.(C) I plan to finish the workbook tomorrow.(D) I don't know why I need two workbooks.14. (A) It took forever to resolve the problem with the account.(B) It was difficult to calculate the balance.(C) This math work is difficult and time-consuming.(D) It is hard to get help with these problems.15. (A) I never seem to be able to finish a project.(B) I prefer unfurnished places.(C) I would like to leave early, but I can't.(D) I must complete everything I begin.16. (A) I wasn't supposed to receive my bills in the mail.(B) I don't want to file all those letters.(C) I was expecting to find a pile of mail on my desk.(D) I ought to catch up with my correspondence.17. (A) Several bills were stapled together.(B) We paid the bill in cash.(C) The bill included an extra charge.(D) The cashier put the bill onto a charge card.18. (A) I think the architecture department is in that building.(B) I like modern buildings better than older ones.(C) I don't like any new buildings.(D) I don't' think modern and older architecture go together.19. (A) Warm weather is expected after the storm.(B) Forecasts have been wrong several times lately.(C) Weather conditions have improved since the last forecast.(D) We are expecting bad weather to come soon.20. (A) I don't want to be a veterinarian anymore.(B) Do you think it's a good idea to become a veterinarian?(C) I once met a very interesting veterinarian.(D) Will you become a veterinarian after college?21. (A) She thinks the time has passed quickly.(B) She thinks it's after midnight.(C) She doesn't believe the man.(D) She doesn't care what time it is.22. (A) She's sorry there's no cake left.(B) She'll stay for dessert.(C) The host asked her to leave.(D) She has to go.23. (A) He was wrong about the wedding date.(B) Car's wedding has been postponed till July.(C) He can't remember when Carl got married.(D) Carl has only been married since June.24. (A) If he earned more money, he'd be able to save more.(B) He didn't save much of his salary.(C) He spent his savings on summer housing.(D) His summer job didn't pay well.25. (A) He'll return the following week.(B) He'll be back immediately after the holiday.(C) He's coming back for the holiday.(D) He'll begin his vacation next week.26. (A) He may not answer the woman's question.(B) He doesn't know the answer to the woman's question.(C) He doesn't like to ask personal questions.(D) He's already promised to answer the question.27. (A) Catch a later flight.(B) Put the telephone near the bed.(C) Wake up as early as he can.(D) Ask the hotel staff for help.28. (A) He doesn't receive letters from Canada.(B) His roommate would like to trade stamps.(C) He can't give the woman the stamps.(D) The woman should ask her sister for extra stamps.29. (A) The meeting was announced today.(B) She'll make the call later.(C) There won't be a meeting tomorrow.(D) She was asked to reserve a room.30. (A) He eats too much when he plays chess.(B) He won't join the chess club.(C) Chess is his favorite game.(D) He doesn't enjoy chess as much as he used to.31. (A) The restaurant wasn't very crowded.(B) The meal was very expensive.(C) The magazine wasn't very interesting.(D) The food wasn't very good.32. (A) He hasn't read the newspapers yet.(B) He wants to save the papers for a while.(C) The woman should pick up the newspapers.(D) He wants the woman to read some interesting articles.33. (A) Nancy hasn't heard about Bill's new job.(B) Nancy won't be pleased by the news.(C) He doesn't think Bill got the job.(D) Nancy has also gotten a promotion.34. (A) She has already presented her research topic.(B) She's not prepared for class yet.(C) She won't be able to attend class tomorrow.(D) She's going to start looking for a research topic tomorrow.35. (A) It doesn't provide much shade.(B) It's taller than the apartment building.(C) It's not an oak tree.(D) It has an unusual name.36. (A) He drives too fast.(B) he plays his guitar too loudly.(C) His radio wakes her children up.(D) His friends are too noisy.37. (A) At midnight.(B) In the morning.(C) When the car is turned off.(D) When the neighbors' son leaves for work.38. (A) She doesn't want to make a bad first impression.(B) She is afraid of getting off the subject.(C) She is afraid they won't listen.(D) She knows that they can't do anything about it.39. (A) Nancy should call the neighbors to complain.(B) Nancy should introduce her children to the neighbors.(C) Nancy should ask the neighbors' son to babysit.(D) Nancy should bring the neighbors a gift.40. (A) The importance of eating a balanced breakfast.(B) The role of minerals in maintaining good health.(C) Calorie counting at meals.(D) Health problems associated with overeating.41. (A) One-half.(B) One-third.(C) One-fourth.(D) One-fifth.42. (A) Plenty of sleep.(B) A variety of foods.(C) occasional exercise.(D) Sufficient body fat.43. (A) How much it has improved in recent years.(B) How reliable long-range forecasts are.(C) How long it takes to become a meteorologist.(D) How the current forecast will affect the speakers.44. (A) The amount of cloud covering.(B) The wind conditions.(C) The amount of snow.(D) The temperature.45. (A) Some forecasting machines do not work well in hot weather.(B) The weather patterns are more changeable in the autumn.(C) Experts spend less time studying autumn.(D) The National Weather Service misplaced its spring and summer data.46. (A) He no longer believes short-range forecasts.(B) He is so fascinated that he decides to study meteorology.(C) he realizes that there is some value in long-range forecasting.(D) He decides to change his forecast.47. (A) Explaining the campus architecture to visitors.(B) Providing orientation for new campus employees.(C) Familiarizing new students with the campus.(D) Advising students about which classes to take.48. (A) Registration forms.(B) A library card.(C) A list of classes.(D) A campus map.49. (A) In the registrar's office.(B) In the library.(C) In the math building.(D) In the cafeteria.50. (A) Move into their dormitories.(B) Find their classrooms.(C) Memorize campus landmarks.(D) Complete their registration materials.95年5月TOFEL语法EXERCISE TWENTY-NINE (Page196-198)B1. _____ Henry Ford first sought financial backing for making cars, the very notion of farmersand clerks owning automobiles was considered ridiculous.(A) How(B) Even(C) When(D) Despite2. The first president of Cornell University, Andrew White _____ the concept of a universityunaffiliated with any religious sect or political party.(A) develop(B) developing(C) develops(D) developed3. In order for information to be easily communicated, _____ must be organized in anunderstandable way.(B) and(C) it(D) how4. Because of record snowfalls in the mountains surrounding Utah's Great Salt Lake, there ismore water in the lake and its salt content is _____ it once was.(A) least as(B) much less than(C) the least what(D) less5. Home movies began to become popular as a hobby in the United States during the 1920's,_____ of low-cost film.(A) the invention followed(B) the invention to follow(C) following the invention(D) invention the following6. Mary Edmonia Lewis, a sculptor who studied at Oberlin College, was _____ by Hrrietffosmer.(A) tutored in the neoclassical aesthetic(B) the neoclassical aesthetic tutored in(C) aesthetic in the neoclassical tutored(D) the aesthetic neoclassical tutored in7. Even though rhubarb is a vegetable, _____ as a dessert.(A) popular also(B) it is popular(C) but it is popular(D) which is popular8. Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz, _____ of Radeliffe College, had worked as both an educator and anaturalist.(A) the first president(B) was the first president(C) she was the first president(D) which she was the first president9. _____ ever developed was celluloid, a combination of natural camphor and cellulose nitrate.(A) The first plastic and(B) Being the first plastic(C) The first plastic(D) It was the first plastic10. Often the design of a scholarly investigation _____ by the question it is addressing.(A) to affect(B) affects(C) affected(D) will be affected11. Though once quite large, _____ population of the bald eagle across North America hasdrastically declined in the past forty years.(A) it is the(B) there is the(D) the12. Plywood was originally manufactured from logs _____ for other purposes.(A) were not suitable(B) that were not suitable(C) which they were not suitable(D) and suitable were not13. Aerobic exercises create a _____ oxygen in the body without seriously disrupting normalbody functions.(A) demand(B) demanding(C) demanding of(D) demand for14. A protagonist of a play is _____ in tragedy as the suffering main character.(A) what known(B) known as(C) what it is known(D) what is know15. The beaver chews down trees to get food and material _____ its home.(A) builds(B) it can builds(C) that it builds(D) with which to build16. The architect rural style of Mannerism used unbalanced proportions nor arbitraryA Barrangements of decoration.C D17. The theater is perhaps the most complex of the arts, requiring a number large of people for aA B C D play's performance.18. Some comets are visibly to the unaided eye, but only for several months, when they passA B C D closest to the Sun.19. Singer, comedienne, and creating of the radio character Baby Snooks, Fanny Buice had anA Bengaging personality that delighted audiences for nearly half a century.C D20. Saccharin is about 300 times as sweeter as table sugar but has no carbohydrates and no foodA B C D value.21. One of the keys to the survival of any animal is its ability adapts to changes in theA B C Denvironment.22. The element bromine is not found in nature in the free state because of their strong tendencyA B Cto take up electrons and form compounds.D23. During dives that may reach depths of almost 5,000 feet, an elephant seal can holds its breathA B C Dfor an hour or more.24. The development of the boiler is closely related to those of the steam engine, to which it is aA B Cnecessary adjunct.D25. The Rodeo Association of America, formed in 1929, set up a system points for determiningA B Cthe national rodeo champions.D26. As the late 1940's, Jackson Pollock's art has been considered the pivotal manifestation ofA BAbstract Expressionism, as his form of it is known.C D27. Stars differ fundamental from planets in that they are self-luminous whereas planets shine byA B C reflected light.D28. In 1973 and 1974 Dr. Sylvia Mead was selected chief scientist and aquanaut for divingA B projects involved the underwater laboratory Hydrolab.C D29. An electromagnet is a device which magnetism is produced by an electric magnet.A B C D30. Almost all human activity alters water quality somewhat, but not necessity as a result ofA B C Dpollution by human materials.31. During periods of heavy rains, a swamp can become a naturally flood controlling device ifA Bexcess runoff can be temporarily stored in its basin.C D32. With the advent of power-driven machinery, home industry began toward give way toA B Cproduction in mills and factories.D33. Liquefied natural gas is the most volatile chemistry explosive in common use today.A B C D34. Historian have been able to calculate the dates of events from long ago by tracing referencesA Bto eclipses that took place at the same time.C D35. In a small community, behavioral norms are more universally understood and accepted, andA Bare therefore more likely being homogeneous than in a large city.C D36. Anthropologists face complex problems of analysis and synthesis when they go about the taskA Bof description the culture of a group of people.C D37. The guilds of the Middle Ages began as associations in merchants established for the purposeA Bof regulating the rules of commerce.C D38. Booker T. Washington viewed as one of the ablest public speakers of his time.A B C D39. The Alaskan wilderness is filled of wildlife, including wolves, foxes ,and such waterfowl asA B Cwild geese.D40. Historically, no artists have presented clearer or the more complete records of theA B Cdevelopment of human culture than sculptors have.D95年5月TOFEL阅读EXERCISE TWENTY-NINE (Page252-256)CPassage 1Before the 1850's the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, church - connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In Germany a different kind of university had developed. The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between midcentury and the end of the 1800's, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them returned to become presidents of venerable colleges-Harvard, Yale, Columbia-and transform them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher - scholars. Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing. in which the professor's own research was presented 'in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph. D, an ancient German degree signifying the highest eve: of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate students learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own courses of study. The notion of major fields of study emerged. The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime. Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.1.The word "this" in line 13 refers to which of the following?(A)Creating and passing on knowledge(B)Drilling and learning by rote(C)Disciplining students(D)Developing moral principles2 According to the passage, the seminar system encouraged students to(A)discuss moral issues(B)study the classics, rhetoric, and music(C)study overseas(D)work more independently3. The word "constricted" in line 20 is closest in meaning to which of the following"(A) Mandatory(B) Limited(A) Challenging(D) Competitive4.It can be inferred from the passage that before 1850, all of the following were characteristic of higher education EXCEPT(A)the elective system(B)drilling(C)strict discipline(D) rote learning5.Those who favored the new university would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?(A) Learning is best achieved through discipline and drill.(B) Shaping the moral character of students should be the primary goal(C) Higher education should prepare students to contribute to society.(D) Teachers should select their students' courses.6. Where does the author mention why many students decided to study abroad?(A) Lines 1-2(B) Lines 7-8(C)Lines 21-22(D) Lines 25-26Passage 2Most of our planet is covered by water. There is so much of it that if all the mountains of the world were leveled and their debris dumped into the oceans, the surface of the globe would be entirely submerged beneath water to a depth of several thousand meters. The great basins between the continents, in which all this water lies, are themselves more varied topographically than the surface of the land. The highest terrestrial mountain, Mount Everest, would fit into the deepest part of the ocean, the Mariana Trench, with its peak a kilometer beneath the surface. On the other hand, the biggest mountains of the sea are so huge that they rise above the surface of the water to form chains of islands. Mauna Kea, the highest of the Hawaiian volcanoes, measured from its base on the ocean floor, is more than 10,000 meters high and so can claim to be highest mountain on the planet.The seas first formed when the Earth began to cool soon after its birth and hot water vapor condensed on its surface. They wore further fed by water gushing through volcanic vents from the interior of the Earth. The water of these young seas was not pure, like rainwater, but contained significant quantities of chlorine, bromine, iodine, boron, and nitrogen, as well as traces of many rarer substances. Since then other ingredients have been added. As continental rocks weather and erode, they produce salts that are carried in solution down to the sea by rivers. So, over millennia, the sea has been getting saltier and saltier.Life first appeared in this chemically rich water some 3.5 billion years ago. We know from fossils that the first organisms were simple single - celled bacteria and algae. Organisms very like them still exist in the sea today. They are the basis of all marine life, indeed. Were it not for these algae, the seas would still be completely sterile and the land uninhabited.1. The word "debris" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A)fragments(B)decay(C)composition(D)foundation2.The writer mentions Mount Everest in line 5 in order to(A) show how comparatively small underwater mountains are(B)reveal the proportions of the underwater terrain(C)explain how volcanoes are formed(D) identify the largest mountain on the planet3. The word "they" in line 16 refers to(A)ingredients(B)rocks(C)substances(D)salts4. According to the passage, which of the following has contributed to the sea becoming increasingly salty?(A)Water vapor condensing on the surface of the sea(B)Single- celled organisms decaying in the sea(C)Products of erosion being transported to the sea(D)Sterile rainwater falling into the sea5.Which of the following is mentioned as part of the foundation of all life in the sea?(A)Algae(B)Fossils(C)Seaweed(D)Rainwater6.Where in the passage does the author mention the processes that led to the creation of theseas on Earth?(A)Lines 1-3(B) L ines 5 - 7(C) L ines 11 - 13(D) L ines 15-17Passage 3The most striking single fact about chimpanzees is the flexibility of their social life, the lack of any rigid form of organization. It represents about as far a departure from the baboon type of organization as one can find among the higher primates, and serves to emphasize the great variety of primate adaptations. Chimpanzees are more human than baboons, or rather they jibe better with the way we like to picture ourselves, as free - wheeling individuals who tend to be unpredictable, do not take readily to any form of regimentation, and are frequently charming. (Charm is relatively rare among baboons.)Two researchers have described what they found during more than eight months spent among chimpanzees in their natural habitat, the forest: "We were quite surprised to observe that there is no single distinct social unit in chimpanzee society. Not only is there no 'family' or 'harem' organization; neither is there a 'troop' organization-that is to say, no particular chimpanzees keep permanently together. On the contrary, individuals move about at will alone or in small groups best described as bands, which sometimes form into large aggregations. They leave their associates if they want to, and join up with new ones without conflict.The general practice is best described as "easy come, easy go," although there are certain group - forming tendencies. As a rule chimpanzees move about in one of four types of band: adult males only; mothers and offspring and occasionally a few other females; adults and adolescents of bothsexes, but no mothers with young; and representatives of all categories mixed together. The composition of bands may change a number of times during the course of a day as individuals wander off and groups split or combine with other groups. On the other hand, certain individuals prefer one another's company. One of the researchers observed that four males often roamed together over a four-month period, and mothers often associated with their older offspring.1. The author's main purpose is to explain(A) how chimpanzees mate(B) t he differences between baboons and chimpanzees(C) w hy chimpanzees live in the forest(D) the relationships among chimpanzees(E)2. The author implies that the social behavior of baboons is(A) predictable(B) p ractical(C) p olitical(D) primitive3. According to the passage, the researchers were surprised that chimpanzees had such(A) temporary associations(B) h umanlike families(C) v iolent conflicts(D)large harems4. In line 16, the phrase "easy come, easy go" could best be replaced by(A)immobile(B)nonchalant(C)functional(D)aggressive5. According to the passage, the membership of a chimpanzee band may change several times ina(A) day(B) week(C) month(D) year6. Where in the passage does the author concede that individual chimpanzees may have apreference for certain companions?(A) Lines 2-4(B) Lines 10-12(C) Lines 16-17(D) Lines 21-22Passage 4Perhaps no poet S career was more closely associated with the imagist movement than was that of H. D. (Hilda Doolittle). Her verse, with its precise, clear images, typified the imagists rebellion against what they perceived as the sentimentalism and careless techniques of nineteenth century poetryH. D. attended private schools in Philadelphia and then Bryn Maws College. The love of classical antiquity she acquired during these years later surfaced in the many references in her poetry to figures from Greek and Egyptian mythology and in her classical notions of beauty and form. While in Philadelphia she also began rewarding friendships with Ezra Pound. William Carlos Williams, and Harriet Monroe.In 1910.. H. D. sailed for Europe, where her career began. Soon after arriving in London, she renewed her friendship with Pound and met and married Richard Aldington, an imagist poet and novelist who also directly influenced the shape of her writing. She began writing short poems that so impressed Pound with their precise description and diction that he insisted she submit them to Harriet Monroe's Poetry magazine signed "H. D., Imagist." She persisted in using her initials for the remainder of her career, a career, a closely linked to the Imagist rebellion against more traditional poetry.The clear, spare, and energetic lyrics of H. D's early poems, with their classical images, later became fuller, freer, and more "pen" philosophic explorations of the world. By then, the destruction of the Second World War that she witnessed elicited deeper visions of the relationship of ancient truths to modern realities. That vision is expressed in such works as Trilogy (1946), Helen in Egypt (1961), and her last work9 Hermetic Definition (1961).H. D.'s industry and literary achievement are lust beginning to be recognized and appreciated. In addition to her poetry, she wrote several novels, including Palimpsest (1926), Hedyus (1928), and Bid Me to Live (1960). Many of her other poems, essays, and short stories have been published posthumously.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)H.D.'s early works(B)H. D. 's contributions to a literary movement(C)The influence of nineteenth century Poetry on H.D. 's work(D)The role of mythology in H. D. 's poetry2. According to the passage, the Imagists revolted against earlier poets' emphasis on(A)strict technique(B)the classics(C)beauty and form(D)emotion3. According to the passage, H. D. 's interest in the classics was inspired by(A) Imagist poetry(B) the Second World War(C) her travel experiences(D) her formal education4. H. D. was encouraged to submit her work to poetry magazine by which of the following?(A)Richard Adlington(B)Ezra Pound(C)Harriet Monroe(D)William Carlos Williams5. It can be inferred from the passage that H. D.'s work(A) d iscussed personal relationships(B) w as typical of nineteenth century work(C) w as difficult to understand(D) b ecame more widely known after her deathPassage 5Fully outfitted for work on the range, a cowboy, in the days of the western frontier, was covered from head to foot in a protective costume that identified him as distinctly as a knight's armor identified its owner. But every item of dress had a useful purpose, from the broad - brimmed hat that kept sun and rain off his head to the spurs fastened to the backs of his boots. Even the cowboy's ornamental - looking bandanna had various functions-as a mask to keep out trail dust, as insulation against the desert sun when wadded up and stuck in a hat crown, even as。
中石油托福真题199512
1995.12 国内考试真题Section One: Listening Comprehension1.(A) She doesn’t like roller skating.(B) She writing a story about roller skating.(C) She’s too busy to go roller skating.(D) The man shouldn’t be going roller skating.2.(A) He already bought a car.(B) He didn’t mean to bother the woman.(C) He didn’t say he would call the woman.(D) He forgot to call the woman.3.(A) Admission to the movie is free.(B) She’ll lend the man some money.(C) She’ll buy the tickets for the movie.(D) She paid for the movie the last time.4.(A) He was surprised the woman didn’t like the concert.(B) He enjoyed the concert more that the woman did.(C) He was not impressed by the conducting.(D) He didn’t like the choice of music.5.(A) The man and woman live on Elm Street.(B) The directions the woman got were wrong.(C) The man and woman are unfamiliar with the area.(D) The woman already called for directions.6.(A) She’s usually in a good mood.(B) She doesn’t feel as cheerful as she looks.(C) She enjoyed her son’s visit.(D) She’s happy because of the weather.7.(A) He’ll miss Professor Lawrence.(B) He’s surprised to hear the woman’s news.(C) Professor Lawrence will continue to work part-time.(D) Professor Lawrence has found a new job.8.(A) He’s not planning to move.(B) He has found a new apartment.(C) He’s looking for a new roommate.(D) He’s also having trouble with his apartment.9.(A) He should do more.(B) She’d be glad to help him.(C) He should be paid.(D) He’s done a lot.10.(A) She’d rather go later.(B) She’d rather sew for an hour.(C) The library is only open an hour more.(D) The library closed an hour ago.11.(A) Sit down to eat.(B) Take the woman’s order.(C) Look for some apples.(D) Remove the woman’s unfinished salad.12.(A) The woman should wait to buy new clothes.(B) The cold weather will probably continue.(C) The weather will warm up soon.(D) He already has a warm coat.13.(A) She’s happy that the student center is getting more computers.(B) She’ll let the man use her computer.(C) She hopes to take a statistics course soon.(D) She’d like to buy a computer.14.(A) Reschedule the meeting.(B) Cancel his membership.(C) Take some time to decide.(D) Talk to the committee.15.(A) Larry usually gets good grades.(B) He helped Larry write the report.(C) He’s surprised at Larry’s grade.(D) It’s strange that Larry and Mark are lab partners.16.(A) She didn’t go skiing last year.(B) She’s just learning to ski.(C) She doesn’t travel very often.(D) She enjoyed her vacation very much.17.(A) The man was excited about winning.(B) The man is very lucky.(C) The man is feeling better now.(D) The man felt bad about losing.18.(A) He doesn’t have time to do his laundry.(B) He’d like the woman to buy some detergent.(C) He’s going to the store.(D) He’s going to buy some detergent.19.(A) He enjoys the history class.(B) He has plenty of time to study.(C) He wants to take another history class.(D) He has too many tests.20.(A) It’s harmful for him to use his voice.(B) He needs to see a doctor.(C) He hasn’t been taking his medicine.(D) It’s difficult to understand him when he whispers.21.(A) The woman is wrong about when his birthday is.(B) He expects to hear from his brother.(C) He bought a present for the woman’s birthday.(D) His brother is coming to visit him.22.(A) They’re going to France for a vacation.(B) The woman doesn’t need to study now.(C) He’s concerned about the woman’s studies.(D) The woman isn’t worrying isn’t worrying about her vacation.23. (A) They’re indifferent to its reviews.(B) They’re convinced that it will be good.(C) They’re puzzled by the criticism of it.(D) They’re glad they saw it together.24.(A) He feels energetic too.(B) He jogs because he doesn’t like aerobics.(C) He just joined a health club to lose weight.(D) He realizes he needs more exercise.25.(A) She wishes the rain would stop soon.(B) She doesn’t care about the weather.(C) She’ll go out after the rain stops.(D) She expects it to rain for four more days.26.(A) He had a doctor examine his injuries.(B) He was supposed to meet the woman yesterday.(C) He’ll have to explain why he missed practice.(D) He asked the woman to take him to the clinic.27.(A) Public speaking makes him nervous.(B) His final examination is this afternoon.(C) He enjoys classroom presentations.(D) He’s going to miss his afternoon classes.28.(A) She wants the man to be at the station when she arrives.(B) She isn’t sure which train she’ll be on.(C) The train will be an hour late.(D) She’ll leave home at 6:30.29.(A) She has probably had a lot of free time this week.(B) She’s probably not planning to come on Sunday.(C) She’s probably not at home.(D) She has probably tried to call.30.(A) He bought it at a well-known store.(B) It was very expensive.(C) He doesn’t consider it attractive.(D) Someone gave it to him.31.(A) His lecture notes weren’t very good.(B) He didn’t understand the lecture.(C) He couldn’t attend the lecture.(D) His research was on the same topic as the lecture.32.(A) Survival strategies for extreme Antarctic cold.(B) Why inactive volcanoes become active.(C) The principal causes of global warming.(D) The effects of volcanoes on the Antarctic ice sheet.33.(A) That a snow cover can cause ice to melt.(B) How heat can prevent ice from melting.(C) How water flows into the ocean.(D) Why volcanoes have a slippery surface.34.(A) Melting ice.(B) Snowfall(C) Glaciers which serve as barriers.(D) Variations in temperature in Antarctica.35.(A) How to increase one’s speed in a bicycle race.(B) Major Canadian bicycle races.(C) The contribution of cycling to health.(D) An annual cycling event.36.(A) The length of the course.(B) The route the cyclists take.(C) The number of participants.(D) The month in which the tour is held.37.(A) They are not competing with each other.(B) They have to pay a high fee.(C) They tend to be beginning cyclists.(D) Most of them fail to finish the route.38.(A) Chocolates.(B) Water(C) First aid.(D) Bicycle repair services.39.(A) Reasons for increased productivity.(B) How wristwatches are manufactured.(C) The industrialization of the United States.(D) The development of individual timepieces.40.(A) They were common in the United States, but not in Europe.(B) Only a few people had them.(C) People considered them essential.(D) They were not very accurate.41.(A) They were a sign of wealth.(B) It was important to be on time.(C) It was fashionable to wear them.(D) They were inexpensive.42.(A) Watches were of higher quality than ever before.(B) More clocks were manufactured than watches.(C) The availability of watches increased.(D) Watches became less important because factories had clocks.43.(A) The difficulty of breeding electric fish.(B) The medical importance of electric fish.(C) How certain fish use electricity.(D) How fish navigate.44.(A) To destroy tree roots.(B) To digest its food.(C) To protect its territory.(D) To find its way.45.(A) To hear a translation of her talk.(B) To hear signals produced by electric fish.(C) To hear sounds used to train electric fish.(D) To hear a tape about electric fish.46.(A) Improved understanding of diseases of the nervous system.(B) Improved understanding of a type of malnutrition.(C) Improved understanding of some types of bone disease.(D) improved understanding of disease of the internal organs.47.(A) The origins and characteristics of modern dance.(B) The influence of modern dance on ballet.(C) Pioneer modern dancers.(D) The training of modern dance choreographers.48.(A) They were created in Europe.(B) They were conventional.(C) The theaters were crowded.(D) The tickets were overpriced.49.(A) Lightness of movement.(B) Elaborate scenery.(C) Free expression.(D) Rigid choreography.50.(A) They performed mainly in Europe.(B) They imitated the techniques of ballet.(C) They performed to classical music.(D) They weren’t formally trained.Section Two: Structure and Written Expression1.The fertile catkins of the willow tree are thegreen, caterpillar-like ones, commonly____inlength.(A) or an inch more(B) or an inch as(C) at least the inches(D) an inch or more2.____a short-handled, long-bladed weapon,similar to a dagger but larger.(A) Like a sword(B) A sword is(C) A sword is what(D) Before a sword3.In 1948 the United States Secretary of StatesDean Acheron ____ the Marshall Plan to aid theeconomic recovery of Europe after the SecondWorld War.(A) begin to carry out(B) began carrying out(C) beginning and carrying out(D) to have begun carrying out4.The protection of technologies andtechnological information has become______ofmany nations.(A) the importance of a concern(B) a concern of important(C) the importance concerning(D) an important concern5.____ Several years for bamboo seeds to growinto plants that can be used for commercialpurposes.(A) To be taken(B) It takes(C) By taking(D) Although taking6.Arthur Miller’s Play Death of a Salesman isthe tragic story of a man destroyed by his ownhollow values and those of the society_____ .(A) he lives in which(B) in which he lives(C) which in he lives(D) lives he which in7.During courtship,____ displays his green-and-gold upper tail feathers before the peahen.(A) in which the crested peacock(B) which the crested peacock(C) the crested peacock that(D) the crested peacock8._____ Theories approximate the truth is theday-to-day business of science.(A) Determining how closely(B) How closely to determine(C) How one determines close(D) One is close to determining9.The earthworm is a worm_____ in moist,warm soil in many geographical areas.(A) where is it found(B) is found(C) and found it(D) found10._____ Advance and retreat in their eternalrhythms, but the surface of the sea itself isnever at rest.(A) Not only when the tides do(B) As the tides not only do(C) Not only do the tides(D) Do the tides not only11.The monarch butterfly’s migration of 1,800miles or more makes______ among insects.(A) uniquely(B) is uniquely(C) it unique(D) it is unique12.A reagent is any chemical that reacts in apredictable way______ with other chemicals.(A) when mixed(B) when is mixed(C) it mixed(D) mixed is13.By the 1950’s, Mahalia Jackson’spowerful, joyous gospel music style had gainedher_____ .(A) and she had an international reputation(B) with an international reputation(C) which was her international reputation(D) an international reputation14.Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, areunusual_____ travel over land water on a layerof air.(A) they(B) in they(C) that they(D) in that they15.In the United States, a primary election is amethod_____ voters select the nominees forpublic office(A) that(B) is that(C) by which(D) by those16. Allan Pinkerton, founder of the famous detective agency that bears him name,ABCdirected a Civil War espionage system behind Confederate lines.D17. Until the 1910 formation of the National Hockey Association in eastern Canada,Aprofessional and amateur teams were allowed to playfully together.BCD18. Contralto Marian Anderson became a member permanentof the Metropolitan OperaABCCompany in 1955.D19. Widely acknowledged as a great and important playwright, Eugene O’Neill broughtAto the United States stage it was probably its first really serious drama.20. Because some critics considered it decadent, subversive, and incomprehensibly,ABabstract art encountered much opposition in its early years.CD21. To survive, most birds must eat at least half their own weigh in food every day.ABCD22. The glass tube in a fluorescent lampcontains mercury vapor under small pressure.ABCD23. In 1977, Marilyn Yadlowski, a undergraduate at CornellUniversity, found that pigeonsAhad excellent low-frequency hearing, far surpassing that of humans.BCD24. The General Accounting Office reviews the accounting systems used by federalAagencies to determination whether expenditures conform to laws, and it also settles claims.BCD25. Australian koalas are furry, gray animal that live in trees and feed on leaves.ABCD26. Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then struggled to establishABits own economic and financial system.CD27. The first known radio program among the United Stateswas broadcast on ChristmasABCEve, 1906, by Reginald Fessenden from his experimental station at Brant Rock, Massachusetts.D28. A typical feature-length film costs millions of dollars to make and requiresABCthe skillful of hundreds of workers.D29. After his trips to the West between 1869 and 1872, Ralph Albert Blakelock wouldABoften painted American Indian encampments on brown-and-yellow-toned canvases.CD30. Artist Helen Frankenthaler returned home from college in 1949 to her nativeNew York,ABthe city producing the most art revolutionary of the day.CD31. The giraffe’s long neck and legs are the most obvious features that make differentABCfrom all other animals.D32. Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds and keeping the soil in the bestAB Ccondition to help crop grow until it is ready for harvesting.D33. The city of Bostonwas settled in 1630 on a hilly, wooded peninsula where the CharlesAB CRiver flows into a natural harbors.D34. Critical thinkers are able to identify main issues, recognize underlying assumptions,and evaluating evidence.D35. Because of its maneuverability and ability to land and take off in small areas theABChelicopter is used in wide range of services.D36. Melting glaciers may account the rise in sea level that has taken place duringABCDthis century.37. Farce is a dramatic form that derives much of its humorous from improbable charactersABCDand situations.38. Anthropologist Jane Goodall has contributed a wealth information concerning primateABbehavior through her studies of chimpanzees.CD39. The discovery of gold in 1848 transformed San Francisco suddenly from a quiet portABCinto one of the world’s richest and most famous city.D40. The outermost part of the Sun’s atmosphere is very hot that its gases continuallyABCDexpand away from the Sun.Section Three: Reading ComprehensionQuestions 1-10Another early Native American tribe in what is now the southwestern part of the United States was the Anasazi. By A. D. 800 the Anasazi Indians were constructingmultistory pueblos-massive, stone apartment compounds. Each one was virtually astone town, which is why the Spanish would later call them pueblos, the Spanish word (5)for towns. These pueblos represent one of the Anasazis' supreme achievements. Atleast a dozen large stone houses took shape below the bluffs of ChiacoCanyon innorthwest New Mexico. They were built with masonry walls more than a meter thickand adjoining apartments to accommodate dozens, even hundreds, of families. Thelargest, later named Pueblo Bonito (PrettyTown) by the Spanish, rose in five terraced (10)stories, contained more than 800 rooms, and could have housed a population of 1,000or more.Besides living quarters, each pueblo included one or more kivas-circular underground chambers faced with stone. They functioned as sanctuaries where theelders met to plan festivals, perform ritual dances, settle pueblo affairs, and impart (15)tribal lore to the younger generation. Some kivas were enormous. Of the 30 or so atpueblo Bonito, two measured 20 meters across. They contained niches for ceremonialobjects, a central fire pit, and holes in the floor for communicating with the spirits oftribal ancestors.Each pueblo represented an astonishing amount of well-organized labor. Using only (20)stone and wood tools, and without benefit of wheels or draft animals, the buildersquarried ton upon ton of sandstone from the canyon walls, cut it into small blocks,hauled the blocks to the construction site, and fitted them together with mud mortar.Roof beams of pine or fir had to be carried from logging areas in the mountain forestsmany kilometers away. Then, to connect the pueblos and to give access to the (25) surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stonestaircases for ascending cliff faces. In time, the roads reached out to more than80 satellite villages within a 60-kilometer radius.1.The paragraph preceding the passage most(A) how pueblos were built(B) another Native American tribe(C) Anasazi crafts and weapons(D) Pueblo village in New Mexico2.What is the main topic of the passage?(A) The Anasazi pueblos(B) Anasazi festivals of New Mexico(C) The organization of the Anasazi tribe(D) The use of Anasazi sanctuaries3.The word "supreme" in lien 5 is closest inmeaning to(A) most common(B) most outstanding(C) most expensive(D) most convenient4.The word "They" in line 7 refers to(A) houses(B) bluffs(C) walls(D) families5.The author mentions that Pueblos bonito hadmore than 800 rooms as an example of which of the following?(A) How overcrowded the pueblos could be(B) How many ceremonial areas it contained(C) How much sandstone was needed to build it(D) How big a pueblo could be6.The word "settle" in line 14 is closest inmeaning to(A) sink(B) decide(C) clarify(D) locate7.It can be inferred from the passage thatbuilding a pueblo probably(A) required many workers(B) cost a lot of money(C) involved the use of farm animals(D) relied on sophisticated technology8.The word "ascending" in line 26 is closest inmeaning to(A) arriving at(B) carving(C) connecting(D) climbing9.It can be inferred from the passage that inaddition to pueblos the Anasazis were skilled atbuilding which of following?(A) Roads(B) Barns(C) Monuments(D) Water systems10.The pueblos are considered one of theAnasazis' supreme achievements for all of thefollowing reasons EXCEPT that they were(A) very large(B) located in forests(C) built with simple tools(D) connected in a systematic wayQuestions 11-21Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as "silent", the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning,music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films wereshown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they (5)were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music playedbore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient.Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemnfilm became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching theirpieces to the mood of the film.(10)As movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, and perhaps a cellist,would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger movie theaters smallorchestras were formed. For a number of years the selection of music for each filmprogram rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, andvery often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste (15)so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. Since theconductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown (if,indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then), the musical arrangementwas normally improvised in the greatest hurry.To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the practice of (20)publishing suggestions for musical accompaniments. In 1909, for example, the EdisonCompany began issuing with their films such indications of mood as "pleasant', "sad","lively". The suggestions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheetcontaining indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, and precisedirections to show where one piece led into the next.(25)Certain films had music especially composed for them. The most famous of theseearly special scores was that composed and arranged for D. W. Griffith's film Birth ofa Nation, which was released in 1915.11.The passage mainly discusses music thatwas(A) performed before the showing of a film(B) played during silent films(C) specifically composed for certain movietheaters(D) recorded during film exhibitions12.What can be inferred that the passage aboutthe majority of films made after 1927?(A) They were truly "silent".(B) They were accompanied by symphonicorchestras.(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors'voices.(D) They corresponded to specific musicalcompositions.13.The word "solemn" in line 7 is closest inmeaning to(A) simple(B) serious(C) short(D) silent14.It can be inferred that orchestra conductorswho worked in movie theaters needed to(A) be able to play many instruments(B) have pleasant voices(C) be familiar with a wide variety of music(D) be able to compose original music15.The word "them" in line 17 refers to(A) years(B) hands(C) pieces(D) films16.According to the passage, what kind ofbusiness was the Edison Company?(A) It produced electricity.(B) It distributed films.(C) It published musical arrangements.(D) It made musical instruments.17.It may be inferred from the passage that thefirst musical cue sheets appeared around(A) 1896(B) 1909(C) 1915(D) 192718.Which of the following notations is mostlikely to have been included on a musical cuesheet of the early 1900's?(A) "Calm, peaceful"(B) "Piano, violin"(C) "Key of C major"(D) "Directed by D. W. Griffith"19.The word "composed" in line 26 is closest inmeaning to(A) selected(B) combined(C) played(D) created20.The word "scores" in line 26 is closest inmeaning to(A) totals(B) successes(C) musical compositions(D) groups of musicians21.The passage probably continues with adiscussion of(A) famous composers of the early twentiethcentury(B) other films directed by D. W. Griffith(C) silent films by other directors(D) the music in Birth of a NationQuestions 22-31The Earth comprises three principal layers: the dense, iron-rich core, the mantle made of silicate rocks that are semimolten at depth, and the thin,, solid-surface crust.There are two kinds of crust, a lower and denser oceanic crust and an upper, lightercontinental crust found over only about 40 percent of the Earth's surface. The rocks (5)of the crust are of very different ages. Some continental rocks are over 3,000 millionyears old, while those of the ocean flow are less than 200 million years old. The crustsand the top, solid part of the mantle, totaling about 70 to 100 kilometers in thickness,at present appear to consist of about 15 rigid plates, 7 of which are very large. Theseplates move over the semimolten lower mantle to produce all of the major topographical (10)features of the Earth. Active zones where intense deformation occurs are confined tothe narrow, interconnecting boundaries of contact of the plates.There are three main types of zones of contact: spreading contacts where plates moveapart, converging contacts where plates move towards each other, and transformcontacts where plates slide past each other. New oceanic crust is formed along one or (15)more margins of each plate by material issuing from deeper layers of the Earth's crust,for example, by volcanic eruptions of lava at midocean ridges. If at such a spreadingcontact the two plates support continents, a rift is formed that will gradually widen andbecome flooded by the sea. The Atlantic Ocean formed like this as the American andAfro-European plates move in opposite directions. At the same time at margins of (20)converging plates, the oceanic crust is being reabsorbed by being subducted into themantle and remelted beneath the ocean trenches. When two plates carrying continentscollide, the continental blocks, too light to be drawn down, continue to float andtherefore buckle to form a mountain chain along the length of the margin of the plates.22.The word "comprises" in line 1 is closest inmeaning to(A) adapts to(B) benefits from(C) consists of(D) focuses on23.According to the passage, on approximatelywhat percent of the Earth's surface is thecontinental crust found?(A) 15(B) 40(C) 70(D) 10024.The word "which" in line 8 refers to(A) crusts(B) kilometers(C) plates(D) continents25.The word "intense" in line 10 is closest inmeaning to(A) surface(B) sudden(C) rare(D) extreme26.What does the second paragraph of thepassage mainly discuss?(A) The major mountain chains of the Earth(B) Processes that create the Earth's surfacefeatures(C) The composition of the ocean floors(D) The rates at which continents move27.Which of the following drawings bestrepresents a transform contact (line 13-14)?(A)(B)(C)(D)28.The word "margins" in line 15 is closest inmeaning to(A) edges(B) peaks(C) interiors(D) distances29.The word "support" in line 17 is closest inmeaning to(A) separate(B) create(C) reduce(D) hold30.According to the passage, mountain rangeare formed when(A) the crust is remelted(B) two plates separate(C) a rift is flooded(D) continental plates collide31.Where in the passage does the authordescribe how oceans are formed?(A) Lines 3-4(B) Lines 6-8(C) Lines 16-18(D) Lines 19-21Questions 32-40Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number ofspecies in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the (5)exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats. Relatively little hasbeen said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems arecomparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominants, most-distinctive feature-the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes (10)gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy torealize that landmasses occupy only one-third of the Earth's surface. Given that two-thirds of the Earth's surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean,the total three-dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater thanthat of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the。
老托福精选95-05阅读理解原文真题及答案99年10月[第五版]
![老托福精选95-05阅读理解原文真题及答案99年10月[第五版]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/f61764d5b8f3f90f76c66137ee06eff9aef84946.png)
老托福精选95-05阅读理解原文、真题及答案答案见隐藏文字1999.10Questions 1-10Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial North America need hardly be stressed.Potash and soda are interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass-or soap-making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent.The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the economy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It was required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its passengers experts in potash making.The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs was piled up and burned in the open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was 204 boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what was called potash.In North America, potash making quickly became adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic, consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite the beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts "to encourage the making of potash," beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How it was made(B) Its value as a product for export(C) How it differs from other alkalis(D) Its importance in colonial North America2. All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT:(A) They are alkalis.(B) They are made from sea plants.(C) They are used in making soap.(D) They are used in making glass.(A) alkali(B) glass(C) sand(D) soap(A) defined(B) emphasized(C) adjusted(D) mentioned(A) convenient(B) identifiable(C) equivalent(D) advantageous6. It can be inferred from the passage that potash was more common than soda in colonial North America because(A) the materials needed for making soda were not readily available(B) making potash required less time than making soda(C) potash was better than soda for making glass and soap(D) the colonial glassworks found soda more difficult to use7. According to paragraph 4, all of the following were needed for making potash EXCEPT(A) wood(B) fire(C) sand(D) water(A) addition(B) answer(C) problem(D) possibility9. According to the passage, a major benefit of making potash was that(A) it could be exported to Europe in exchange for other goods(B) it helped finance the creation of farms(C) it could be made with a variety of materials(D) stimulated the development of new ways of glassmaking10. According to paragraph 5, the softwoods in the South posed which of the following problems for southern settles?(A) The softwoods were not very plentiful.(B) The softwoods could not be used to build houses.(C) The softwoods were not very marketable.(D) The softwoods were not very useful for making potash.Questions 11-21The Origination of BirdsKeywords: pterosaurs, Birds, wing, flight, fossilThe first flying vertebrates were true reptiles in which one of the fingers of the front limbs became very elongated, providing support for a flap of stretched skin that served as a wing.These were the the "winged lizards." The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds. Like the dinosaurs, some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an individual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger thanand probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement. TheyBirds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air. They are an example of a common theme in evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason-in this case, for flight. Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well havebut in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impressions of 206 feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of the Andes to the tiniest wrens, race their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.11. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Characteristics of pterosaur wings(B) The discovery of fossil remains of Archaeopteryx(C) Reasons for the extinction of early flying vertebrates(D) The development of flight in reptiles and birds12. Which of the following is true of early reptile wings?(A) They evolved from strong limb muscles.(B) They consisted of an extension of skin.(C) They connected the front and back limbs.(D) They required fingers of equal length.(A) creating(B) meaning(C) related to(D) simplified14. It can be inferred from the passage that birds were probably dominant in the skies(A) in the early Triassic period(B) before the appearance of pterosaurs(C) after the decline of pterosaurs(D) before dinosaurs could be found on land.(A) illustrate the size of wingspans in some pterosaurs(B) compare the energy needs of dinosaurs with those of modern machines(C) demonstrate the differences between mechanized flight and animal flight(D) establish the practical applications of the study of fossils(A) powerful muscles(B) bodies(C) jaws(D) flying reptiles(A) of their limited wingspan(B) of their disproportionately large bodies(C) they lacked muscles needed for extended flight(D) climate conditions of the time provided insufficient wind power18. In paragraph 2, the author discusses the development of flight in birds as resulting from(A) a similarity in body structure to pterosaurs(B) an evolution from pterosaurs(C) the dominance of birds and pterosaurs over land animals(D) a separate but parallel development process to that of pterosaurs(A) perfected(B) replaced(C) categorized(D) protected20. Which of the following helped researchers determine that Archaeopteryx was not a dinosaurs?(A) Its tail(B) Its teeth(C) The shape of its skull(D) Details of its bone structure21. What is the significance of the discovery that was made in southern Germany?(A) It is thought to demonstrate that birds evolved from dinosaurs.(B) It is proof that the climate and soils of Europe have changed over time.(C) It suggests that dinosaurs were dominant in areas rich in limestone.(D) It supports the theory that Archaeopteryx was a powerful dinosaur.Questions 22-31In July of 1994, an astounding series of events took place. The world anxiously watched as, every few hours, a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere of Jupiter. All of theonce part of the same object, now dismembered and strung out along the same orbit. This cometary train, glistening like a string of pearls, had been first glimpsed only a few months before its fateful impact with Jupiter, and rather quickly scientists had predicted that the fragments were on a collision course with the giant planet. The impact caused an explosion clearly visible from Earth, a bright flaming fire that quickly expanded as each icy massatmosphere, its immense kinetic energy was transformed into heat, producing a superheated fireball that was ejected back through the tunnel the fragment had made a few seconds earlier. The residues from these explosions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out to form dark ribbons.Although this impact event was of considerable scientific import, it especially piqued public curiosity and interest. Photographs of each collision made the evening television newscast and were posted on the Internet. This was possibly the most open scientific endeavor in history. The face of the largest planet in the solar system was changed before our very eyes. And for the very first time, most of humanity came to fully appreciate the fact that we ourselves live onrealization was a surprise to many, but it should not have been. One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary exploration is that collisions between bodies of all sizes are relatively commonplace, at least in geologic terms, and were even more frequent in the early solar system.22. The passage mentions which of the following with respect to the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9?(A) They were once combine in a larger body.(B) Some of them burned up before entering(C) Some of them are still orbiting Jupiter.(D) They have an unusual orbit.(A) respectively(B) popularly(C) also(D) together24. The author compares the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 to all of the following EXCEPT(A) a dismembered body(B) a train(C) a pearl necklace(D) a giant planet25. Before comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit Jupiter in July 1994, scientists(A) had been unaware of its existence(B) had been tracking it for only a few months(C) had observed its breakup into twenty-odd fragments(D) had decided it would not collide with the planet26. Before the comet fragments entered the atmosphere of Jupiter, they were most likely(A) invisible(B) black(C) frozen(D) exploding27. Superheated fireballs were produced as soon as the fragments of comet shoemaker- Levy 9(A) hit the surface of Jupiter(B) were pulled into Jupiter's orbit the atmosphere of Jupiter.(C) were ejected back through the tunnel(D) entered the atmosphere of Jupiter(A) burned up(B) broke into smaller pieces(C) increased its speed(D) grew in size29. Which of the following is mentioned as evidence of the explosions that is still visible on Jupiter?(A) fireballs(B) ice masses(C) black marks(D) tunnels30. Paragraph 2 discusses the impact of the comet Shoemaker-levy 9 primarily in terms of(A) its importance as an event of-great scientific significance(B) its effect on public awareness of the possibility of damage to Earth(C) the changes it made to the surface of Jupiter(D) the effect it had on television broadcasting(A) Earth(B) Jupiter(C) the solar system(D) a cometQuestions 32-42The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting. In December of that year, a group of thirty artists gathered in the studio of John Falconer in New York City and drafted both a constitution and bylaws, establishing The Society for the Promotion of Painting in Water Color. In addition tofounded a small school for the instruction of watercolor painting Periodic exhibitions of the members' paintings also included works by noted English artists of the day, borrowed from embryonic private collections in the city. The society's activities also included organized sketching excursions along the Hudson River. Its major public exposure came in 1853, when the society presented works by its members in the "Industry of All Nations" section of the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York.The society did not prosper, however, and by the time of its annual meeting in 1854 membership had fallen to twenty-one. The group gave up its quarters in the Library Societybuilding and returned to Falconer's studio, broke up amid dissension. No further attempt to formally organize the growing numbers of watercolor painters in New York City was made for more than a decade. During that decade, though, Henry Warren's Painting inWater Color was published in New York City in 1856-the book was a improvement over the only other manual of instruction existing at the time, Elements of Graphic Art, by Archibald Roberson, published in 1802 and by the 1850's long out of print.In 1866 the National Academy of Design was host to an exhibition of watercolor painting in its elaborate neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City. The exhibit was sponsored by an independent group called The Artists Fund Society. Within a fewThe American Society of Painters in Water Colors.32. This passage is mainly about(A) the most influential watercolor painters in the mid-1800's(B) efforts to organize watercolor painters in New York City during the mid-1800's(C) a famous exhibition of watercolor paintings in New York City in the mid-1800's(D) styles of watercolor painting in New York City during the mid-1800's33. The year 1850 was significant in the history of watercolor painting mainly because(A) a group of artists established a watercolorpainting society(B) watercolor painting was first introduced to New York City(C) John Falconer established his studio for watercolor painters(D) The first book on watercolor painting was published(A) locking(B) creating(C) constructing(D) acquiring35. All of the following can be inferred about the Society for the promotion of Painting in Water Color EXCEPT:(A) The society exhibited paintings in lower Manhattan.(B) Instruction in watercolor painting was offered by members of the society(C) The society exhibited only the paintings of its members.(D) Scenes of the Hudson River appeared often in the work of society members.36. The exhibition at the Crystal Palace of the works of the Society for the Promotion of Painting in Water Color was significant for which of the following reasons?(A) It resulted in a dramatic increase in the popularity of painting with watercolor.(B) It was the first time an exhibition was funded by a private source.(C) It was the first important exhibition of the society's work.(D) It resulted in a large increase in the membership of the society.(A) time(B) group(C) building(D) studio38. Which of the following is true of watercolor painters in New York City in the late 1850's?(A) They increased in number despite a lack of formal organization.(B) They were unable to exhibit their paintings because of the lack of exhibition space.(C) The Artists Fund Society helped them to form The American Society of Painters in Water Colors.(D) They formed a new society because they were not allowed to join groups run by other kinds of artists.39. Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was important to artists because it(A) received an important reward(B) was the only textbook published that taught painting(C) was much better than an earlier published(D) attracted the interest of art collectors(A) sensitive(B) great(C) thoughtful(D) planned41. The year 1866 was significant for watercolor painting for which of the following reasons?(A) Elements of Graphic Art was republished.(B) Private collections of watercolors were first publicly exhibited.(C) The neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City was built.(D) The National Academy of Design held an exhibition of watercolor paintings.(A) wealthy(B) local(C) famous(D) organizedQuestions 42-50Pennsylvania's colonial ironmasters forged iron and a revolution that had both industrialand The colonists in North America wanted the right to the profits gained from their manufacturing. However, England wanted all of the colonies' rich ores and raw materials to feed its own factories, and also wanted the colonies to be a market for its finished goods. England passed legislation in 1750 to prohibit colonists from making finished iron products, but by 1771, when entrepreneur Mark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania, iron making had become the backbone of American industry. It also had become one of the major issues that fomented the revolutionary break between England and the British colonies. By the time the War of Independence broke out in 1776, Bird, angered and determined, was manufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.After the war, Hopewell, along with hundreds of other "iron plantations," continued to form the new nation's industrial foundation well into the nineteenth century. The rural landscape became dotted with tall stone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke, charcoal-fueled iron furnaces that produced the versatile metal so crucial to the nation's growth. Generations of ironmasters, craftspeople, and workers produced goods during war and peace-ranging from cannons and shot to domestic items such as cast-iron stoves, pots, and sash weights for windows.The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production: a wealth of iron ore near the surface, limestone for removing impurities from the iron, hardwood forests tointo the furnace fires, and workers to supply the labor. By the 1830's, Hopewell had developed a reputation for producing high quality cast-iron stoves, for which there was a steady market.it became easier to ship parts made by Hopewell workers to sites all over the east coast. Therestove". By the time the last fires burned out at Hopewell ironworks in 1883, the community(A) significance(B) motives(C) foundations(D) progress44. It can be inferred that the purpose of the legislation passed by England in 1750 was to(A) reduce the price of English-made iron goods sold in the colonies(B) prevent the outbreak of the War of Independence(C) require colonists to buy manufactured(D) keep the colonies from establishing new markets for their raw materials.45. The author compares iron furnaces to which of the following?(A) Cannons(B) Pyramids(C) Pots(D) Windows(A) reliable(B) fresh(C) appealing(D) rapid47. Pennsylvania was an ideal location for the Hopewell ironworks for all of the following reasons EXCEPT(A) Many workers were available in the area.(B) The center of operations of the army was nearby.(C) The metal ore was easy to acquire(D) There was an abundance of wood.(A) improvements in transportation benefited the Hopewell ironworks(B) iron was used in the construction of various types of transportation(C) the transportation system of Pennsylvania was superior to that of other states.(D) Hopewell never became a major transportation center(A) links (B) parts (C) workers (D) sites(A) only(B) a maximum of(C) approximately(D) a variety of。
toefl试题及答案
toefl试题及答案TOEFL试题及答案一、听力理解（Listening Comprehension）1. 根据所听对话，选出正确的答案。
A. 学生在图书馆找书。
B. 学生在询问课程安排。
C. 学生在讨论课题研究。
D. 学生在讨论作业问题。
答案：A2. 根据所听讲座，选出正确的答案。
A. 教授在讨论历史事件。
B. 教授在分析文学作品。
C. 教授在讲解科学理论。
D. 教授在介绍艺术作品。
答案：B二、阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）1. 阅读以下段落，回答以下问题："The Industrial Revolution brought about significant changes in the way people worked and lived."A. What was the main impact of the Industrial Revolution?B. How did the Industrial Revolution affect the daily life of people?答案：A. The main impact of the Industrial Revolution was the significant changes in the way people worked and lived.B. The Industrial Revolution affected the daily life of people by altering their work patterns and living conditions.2. 阅读以下段落，选择最佳 "The role of technology in education has been a topic of debate for many years. Some argue that it enhances learning, while others believe it can be a distraction."A. The Pros and Cons of Technology in EducationB. The History of Technology in EducationC. The Debate Over Technology in EducationD. The Future of Technology in Education答案：C三、口语表达（Speaking Expression）1. 根据以下提示，进行口语回答：- Describe a memorable event from your childhood.- Explain why it was memorable.答案示例：One of the most memorable events from my childhood was the day I learned to ride a bicycle. It was a sunny afternoon, and my father was teaching me. After several attempts and falls, I finally managed to ride without support. The feeling of accomplishment and the joy of mastering a new skill madeit an unforgettable experience.2. 根据以下情景，进行口语回答：- You are planning a trip with friends. Discuss thefactors you consider when choosing a destination.答案示例：When planning a trip with friends, I consider several factors such as the interests of the group, the budget, the weather, and the accessibility of the destination. We usually discuss our preferences and make a list of potential places. Then, we evaluate them based on the mentioned factors and make a decision that suits everyone.四、写作任务（Writing Task）1. Write an essay discussing the importance of environmental protection and the role individuals can play in it.答案示例（略）：考生需根据题目要求，撰写一篇不少于300字的议论文，阐述环境保护的重要性以及个人如何参与其中。
95年10月托福考题
95年10月托福考题95年10月托福考题Section A1. (A) He is unable to start typing.(B) He can’t give the woman his typewriter.(C) He’s run out paper.(D) He doesn’t have any money.2. (A) Susan ate the last piece of pie.(B) He thought the pie was delicious.(C) He went on to buy a pie.(D) He gave Susan a piece of pie.3. (A) He hopes to leave before the woman does.(B) His office is one hour away from his home.(C) He’s certain the lock works.(D) He will leave the office in about an hour.4. (A) She’s not a good skier.(B) She went skiing on Thursday.(C) She won’t be ale to go skiing.(D) She really gets thirsty skiing.5. (A) She will pay him 75 cents to carry the packages.(B) He should stop blocking the doorway.(C) It’s not too far for her to carry the packages.(D) She appreciates his carrying the packages.6. (A) He probably calls his brothers frequently.(B) He should call his brothers more often.(C) He does a lot of travelling.(D) He’s saving money to visit his brothers.7. (A) The battery is not correctly positioned.(B) She doesn’t know how the calculator works.(C) The calculator needs a new battery.(D) The man should enter the numbers in a different order.8. (A) They can get a guidebook in Montreal.(B) It might not be necessary to buy a guidebook.(C) He doesn’t mind the cost of a guidebook.(D) It’s no use trying to study on a trip.9. (A) Being hungry.(B) Having a big lunch.(C) The weather.(D) Cooking.10. (A) Tom’s apartment probably costs more than the man’s.(B) The man’s place is becoming more expensive.(C) Her apartment is better than the man’s.(D) She wants to see Tom’s mew apartment.11. (A) She doesn’t like to write letters.(B) She is happy to be here with her friends.(C) She likes to mail her letters herself.(D) She has written a lot of letters lately.12. (A) She teaches high school.(B) She wants more ice in her glass.(C) She never misses class.(D) She thinks cold weather is nice.13. (A) The woman should ask someone else for help.(B) He wonders if the woman hears a noise.(C) The can work together the next day.(D) He didn’t hear her questions.14. (A) John is too far away to hear.(B) John is out of money.(C) John hasn’t left yet.(D) John do esn’t hear wel l.15. (A) The guests aren’t thirsty.(B) Water isn’t appropriate for guests.(C) The guests don’t want to serve water.(D) There isn’t enough water.16. (A) The new bookstore is too far away.(B) The store carries all the latest books.(C) There was a bookstore there before.(D) The books in the store are old.17. (A) Reading the paper.(B) Taking a final exam.(C) Helping the librarian.(D) Studying.18. (A) Get another car.(B) Ask someone else to help her.(C) Buy something less expensive.(D) Go to another repair shop.19. (A) Winter is one of her favorite seasons.(B) She packed her winter clothes months ago.(C) She’s happy the season has changed.(D) The warn weather might not last very long.20. (A) His team won the other night.(B) He didn’t go to the game.(C) His team always loses.(D) His team played for the first time.21. (A) He wants to be invited to a card game.(B) He told them what his favorite games are.(C) He doesn’t really enjoy playing cards.(D) He doesn’t know they’re playing with out him.22. (A) The class may not like coffee.(B) The woman’s home is too small.(C) The class won’t be able to find the woman’s home.(D) They don’t have much coffee.23. (A) Flight 213 is preparing to depart.(B) The man will have to stay in New York.(C) The plane cannot land in New York because of bed weather.(D) Three flights were canceled because of snow.24. (A) She forgot to send a gift to Janet.(B) They aren’t obligated to buy a gift.(C) She prefers to go shopping in a store.(D) They should select an inexpensive gift.25. (A) Bob is not usually late.(B) The store’s hours have changed.(C) It’s too late to get to the store.(D) She isn’t sure what time she should meet Bob.26. (A) She doesn’t like coffee anymore.(B) She’s had to eliminate coffee from her diet.(C) She’s already prepared the coffee.(D) She has to take her medicine first.27. (A) Mary shouldn’t have been surprised.(B) The grant shouldn’t have been awarded to Mary.(C) He didn’t realize how intelligent Mary really was.(D) T he grants haven’t been officially announced yet.28. (A) He should leave the umbrella outside the house.(B) She needs to use his umbrella.(C) She left his umbrella in the hallway.(D) He should remove some of the water form his umbrella.29. (A) He shoul dn’t turn his back on boxing.(B) He won’t win.(C) He likes to box.(D) He’s likely to come back in a winner.30. (A) The test was harder than he had anticipated.(B) He never does well in biology.(C) He was lucky to pass the test.(D) Professor Morrison is known for giving hard test. Section B31. (A) His academic advisor.(B) Another student.(C) A ski instructor.(D) The college dean.32. (A) The weather.(B) A vacation.(C) Going skiing.(D) Her studies.33. (A) At the beach.(B) At her job.(C) At a ski resort.(D) At the school library.34. (A) Take a trip to the beach.(B) Go to a ski resort.(C) Study for his exams.(D) Think further about his vacation.35. (A) T o find out if he has the flu.(B) To find out how to maintain a nutritious diet.(C) To find out how to prevent illness.(D) To find out the results of a blood test.36. (A) He gets ill at the same time every year.(B) He doesn’t get enough exercise.(C) He often has difficulty sleeping.(D) He’s sick with influenza throughout the winter.37. (A) He’s unwilling to be immunized.(B) He d oesn’t get enough rest.(C) He forgets to take his medicine.(D) He doesn’t dress warmly enough.38. (A) Physical examinations are given free there.(B) He can get an influenza vaccination there.(C) He’ll be able to get a prescription for medication there.(D) He’ll find literature on nutrition there.Section C39. (A) The central gallery.(B) The store room.(C) The gift shop.(D) The furnace room.40. (A) Seven works of art.(B) The museum grounds.(C) The nineteen frescoes.(D) The foundation.41. (A) The store next door.(B) The central heating.(C) The main part of the museum.(D) A fresco.42. (A) They were more than the museum could afford.(B) They are covered by insurance.(C) They will cause a rise in admission prices.(D) They are not known yet.43. (A) Because of its smell.(B) Because of its eyes.(C) Because of its size.(D) Because of its behavior.44. (A) How sea animals manage to exist.(B) How large sea animals can be.(C) How frightening the squid is.(D) How little is known about the sea.45. (A) Why it is difficult to use aerial photographs in research.(B) Why oceanic research is so limited.(C) How oceanic research has helped land research.(D) How light is used to attract sea life.46. (A) In fossils on land.(B) Resting on the ocean floor.(C) In the nets of fishermen.(D) In written records by early fishermen.47. (A) Television’s effect on the movie industry.(B) The relationships between different media.(C) Radio news as a substitute for newspapers.(D) Many newspaper reporters also work in the radio industry.48. (A) People who listen to the radio also buy newspapers.(B) Radio is a substitute for newspapers in people’s homes.(C) Newspapers discourage people from listening to the radio.(D) Many newspaper reporters also work in the radio industry.49. (A) Movie attendance increased due to advertising on television.(B) Old motion pictures were often broadcast on television.(C) Television had no effect on movie attendance.(D) Movie picture popularity declined.50. (A) T o illustrate another effect of television.(B) To demonstrate the importance of televised sports.(C) To explain why television replaced radio broadcasting.(D) T o provide an example of something motion picturescan’t pr esent.。
1995年10月托福阅读全真试题
1995年10月托福阅读全真试题1995年10月托福阅读全真试题Questions 1-13Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to10 meters high. But plants can move water much higher, thesequoia tree can pump water to its very top, more than 100 meters above the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century,the movement of water in trees and other tall plantswas a mystery. Some botanists hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps, But many experiments demonstratedthat the stems of plants in which all the cells are killedcan still move water to appreciable heights. Other explanationsfor the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom ofthe plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to pushwater to the tops of tall trees. Furthermore, the conifers,which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low root pressures.If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if itis not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask, How does it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a risingcolumn of water in a plant results from the evaporation ofwater at the top of the plant. As water is lost from the surface ofthe leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created. Theevaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plantin unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to itsroots. The same forces that create surface tension in anysample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water. When water is confined in tubes ofvery small bore, the forces of cohesion (the attraction betweenwater molecules) are so great that the strength of a column of water compares with the strength of a steel wire ofthe same diameter. This cohesive strength permits。
TOEFL托福阅读真题整合
TOEFL托福阅读真题整合托福阅读真题1__ 31Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level.In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters.One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability —rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The construction of apartments in the United States.(B) Causes and effects of rent control(C) The fluctuations of rental prices(D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States.2. The word They in line 9 refers to(A) the tenants(B) their leases(C) places(D) rent controls.3. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica,California?(A) rapid population growth(B) inflation(C) economic conditions during wartime(D) record-high housing prices4. The phrase roll back in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) credit(B) measure(C) vary(D) reduce5. The word stimulating in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) experimenting with(B) identifying(C) estimating(D) encouraging6. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to(A) protect tenants(B) promote construction(C) increase vacancy rates(D) decrease sales of rental units7. The word depressed in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) saddened(B) created(C) lowered(D) defeated8. The information in the last paragraph supports which of the following statements?(A) San Francisco has eliminated its rent control laws.(B) Rent control leads to a reduction in the construction of housing units(C) Luxury apartments are rarely built when there is rent control(D) There is a growing need for government-subsidized housing.9. According to the passage , which of the following cities does NOT currently have rent controls?(A) Santa Monica(B) Dallas(C) San Francisco(D) New York City10. The word stringent in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) straightforward(B) strict(C) expanded(D) efficient11. According to the passage , which of the following is NOT exempt from rent control?(A) Luxury apartments(B) Commercial development(C) Moderately priced apartments(D) Office space.__ 31 BDCDD ACBBB C托福阅读真题232By 1776 the fine art of painting as it had developed in western Europe up to this time had been introduced into the American colonies through books and prints, European visitors andimmigrants, and traveling colonists who brought back copies (and a few original) of old master paintings and acquaintance with European art institutions.By the outbreak of the Revolution against British rule in 1776, the status of the artists had already undergone change. In the mid-eighteenth century, painters had been willing to assume such artisan-related tasks as varnishing, gilding teaching, keeping shops, and painting wheel carriages, houses, and signs. The terminology by which artists were described at the time suggests their status: limner was usually applied to the anonymous portrait painter up to the 1760's; painter characterized anyone who could paint a flat surface. By the second half of the century, colonial artists who were trained in England or educated in the classics rejected the status of laborer and thought of themselves as artists. Some colonial urban portraitists, such as John Singleton Copley, Benjamin West, and Charles Wilson Peale, consorted with affluent patrons. Although subject to fluctuations in their economic status, all three enjoyed sufficient patronage to allow them to maintain an image of themselves as professional artists, an image indicated by their custom of signing their paintings. A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens andHamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.Although the colonists tended to favor portraits, they also accepted landscapes, historical works, and political engravings as appropriate artistic subjects. With the coming of independence from the British Crown, a sufficient number of artists and their works were available to serve nationalistic purposes. The achievements of the colonial artists, particularly those of Copley, West, and Peale, lent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius and that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste — a necessary step before art could assume an important role in the new republic.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) European influence on colonial American painting(B) The importance of patronage to artist(C) The changing status of artists in the American colonies in the eighteenth century(D) Subjects preferred by artists in the American colonies in theeighteenth century.2. The word outbreak in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) cause(B) beginning(C) position(D) explanation3. The word undergone in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) led to(B) transformed(C) preferred(D) experienced4. According to the passage , before the American Revolution the main task of limners was to(A) paint wheel carriages(B) paint portraits(C) varnish furniture(D) paint flat surfaces5. I t can be inferred from the passage that artists who were trained in England(A) considered artists to be superior to painters(B) barely painted portraitists(C) were often very wealthy(D) imitated English painters6. The word consorted in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) made decisions(B) studies(C) agreed(D) associated7. The word sufficient in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) adequate(B) temporary(C) friendly(D) expensive8. According to the passage , artists such as Copley, West and Peal signed their paintings(A) increased the monetary value of the paintings(B) made it more difficult for other artists to copy the paintings(C) supported the artists' image of professionalism(D) distinguished colonial American artists from European artists9. The author mentions James Bowdoin III and William Byrd in line 17 as examples of which ofthe following?(A) Art gallery owners who displayed only European art(B) Art collectors who had a profound influence on American attitudes toward art(C) Artists who gave financial support to other artists(D) Patrons whose helped to encourage artisans to become artists10. With which of the following would the author be most likely to agree?(A) Countries that have not had a political revolution are unlikely to develop great art.(B) The most successful art collectors are usually artists themselves.(C) The value of colonial American paintings decreased after the Revolution.(D) Colonial artists made an important contribution to the evolving culture of the new nation.__ 32 CBDBA DACBD托福阅读真题3__ 33Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing auniversity to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember.On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long- range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) A tool to assist in making complex decisions.(B) A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions(C) Research on how people make decisions(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making2. The word essential in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) introductory(B) changeable(C) beneficial(D) fundamental3. The word pertinent in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) relevant(B) preceding(C) insightful(D) responsive4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?(A) Listing the consequences of each solution(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution(C) Deciding which consequences are most important(D) Writing down all possible solutions5. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that(A) has the fewest variables to consider(B) uses the most decision worksheets(C) has the most points assigned to it(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 bymeans of(A) describing a process(B) classifying types of worksheets(C) providing historical background(D) explaining a theory7. The author states that On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds atonce (lines 17-18) to explain that(A) most decisions involve seven steps(B) human mental capacity has limitations(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice8. The word succinct in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) creative(B) satisfactory(C) personal(D) concise9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage(A) Proponents (line 5)(B) Optimal (line 5)(C) Variables (line 17)(D) Long-range goals (line 25)10. The word it in line 24 refers to(A) worksheet(B) problem(C) distinction(D) decision11. The word revise in line 26 is closest in meaning to。
托福阅读词汇题汇总(1995-2003)
carry
cease
celebratory
celestial
chance
characteristics
chronicle
classify
clear
2
clue
2
clue
cluster
coarse
coarse
coin
coincide with happen
collective
collectively
preference for achieved reached accompanying clothing credit characteristics make use eager infertile in addition to prejudice prejudice tie raised limit held departure from glance cause easily broken determine became impotant continued support stop full of praise astronomical unplanned qualities describe categorize unobstructed information information group rough crude create at the same time group together
考频 2 2
2 2
阅 读 词 汇新 题
1995.8-2003.01
考查的单词
正确的选项
abundant
plentiful
accelerate
increase
accessible
available
托福阅读真题第10套
第10套Individual Performance and the Presence of OthersParagraph1：A person's performance on tasks can be enhanced or impaired by the mere presence of others,and a person's behavior as part of a group can be quite different from the person's behavior when acting alone.1..The word enhanced in the passage is closest in meaning to○interrupted○improved○influenced○hurt2..What role does paragraph1play in the passage○It introduces a common opinion that the rest of the passage challenges on the basis of scientific evidence.○It explains why the passage focuses on actions people take individually rather than on actions people take as part of a group.○It offers a specific example of a general principle discussed in the rest of the passage.○It describes two phenomena,possible explanations of which are considered in the rest of the passage.Paragraph2：In certain cases,individual performance can be either helped or hindered by the physical presence of others.The term social facilitation refers to any effect on performance,whether positive or negative,that can be attributed to the presence of others.Research on this phenomenon has focused on two types of effects:audience effects(the impact of passive spectators on performance)and coaction effects(the effect on performance caused by the presence of other people engaged in the same task).3..According to paragraph2,the term"social facilitation"refers to the phenomenon that a person's performance○is intended to help someone○is influenced by the presence of other people○is evaluated by other people○has an effect on others working on the same taskParagraph3：In one of the first studies in social psychology,psychologist Norman Triplett looked at coaction effects.He had observed in official bicycle records that bicycle racers pedaled faster when they were pedaling against other racers than when they were racing against the clock.Was this pattern of performance peculiar to competitive bicycling Or was it part of a more general phenomenon whereby peoplework faster and harder in the presence of others than when performing alone Triplett set up a study in which he told40children to wind fishing reels as quickly as possible under two conditions:alone or in the presence of other children performing the same task.He found that the children worked faster when other reel turners were present than when they performed alone.4..The phrase peculiar to in the passage is closest in meaning to○damaging to○unique to○rare in○new in5..The study conducted by Norman Triplett described in paragraph3supported the hypothesis that○coaction effects are stronger on the performance of children than they are on the performance of adults○coaction effects are limited to situations in which the time taken for a task matters ○people perform better when they know that their performance is being measured by someone○people perform better in the presence of others who are doing the same thing they areParagraph4：Social psychologist Robert Zajonc proposed an explanation for these seemingly contradictory effects.He reasoned that we become aroused by the presence of others and that arousal facilitates the dominant response the one most natural to us. On simple tasks and on tasks at which we are skilled,the dominant response is to perform effectively.However,on tasks that are difficult or tasks we are just learning, the incorrect response(making a mistake or not performing effectively)is dominant. This reasoning accounts for the repeated findings that,in the presence of others, performance improves on tasks that people do easily but suffers on difficult tasks. Other researchers have suggested that concern over the observers'evaluation is what most affects people's performance,particularly if they expect a negative evaluation.6..According to paragraph4,Robert Zajonc proposed that whether the presence of others hurts or helps a person's performance is determined by○how skilled the observers are in the task that they are observing○how closely the person is being watched○whether or not the person finds the task difficult○whether or not the person likes the people who are watching7..According to paragraph4,if other people are present,a person's performance on a task that he or she is just learning would most likely be○somewhat worse than if no one else is there○somewhat better than if no one else is there○completely unaffected by the presence of those other people○dependent on the number of people who are presentParagraph5：What happens in cooperative tasks when two or more people are working together instead of competing Do they increase their effort or slack off Researcher Bibb Latan used the term social loafing to refer to people's tendency to exert less effort when working with others on a common task than when they work alone.Social loafing occurs in situations where no one person's contribution to the group can be identified and individuals are neither praised for a good performance nor blamed for a poor one.In one experiment,Latan and others asked male students to shout and clap as loudly as possible,first alone and then in groups.In groups of two,individuals made only71percent of the noise they had made alone;in groups of four,each student put forth51percent of his solo effort;and with six students,each made only a 40percent effort.8..The word exert in the passage is closest in meaning to○put forth○waste○demand○accept9..According to paragraph5,people tend to engage in social loafing when they○prefer to work alone○fear being blamed for a poor performance○believe that their individual performance will not be identified○desire to be loyal to their group10..Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph5about Bibb Latan¨¦'s research on social loafing○The less a person likes to work alone,the harder that person is likely to work as a member of a group.○The less a person contributes to a group,the more likely it is that person will be blamed if the group performs poorly.○The more people there are in a group,the more likely they are to compete with each other.○The fewer people there are in a group,the less likely it is that social loafing will occur.Paragraph6：Harkins and Jackson found that social loafing disappeared when participants in a group believed that each person's performance could be monitored and evaluated;indeed,even the idea that the group performance may be evaluated against some standard can be sufficient to eliminate the loafing effect.When a group is relatively small and group evaluation is important,some members will even expendextra effort if they know that some of their coworkers are unwilling,unreliable,or incompetent to perform well.Moreover,social loafing is unlikely when participants can evaluate their own individual contribution or when they have a personal stake in the outcome.It is also unlikely when participants feel that the task is challenging or when they are working with close friends or teammates.Some80experimental studies have been conducted on social loafing in diverse cultures.Based on evidence these studies have produced,social loafing probably occurs in almost all cultures.11..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Social loafing does not occur when participants in the group believe that evaluating individual performance will improve the group's performance.○The loafing effect is eliminated if the members of the group accept the standard by which their performance and that of the group is evaluated.○Social loafing tends to disappear if the members of the group believe that their or the group's performance may be evaluated.○Researchers have found that when group members receive monitoring and evaluation of their performance,their performance improves.12..According to paragraph6,which of the following has NOT been shown to decrease social loafing○Participants know that fellow group members are willing,reliable,and competent.○The group's task is seen as a challenge.○Group members know and like each other.○Participants know that their group is being judged on its performance.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Paragraph6：Harkins and Jackson found that social loafing disappeared when participants in a group believed that each person's performance could be monitored and evaluated;indeed,even the idea that the group performance may be evaluated against some standard can be sufficient to eliminate the loafing effect.【】When a group is relatively small and group evaluation is important,some members will even expend extra effort if they know that some of their coworkers are unwilling, unreliable,or incompetent to perform well.（担心队友偷懒采取行动）【】Moreover, social loafing is unlikely when participants can evaluate their own individual contribution or when they have a personal stake in the outcome.【】It is also unlikely when participants feel that the task is challenging or when they are working with close friends or teammates.Some80experimental studies have been conducted on social loafing in diverse cultures.Based on evidence these studies have produced,social loafing probably occurs in almost all cultures.【】However,it appears to be most common in individualistic Western cultures such as that of the United States.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○When people are present,the performance of individuals generally improves on tasks they already do well but worsens on tasks they generally do poorly.○Studies show that bicycle racers pedal faster when they are competing against other racers,but children wind fishing reels slower when in the presence of others than when alone.○People's performance on a task is more affected by the presence of others when those others are engaged in the same task than when the others are passive spectators.○When people work together on a common task but no one's contribution is measured,there is a tendency for individuals to work less hard than if they were working alone.○Social loafing decreases under certain conditions,such as when the performance of the group or its members is evaluated or when a positive outcome matters to the participants.○While social loafing occurs in almost all groups across cultures,the extent to which it occurs in any particular group depends on the individual personalities of the group's members.The Identification of the Genetic MaterialParagraph1：The history of biology is filled with incidents in which research on one specific topic has contributed richly to another,apparently unrelated area.Such a case is the work of Frederick Griffith,an English physician whose attempts to prevent the disease pneumonia led to the identification of the material in cells that contains genetic information the information that determines an organism's characteristic structure.In the1920s,Griffith was studying the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae,or pneumococcus,one of the organisms that cause pneumonia in humans. He was trying to develop a vaccine against this devastating illness.He was working with two strains of the bacteria pneumococcus.A bacterial strain is a population of cells descended from a single parent cell;strains differ in one or more inherited characteristics.Griffith's strains were designated S and R because,when grown in the laboratory,one produced shiny,smooth(S)colonies or groups of bacteria,and the other produced colonies that look rough(R).1..The word apparently in the passage is closest in meaning to○seemingly○surprisingly○relatively○previously2..According to paragraph1,Griffith experimented with strains of the pneumococcus bacteria because he wanted to discover which of the following○A strain of bacteria that could be used to develop a vaccine○How bacterial strains developed under laboratory conditions○Why the strains of bacteria differed in appearance○Which bacterial strains were most infectious in humansParagraph2：When the S strain was injected into mice,the mice became diseased. When the R strain was injected,the mice did not become diseased.Bacteria of the S strain are virulent(able to cause disease)because they are surrounded by a protective jelly-like coating that prevents the mouse's immune defense mechanisms from destroying the bacteria before they can multiply.The R strain lacks this coating. 3..Why does the author provide the information that The R strain lacks this coating○To provide an example of variations within strains of pneumococcus bacteria○To explain why the R strain is not able to cause disease○To suggest that the R strain has other ways to defend itself from immune defense mechanisms○To explain why mice became diseased when injected with the R strainstrainParagraph3：With the hope of developing a vaccine against pneumonia,Griffith injected some mice with heat-killed S pneumococci.These heat-killed bacteria did not produce infection.Griffith assumed the mice would produce antibodies to the bacteria that would allow them to fight the virulent form if they were exposed to it.However, when Griffith inoculated other mice with a mixture of living R bacteria and heat-killed S bacteria,to his astonishment,the mice became ill with pneumonia. When he examined blood from these mice,he found it full of living bacteria many with characteristics of the virulent S strain.Griffith concluded that,in the presence of the dead S pneumococci,some of the living R pneumococci had been transformed into virulent S-strain organisms.4..The word astonishment in the passage is closest in meaning to○alarm○surprise○disappointment○interest5..According to paragraph3,why did Griffith conclude from his experiment injecting both R and S strains pneumococci into mice that some of the R strain bacteriatransformed into disease-causing S strain pneumococci○All the living bacteria he found in the blood of the injected mice were S strain bacteria.○He already knew from earlier experiments that R strain pneumococci sometimes transform into S strain pneumococci.○He could tell from examining the bacteria under a microscope that some individual pneumococci cells had characteristics of both the S and R strains.○He observed living cells in the mice's blood with S strain characteristics,but the only living cells injected were R strain pneumococci.Paragraph4：Did this transformation of the bacteria depend on something the mouse did to the bacteria No.It was shown that simply putting living R and heat-killed S bacteria together in a test tube yielded the same transformation.Next it was discovered that a cell-free extract of heat-killed S cells also transformed R cells.(A cell-free extract contains all the contents of cells,but no intact cells.)This result demonstrated that some substance called at the time a chemical transforming principle from the extract of S pneumococci could cause a heritable change(a change that could be passed on to future generations)in the affected R cells.From these observations,some scientists concluded that this transforming material carried heritable information,and thus was the genetic material that scientists had been searching for.6..According to paragraph4,why was Griffith's experiment repeated in a test tube○To provide additional support for the transformation of R-strain into S-strain pneumococci○To establish whether or not the transformation of R cells was caused by something the mouse's body did○To determine why the S-strain pneumococci somehow survived if they were in the presence of the R-strain○To test the results of adding a cell-free extract to the mixture7..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○This result showed that the chemical transforming principle in S pneumococci was passed on to future generations of S pneumococci.○After exposure to the cell-free extract from the S pneumococci,R pneumococci strain cells acquired the ability to transform themselves into S pneumococci.○The transformation of R cells by a cell-free extract of S pneumococci demonstrated the existence of a chemical transforming principle that brought about heritable change.○This transformation showed that the characteristics that the S pneumococci possess are superior to the characteristics of R pneumococci.Paragraph5：The identification of the transforming material was a crucial step in the history of biology,accomplished over a period of several years by Oswald Avery and his colleagues at what is now Rockefeller University.They treated samples of the transforming extract in a variety of ways to destroy different types of substances proteins,nucleic acids,carbohydrates,and lipids and tested the treated samples to see if they had retained transforming activity.The answer was always the same:If the DNA(deoxyribo nucleic acid)in the extract was destroyed,transforming activity was lost;everything else could be eliminated without removing the transforming ability of the extract.As a final step,Avery,with Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty,isolated virtually pure DNA from a sample of pneumococcal transforming extract and showed that it caused bacterial transformation.8..According to paragraph5,why did Oswald Avery and his colleagues treat the transforming extract in a variety of destructive ways○They hoped to destroy the virulent part of the transforming extract.○They wanted to identify the substance responsible for the transforming activity.○They wanted to identify which methods would destroy particular substances in the transforming extract.○They needed to determine which treatments were most successful in destroying DNA.9..The word virtually in the passage is closest in meaning to○perfectly○nearly○partially○relativelyParagraph6：In retrospect,the work of Avery,MacLeod,and McCarty,published in 1944,was a milestone in establishing that DNA is the genetic material.However,at the time,it had little impact on scientists'view about the physical basis of inheritance. The genetic material had to encode all the information needed to specify an organism, and the chemical complexity and diversity of proteins were known to be impressive. So during the first half of the twentieth century,the hereditary material was generally assumed to be a protein.Nucleic acids,by contrast,were known to have only a few components and seemed too simple to carry such complex information.10..The phrase In retrospect in the passage is closest in meaning to○By general agreement○In reality○Looking back○Practically speaking11..According to paragraph6,why did scientists continue to believe that the hereditary material was a protein○Scientists thought that the research of Avery and his colleagues provided insufficient information about the nature of DNA.○Scientists believed that only proteins were complex enough to carry genetic information.○Scientists thought Avery and his colleagues had little understanding of the physical basis of inheritance.○Scientists ignored important milestones that indicated the chemical complexity of DNA.12..Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the transformed R-strain pneumococci○They had acquired the genetic information for producing a protective coating.○They were unable to cause transformation in other strains of pneumococci.○In the presence of heat-killed R-strain bacteria,they lost their virulence.○They did not multiply as quickly as nontransformed cells did.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.WhyWhere would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.此题被插入句不完整，无法做14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○From the1920s through1944,researchers used pneumococcus bacteria to discover the properties of DNA because the bacteria was relatively simple,having only two strains.○Frederick Griffith discovered that a nonvirulent strain of bacteria could be transformed into a virulent strain by being exposed to dead cells from the virulent strain.○By selectively destroying various substances in the cells of pneumococci bacteria, Oswald Avery and his colleagues identified DNA as the substance that caused bacterial transformation.○Oswald Avery injected the combination of heat-killed,virulent cells and nonvirulent cells into mice because he hoped this would lead to a vaccine for pneumonia.○Avery and his colleagues were able to isolate Griffith's transforming principle by injecting mice with the extract that contained the transforming principle.○Scientists did not initially recognize the importance of the discovery that DNA could cause genetic transformation because the hereditary material was assumed to be a protein.How Birds Acquire Their SongsParagraph1：Most songbirds hatch in the spring and then merely listen to the songs of adult male birds until sometime in late summer or autumn,when the adults stop singing,not to resume until the end of winter the following year.It is usually male birds that are doing the singing in northern latitudes,though female singing is common in the tropics.Many young songbirds do no singing of their own until nearly a year after their birth.With the coming of their second spring,their testosterone levels rise and this in turn prompts them to begin singing,with their song development following a predictable pattern over a period of weeks.At first,their songs may be a quiet,jumbled series of chirps and whistles.Over time,young birds begin to use the syllables of their species'songs,though the order in which these syllables appear will vary.Finally,their songs crystallize(take form)into the clear, orderly song of their species.1..The word prompts in the passage is closest in meaning to○stimulates○strengthens○prepares○forces2..According to paragraph1,which of the following is true of male songbirds in the first year of life○They do not begin singing until sometime in late summer or autumn.○They begin singing earlier in the tropics than in northern latitudes.○They listen to songs of adults for an extended period of time before they themselves sing.○Their earliest songs contain the characteristic order of syllables for their species. Paragraph2：There is a songbird,called the white-crowned sparrow,whose song development follows this general script while providing some variations that are instructive about the interplay of internal influences and learning in birdsong. White-crowned sparrows raised in captivity will follow the pattern of song acquisition just described:they listen to songs in their first spring and summer but do not themselves begin singing until they are perhaps six months old.In nature,however, things are different.For example,the white-crown found year-round in the San Francisco area sings a particular regional variant or dialect of the basic white-crown song and begins singing within six weeks or so of birth and may progress to fully crystallized song as early as three months after birth,meaning about September. 3..The word particular in the passage is closest in meaning to○popular○specific○well-known○complexParagraph3：Why would there be a difference between singing in nature and singing in the laboratory█The pressures of nature.█As year-round residents,the San Francisco white-crowns do not fly into an area in spring and then establish territories.█Rather,they establish territories as early as their first autumn.█One function of birdsong is to announce,I have a territory here.Young white-crowns,like many species,will extend this practice by counter singing,meaning a male,upon hearing the song of a nearby male of its species,will repeat the exact song he has heard,thus setting off a back-and-forth duel,like two children in an argument,each of them saying,I'm still here.4..According to paragraphs2and3,all of the following are true about San Francisco white-crowns EXCEPT:○They do not migrate to another area in spring to establish territories.○They completely acquire their song as early as three months after birth.○They establish territories in their first autumn.○They begin singing much earlier in captivity than they do in nature.5..In paragraph3,the author points out that San Francisco white-crowns establish their territories in the area in which they are born in order to explain which of the following○Why they practice counter-singing○Why they get better territories than white-crowns that establish territories in areas in which they are not born○Why they are more competitive than white-crowns raised in captivity○Why in their natural habitat they start singing earlier than white-crowns raised in captivity6..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Many species,including white-crowns,use a dueling technique to spread the practice of countersinging to other males of the species.○A young white-crown male uses countersinging to learn the songs of nearby males by repeatedly practicing them.○A young white-crown male engages in countersinging with a nearby male in order to assert its continuing presence in its territory.○Young white-crown males,much like young children,are competitive.Paragraph4：Internal influences and learning are also on display in white-crowns in the way they acquire their songs.We know that there is often a so-called sensitive period for animal learninga kind of window in which an animal is able to acquire certain skills or information.In laboratory-raised white-crowns,the sensitive periodstarts at about ten days after birth and extends until about fifty days after birth.A white-crown that became deaf prior to the opening of the sensitive period eventually will sing individual notes,but it will never learn to sing its species'song.Meanwhile, white-crowns that are raised in nature through part of their sensitive period and then taken to the laboratory will begin singing the following winter in the dialect of the area in which they were hatched.Two points are worth observing about this.First, note that these birds are learning the white-crown song months before they ever start practicing it themselves.Indeed,the learning window will be closed completely(in their first summer)before these lab-reared birds ever sing a note(the following winter).Second,learning is important enough in song acquisition that white-crowns learn not just their species'song but local or regional variants of it,which they are able to recall months after last hearing them.7..The word eventually in the passage is closest in meaning to○generally○probably○in the end○at the least8..The word recall in the passage is closest in meaning to○repeat○remember○recognize○complete9..According to paragraph4,white-crowns with which of the following life histories demonstrate the importance of memory in song acqusition○White-crowns that learn a dialect before they learn their standard song○White-crowns that first heard a dialect of the white-crown song before they were ten days old○White-crowns that were moved from where they were born to a different region during their sensitive period○White-crowns that were raised in nature through part of their sensitive period and then transferred to the laboratory10..What can be inferred from paragraph4about the local dialect of the species song that a white-crown sings after the sensitive period has closed○Those dialects must be learned during the sensitive period and are retained thereafter even in new environments.○Those dialects can be learned after the sensitive period if they are common in the local area.○Those dialects can be learned after the sensitive period if the birds are raised in the laboratory.○Those dialects are learned during the sensitive period and afterward used only when。
1995年8月托福考试阅读理解全真试题(下).doc
1995年8月托福考试阅读理解全真试题（下）There are many theories about the beginning of drama inancient Greece. The one most widely accepted today is basedon the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. Theargument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, humanbeings viewed the natural forces of the world, even the seasonalchanges, as unpredictable, and they sought through variousmeans, to control these unknown and feared powers.Those measures which appeared to bring the desired resultswere then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixedrituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled themysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals wereabandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted andprovided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual alsoargue that those rites contained the seed of theater becausemusic, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used.Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances,and when the entire community did not participate, aclear division was usually made between the "acting area" andthe "auditorium." In addition, there were performers, andsince considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakesin the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumedthat task. Wearing masks and costumes, they oftenimpersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings,and mimed the desired effect - success in hunt or battle,the coming rain, the revival of the Sun - as an actormight. Eventually such dramatic representations were separatedfrom religious activities.Another theory traces the theater s origin from thehuman interest in storytelling. According to this view, tales(about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonat。
95年10月托福听力原文带翻译
95年10月托福听力文字1.W: How is your paper coming along?M: My typewriter is broken.Q: What does the man mean?2.W: Have you tried Susan's apple-pie?M: I got the last piece. And it was out of this world.Q: What does the woman mean?3.W: If you're staying late, will you be sure to lock up the office when you leave?M: Oh. I hope I won't be more than an hour.Q: What does the man mean?4.W: Nancy really wants to ski on Thursday.M: Yes, but she can't. Can she?Q: What does the man say about Nancy?5.M: Let me help you with those packages.W: Thanks. But it is only 3 quarters of a block.Q: What does the woman tell the man?6.M: Did you know that Arthur has three brothers living on three different continents?W: He must get in an incredible phone bill every month.Q: What does the woman imply about Arthur?7.M: This calculator isn't working right.W: I think you've got the battery in upside down.Q: What does the woman mean?8.W: We should buy a good guide book and study it before our trip to Montreal.M: We could. But they're so overpriced. What about the library?Q: What does the man imply?9.W: I always want a little something to eat about this time of day.M: So do I. Let's have a snack now and then have a light lunch later.Q: What are the speakers discussing?10.M: I've just been over to my friend Tom's new apartment.It's much bigger than my place.W: But more expensive I bet.Q: What does the woman mean?11.W: Could you mail these letters for me please?M: More letters? Your friends are going to be very happy to hear from you.Q: What does the man imply about the woman?12.W: Does Prof. Ford always come to class?M: Is ice cold?Q: What does the man imply about Prof Ford?13.W: Would you have some time this week to go over these questions with me?M: How does tomorrow sound?Q: What does the man mean?14.M: Hey? John! John!W: Save your breath. He's out of earshot.Q: What does the woman mean?15.W: You only have water to serve your guests?M: This isn't just water. This is imported mineral water.Q: What does the woman imply?16.W: I see a new bookstore has just opened on Main street.M: It may be a new store. But the books are far from new.Q: What does the man mean?17.W: Alice has been spending a lot of time at the library lately.M: Well. She's got a paper do and two final exams next week.Q: What has Alice probably been doing?18.W: It's going to cost a fortune to get my car fixed.M: Why don't you just trade it in for a new one?Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?19.M: Winter is over at last. Time to pack up my gloves and boots.W: I've been waiting for this for months.Q: What does the woman mean?20.W: How did the game go the other night? Did your team win?M: Are you kidding? That would be a first.Q: What does the man imply?21.W: Danas told us he likes to play cards.M: But we've invited him three times and he hasn't come once.Q: What can be inferred about Danas?22.W: I invited my class home for coffee.M: In this tiny place?Q: What does the man imply?23.M: Excuse me; I don't understand why fight 213 has been delayed. The weather seems fine now.W: I'm afraid New York got three times as much snow as we did here. It should be clear by morning though.Q: What does the woman imply?24.M: Take a look at this gift catalog. Maybe we can find something to get Janet for her new house.W: OK. But remember we can't afford a lot.Q: What does the woman mean?25.M: Are you still waiting for Bob?W: I don't know why I bother. The store will be closed by the time we get there.Q: What does the woman mean?26.M: Would you like to come with us for coffee a little later?W: I'm off caffeine, medical restriction.Q: What does the woman mean?27.W: Mary seems surprised that she got a research grant.M: Well, she shouldn’t have been. Everybody knows that she's brilliant.Q: What does the man mean?28.M: Mind if I leave my umbrella here in the hallway?W: Not at all. But first shake it off outside, would you?Q: What does the woman tell the man?29.W: According to this article, the former boxing champion is going to try again. He's coming out of theretirement for the third time.M: Is a comeback at his age at all likely?Q: What does the man imply about the former box champion?30.W: Don't you think Prof. Morrison's test was too difficult?M: Well, I must admit I had been expecting more than just passing grade in biology.Q: What does the man mean?生词表1.typewriter ['taip,raitə] n. 打字机2.block [blɔk] n. 一批；大宗，大量3.incredible [in'kredəbl] adj. 难以置信的，惊人的4.snack [snæk] n. 小吃，快餐5.earshot ['iəʃɔt] n. 听力所及之范围6.catalog ['kætəlɔɡ] n. 目录7.caffeine ['kæfi:n] n. 咖啡因8.restriction [ri'strikʃən] n. 限制9.retirement [ri'taiəmənt] n. 退役PART B31-34have you made any plans to go away during semester break? I've been thinking of skiing.I really haven't had time to think about my vacation. I've been concentrating on getting ready for my exams, especially Philosophy. But I'll probably go to the beach.Why the beach?Well. It would be nice to get away from this cold weather and just lie in the sun and relax after working so hard. It's true that skiing does require work. And you have to get up early and wait in long lines for the chair leaves. Thanks. I think you help me make up my mind.Sure. Now maybe you can use your mind to think about something else, like your studies.你在学期休息期间做出任何计划了吗?我一直在想着滑雪。
95年1月TOEFL阅读真题
95年1月TOEFL阅读真题95年1月TOFEL阅读EXERCISE TWENTY-EIGHT (Page247-251)CPassage 1The Cajun people, descendants of the French Acadians who resettled in south Louisiana in the mid-1700's, have been producing their own traditional style of music for nearly two centuries. However, by the late 1940's, commercially recorded Cajun music had begun to lose its individual character in favor of new sounds heavily influenced by hillbilly music and western swing. Then, in 1948, Iry Lejeune recorded "La Valse du Pont d'Amour." Greatly inspired by the recordings of Amede Ardoin and by his own relatives and neighbors in Pointe Noire, Louisiana. Lejeune went against the grain to perform in the old, traditional style long forced underground. Some said the young singer from rural Louisiana who carried his accordion in a flour sack didn't know better, but crowds rushed to hear his highly emotional music. His unexpected popular success focused attention on cultural values that Cajuns had begun to fear losing.Iry Lejeune became a pivotal figure in the revitalization of Cajun music; his untimely death in 1955 only added to his legendary stature. Following his lead, musicians like Joe Falcon, Lawrence Walker. Austin Pitre, and Nathan Abshire dusted off long - abandoned accordions to perform and record traditional - style Cajun music. Interest and demand were especially strong after the Second World War among returning soldiers, tired of foreign wars and foreign affairs, who wanted only to get back to the comfort and security of their own culture. Local music storeowners pioneered their own local recording industry since national record companies had abandoned regional traditional styles and were only producing music with a broader, national appeal.1. Cajun music recordings in the 1940's were(A) imitations of Amede Ardoin's work(B) performed in the traditional style(C) influenced by other forms of American music(D) a huge commercial success2. To say that Lejeune went "against the grain" (line 7) when performing in theold, traditional style suggests which of the following?(A) He played music most other musicians weren't playing.(B) He preferred to play modern music.(C) He performed badly when he played traditional music.(D) He could not make a living playing music.3. The word "who" in line 8 refers to which of the following?(A) Neighbors(B) Crowds(C) Ardoin(D) Lejeune4. The word "revitalization in line 12 is closes in meaning to which of the following.(A) Interpretation(B) Introduction(C) Rebirth(D) Relevance5. It can be inferred from the passage that when Lejeune died(A) his popularity increased(B) people stopped playing accordions(C) musicians lost interest in traditional music(D) local music store owners lost money6.Why did interest in traditional Cajun music increase after the Second World War?(A) It had a broad, national appeal.(B) Returning soldiers had missed their culture.(C) The recording industry became more interested in it.(D) Modern music had become distasteful.Passage 2One of the most remarkable of migrations is that taken each fall by the North American monarch butterfly. Often called "the wanderer", it is tough and powerful as butterflies go, and is capable of long flights at speeds of 20 miles per hour or more. Monarch butterflies have been observed within 200 miles of the coast of England, although they are not native to Europe. They are now also found in Asia and Australia, perhaps having been carried there by the wind.The monarch produces as many as four generations a year, each one of which ventures a little farther north. It is the last of these that migrates before the onset of winter. From as far north as Canada, swarms of butterflies begin gathering from their homes in the fields, clinging to trees and bushes by the thousands. Then, on just the right breeze, they rise in a red cloud and head south. Not all get there. But enough do to ensure the survival of the species until the following spring.1. What is the main topic of the passage?(A)The migration of insects to Europe(B) A butterfly with extraordinary powers of flight(C) The reproductive cycle of the monarch butterfly(D) Remarkable insects of the Western Hemisphere2.The phrase "as butterflies go" (line 2) could best be replaced by which of the following?(A) In the direction butterflies fly(B)Flying as do other butterflies(C)Since butterflies leave(D) Compared to other butterflies3.The phrase "as many as" (line 7) could best be replaced by(A)exactly(B)at least(C)up to(D)more than4.In line 8. the word "these" refers to(A)generations(B)species(C)migrations(D)swarms5. According to the author, what must occur before the butterflies can depart?(A)Spring(B)A storm(C)A suitable wind(D)EveningPassage 3Both Mercy Warren and Abigail Adams admired Catharine Macaulay, the radical author of A History of England (1763), who supported the cause of the American patriots. Under Macaulay's influence Mercy Warren conceived her plan to write a history of the American Revolution, living to complete it in 1805. Abigail Adams rejected literary ambitions for herself and never lost her sense of inferiority about her poor spelling and ignorance of Latin.Yet her letters, rather thanWarren's plays and verse, have become the greater source in documenting signs of a dawning feminist consciousness.Abigail Adams welcomed every advance for women and foresaw more than could be realized in her lifetime. She urged her husband, the second President of the United States, to "remember the ladies" in the new code of laws, and to give married women protection from tyrannical husbands. As she pointed out the terrible deficiencies in education for women at all levels, she finally made the significant request to her husband, that the new constitution "be distinguished for Learning and Virtue," and suggested that "if we mean to have Heroes. Statesmen and Philosophers, we should have learned women." This awareness of education's value, rooted in the Enlightenment faith in human potentiality, had feminist implications before there was a feminist ideology.A younger contemporary of similar background gave the reading public an explicit feminist argument for the education of women. The views of Judith Sargent Murray (1751-1820) reflected both personal and family experience. Murray's Cleaner essays published in the 1790's transcended the boundaries of her world in recognizing the need for training women to earn their own living. Although, like Mercy Warren and Abigail Adams, she was brought up with the values of gentility, she knew through personal hardship that even women of her class might be forced to be self - supporting: education could provide independence for women in need, whether they were unmarried women or widows or wives.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Abigail Adams' life(B) Women historians(C) Early sources of feminist thinking(D) The literary ambitions of Judith Sargent Murray2. What does the author mean by the statement that Abigail Adams "foresaw more thancould be realized in her lifetime" (lines 8~9)?(A) No progress was made during her life.(B) She made predictions that eventually came true.(C) Her life was very short.(D) She didn't want to become a public figure.3. Which of the following statements best expresses Judith Sargent Murray's position?(A) Women should be well educated in order to support themselves.(B) Women's rights must be protected by new laws.(C) The accomplishments of women are ignored in most historicaldocuments.(D) Women need to become more active in political affairs.4. Where in the passage does the author mention Abigail Adams' position regardingeducation for women?(A)Lines 1-2(B)Lines 4-5(C)Lines 11 - 14(D) Lines 21-245. What did Mercy Warren, Abigail Adams, and Judith Sargeant Murray have in common.(A) They all wrote books.(B) They were all responsible for the financial support of theirfamilies.(C) They were all interested in women's accomplishments.(D) They al had influential families.Passage 4Some cacti, like the saguaro, grow to tree size, but true trees need more moisture than most desert environments can supply, so they are scarce on deserts. Close to streambeds, cottonwoods can sometimes be found. Though these streams are dry most of the year, water flows there longest and is usually available fairly close to the surface. Elsewhere, trees must send taproots deep into the hard-baked desert soil to draw on underground water. Perhaps the most widespread family of trees on the world's deserts is the acacia, whose taproots drill down as far as 25 feet (7.5 meters). The mesquite, common on North American deserts in both tree and shrub forms, does not begin to grow above ground until its root system is completely developed, ensuring the plant a supply of moisture.The roots of shrubs and trees help to hold the desert soil in place. Their stalks and branches also act as screens to keep the wind from sweeping great drifts of sand along the surface. These services are vital if a desert is to support life. Scientists estimate that a desert needs year - round plant cover over 20 to 40 percent of its surface. If shrubs are too far apart-separated by a distance greater than five times their height-soil around them is likely to blow away. Without the shelter of established shrubs, new seedlings will have difficulty getting a start. On the other hand, plants that are too close together may compete for underground moisture. To protect themselves from this competition, some shrubs give off a substance that kills young plants that sprout too close to them.In addition to a few varieties of trees and tough shrubs, most deserts have grasses, herbs, and other annual plants. These do not compete for moisture with the longer - lived growth.They spring up quickly after rains, when the surface is moist. Then, for a brief time, the desert can be literally carpeted with color. Almost as quickly as they appeared, these small plants die away. But they have developed special ways of ensuring the life of another generation when rains come again.1. What is the main topic of the passage?(A) The effect of extreme heat on plants(B) Difficulties of survival in the desert(C) The regeneration of annual plants(D) Water sources in the desert2. What can be inferred about cottonwoods from the passage?(A) They are a kind of cactus(B) They produce a soft wood(C) They are true trees(D) They grow only in the desert3. The root system of which of the following grows before the upper part?(A) A cottonwood(B) An acacia(C) A mesquite(D) A saguaro4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a function of trees and shrubsin the desert?(A) Their roots keep the earth in place(B) They shelter new seedlings(C) Their branches and stalks prevent soil from drifting(D) They provide shelter to animals5. Shrubs that are each 1 foot high should be how far apart from each other?(A) Less than 5 feet(B) Approximately 10 feet(C) Between 20 and 40 feet(D) More than 40 feet6. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of the annual plants of thedesert?(A) They grow only after it rains(B) Their lifetime is often very brief(C) Some of them are very brightly colored(D) Larger plants compete with them for moisturePassage 5There are two ways to create colors in a photograph. One method, called additives, starts with three basic colors and adds them together to produce some other color. The second method, called subtractive, starts with white light (a mixture of all colors in the spectrum) and, by taking away some or all other colors, leaves the one desired.In the additive method, separate colored lights combine to produce various other colors The three additive primary colors are green, red, and blue (each providing about one - third of the wavelengths in the total spectrum). Mixed in varying proportions, they can produce all colors.Green and red light mix to produce yellow: red and blue light mix to produ9e magenta; green and blue mix to produce cyan. When equal parts of all three of these primary - colored beamsof light overlap, the mixture appears white to the eye.In the subtractive process, colors are produced when dye (as in paint or color photographic materials) absorbs some wavelengths and so passes on only part of the spectrum. The subtractive primaries are cyan (a bluish green), magenta (a purplish pink), and yellow; these are the pigments or dyes that absorb red, green, and blue wavelengths, respectively, thus subtracting them from white light, These dye colors are the complementary colors to the three additive primaries of red, green, and blue. Properly combined, the subtractive primaries can absorb all colors of light, producing black. But, mixed in varying proportions, they too can produce any color in the spectrum.Whether a particular color is obtained by adding colored lights together or by subtracting some light from the total spectrum, the result looks the same to the eye. The additive process was employed for early color photography. But the subtractive method, while requiring complex chemical techniques, has turned out to be more practical and is the basis of all modern color films.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Recent developments in camera technology(B) How to make white light(C) The additive and subtractive methods of producing color(D) The discovery of the spectrum2 The word "one" in line 4 refer to(A) color(B) method(C) mixture(D) light3. The picture below represents the addition of the red, green, and blue light. What colorwould be expected in the region marked "X"（图）(A)White(B)Black(C)Yellow(D) Magenta4. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase "passes on" as used in line 12 ?(A) judges(B) lets through(C) d ies(D) goes over5.What color filter would absorb red wave-lengths?(A)Red(B) C yan(C)Magenta(D) Yellow6.Which of the following is NOT a pair of additive and subtractive primary colors?(A) Yellow and blue(B) M agenta and green(C) B lack and white(D) Cyan and red7.What explanation is given for the use of the subtractive method in modern color films?(A)Subtractive colors are more realistic.(B)The subtractive process is more efficient.(C) Additive chemical techniques are too complex.(D)The additive process is still being developed.8.How is the passage organized?(A)The reasons for a choice are explained in depth.(B)A general statement is justified by a series of historical examples.(C)Two basic causes are compared.(D) Related processes are described one after the other.。
往年托福阅读真题及答案
往年托福阅读真题及答案托福(TOEFL)历年真题的重要性不言而喻，这是目前托福考试出题思路的唯一参考资料，因此现今每场托福考试中都会出现大量的旧题，那么能拿到最高效的真题资料就尤为关键了。
下面给大家带来托福阅读真题，希望对你们有所帮助。
往年托福阅读真题及答案In discussing the growth of cities in the United States in the nineteenth century, one cannot really use the term “urban planning,” as it suggests modern concerns for spatial and service organization which, in most instances, did not exist before the planning revolution called the City Beautiful Movement that began in the 1890s.While there certainly were urban areas that were “planned” in the comprehensive contemporary sense of the word before that date, most notably Washington, D.C., these were the excepti on. Most “planned” in the nineteenth century was limited to areas much smaller than a city and was closely associated with developers trying to make a profit from a piece of land. Even when these small-scale plans were well designed, the developers made only those improvements that were absolutely necessary to attract the wealthy segment of the market. Indeed, it was the absence of true urban planning that allowed other factors to play such an important role in shaping the nineteenth-century American city.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Understanding the growth of cities in nineteenth-century America requires recognizing how the City Beautiful Movementof the 1890s changed “urban planning.”B.For the most part, there was no “urban planning,” as that term is understood today, before the beginning of the City Beautiful Movement in the 1890s.C.oncerns for spatial and service organization had little impact on the growth of cities before the 1890s when the City Beautiful Movement began.D.The growth of cities in nineteenth-century America resulted in the creation of the City Beautiful Movement in the 1890s and the rise of the term “urban planning.”首先我们先明确题目的要求，其实题目中一共应该是3个核心重点要求：(1)best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage(2)Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways(3)or leave out essential information.通过对题目的分析我们不难发现，essential这个单词出现了2次，换言之，题目要求大家做的是“找出句子的核心含义”，那么什么算是“核心含义”呢?要明白这个问题就要深刻理解一个概念：英语句内逻辑结构比如although A, B 中 AB两部分为让步转折关系，核心点是转折后的B句，because A, B中AB两部分为因果关系，核心点是结论B句。
1995年8月托福阅读全真试题
(B)locating
(C)removing
(D)analyzing
6.The Deep Sea Drilling Project was significant because iources of oil and gas
The cores of sediment drilled by the Glomar Challenger have also yielded information critical to understanding the world's past climates. Deep - ocean sediments provide a climatic record stretching back hundreds of millions of years,because they are largely isolated from the mechanical erosion and the intense chemical and biological activity that rapidly destroy much land - based evidence of past climates. This record has already provided insights into the patterns and causes of past climatic change - information that may be used to predict future climates.
(D)techniques used by scientists to explore outer space were similar to those used in ocean exploration
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
托福真题：1995年10月托福阅读全真试题-托福真题1995年10月托福阅读全真试题Questions 1-13Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to10 meters high. But plants can move water much higher, thesequoia tree can pump water to its very top, more than 100meters above the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the movement of water in trees and other tall plantswas a mystery. Some botanists hypothesized that the livingcells of plants acted as pumps, But many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killedcan still move water to appreciable heights. Other explanationsfor the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom ofthe plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall trees. Furthermore, the conifers,which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low root pressures.If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if itis not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask, Howdoes it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a rising column of water in a plant results from the evaporation ofwater at the top of the plant. As water is lost from the surface of the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created. The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension in anysample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water. When water is confined in tubes ofvery small bore, the forces of cohesion (the attraction between water molecules) are so great that the strength of a columnof water compares with the strength of a steel wire ofthe same diameter. This cohesive strength permits columns ofwater to be pulled to great heights without being broken.1. How many theories does the author mention?(A) One(B) Two(C) Three(D) Four2. The passage answers which of the following questions?(A) What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on foliage?(B) When do dead cells harm plant growth?(C) How does water get to the tops of trees?(D) Why is root pressure weak?3. The word "demonstrated" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) ignored(B) showed(C) disguised(D) distinguished4. What do the experiments mentioned in lines 7-9 prove?(A) Plant stems die when deprived of water(B) Cells in plant stems do not pump water(C) Plants cannot move water to high altitudes(D) Plant cells regulate pressure within stems5.How do botanists know that root pressure is not the only force that moves water in plants?(A) Some very tall trees have weak root pressure.(B) Root pressures decrease in winter.(C) Plants can live after their roots die.(D) Water in a plant's roots is not connected to water in its stem.6. Which of the following statements does the passage support?(A) Water is pushed to the tops of trees.(B) Botanists have proven that living cells act as pumps.(C) Atmospheric pressure draws water to the tops of tall trees.(D) Botanists have changed their theories of how water moves in plants.7. The word "it" in line 16 refers to(A) top(B) tree(C) water(D) cohesion-tension theory.8. The word "there" in line 18 refers to(A) treetops(B) roots(C) water columns(D) tubes9. What causes the tension that draws water up a plant?(A) Humidity(B) Plant growth(C) Root pressure(D) Evaporation10. The word "extend" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) stretch(B) branch(C) increase(D) rotate11. According to the passage, why does water travel through plants in unbroken columns?(A) Root pressure moves the water very rapidly.(B) The attraction between water molecules in strong.(C) The living cells of plants push the water molecules together.(D) Atmospheric pressure supports the columns.12.Why does the author mention steel wire in line 30?(A) To illustrate another means of pulling water(B) To demonstrate why wood is a good building material(C) To indicate the size of a column of water(D) To emphasize the strength of cohesive forces in water13.Where in the passage does the author give an example of a plant with low root pressure?(A) Lines3-4(B) Lines5-7(C) Lines10-11(D) Lines12-13Question 14-22Mass transport[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1995年10月托福阅读全真试题ation revised the social and economic fabricof the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses,and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, andelectric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the pre- modern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those whocould afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery ofalmost every major city sparked an explosion of real estatedevelopment and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl.Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 newresidential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period,another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but withinthe metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of thepossibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirtyyears – lots that could have housed five to six million people.Of course, many were never occupied; there was alwaysa huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicagoand other cities. These excesses underscore a feature ofresidential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased andprepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much asto respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process.Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster thanpopulation growth.14. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?(A) Types of mass transportation.(B) Instability of urban life.(C) How supply and demand determine land use.(D) The effects of mass transportation on urban expansion.15. The author mentions all of the following as effects of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT(A) growth in city area(B) separation of commercial and residential districts.(C) Changes in life in the inner city.(D) Increasing standards of living.16. The word "vast" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) large(B) basic(C) new(D) urban17. The word "sparked" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) brought about(B) surrounded(C) sent out(D) followed18. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?(A) To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.(B) To show that mass transit changed many cities.(C) To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.(D) To contrast their rates of growth19. The word "potential" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) certain(B) popular(C) improved(D) possible20. The word "many" in line 25 refers to(A) people(B) lots(C) years(D) developers21. According to the passage, what was one disadvantage ofresidential expansion?(A) It was expensive.(B) It happened too slowly.(C) It was unplanned.(D) It created a demand for public transportation.22. The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city(A) that is large(B) that is used as a model for land development(C) where land development exceeded population growth(D) with an excellent mass transportation system.Question 23-33The preservation of embryos and juveniles is rare occurrencein the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering beforethey can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance ofbeing preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack if swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given t上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1995年10月托福阅读全真试题hese factors,some areas have become a treasury of well-preservedichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present aninteresting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 millionyears ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish, and invertebrates have been recovered fromthese rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, butwhat is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaurfossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in asmall area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific sitewas used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly overtime. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical develop- ment; their paddles, for example, are already well formed.One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition,the shale contains the remains of many newborns that arebetween 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young atHolzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched, and quarry operations havebeen carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration ofpregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.23. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?(A) Some species of ichthyosaurs decayed more rapidly than other species.(B) Ichthyosaur newborns are smaller than other newborn marine reptiles.(C) Ichthyosaurs were more advanced than terrestrial creatures.(D) Ichthyosaurs may have gathered at Holzmaden to give birth.24. The word "they" in line 4 refers to(A) skeletons(B) scavengers(C) creatures(D) environments25. All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization EXCEPT the(A) speed of burial(B) conditions of the water(C) rate at which soft tissues decay(D) cause of death of the animal.26. Which of the following is true of the fossil deposits discussedin the passage?(A) They include examples of newly discovered species.(B) They contain large numbers of well-preserved specimens(C) They are older than fossils found in other places(D) They have been analyzed more carefully than other fossils.27. The word "outstanding" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) extensive(B) surprising(C) vertical(D) excellent28. The word "site" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) example(B) location(C) development(D) characteristic29. Why does the author mention the specimen preserved in the birth canal (line 26)?(A) To illustrate that the embryo fossils are quite advanced in theirdevelopment(B) To explain why the fossils are well preserved(C) To indicate how the ichthyosaurs died(D) To prove that ichthyosaurs are marine animals.30. The word "they" in line 30 refers to(A) pregnant females and young(B) quarry operations(C) the value of the fossils(D) these factors31.The phrase "account for" in line 33 is closest in meaning to(A) record(B) describe(C) equal(D) explain32.Which of the following best expresses the relationship between the first and second paragraphs?(A) The first paragraph describes a place while the second paragraph describes a field of study.(B) The first paragraph defines the terms that are used in the second paragraph.(C) The second paragraph describes a specific instance of the general topic discussed in the first paragraph.(D) The second paragraph presents information that contrasts with the information given in the first paragraph.33.Where in the passage does the author mentions the variety of fossils found at Holzmaden?(A) Line 1(B) Lines 3-5(C) Lines 12-13(D) Lines 19-21Questions 34-41The Lewis and Clark expedition, sponsored by PresidentJefferson, was the most important official examination of thehigh plains and the Northwest before the War of 1812. ThePresident's secretary, Captain Meriwether Lewis, had beeninstructed to "explore the Missouri River, and such principal streams of it as, by its course and communication with thewaters of the Pacific Ocean …may offer her most direct and practicable water communication across the continent, for the purposes of commerce." Captain William Clark, the y上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1995年10月托福阅读全真试题oungerbrother of famed George Rogers Clerk, was invited to sharethe command of the exploring party.Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammothswandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent,the two captains set out. The date was May 14, 1804. Theirpoint of departure was the mouth of the Wood River, justacross the Mississippi from the entrance of the Missouri River. After toiling up the Missouri all summer, the group winterednear the Mandan villages in the center of what is now North Dakota. Resuming their journey in the spring of 1805, themen worked their way along the Missouri to its source andthen crossed the mountains of western Montana and Idaho.Picking up a tributary of the Columbia River, they continued westward until they reached the Pacific Ocean, where theystayed until the following spring.Lewis and Clark brought back much new information,including the knowledge that the continent was wider thanoriginally supposed. More specifically, they learned a good deal about river drainages and mountain barriers. They ended speculation that an easy coast-to-coast route existed via the Missouri-Columbia River systems, and their reports of the climate, the animals and birds, the trees and plants, and the Indians of the West – though not immediately published –were made available to scientists.34.With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?(A) The river systems of portions of North America.(B) Certain geological features to the North American continent.(C) An exploratory trip sponsored by the United States government.(D) The discovery of natural resources in the United States.35.According to the passage, the primary purpose of finding a water route across the continent was to(A) gain easy access to the gold and other riches of the Northwest(B) become acquainted with the inhabitants of the West.(C) investigate the possibility of improved farmland in the West.(D) facilitate the movement of commerce across the continent36.The river Meriwether Lewis was instructed to explore was the(A) Wood(B) Missouri(C) Columbia(D) Mississippi37.According to the passage, the explorers spent their first winter in what would become(A) North Dakota(B) Missouri(C) Montana(D) Idaho38.The author states that Lewis and Clark studied all of thefollowing characteristics of the explored territories EXCEPT(A) mineral deposits(B) the weather(C) animal life(D) native vegetation39.The phrase "Picking up" in line 23 could best be replaced by which of the following?(A) Searching for(B) Following(C) Learning about(D) Lifting40.It can be inferred from the passage that prior to the Lewis and Clark expedition the size of the continent had been(A) of little interest(B) underestimated(C) known to native inhabitants of the West(D) unpublished but known to most scientists41.Wherer in the passage does the author refer to the explorers' failure to find an easy passageway to the western part of the continent?(A) Lines1-3(B) Lines7-8(C) Lines16-18(D) Lines21-24Questions 42-50For a century and a half the piano has been one of themost popular solo instruments for Western music. Unlikestring and wind instrument, the piano is completely self- sufficient, as it is able to play both the melody and its accompanying harmony at the same time. For this reason, it became the favorite household instrument of thenineteenth century.The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries – the spinet, the dulcimer, and the virginal. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord becamethe chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century. The clavichord's tone was metallic andnever powerful; nevertheless, because of the variety of tone possible to it, many composers found the clavichord a sympa-thetic instrument for intimate chamber music. The harpsichordwith its bright, vigorous tone was the favorite instrumentfor supporting the bass of the small orchestra of the period and for concert use but the character of the tone could not bevaried save by mechanical or structural devices.The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth centuryby a harpsichord maker in Italy (though musicologists pointout several previous instances of上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 下一页1995年10月托福阅读全真试题the instrument). This instrumentwas called a piano e forte(soft and loud), to indicate itsdynamic versatility; its strings were struck by a recoiling hammer with a felt-padded head. The wires were much heavierin the earlier instruments. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, includingthe introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonaleffects from the most delicate harmonies to an almostorchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone toa sharp, percussive brilliance.42. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The historical development of the piano(B) The quality of tone produced by various keyboard instruments(C) The uses of keyboard instruments in various types of compositions(D) The popularity of the piano with composers43. Which of the following instruments was widely used before the seventeenth century?(A) The harpsichord(B) The spinet(C) The clavichord(D) The organ44. The words "a supremacy" in line 12 are closest in meaning to(A) a suggestion(B) an improvement(C) a dominance(D) a development45. The word "supplanted" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) supported(B) promoted(C) replaced(D) dominated46. The word "it" in line 15 refers to the(A) variety(B) music(C) harpsichord(D) clavichord47. According to the passage, what deficiency did the harpsichord have?(A) It was fragile(B) It lacked variety in tone.(C) It sounded metallic.(D) It could not produce a strong sound.48. Where in the passage does the author provide a translation?(A) Lines 4-5(B) Lines 13-15(C) Lines 18-19(D) Lines 20-2549. According to the information in the third paragraph, which of the following improvements made it possible to lengthen the tone produced by the piano?(A) The introduction of pedals(B) The use of heavy wires(C) The use of felt-padded hammerheads(D) The metal frame construction50. The word "myriad" in line 32 is closest in meaning to(A) noticeable(B) many(C) loud(D) unusual <br上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]。