博士研究生入学英语考试试卷.doc

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中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题3.doc

中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题（2002 年 3 月）PAPER ONEPART II STRUCTURE &VOCABULARY (15 points, 25 minutes)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or words below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.16.Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no but to report him to the local police.A.timeB. changeC. authorityD.alternative17.Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to _______ regret.A.teem withB. brim withC. come withD. look with18.There is only one difference between and old man and a young one: the young one has a gloriousfuture before him and the old one has a ________ future behind him.A・ splendid B・ conspicuousC・ uproarious D. imminent19- That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only necessity.A.within reach ofB. for fear ofC. by means ofD. in case of20.A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or express the emotion that it __________ in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.A.reflectsB. retainsC. rousesD. radiates21. ________ the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10 minutes or until most of thewater has evaporated.A.Turn offB. Turn overC. Turn downD. Turn up22.Banks shall be unable to ________ , or claim relief against the first 15% of any loan or bankrupted debt left with them.A.write offB. put asideC. shrink fromD. come cover23-1 am to inform you, that you may, if you wish, attend the inquiry, and at the inspectors discretion sate your case ___________ or through an entrusted representative.A. in personB. in depthC. in secretD. in excess24.In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by"being _________ J being open to all kinds of art.A. gratifyingB. predominatingC. excellingD. accommodating25.In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens ________ the 1 grade.A. leadsB. precedesC. forwardsD. advances26.Desert plants _______ two categories according to the way they deal with the problem of surviving drought.A.break downB. fall intoC. differ inD. refer to27.In the airport, I could hear nothing except the roral of aircraft engines which _______ all other sounds.A.dwarfedB.diminishedC. drownedD. devastated28.Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not ______________ and should be avoided if possible.A.constructiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. relative29.The Committee pronounced four members expelled for failure to provide information in the of investigations.A.caseB. chaseC. causeD. course30.Since neither side was ready to __________ what was necessary for peace, hostility were resumed in 1980.A.precedeB.recedeC・ concede D. intercede31 • Such an __________ act of hostility can only lead to war.A.overtB. episodicC. ampleD. ultimate32._______ both in working life and everyday living to different sets of values, and expectationsplaces a severe strain on the individual.A. RecreationB. TransactionC. DisclosureD. Exposure33.It would then be replaced by an interim government, which would ______________ be replaced by a permanent government after four months.A. in stepB. in turnC. in practiceD. in haste34.Haven't I told you I don't want you keeping _______ with those awful riding about bicycle boys?A. companyB. acquaintanceC. friendsD. place35.Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price ofSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C, and D.Indicate which of the four partrs is incorrectly used by drawing a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.36.The auctioneer must know fair accurately the current market values of the goodsA B Che is selling.D37.Children are among the most frequent victims of violent, dmg・related crimes thatoverriding majority since they are at heavy demand in the market, c 44. Retailers offered Ddeep discounts and extra hours this weekend in B C (he bid toDlureshoppers.45. The amendments A A B Chave nothing doing with the cost of acquiring the drugs.D38.A large collection of contemporary photographs, including some taken by MaryA Bare on display at the meseum.C D39.There is much in our life which we do not control and we are not even responsible for.A B C D40.Capital inflows w订1 also tend to increase the international value of the dollar, A Bmake it more difficult to sell U.S. exports.C D41.It can be argued that the problems, even something as fundamental as theA Bever-increased world population, have been caused by technological advanceC D42.It takes lhe mosl cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist theA B Ctemptation to revenge as subjected to uncivilized behavio匚D43.Wh订e experts in basic science are important, skilled talents should be theA Bof the laws on patent, trademark and copyright have enhancedBprotection of intellectual property rights and made them confonn to WTO rules. C DPART m CLOSE TEST (15 points, 15 minutes)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.At least since the Industrial Revolution, gender roles have been in a state of transition. As a result, cultural scripts about marriage have undergone change. One of the more obvious 46 has occurred in the roles that women 47 • Women have moved into the world of work and have become adept at meeting expectations in that arena, 48 maintaining their family roles of nurturing and their family roles of nurturing and creating a(n) 49 that is a haven for all family members. 50 many women experience strain from trying to “do it alf\ they often enjoy the increased 51 that can result from playing multiple roles. As womens roles have changed, changing expectations about merTs roles have become more 52 • Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility 53 the family provider. Probably the most significant change in men's roles, however, is in the emotional 54 of family life. Men are increasing 55 to meet the emotional needs of their families, 56 their wives.In fact, expectations about the emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general. Research on 57 marriage has changed over recent decades points to the increasing importance of the emotional side of the relationship, and the importance of sharing in the "emotion work，，58 to nourish marriages and other family relationships. Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent, 59 both partners nurture each other, and encourage and promote each other. We are thus seeing marriages in which merTs and women's roles are becoming increasingly more 6() •46. A. incidents B・C・ results D. effects47. A. take B. do C. playD show48. A. by B. while C. hence D. thus49. A. home B. garden C. arena D. paradise50. A. When B. Even though C. Since D.Nevertheless51. A. rewards B. profits C. privileges D. incomes52. A. general B. acceptable C. popular D. apparent53. A. as B. of C. from D. for54. A. section B・ constituent C. domain D・ point55. A. encouraged B. expected C. advised D. predicted56. A. not to mention B. as well as C. including D. especially57. A. how B. what C- why D. if58. A. but B. only C. enough D. necessary59. A. unless B. although C. where D. because60. A. pleasant.important C. similar D. manageablePART IV READING COMPREHENSION (30 points, 60 minutes)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passagecarefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage OneThe man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlantan, but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in town testimonially shut up shop. He was John Styth Pemberton, born in 1833 in Knoxville, Georgia, eighty miles away. Sometimes known as Doctor, Pemberton was a pharmacist who, during the Civil War, led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheeler. He settled in Atlanta in 1869, and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex Liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup. In 1885, he registered a trademark for something called French Wine Coca-Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant; a few months later he formed the Pemberton Chemical Company, and recruited the services of a bookkeeper named Frank M・ Robinson, who not only had a good head for figures but, attached to it, so exceptional a nose that he could audit the composition of a batch of syrup merely by sniffling it. In 1886-a year in which, as contemporary Coca-Cola officials like to point out, Conan Doyle unveiled Sherlock Holmes and France unveiled the Statue of Liberty-Pemberton unveiled a syrup that he called Coca-Cola- It was a modification of his French Wine Coca. He had taken out the wine and added a pinch of caffeine, and, when the end product tasted awful, had thrown in some extract of cola nut and a few other oils, blending the mixture in a three-legged iron pot in his back yard and swishing it around with an oar. He distributed it to soda fountains in used beer bottles, and Robinson, with his flowing bookkeeper's script, presently devised a label, on which "Coca-Cola" was written in the fashion that is still employed. Pemberton looked upon his mixture less as a refreshment than as a headache cure, especially for people whose headache could be traced to over-indulgence.On a morning late in 1886, one such victim of the night before dragged himself into an Atlanta drugstore and asked for a dollop of Coca-Cola. Druggists customarily stirred a teaspoonful of syrup into a glass of water, but in this instance the man on duty was too lazy to walk to the fresh-water tap, a couple of feet off. Instead, he mixed the syrup with some soda water, which was closer at hand. The suffering customer perked up almost at once, and word quickly spread that the best Coca-Cola was a fizzy one.61.What does the passage tell us about John Sty th Pemberton?A.He was highly respected by Atlantans.B.He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C.He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D.He made a lot of money with his pharmacy.62.Which of the following was unique to Frank M. Robinson, working with the Pemberton's Company?A.Skills to make French wine.B.Talent for drawing pictures.C.An acute sense of smell.D.Ability to work with numbers.63.Why was the year 1886 so special to Pemberton?A.He took to doing a job like Sherlock Holmes's.B.He brought a quite profitable product into being.C.He observed the founding ceremony of Statue of Liberty.D・ He was awarded by Coca-Cola for his contribution.64.One modification made of French Wine Coca formula wased beer bottles were chosen as containers.B.the amount of caffeine in it was increased.C.it was blended with oils instead of water.D.Cola nut extract was added to taste.65.According to the passage, Coca-Cola was in the first place prepared especially forA.the young as a soft drink・B.a replacement of French Wine Coca.C.the relief of a hangover.D・ a cure for the common headache.66.The last paragraph mainly tellsA.the complaint against the lazy shop-assistant.B.a real test of Coca-cola as a headache cure.C・ the mediocre service of the drugstore.D.a happy accident that gave birth to Coca-Cola.Passage TwoBetween 1833 and 1837, the publishers of a "penny press" proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what amounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advertising volume that would make it independent. These were papers for the common citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business community, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon political party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handling of the news and opinion functions. But the door was open for some to make important journalistic advances.The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational; human interest stories overshadowed important news, and crime and sex stories were written in full detail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social land economic brackets, its sensationalism was modified. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. A popularized style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny paper became a respectable publication that offered significant information and editorial leadership. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the higher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had reached.This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York Sim in 1833. The Sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison; but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest features to important but dull political speechreports. It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for six cents. By 1837 the Sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New Yrok daily newspapers combined when the Sim first appeared. In those same four years James Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald(1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day's success founded the Philadelphia Public Ledger(1836) and the Baltimore Sun(1837). The four penny sheets all became famed newspapers.67.What does the first paragraph say about the "penny press?"A.It was known for its depth news reporting.B.It had an involvement with some political parties.C.It depended on the business community for survival.D.It aimed at pleasing the general public・68.In its early days, a penny paper oftenA.paid much attention to political issues.B.provided stories that hit the public taste.C.offered penetrating editorials on various issues.D.covered important news with inaccuracy.69.As the reader ship was growing more diverse, the penny paperA.improved its contentB.changed its writing style.C.developed a more sensational style.D.became a tool for political parties.70.The underlined word "ventures^ in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced byA.editors.B.reporters.C.newspapers.panies.71.What is true about the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore SunlA.They turned out to be failures.B.They were later purchased by James Gordon Bennett.C.They were also founded by Benjamin Day.D.They became well-known newspapers in the U.S.72.This passage is probably taken from a book onA.the work ethics of the American media.B.the techniques in news reporting・C.the history of sensationalism in American media.D.the impact of mass media on American society.Passage ThreeForget what Virginia Woolf said about what a writer needs-a room of one's own. The writer she had in mind wasn't at work on a novel in cyberspace, one with multiple hypertexts, animated graphics and downloads of trancey, chiming music. For that you also need graphic interfaces, RealPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University. That was where Mark Amerika-his legally adopted name; don't ask him about his birth name-composed much of his novel Grammatron. But Grammatron isn't just a story. It，s an online narrative () that uses the capabilities of cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicated knots. In the four years it took to produce-it was completed in 1997-each new advance in computer software became another potential story device. “I became sort ofdependent on the industry：jokes Amerika, who is also the author of two novels printed on paper.“ThaFs unusal for a writer, because if you just write on paper the "technology" is pretty stable二Nothing about Grammatron is stable. At its center, if there is one, is Abe Golam, the inventor of Nanoscript, a quasi-mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations are itching to acquire. For much of the story, Abe wanders through Prague-23, a virtual "4city^ in cyberspace where visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and virtual sex, which can get fairly graphic. The reader wanders too, because most of Grammatron 9s 1,000-plus text screens contain several passages in hypertext. To reach the next screen, just double-click. But each of those hypertexts is a trapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story. Choose one and you drop into a corporate-strategy memo. Choose another and there's a XXX-rated sexual rant. The story you read is some sense the story you make.Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado, where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art, film and literature. "I tell them not to get caught up in mere plot J he says. Some avant-garde writers-Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino- have also experimented with novels that wander out of their author^ control. "But what makes the Net so exciting/7says Amerika, “is that you can add sound, randomly generated links, 3-D modeling, animation.” That room of one's own is turning into a fun house.73.The passage is mainly to tellA.differences between conventional and modern novels.B.how Mark Amerika composed his novel Grammatron.C・ common features of all modem electronic novels.D.why Mark Amerika took on a new way of writing.74.Why does the author ask the reader to forget what Virginia Woolf said about the necessities of a writer?A.Modern writers can share rooms to do the writing.B.It is not necessarily that a writer writes inside a room.C.Modem writers will get nowhere without a word processor.D.It is no longer sufficient for the writing in cyberspace.75.As an on-line narrative, Grammatron is anything but stable because itA.provides potentials for the story development.B.is one of the novels at (g ).C.can be downloaded free of charge.D.boasts of the best among cyber stories.76.By saying that he became sort of dependent on the industry, Mark Amerika meant thatA. he could not help but set his Grammatron and others in Industrial Revolution.B・ conventional writers had been increasingly challenged by high technology.C.much of his Grammatron had proved to be cybernetic dependent.D.he couldn't care less about new advance in computer software.77.As the passage shows, Grammatron makes it possible for readers toA.adapt the story for a video version.B.“walk in，，the story and interact with it.C.develop the plots within the author's control.D.steal the show and become the main character.78.Amerika told his students not toA.immerse themselves only in creating the plot.B.be captivated by the plot alone while reading. C・ be lagged far behind in the plot development.D.let their plot get lost in the on-going story.Passage FourIn 1993, a mall security camera captured a shaky image of two 10-year-old boys leading a much smallerboy out of a Liverpool, England, shopping center. The boys lured James Bulger, 2, away from his mother, who was shopping, and led him on a long walk across town. The excursion ended at a railroad track. There, inexplicably, the older boys tortured the toddler, kicking him, smearing paint on his face and pummeling him to death with bricks before leaving him on the track to be dismembered by a train. The boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, then went off to watch cartoons.Today the boys are 18-year-old men, and after spending eight years in juvenile facilities, they have been deemed fit for release-probably this spring. The dilemma now confronting the English jsutice system is how to reintegrate the notorious duo into a society that remains horrified by their crimes and skeptical about their rehabilitation. Last week Judge Elizabeth Butler-Sloss decided the young men were in so much danger that they needed an unprecedented shield to protect them upon release. For the rest of their lives, Venables and Thompson will have a right to anonymity. All English media outlets are banned from publishing any information about their whereabouts or the new identities the government will help them establish. Photos of the two or even details about their current looks are also prohibited.In the U.S., which is harder on juvenile criminals than England, such a ruling seems inconceivable. "Wele clearly the most punitive in the industrialized world/9 says Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University professor who studies juvenile justice. Over the past decade, the trend in the U.S. has been to allow publication of ever more information about underage offenders. U.S. courts also give more weight to press freedom than English courts, which, for example, ban all video cameras.But even for Britain, the order is extraordinary. The victim's family is enraged, as are the ever eager British tabloids. "What right have they got to be given special protection as adults?97asks Bulger's mother Denise Fergus. Newspaper editorials next door. Says conservative Member of Parliament Humfrey Malins: Tt almost leaves you with the feeling that the nastier the crime, the greater the chance for a passport to a completely new life：'79.What (Kcurred as told at the beginning of the passage?A.2 ten-year-olds killed James by accident in play.B.James Bulger was killed by his two brothers.C.Two mischievous boys forged a train accident.D.A little kid was murdered by two older boys.80.According to the passage, Jon Venables and Robert ThompsonA.have been treated as juvenile delinquents.B.have been held in protective custody for their murder game.C・ were caught while watching cartoons eight years ago.D.have already served out their 10 years in prison・81.The British justice system is afraid that the two young men wouldA.hardly get accustomed to a horrifying general public.B.be doomed to become social outcasts after release.C.still remain dangerous and destructive if set free.D.be inclined to commit a recurring crime.82.According to the British courts, after their return to society, the two adults will beA.banned from any kind of press interview.B.kept under constant surveillance by police.C.shielded from being identified as killers.D.ordered to report to police their whereabouts.83.From the passage we can infer that a US counterpart of Venables or Thompson wouldA・ have no freedom to go wherever he wants.B.serve a life imprisonment for the crime.C.be forbidden to join many of his relatives.D.no doubt receive massive publicity in the U.S.84.As regards the mentioned justice ruling, the last paragraph mainly tells thatA.it is controversial as it goes without precedent.B.the British media are sure to do the contrary.C.Bulger^s family would enter all apeal against it.D.Conservatives obviously conflict with Liberals.Passage FiveCan the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor's office? The Silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology companies, is launching a pilot program to test online "virtual visits'，between doctors at three big local medical groups and about 6,000 employees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees wont have to skip work to tend to minor ailments or to follow up on chronic conditions. "With our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your docotr in your hometown can be a big chunk of time," says Cindy Conway, benefits director at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies.Doctors aren't clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time on the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a patient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so, according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue. "We are not stupid^ says Stirling Somers, executive director of the Silicon Valley employers group. "Doctors getting paid is a critical piece in getting this to work.” In the pilot program, physicians will get $20 per online consultation, about what they get for a simple office visit.Doctors also fear they'll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what's needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Cal if.-based start-up. Healinx's "Smart Symptom Wizard" questions patients and turns answers into a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.Can E-mail replace the doctor's office? Many conditions, such as persistent cough, require a stethoscope to discover what's wrong- and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor's groups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor's visits offer a “very narrow" sliver of service between phone calls to an advice nurse and a visit to the clinic.The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service. So far, the Internet's record in the health field has been underwhelming. The experiment is "a huge roll of the dice for Helainx/5 notes Michael Barrent, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the “Web visits” succeed, expect some HMOs (Health Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, employers, and patients aren't satisfied, firgure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.85.The Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the purpose ofA. rewarding their employees.B. gratifying the local hospitals.C.boosting worker productivity.D. testing a sophisticated technology.86.What can be learned about the on-line doctors' visits?A.They are a quite promising business-B.They are funded by the local government.C.They are welcomed by all the patients.D.They are very much under experimentation.87.Of the following people, who are not involved in the program?A・ Cisco System employees. B. Advice nurses in the clinic.C.Doctors at three local hospitals.D. Oracle executives.88.According to Paragraph 2, doctors are。

秋季博士研究生入学考试英语试题

秋季博士研究生入学考试英语试题PAPER ONESECTION I LISTENING COMPREHENSION ( 20 points )Part ADirections:In this part, you will hear 10 short conversations between two people. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1.A. He already bought a car.B.He didn’t mean to bother the woman.C.He didn’t say he would call the woman.D.He forgot to call the woman.2.A. The man should bring his cousin to the barbecue.B.The barbecue is going to be very crowded.C.She’s sorry the man can’t come to the barbecue.D.Her cousin is coming to the barbecue, too.3.A. The woman should avoid reading about electronics.B.The electronics field doesn’t interest him.C.The article has technical errors.博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解D.The woman should improve her writing.4.A. She would collect the exams.B.Her teaching assistant would correct the exams.C.She would correct the exams.D.She would not give her students a final exam.5.A. It looks exactly like Susan.B.It makes Susan look younger than she really is.C.It makes Susan look older than she really is.D.It makes Susan look better than she looks in person.6.A. He relaxes.B.He goes fishing.C.He goes to work.D.He works at home.7.A. She won’t be able to go to the lab today.B.She thinks the man is being unfair.C.She agrees that the workload is heavy.D.She feels the assignment is reasonable.8.A. July 27.B.July 11.C.August 10.D.August 24.9.A. She forgot to send a gift to Janet.B.They aren’t obli gated to buy a gift.C.She prefers to go shopping in a store.D.They should select an inexpensive gift.10.博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解A. At home.B. In the car.C. On the counter.D. In the auditorium.Part BDirections:In this part, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.11.A. A lot of beautiful flowers and lovely music.B.A large gathering of his close friends.C.The unexpected appearance of his parents.D.The display of his photographs.12.A. Because he had not intended to attend the wedding.B. Because he inquired about what kind of gift his friend liked.C.Because he would like to confirm the exact time of the wedding.D.Because his parents were coming on the day of his friend’s wedding.1. A. One’s high sense of responsibility.B. Presence, the best gift we can give.C. One’s attitude toward friendship.D. How to show one’s gentle love.14. A. It is a sign of serious disease.B. It is a rare problem today.C. It is a common trouble.D. It is a disease people suffer most.15. A. Reading too much at night.B.Drinking too much for supper.C.Watching too much television.D.Getting too anxious about sleeping.16. A. Eating shortly before sleeping.B.Warm milk drinking.C.Excessive tiredness.D.Eating biscuits during the night.17. A. Watch television.B.Drink warm milk.C.Take a warm bath.D.Take an eye mask and an ear-plug while sleeping.18. A. Because the Moldovan government had sold some fighter planes to the dangerous countries.B. Because they were much cheaper than on the open market.C.Because they were capable of carrying nuclear weapons.D. Because the United States desperately needed them to train its air forces.19. A. Kuwait.B. Iran.C. Israel.D. Iraq.20. A. To send surplus military supplies to Moldova.B. To help to suppress the political turmoil in Moldova.C. To help to rebuild Moldova.D. To help to strengthen the Moldovan air forces.博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解SECTION II READING COMPREHENSION ( 30 points )Directions:There are 5 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 24 are based on the following passage:Geologists have been studying volcanoes for a long time. Though they have learned a great deal, they still have not discovered the causes of volcanic action. They know that the inside of the earth is very hot, but they are not sure exactly what causes the great heat. Some geologists have thought that the heat is caused by the great pressure of the earth’s outer layers. Or the heat may be left from the time when the earth was formed. During the last sixty years scientists have learned about radium, uranium, and other radioactive elements. These give out heat all the time as they change into other elements. Many scientists now believe that much of the heat inside the earth is produced by radioactive elements.Whatever the cause of the heat may be, we do know that the earth gets hotter the farther down we dig. In deep mines and oil wells the temperature rises about 1 ︒F for each 50 feet. At this rate the temperature 40 miles below the earth’s surface would be over 4,000 ︒F. This is much hotter than necessary to melt rock. However, the pressure of the rock above keeps most materials from melting at their usual melting points. Geologists believe that the rock deep in the earth may be plastic, or putty-like. In other words, the rock yields slowly to pressure but is not liquid. But if some change in the earth’s crust releases the pressure, the rock melts. Then the hot, liquid rock can move up toward the surface.When the melted rock works its way close to the earth’s crust, a volcano may be formed. The melted rock often contains steam and other gases under great pressure. If the rock above gives way, the pressure is released. Then the sudden expansion of the gases causes explosions. Theseblow the melted rock into pieces of different sizes and shoot them high in the air. Here they cool and harden into volcanic ash and cinders. Some of this material falls around the hole made in the earth’s surface. The melted rock may keep on rising and pour out as lava. In this way, volcanic ash, cinders, and lava build up the cone-shaped mountains that we call volcanoes.21. T he main idea of this passage is __________.A. the formation of volcanoesB.the results of volcanic actionC.the interior of the earthD.the causes of the ea rth’s internal heat22. T he cause for the heat in the interior of the earth is __________.A.radioactive elementsB.volcanic action in the interior of the earthC.not determinedD.the heat remaining from the formation of the earth23. From the information given in the passage, most minerals would melt fastest __________.A.a t 4,000 ︒F at sea levelB.at 4,000 ︒F 5,000 feet below sea levelC.at the exact center of the earth at 4,000︒FD.a t 4,000︒F 5,000 feet above sea level24. If the temperature at the ea rth’s surface is 20 ︒F, the temperature in a coal mine 500 feetbelow the surface would be __________.A.30 ︒FB.40 ︒FC.50 ︒FD.120 ︒F博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Passage TwoQuestions 25 to 28 are based on the following passage:Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat. One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather than absorb the Sun’s rays. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant’s gazelles. The overheated body then cools down during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel. This is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day.Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for nonadapted animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight. An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish this water loss at one drink. Desert animals can drink prodigious volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe over 100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated person, on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to dehydrate at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse and far-flung pastures. Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated; it is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst.25. The author uses Grant’s gazelle as an example of __________.A.an animal with a low average temperatureB.an animal that is not as well adapted as the camelC.a desert animal that can withstand high body temperaturesD.a desert animal with a constant body temperature26. What causes water intoxication?A.Drinking too much water very quickly.B.Drinking polluted water.C.Bacteria in water.ck of water.27. What does the author imply about desert-adapted mammals?A.They do not need to eat much food.B.They can eat large quantities quickly.C.They easily lose their appetites.D.They can travel long distances looking for food.28. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an adaptation of large desert animals?A.V ariation in body temperatures.B.Being active at night.C.Eating while dehydrated.D.D rinking water quickly.Passage ThreeQuestions 29 to 32 are based on the following passage:The age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解harm, but rather simply assign punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment will be administered). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent research, Keasey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.Keasey’s research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions, and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications excusing harmful actions might include public duty, self-defense, and provocation. For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressor’s action was justified by public duty: five year olds reacted very differently to “Bonnie wrecks Ann’s pretend house” depending on whether Bonnie did it “so somebody won’t fall over it” or because Bonnie wanted “to make Ann feel bad.” Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified; the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among acts involving unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.29. Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?A.An outline for future research.B.An analysis of a dispute between two theories.C.A discussion of research findings in an ongoing inquiry.D. A confirmation of an established authority’s theory.30. According to the passage, Piaget and Keasey would not have agreed on which of thefollowing points?A.The kinds of excuses children give for harmful acts they commit.B.The age at which children begin to discriminate between intentional and unintentional harm.C.The intentions children have in doing harm.D.The circumstances under which children punish harmful acts.31. Keasey’s findings support which of the following conclusions about six-year-old children?A.They have the ability to make autonomous moral judgments.B.They regard moral absolutism as a threat to their moral autonomy.C.They do not understand the concept of public duty.D.They make arbitrary moral judgments.32. The research of Nesdale and Rule suggests which of the following about five-year-oldchildren?A.Their reactions to intentional and accidental harm determine the severity of thepunishments they assign.B.They justify any action that protects them from harm.C.They view public duty as a justification for accidental, but not intentional, harm.D.They take into account the motivations of actions when judging the behavior of otherchildren.Passage FourQuestions 33 to 36 are based on the following passage:How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no compensating social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably lessened the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics·12·are inadequate for one of their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.33. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?A.Social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wagesand unemployment.B.Which of the currently used statistical procedures is the best for estimating the incidenceof hardship.C.What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering.D.Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty.34. The author contrasts the 1930s with the present in order to show that __________.A.more people were unemployed in the 1930sB.unemployment now has less severe effectsC.social programs are more needed nowD.poverty has increased since 1930s35. The author’s purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a twelve-monthperiod is most probably to show __________.A.there are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some members of thelabor forceB.recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can exist and can cause hardships forindividual workersC. a majority of those who are jobless at any one time do not suffer severe hardshipD.unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship resulting from joblessness36. Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?A.Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level ofunemployment.B.The labor force should be restructured so that it corresponds to the range of job vacancies.C.New statistical indexes should be developed to measure the degree to whichunemployment and low wages cause suffering.D.A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as anevil and those who hold the opposite view.Passage FiveQuestions 37 to 40 are based on the following passage:For more than fifty years we have known, or could have known, that there is an unconscious to counterbalance consciousness. Medical psychology has furnished all the necessary empirical and experimental proofs of an unconscious psychic reality which demonstrably influences consciousness and behavior. All this is known, but no practical conclusions have been drawn from it. We still go on thinking and acting as if we were simplex and not duplex. Accordingly, we imagine ourselves to be reasonable and humane. We do not think of distrusting our motives, or of asking ourselves how the inner man feels about the things we do in the outside world, but actually it is superficial and unreasonable of us, as well as psychically unhygienic, to overlook the reaction and viewpoint of the unconscious.One can regard one’s stomach or heart as unimportant or even worthy of contempt, but nevertheless overeating and overexertion have consequences which affect the whole man. Yet we think that psychic mistakes and their consequences can be erased by mere words, for “psychic” means less than air to most people. All the same, nobody can deny that without the psychic there would be no world at all and still less a human world. Virtually everything depends on the human soul and its functions. It is worthy of all the attention we can give it, especially today when everyone admits that the woe of the future will be decided not by attacks of wild animals, by natural catastrophes, or by the danger of worldwide epidemics, but rather by the psychic changes in man.Only an almost imperceptible disturbance of equilibrium in a few of our rulers’ heads coul d plunge the world into blood, fire, and radioactivity. The technical means to this destruction are available to both sides. And certain conscious deliberations, uncontrolled by an inner opponent,·14·can be all too easily indulged, as we have already seen fro m the example of one “leader.” The consciousness of modern man still clings so much to outward objects that he believes exclusively responsible, as if it were on them that decisions depended. That the psychic state of certain individuals could emancipate itself for once from the behavior of objects is something that is considered far too little, although irrationalities of this sort are observed every day and can happen to everyone.37. The author’s main purpose in writing this passage is to __________.A.prove the existence of the psycheB.point out the danger of ignoring the psychic changes in manC.emphasize the danger of atomic war to mankindD.belittle the importance of man’s physical nature38. A ccording to the passage, proof of the existence of the psyche has had __________.A. no effect on man’s behaviorB.an effect on man’s view of himselfC.the effect of making man more reasonableD.the effect of making man overlook the unconscious39. T he writer believes that the fate of the world may depend on __________.A.man’s present contentment with his own humanenessB.the absence of worldwide epidemicsC.a balance between the conscious and the unconscious in the minds of leadersD. the efforts of scientists to produce the technical means to destroy the enemy40. When the author speaks of irrationalities in the last sentence of the passage, he is talkingabout __________.A.unreasonable behaviorB.actions which are rational, but which appear irrationalC.behavior which is based on conscious or unconscious motivationD.actions directed by the unconsciousSECTION III VOCABULARY ( 10 points )Directions:In this section, there are twenty sentences with one word or phrase underlined each. Choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.41. Some authorities believe that the Amazon river was named after the Amazons, womenwarriors of Greek mythology who were thought to reside in the region.A. creatorsB. witchesC. soldiersD. gods42. Williams College’s Center for Development Economics is geared toward the education ofexperienced economists from developing countries.A. conceivedB. tailoredC. supposedD. initiated43. It was widely believed in ancient China that only women who lacked literary talent werevirtuous.A. moralB. illiterateC. pitifulD. graceful44. Sexuality permeates many areas of human life and culture, thereby setting humans apart fromother members of the animal kingdom.A. predominatesB. propelsC. perpetuatesD. pervades·16·45. In 1991 CompuServe introduced an icon-based navigation system that made the service moreattractive to computer novices.A. enthusiastsB. apprenticesC. architectsD. specialists46. Famine seemed to be imminent in the Indian subcontinent and was common in many parts ofAfrica south of the Sahara.A. overwhelmingB. far-reachingC. prevailingD. approaching47. Until about the 1500s, the discoveries made by such astronomers as Nicolaus Copernicus andGalileo undermined some of the foundations of astrology.A. weakenedB. suspectedC. reinforcedD. modified48. Only at the end of the story does the detective unmask the culprit and explain how the casewas solved.A. attackerB. magicianC. criminalD. murderer49. In the early 18th century the plays of William Shakespeare were viewed as barbarous andGothic art as tasteless.A. elegantB. mysteriousC. gloomyD. vulgar50. Publishing has developed into a highly competitive, highly skilled industry in which editorialjudgment must be coupled with keen business, marketing, and administrative skills.A. concerned withB. associated withC. initiated withD. justified with51. Native plants and animals may have no defenses against these invaders, which canexterminate the populations of many native species.A. eradicateB. governC. disturbD. transform52. The energy required for maintenance and proper functioning of the human body is supplied byfood. After it is broken into fragments by chewing and mixed with saliva, digestion begins.A. elementsB. itemsC. bitsD. traces53. To many Native Americans, the Europeans appeared to be oblivious of the rhythms and spiritof nature.A. inquisitiveB. consciousC. peculiarD. ignorant54. In the mid-1990s Macau’s imports exceeded exports, but the balance of trade was more thanoffset by the enormous profits earned from gambling and tourism.A. counteractedB. augmentedC. diminishedD. facilitated55. In 1995 and 1996 the “New Labor” party rapidly gained in popularity, while at the same timea long economic recession and a political scandal drastically reduced support for theConservatives.A. chaosB. disgraceC. campaignD. depression56. Trace elements are other inorganic substances that appear in the body in minute amounts butare essential for good health.A. timelyB. moderateC. tinyD. noticeable·18·57. The flights of unmanned and manned space vehicles that began in 1957 highlighted thenecessity for some legal recognition of spacecraft and activities in space.A. inspectedB. emphasizedC. demonstratedD. symbolized58. Bacon’s highly individual, expressionistic styl e, based on images of terror and outrage, madehim one of the most original of 20th-century artists.A. griefB. turmoilC. impulseD. cruelty59. India drew encouragement from the Chinese victory in the Anti-Japanese War, a practicaldemonstration of the latent power of the Asian peoples.A. potentialB. immenseC. enduringD. unyielding60. Apollo Program was designed to land an astronaut on the moon and return him safely to earth,as well as to overtake the former Soviet Union in the race to dominate space exploration.A. challengeB. conquerC. surpassD. dominateSECTION IV ERROR IDENTIFICATION ( 10 points )Directions:In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C and D. Identify which of the four parts is incorrectly used and then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with.61. Development economics is easy to describe. It is one of the three major subfields of econo-A B。

央党校博士研究生入学英语考试试卷

2005年中央党校博士研究生入学英语考试试卷注意：请按要求把1-75题的答案填在机读卡（Answer Sheet A）上；把听力部分Section C、B1-B10题的答案、翻译和作文写在答题纸（Answer Sheet B）上。

听力部分：I Listening Comprehension (20 points)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear 10 short conversation. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Each conversation and question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A with a single line through the center.1. A. The man has more work to do on his paper than Edward on his.B. The man himself will speak to Edward about his research paper.C. The man has been talking to Edward about his paper.D. The man has finished more than half of his research paper.2. A. 64 B. 70 C. 85 D.313. A. Getting extra credits.B. The credit hours required for an M.A. degree.C. The requirements of an M.A. thesis.D. Taking more selected courses.4. A. At the airport. B. In a travel agency.C. In a hotel.D. At the reception desk.5. A. He is still being treated in the hospital.B. He’ll rest at home for another two weeks.C. He returned to work last week.D. He has had an operation.6. A. They were both busy doing their own work.B. They went to the street corner at different places.C. They waited for each other at different places.D. The man went to the concert but the woman didn’t7. A. He didn’t clean the lab.B. His roommate is messy.C. He needs to clean the lab.D. He helped the man clean his apartment.8. A. Find out when the new job begins.B. Make more copies of the letter.C. Ask for an extension to apply for the job.D. Get a more recent reference letter.9. A. Her back hurt during the meeting.B. His support would have helped this afternoon.C. Her proposal should be sent back.D. She agreed that it was a good meeting.10. A. The man should buy the picture at once.B. The man should live only with 10 dollars a month.C. The man should ask mother for more money.D. The man should not buy the picture.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A. One sixth of them are seriously polluted. 考博网 B. One third of them are seriously polluted.C. Half of them are seriously polluted.D. Most of them are seriously polluted.12. A. There was no garbage left to clean up.B. There was more garbage than before and they had to work harder.C. The river had become so clean that a lot of water-birds come back.D. The river was much cleaner and they had to search for garbage.13. A. Most of them would be indifferent and keep on throwing garbage into the river.B. They would join the students in changing the situation.C. They would become more aware of the pollution problem.D. They would think twice before they went swimming or fishing in the river.Passage TwoQuestions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.14. A. They are usually cleverer.B. They get tired easily.C. They are more likely to make minor mental errors.D. They are more skillful in handling equipment.15. A. It had its limitations.B. Its results were regarded as final.C. It was supported by the government.D. It was not sound theoretically.16. A. Their lack of concentration resulting from mental stress.B. The lack of consideration for them in equipment design.C. The problem of their getting excited easily.D. Their slowness in responding.Passage ThreeQuestions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.17. A. Because people might have to migrated there someday.B. Because it is very much like the earth.C. Because it is easier to explore than other planets.D. Because its atmosphere is different from that of the earth.18. A. Its chemical elements must be studied.B. Its temperature must be lowered.C. Big spaceships must be built.D. Its atmosphere must be changed.19. A. It influences the surface temperature of Mars.B. It protects living beings from harmful rays.C. It keeps a planet from overheating.D. It is the main component of the air people breathe.20. A. Man will probably be able to live there in 200 years.B. Scientists are rather pessimistic about it.C. Man will probably be able to live there in 100,000 years’ time.D. Scientists are optimistic about overcoming the difficulties soon.Section C (注意：请将此题写在答题纸上)Directions: In this section, you’ll hear a short passage. Some important words have been taken away from the written passage. Fill in the missing words. The passage will be read to you twice. There will be a pause after the first time. During the pause you should check what you have written down. And then you will listen to it again. Write your answers on Answer Sheet B. write one word in each blank.To be successful in a job interview, you should demonstrate certain and professional qualities.You need to create a good 1 in the limited time available, usually from 30 to 40 minutes. Furthermore, you must make a 2 impression which the interviewer will remember while he interviews other 3 . At all times, you should present your most attractive 4 during an interview. You should, for example, to take care to appear well-groomed and modestly dressed, avoiding the 5 of too elaborate or too casual. On the other hand, clothes which are too informal may 6 the impression that you are not serious about the job or that you may be casual about your work as well as your dress. The right clothes worn at the right time, however, gain the respect of the interviewer and his confidence in your 7 . It may not be true that “clothes make the man”, but the first and often the lasting impression of you is 8 by the clothes you wear. Besides care for personal appearance, you should pay close attention to your manner of speaking. You should reflect confidence in a clear voice, loud enough to be heard. Although there are culture differences with respect of 9 of the job interview, your speech must show you to be a friendly 10 person.Section D (注意：此题在答题纸上)Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage. The passage will be spoken twice. The answer questions B1, B2, B3, and B4 in English on Answer Sheet B.B1. Which countries are the most popular package holiday destinations?B2. Why have long-haul holidays become more popular in Britain?B3. About how many travel agencies are there in Britain?B4. What does “package holiday” cover?笔试部分：（注意：请继续使用机读卡答题）II. Vocabulary and Structure (15 points)Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part, For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentences. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A.21. The advertising industry has resorted to self-regulation in a serious effort to not only bad taste but also misrepresentation and deception in copy and illustrations.A. abbreviateB. abrogateC. curtailD. discern22. If the check does not cover the full amount of your medical expense, mail the Medicare Explanation of Benefits (MEOB) to your carrier in order to receive for the balance of your expense.A. endowmentB. indorseC. reciprocationD. reimbursement23. For some of the more powerful states, these inter-governmental bureaucracies are also welcome to the authority of the sated, so that a very real symbiosis exists between the national bureaucracy and the international one.A. adjacencyB. adjustmentsC. adjournmentD. adjuncts24. As soon as she saw him enter the room she him and insisted that he join her for dinner.A. bore downB. bore down onC. bore outD. bore up25. There have been a few powerful political organizations that have operated not just One country but national borders.A. in …inB. in … atC. within …acrossD. out of…in26. Even though the Italian authorities may no longer any old bank that gets into trouble, the likelihood of government support for big banks has not changed enough to affect its ratings.A. bail outB. hang upC. knock overD. lash out27. Politics is to include all activities others are persuaded or coerced to collaborate in the achievement of aims designated and desired by another.A. by whichB. at whichC. in whichD. of which28. the structural imbalances in the budget, and also in the economy the Administration has given its support to a constitutional amendment.A. To relinquishB. To remedyC. Redressing forD. Compensating to29. Reasoning powers can deteriorate; people may begin to think irrationally; they may begin to feel that others are slyly poking fun at them, or being .A. condescending or patronizingB. condescended or patronizedC. condescend and patronizingD. condescended and patronized30. Men ambition is the leading passion are likely to love women who assist them in their career, and it would be very shallow psychology to suppose that thelove is not real because it has its instinctive root in self-interest.A. of whomB. in whoseC. in whomD. with whom31. This involves not only the introduction of new practices into a system, but their consolidation and continuation after the first enthusiastic impulse has .A. worn awayB. worn downC. worn offD. worn out32. Although her research topic had been approved by her thesis advisor, the library persisted The documents.A. in its denial for access onB. in denying her access toC. to deny her access toD. with denying her access for33. Clearly, “getting prices right” and the “free” and “unhindered” flow of goods and services within and between countries are proving to be more difficult than .A. were once anticipatedB. are once anticipatedC. was once anticipatedD. is once anticipated34. Although there was not a deliberate effort to discriminate sex, it was clear that the opportunities for girls to take CDT or for boys to take home economics were severely limited by the way the curriculum was organized.A. toB. fromC. in favor ofD. on the grounds of35. The diffusion of power among so many governments, and from them to non-state authorities makes it more difficult for policy-makers to take .A. the long, more social and economical enlightened viewB. the long, more socially and economically enlightened viewC. the long, more social and economical enlightening viewD. the long, more socially and economically enlightening viewⅢ. Cloze (10 points)Directions: For each of the blanks, there are four choices given marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best fits the blank and mark your choice by blackening the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A.Impatience characterizes young intellectual worker. They want to make their mark fast. So it’s important to 36 them in a challenging manner the idea 37 big achievements rarely come easily and quickly. Point out that the little successes are 38 . Show that they 39 become the foundation on which reputations are built and 40 more important tasks can be accomplished.A variety of job assignments, including job or project rotation, also keep a job from becoming dull. 41 it’s natural for some individuals to want to move ahead immediately to more difficult assignments, 42 proper guidance they can continue to learn and to gain 43 by working on a number of jobs that are essentially 44 . This way they gain breadth, if 45 .Probably the greatest offense to 46 when dealing with younger specialists is to reject ideas 47 . You must listen---and listen objectively---to their suggestions. Avoid 48 overcritical. You want to nurture an inquiring mind with a fresh approach. You’ll 49 quickly if you revert 50 “We’ve tried that before and it won’t work here.”One sure way to 51 young college graduates is flagrantly misusing their talents. Expect them to do some routine work, of course. But don’t make their daily work just one long series of errands. This includes such break-inassignments 52 performing routine calculations, digging up reference material, and operating reproduction equipment. One large manufacturing company recently interviewed a number of promising engineers who 53 them. The company found that the overwhelming complaint was that the company 54 did not offer work that was challenging but also expected 55 little from them in the way of performance.36. A. get down to B. get across to C. get at D. get into37. A. to which B. what C. that D. how38. A. valueless B. unimportant C. rare D. essential39. A. in turn B. in future C. on time D. at present40. A. on which B. from which C. in which D. for that41. A. Whereas B. When C. Because D. But42. A. for B. on C. under D. in43. A. reputation B. importance C. versatility D. knowledge44. A. of the same quality B. of the same complexityC. the sameD. different45. A. the same width B. not length C. the same height D. not depth46. A. guard B. guard at C. guard against D. guard on47. A. out of hand B. at hand C. in hand D. on hand48. A. to B. being C. too D. \49. A. frustrate B. frustrate it C. be frustrate D. be frustrated50. A. that B. often that C. too often that D. too often to51. A. disenchant B. enchant C. fascinate D. detract52. A. such as B. as for C. e.g. D. as53. A. would have left B. have left C. had left D. will leave54. A. \ B. only C. either D. not only55. A. much B. far too C. a D. moreⅣ. Reading Comprehension (30 points)Section ADirections: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Your should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A.Passage 1A famous Native American proverb tells us “We should not judge another person until we have walked two moons in his moccasins.” Our next suggestion for improvement is about “wearing those moccasins.” That is, we need to develop empathy---be able to see things from the point of view of others. Many researchers in the area of interpersonal and intercultural competence believe that our success as communicators depends, to a large extent, on our “skill at establishing and maintaining desired identities for both self and others.” “Identities” are actually the pictures of ourselves and the other person that we hold in our heads. We use these pictures I two ways. First, our identities help us to define the messages we receive from others; and second, they assist us in selecting the most appropriate message to send to another person. We have already discussed knowing ourselves; our focus now is on our need to develop empathy (emotional identification) and role-taking (cognitive adaptation) competence so that we can better know and adjustto the other person.Before we begin our discussion of empathy and role taking, we need to restate two important ideas. First, as with so much of our counsel, we are again faced with a skill that is easier to talk about than to put into practice. The fact remains that however similar we may appear to be, there is something distinctive and unique about each of us. Our internal states are elusive and fleeting, and we know them only as distorted shadows. Knowing the other person, and predicting his or her reactions and needs, is a difficult and troublesome activity. And when we add the dimension of culture, we compound the problem.Second, although we have focused primarily on culture, we also are concerned with the “interpersonal aspects” of intercultural communication. Perhaps the interpersonal dimension of communication is most evident in the area of empathy. As Miller and Steinberg noted, “To communicate interpersonally, one must h eave the cultural and sociological levels of predications and psychically travel to the psychological level.” Simply put, empathy, while using knowledge about another’s culture to make predications, also demands that the point of analysis be the individual personality.A number of behaviors can keep us from understanding the feelings, thoughts, and motives of another person---regardless of his or her culture. Before we look at some of the ways to improve our role-taking skills, it might be helpful to examinea few characteristics that can impede empathy.56. What would be the most appropriate title for the passage?A. Develop EmpathyB. Importance of EmpathyC. Importance of IdentitiesD. Relationship between Interpersonal Competence and Intercultural Communication57. Why do we need to develop empathy according to the passage?A. In order to have a better self identificationB. In order to improve our role-taking skillsC. In order to make better predicationsD. In order to understand better and adapt ourselves to the other person58. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. In order to communicate successfully, we should learn to see things from the point of view of others.B. To establish identities for both self and others is easier said than done.C. It’s easier to understand another culture than to know the other person and predict his or her reactions and needs.D. The individual personality is an important factor in the area of empathy.59. In line 5 in the second paragrap h, the word “elusive” could be replaced by “________” .A. distracting and diverseB. hard to comprehend or identifyC. hard to controlD. tending to disappear60. A paragraph following the passage would most probably discuss ________ .A. Establishing and Maintaining Desired IdentitiesB. How to Improve Role – Taking SkillsC. Hindrances to EmpathyD. Improving EmpathyPassage 2The conflict between good and evil is a common theme running through the great literature and drama of the world, from the time of the ancient Greeks to all the present. The principle that conflict is the heart of dramatic action when illustrated by concrete examples, almost always turns up some aspects of the struggle between good and evil.The idea that there is neither good nor evil –in any absolute moral or religious sense –is widespread in our times. There are various relativistic and behavioristic standards of ethics. If these standards even admit the distinction between good and evil, it is a relative matter and not as whirlwind of choices that lies at the center of living. In any such state of mind, conflict can at best, be only a petty matter, lacking true universality. The acts of the evildoer and of the virtuous man alike become dramatically neutralized. Imagine the reduced effect of Crime and Punishment or the Brothers Karamazoc had Dostoevsky thought that good and evil, as portrayed in those books, were wholly relative, and if he had no conviction about them.You can’t have a vital literature if you ignore or sh un evil. What you get then is the world of Pollyanna, goody-goody in place of the good. Cry, the Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel because Alan Paton, in addition to being a skilled workman, sees with clear eyes both good and evil, differentiates them, pitches them into conflict with each other, and takes sides. He sees that the native boy Absalom Kumalo, who has been murdered, cannot be judged justly without taking into account the environment that has had part in shaping him. But Paton sees, too, that Absalom the individual, not society the abstraction, committed the act and is responsible for it. Mr. Paton understands mercy. He knows that this precious thing is not evoked by sentimental impulse, but by a searching examination of the realities of human action. Mercy follows a judgment; it does not precede it.One of the novels by the talented Paul Bowles, Let It Come Down, is full of motion, full of sensational depravities, and is a crashing bore. The book recognizes no good, admits no evil, and is coldly indifferent to the moral behavior of its characters. It is a long shrug. Such a view of life is nondramatic and negates the vital essence of drama.61. In our age, according to the author, a standpoint often taken in the area of ethics is the ________.A. relativistic view of moralsB. greater concern with conscienceC. greater concern with evilD. greater concern with universals62. The author believes that great literature can bring a vivid picture of ________.A. evil triumphing over goodB. good triumphing over evilC. good and evil in constant conflictD. dramatically neutralized good and evil63. In the opinion of the author, Cry, the Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel because of Paton’s ________.A. insight into human behaviorB. behavioristic beliefsC. treatment of good and evil as abstractionsD. willingness to make moral judgments64. Why does the author use the expression “it is a long shrug” in referring to Bowles’s book?A. Because he thinks that the book is too lengthyB. Because he thinks that the book shows little concern with the conflict between good and evil.C. Because he thinks that the book is monotonous.D. Because he thinks that the book shows much concern with depravities.65. According to the author, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Conflict between good and evil is the vital essence of dramaB. Let It Come Down tells the reader how to differentiate good from evil.C. Crime and Punishment has a great effect because Dostoevsky shows his clear judgment of good and evil.D. Relativistic standards of ethics cannot produce great drama.Passage 3Sociolinguists, sociologists, and anthropologists focus on the social context of bilingualism. In their view, language performance is closely tied to the speaker’s personal identity and identification with the culture of the second language. Social factors such as ethnic pride, racism, communication situations, prejudice, and attitudes are important variables here. Learning a second language has both benefits and costs. A person will not be motivated to learn a second language if it has negative effects or associations for the learner. What is important is the communicative effectiveness and social appropriateness of the new language. Becoming bilingual in the sociocultural perspective is a means of being a more effective and competent person in another culture.A perennial question about bilingualism is whether bilinguals profit or lose because they have t maintain two language. The advantage of having two languages is referred to as additive bilingualism; subtractive bilingualism is the case when one language detracts from the other. Generally, developmental research has shown that bilingualism is not a reason for concern. Little evidence has been found to indicate that bilingual children suffer a disadvantage because of their knowledge of two languages. Wallace Lambert devoted his academic career to demonstrating the social and psychological advantages of bilingualism in Canada. Lambert found that French Canadian bilinguals were more likely than monolinguals to be advanced academically in French schools and that they develop a more diversified and more flexible intelligence. English Canadian children also do better their elementary school courses are conducted in French. 考博网 The sociocultural perspective helps language professionals understand the cultural and social problems associated with second language acquisition (SLA) in contexts where the native language and foreign language are associated with conflicting cultural values. This happens when immigrant families move to the United States and the children want to quickly identify with American children by learning to speak English. The motivations here are not about becoming proficient but about avoiding being marked or stigmatized as a speaker of another tongue. When the new languageprovides cultural, personal, educational, or financial benefits for the learner, motivation and progress in SLA will be greater than when the second language confers no apparent advantage. In two – way Spanish- and English – language learning settings, children learning English progress faster than children learning Spanish because English has greater positive associations than Spanish does. One of the other consequences of these kinds of programs is that Spanish- speaking children tend to experience attrition in Spanish while learning English, whereas English –speaking children retain English when learning Spanish. This is a clear instance of subtractive and additive bilingualism.The sociolinguistic perspective also provides answers for why people switch from one language or dialect to another in different social situations.66. which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A. Motivation and Progress in Second Language AcquisitionB. Relationship between Language and CultureC. Socioculturalists’ Approach to Second Language AcquisitionD. The Importance of Second Language Acquisition67. What does the author want to prove by giving Lambert’s resear ch founding in the second paragraph?A. French Canadian bilinguals in Canada were more likely to be advanced academically in French schools than in English schools.B. French Canadian bilinguals do better than English Canadian bilinguals when their elementary school courses are conducted in French in Canada.C. French Canadian bilinguals develop a more diversified and more flexible intelligence than English Canadian bilinguals in French schools in Canada.D. Bilingual children hold some social and psychological advantages in schools.68. What does the author mainly discuss in the third paragraph?A. Relationship between Language and Cultural ValuesB. Cultural and Social Influence in Second Language AcquisitionC. The Importance of Motivation in Second Language AcquisitionD. The Advantages of Additive Billingualism and Disadvantages of Subtractive Billingualism69. What does the word “attrition” in line 14 in the third paragraph mean?A. subtractionB. additionC. attributionD. restoration70. This passage would most likely be assigned for reading in a course in _________.A. SociologyB. LinguisticsC. CommunicationsD. The Psychology of LanguagePassage 4In this book, then, democracy – or what Robert Dahl terms polyarchy – denotes a system of government that meets three essential conditions: meaningful and extensive competition among individuals and organized groups (especially political parties) for all effective positions of government power, at regular intervals andexcluding the use of force; a “highly inclusive” level of political participation in the selection of leaders and policies, at least through regular and fair elections, such that no major (adult) social group is excluded; and a level of civil and political liberties – freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom to form and join organizations – sufficient to ensure the integrity of political competition and participation.While this definition is, in itself, relatively straightforward, it presents a number of problems in application. For one, countries that broadly satisfy these criteria nevertheless do so to different degrees (and none do so perfectly, which is why Dahl prefers to call them polyarchies). The factors that explain this variation at the democratic end of the spectrum in degrees of popular control and freedom is an important intellectual problem, but it is different from the one that concerns us in this book, and so it is one we have had largely to bypass. We seek to determine why countries do or do not evolve, consolidate, maintain, lose and reestablish more or less democratic systems of government, and even this limited focus leaves us with conceptual problems.The boundary between democratic and undemocratic is sometimes blurred and imperfect, and beyond it lies a much broader range of variation in political systems. We readily concede the difficulties of classification this variation has repeatedly caused us. Even if we look only at the political, legal, and constitutional structures, several of our cases appear to lie somewhere on the boundary between democratic and something less than democratic. The ambiguity is further complicated by the constraints on free political activity, organization, and expression, and the substantial remaining political prerogatives of military authorities, that may in practice make the system much less democratic than it might appear. In all cases, we have tried to pay serious attention to actual practice in assessing and classifying regimes. But still, this leaves us to make difficult and in some ways arbitrary judgments. The decision as to whether Thailand and Zimbabwe, for example, may today be considered full democracies is replete with nuance and ambiguity. Even in the case of Brazil, which was generally presumed democratic after the election of a civilian president in 1985, Alfred Stepan cautions that the extent of military prerogatives to participate in government and wield autonomous power put the country “on the margin of not being a d emocracy.” With the direct presidential election of December 1989, the transition may now be considered closed, but serious problems of democratic consolidation remain.71. This passage probably appears in __________.A. in the introduction of a bookB. in the conclusion of a bookC. in the middle part a bookD. in the acknowledgement of a book72. According to the author, the reason for Dahl to term democracy as polyarchy is that __________.A. there are so many different democratic countriesB. not only the extent to which so-called democratic countries meet the three conditions is different, but also the democratic situations in all these countries need improvingC. Dahl wants to persuade people to accept his view。

博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解

博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Entrance Examination in EnglishPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete each statement.Passage 1:Climate Change and Global WarmingClimate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns in a specific region or globally. Global warming, on the other hand, specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities. While some argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary causes of climate change.1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of global warming?A. Natural phenomenaB. Human activitiesC. Average weather patternsD. Long-term changes in climateAnswer: B. Human activities2. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change is caused by human activities, while global warming is natural.B. Global warming refers specifically to changes in average weather patterns.C. Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate, while global warming is due to human activities.D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Answer: D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Passage 2:The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the environment and supporting the overall health of ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is a significant concern as it can lead to negative impacts on food security, climate stability, and overall ecosystem function.3. What is biodiversity?A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.B. The balance of the environment.C. The health of ecosystems.D. The stability of climate.Answer: A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.4. Why is loss of biodiversity a concern?A. It leads to an increase in food security.B. It has no impact on climate stability.C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.D. It supports overall ecosystem function.Answer: C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this section, write an essay on one of the following topics. Your essay should be approximately 400 words in length.1. The Impact of Technology on Society2. Education in the Digital Age3. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication4. Sustainable Development and Environmental ConservationPart III: Speaking (60 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to discuss one of the following topics. You will have five minutes to prepare your response and three minutes to present it.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning2. The Influence of Social Media on Relationships3. Effective Strategies for Time Management4. The Role of Government in Promoting Renewable EnergyDetailed explanations and model answers for Part II and Part III will be provided during the examination.Good luck with your doctoral entrance examination in English!。

博士入学英语试题及答案

博士入学英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）阅读下面的文章，然后回答1-5题。

The Impact of Technology on EducationThe rapid development of technology has greatly influencedthe field of education. It has brought about a significant change in the way educators teach and students learn. Withthe advent of the internet, online learning platforms have become increasingly popular, allowing students to access educational resources from anywhere and at any time.1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The history of technology in education.B. The influence of technology on education.C. The advantages of online learning.D. The future of education with technology.2. According to the passage, what has technology done to education?A. It has made education more traditional.B. It has limited access to educational resources.C. It has changed the teaching and learning methods.D. It has reduced the popularity of online learning platforms.3. What is the role of the internet in education as mentioned in the passage?A. It has replaced traditional classroom teaching.B. It has made educational resources less accessible.C. It has facilitated access to educational resources.D. It has hindered the development of technology in education.4. What can students do with online learning platforms?A. They can only access resources at specific times.B. They can access educational resources from anywhere.C. They can only learn from traditional textbooks.D. They are restricted to learning within a classroom setting.5. What is the overall tone of the passage?A. Critical.B. Optimistic.C. Neutral.D. Pessimistic.答案：1-5 B C C B B二、完形填空（共15分，每题1.5分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

中山大学大学博士研究生考试英语真题

博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (15%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. The governor was ___ by the public for misusing his power for personal interests.[A] sneaked [B] praised [C] flailed [D] rebuked2. He ___ at his watch before he left the office.[A] glanced[B] glimpsed [C] glared [D] scribbled3. A recent poll shows that, while 81 percent of college students are eligible for some form of financial aid, only 63 percent of these students are __________ such aid.[A] complaining about [B] recipients of[C] dissatisfied with [D] turned down for4. The ____ landlord refused to return the security deposit, claiming falsely that the tenant had damaged the apartment.[A] unscrupulous [B] resplendent [C] divine [D] deceased5. Moby Dick, now regarded as a great work of American literature, was virtually ____ when itwas first published, and it was not until many years later that Melville’s achievements were ____.[A] renowned ... relegated [B] notorious ... justified[C] hailed ... understood [D] ignored ... recognized6. He refused to _____ that he was defeated.[A] burlesque [B] conceive [C] acknowledge [D] probe7. The people stood ______ at the beautiful picture.[A] glaring [B] gazing [C] peeping [D] gasping8. The judge is committed to maintaining a _____ of impartiality.[A] stance [B] motto [C] pretense [D] commotion9. Dell quit dealing in souped-up versions of other companies’products, and started designing,_______ and marketing his own.[A] fashioning [B] assembling [C] pruning [D] slashing10. This law ______ the number of accidents caused by children running across the road whenthey get off the bus.[A] intends reducing [B] intends to be reduced[C] is intended to reduce [D] is intended reducing11. By the time you arrive in London, we_____in Europe for two weeks.[A] shall stay [B] have stayed [C] will have stayed [D] have been staying12. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge_____ our thinking.[A] which to be based on [B] which to base upon[C] upon which to base [D] to which to be based13. The little man was _____ one meter fifty high.[A] almost more than [B] hardly more than[C] nearly more than [D] as much as14. The young applicant is under great ___ at the thought of up-coming job interview.[A] comprehension[B] apprehension[C] miscomprehension [D] concern15. The successful launch of the Special Olympic Games has demonstrated that ___ Shanghai iswell on its way to become one of the most internalized metropolises worldwide.[A] imperceptibly [B] conceivably [C] deceivably [D] imaginatively16. I would rather ______ trouble and hardship like that than ____ by others.[A] had….take care of [B] have…taken care of[C] had…taken care of [D] have …be taken care of17. One difficulty _______ the components of economic movements lies in the fact that thosecomponents are not completely independent of one another.[A] of isolation [B] in isolating [C] will isolate [D] to isolate18. Interest on short-term government debt soared to an almost unimaginable 210%, which _____a total collapse of investor confidence.[A] amounts to [B] equals to [C] is added up to [D] reaches to19. It’s a general practice for small factories to _____ mor e workers during times of prosperity,and lay off some when recession hits.[A] take in [B] take over [C] take on [D] take up20. To ______ freedom against tyranny, our fathers laid down these rules.[A] ensure [B] guarantee [C] assure [D] fulfill21. Merdine is her own woman, with an identity from her mother's.[A] discrete [B] distinctive [C] distinct [D] discreet22. She gave him back the money she'd stolen for the sake of her .[A] conscientious [B] consciousness[C] conscious [D] conscience23. They had the attempt to Anderson to the presidency.[A] evolve [B] elevate [C] evoke [D] evince24. I’m afraid our food stock will be ___ before long.[A] put up [B] stayed up [C] saved up [D] used up25. Mr. Morrison has a great ___ for anything that is oriental and exotic[A] vision [B] emotion [C] contribution [D] passion26. The subways and buses tend to be ___ during the rush hours.[A] overcrowded [B] overwhelmed[C] overshadowed [D] overgrown27. Every ___ has been taken to evacuate the stranded sailors from Hurricane Betty.[A] pleasure [B] measure[C] pressure [D] leisure28. We were greatly surprised by the way things were done here.[A] what [B] in which[C] as [D] which29. I __________ to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.[A] meant [B] has meant [C] was meaning [D] had meant30. When it comes __________ his wife with the housework, John never grumbles.[A] to help [B] and helps [C] to helping [D] to have helpedPart II: Reading Comprehension (20%).Direction: There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Three Yale University professors agreed in a panel discussion tonight that the automobile was what one of them called “Public Health Enemy No.1 in this country.” Besides polluting the air and congesting the cities, cars are involved in more than half the disabling accidents, and they cause heart disease “because we don’t walk anywhere anymore,” said Dr. H. Richard Weinerman, professor of medicine and public health. Dr. Weinerman’s sharp criticism of automobile came in a discussion of human environment on Yale Reports, a radio program broadcast by Station WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut. The program opened a three-part series on “Staying Alive.” “For the first time in human history, the problem of man’s survival has to do with his c ontrol of man-made dangers,” Dr. Weinerman said. “Before this, the problem had been the control of natural dangers.”Relating many of these dangers of the automobile, Arthur W. Galston, a professor of biology, said it was possible to make a kerosene-burnin g car that would “lessen smog by a very large factor.” But he expressed doubt that Americans were willing to give up moving about the countryside at 90miles an hour in a large vehicle. “America seems wedded to the motor car - every family has to have at l east two, and one has to be a convertible with 300 horsepower,” Professor Galston continued. “Is this the way of life that we choose because we cherish these values?”For Paul B. Sears, professor of conservation, part of the blame lies with “a society that regards profit as a supreme value, under the false idea that anything that’s technically possible is, therefore, ethically justified.” Professor Sears also called the country’s dependence on its modern automobile “lousy economics” because of the large horsepower used simply “moving one person to work.” But he agreed that Americans have painted themselves into a corner by allowing the national economy to become so reliant on the automobile industry.According to Dr. Weinerman, automobiles, not the factories, are responsible for two-thirds of the smog in American cities, and the smog presents the possibility of a whole new kind of epidemic, not due to one germ, but due to polluted environment. “Within another five to ten years, it’s possible to have an epidemic of lung cancer in a city like Los Angeles. This is a new phenomenon in health concern,” he said.The solution, he continued, is “not to find a less dangerous fuel, but a different system of inner-city transportation. Because of the increasing use of cars, public transportation has been allowed to wither and degenerate, so that if you can’t walk to where you want to go, you have to have a car in most cities,” he asserted. This, in turn, Dr. Weinerman contended, is responsible for the “arteriosclerosis” of public roads, for the blight of the inner city and for the middle-class movement to the suburbs.31. The main idea of this article is that _______.[A] Americans are too attached to their cars.[B] American cars run too fast and consume too much fuel.[C] the automobile industry has caused all this to happen.[D] automobiles endanger both the environment and people.32. In paragraph 2, Professor Galston implies that _______.[A] people are more interested in fast automobiles than in their health.[B] kerosene-burning cars would pollute the environment more seriously thangasoline-burning engines do.[C] Americans feel more closely connected to their cars than to the environment.[D] it is not right for every family to have at least two cars.33. In paragraph 3, Professor Sears implies that _______.[A] technology is always good for people.[B] technology is not always good for people.[C] financial profit is more important than technological advancement.[D] technological advancement will improve financial profit.34. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that _______.[A] a fuel less dangerous than gasoline must be found.[B] people should get rid of their cars and take the bus to work.[C] public transportation should be improved so that people can become less dependent upontheir cars for inner-city transportation.[D] the only solution to this problem is to build more high ways and more subways.35. Dr. Weinerman would probably agree that _______, if public transportation were improved.[A] the inner city might improve[B] the middle class would move to the suburbs[C] public roads would get worse[D] there would still be an urgent need to build more highwaysPassage TwoQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The Food and Drug Administration said on Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U.S. food supply.The focus of the FDA investigation is on pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes: one is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow; the other, a synthetic gene, makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness, but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes, but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they won’t get into the food supply.The FDA, in a quickly arranged news conference on Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY, said the University of Illinois would face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker, who in turn sold them to processing plants.Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500,000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs.Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning(新兴的)area of scientific research. “This is a small incident, but it’s incidents like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence,” says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufact urers of America. “We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to which we export are going to look at this.”The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadn’t inherited the genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didn’t were sold to the pig broker. “Any pig that was tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market,” says Charles Zukoski, vice chancellor f or research.But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the university’s agreement with the FDA, the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. “The University of Illinois failed to check with FDA t o see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to be used under any circumstance for food.”The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.36. The 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are from ________.[A] Europe[B] an American research organization[C] a meat processing plant[D] an animal farm37. The purpose of the transgenic engineering research is to ________.[A] get pigs of larger size in a shorter time[B] make sows produce more milk[C] make cows produce more milk[D] make pigs grow more lean meat38. The 4th paragraph shows that the University of Illinois ________.[A] was criticized by the FDA[B] is in great trouble[C] is required by the FDA to call back the sold piglets[D] may have to pay the penalty39. The FDA declares that the wrongfully sold piglets ________.[A] may have side effects on consumers[B] may be harmful to consumers[C] are safe to consumers[D] may cause human illness40. It can be inferred from this passage that ________.[A] all the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[B] part of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[C] none of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[D] half of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineeringPart III: English Writing (15%)DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are going to write a short essay on the title. You should write about 250 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Title:How to handle psychological pressure in today’s competitive lifeNOTES:Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.第二部分专业英语试题Part I. Reading comprehensionThere are altogether 12 sections. Please choose from the items given under each question the best one as your answer. 2 marks for each question with a total of 40 marks.Note：You should answer questions to 5 sections only，one of which should be the section corresponding to the major you are applying for and the other 4 sections can be selected at your will. 每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题，其中必须有一节与考生所报专业对应，其余4节考生可以任选。

博士入学英语考试试卷

博士生入学考试英语试卷(2007)1• ■I. Reading Comprehension (40%)Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given:Passage 1Through the years, our view of what leadership is and who can exercise it has changed considerably. Leadership competencies have remained constant, but our understanding of what it is, how it works, and the ways in which people learn to apply it has shifted. We do have the beginnings of a genera) theory of leadership, from history and social research and above all from the thoughts of reflective practitioners such as Moses, Julius Caesar, and James Madison, and in our own time from such disparate sources of wisdom as Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Mao Tse-tung, and Henry Kissinger, who have very little in common except that they have not only been there but tried with some fairness to speculate on paper about i【・But tales and reflective observation arc not enough except to convince us that leaders are physically strong and abnormally hard workers. Today we are a little closer to understanding how and who people lead, but it wasn't easy getting there・ Decades of academic analysis have given us more than 350 definitions of leadership. Literally thousands of empirical investigations of leaders have been conducted in the last seventy-five years alone, but no clear understanding exists as to what distinguishes leaders from non-leaders, and perhaps more important, what distinguishes effective leaders from ineffective leaders and effective organizations from ineffective orga nizalicns ・Never have so many labored so long to say so little. Multiple interpretations of leadership exist, each providing a fragment of insight but each remaining an incomplete and wholly inadequate explanation. Most of these definitions don't agree with each other, and many of them would seem quite remote to the leaders whose skills are being examined・Definitions reflect fashions, political tides and academictrends. They don't always reflect reality and sometimes they just represent nonsense・ Its as if what Braque once said about art is alsomatters in art is the part that cannot be explained.11Many theories of leadership have come and gone・ Some looked at the leader. Some looked at the situation. None has stood the test of time. With such a track record, it is understandable why leadership research and theory have been so frustrating as to deserve the label M thc La Brea Tar Pits" of organizational inquiry. Located in Los Angeles these asphalt pits house the remains of a long sequence of prehistoric animals that came to investigate but never left the ared.1.In regard of leadership competencies, the author suggests thatpeople have _______ •A.believed in their existenceB.learned to apply them extensivelyC.found it very difficult to acquire themD.been unable to realize their importance2.Several big names are mentioned in the first paragraph mainly to show their _________ •A.different styles of leadershipB・ effective exercise of leadershipC・ contributions to the theory of leadershipD. wisdom in applying the theory of leadership3.According to the author, people's opinions of leadership are on the whole quite ________ •A.dividedB.originalC・ misleadingD. sophisticated4.The author thinks that __________ .A.many people have labored to be leadersB.1 eaders are beyond our understandingC.the essencc of leadership has not been graspedD.the definitions of leadership should vary5."The La Brea Tar Pits” probably signifies things that _______ .A・ can be traced back to the prehistoric ageB.are traps for those who want to inquireC.are located in one place forever2D・ don't deserve full investigationPassage 2 ]It is a well-documented fact that women still live longer than men.A 1998 study by Harvard Medical School geriatrician Thomas Peris offers two reasons: one is the evolutionary drive to pass on her genes; the other is the need to stay healthy enough to rear as many children as possible. A man's purpose is simply to carry genes that ensure longevity and pass them on to his childre n.Okay, so that*s the legacy of our cave-dweller past. But what is it about a manl lifestyle that reduces his longevity? As action moviemakers know all too well, men are supercharged with testosterone・ Aside from forcing us to watch frenzied movies like The Matrix Reloaded, the testes-produced hormone also triggers riskier behavior and aggression, and increases levels of harmful cholesterol, raising the risk of heart disease or stroke. Meanwhile, the female hormone chops harmful cholesterol and raises "good” cholesterol.As Peris's study points out: "Between ages 15 and 24, men 、are four to five times more likely to die than women. This time frame coincides with the onset of puberty and an increase in reckless and violent behavior in males・ Researchers refer to it as a "testosterone storm.〜Most deaths in this male group come from motor vehicle accidents, followed by homicide, suicide…and drownings.,fWhile all this jumping from tall buildings may result in some accidental death, it still doesnl account for the onset of fatal illnesses at an earlier age. Statistically, men are crippled more quickly by illnesses like heart disease, stroke and cancer. A Singapore study found that while men were diagnosed with chronic illness two years earlier than women, women were also disable d by their illnesses four” years later. Men more often engage in riskier habits like drinking alcohol and using recreational drugs, as well as eating to excess. And the stereotype about men being adverse to seeing a doctor on a regular basis? Studies have shown its true・If your goal is to become the first 100-year-cld man on your3family tree, there are some things you can do to boost your odds・One is to examine what centenarians are doing right. According to the ongoing New England Centenarian Study, the largest comprehensive study of centenarians in the world, they can fend off or even escape age-associated diseases like heart attack, stroke, cancer, diabetes and Alzheimer's・ Ninety percent of those studied were functionally independent for the vast majority of their lives up until the age of 92, and 75% were just as autonomous at an average age of 95. "Centenarians disprove the perception that "the older you get, the sicker you get. Centenarians teach us that the older you get, the healthier you've been."6.This passage mainly discusses _______ .A.why women lead a healthier life than menB.how women can live longer and stay healthyC・ what keeps men from enjoying a longer life spanD・ whether men's life style leads to their early death7.According to Thomas Peris, which of the following is a major factorcontributing to the relative longevity of women over men?A.Their natural urge to remain healthy.B・ Their greater natural drive to pass on genes.C・ Their need to bear healthy offspring・D.Their desire to have more children.8.The author mentions H the legacy of our cave-dweller past11 to•A・ support the argument about women's role in rearing childrenB.summarize a possible cause of different life expectanciesC.challenge the theory about our ancestors1 behavior patternsD.illustrate the history of human evolution processpared with women, men as a whole _________ .A.suffer from depression more oftenB.suffer from diseases later than womenC.are reluctant to have physical checkupsD.are not affected by violent movies10・ Centenarians refer to people who ________ .A.live longer than femalesB・ live at the turn of the centuryC・ are extremely independentD. are a hundred years or olderPassage 3Clearly if we are to participate in the society in which we live, we must communicate with other people・ A great deal of communicating is performed on a person-to-person basis by the simple means of speech・If we travel in buses, buy things in shops, or eat in restaurants, we are likely to have conversations where we give information or opinions, receive news or comment, and very likely have our views challenged by other members of society.Face・io・face contact is by no means the only form of communication, and during the last two hundred years the art* of mass communication has become one of the dominating factors of contemporary society ・Two things, above others, have caused the enormous growth of the communication industry. Firstly, inventiveness has led to advances in printing, telecommunications, photography, radio and television. Secondly, -speed has revolutionised the transmission and reception of communications so that local news often takes a back seat to national news, which itself is often almost eclipsed by international news.No longer is the possession of information confined to a privileged minority. In the last century, the wealthy man with his own library was indeed fortunate, but today there are public libraries・ Forty years ago, people used to flock to the cinema, but now far more people sit at home and turn on the TV to watch a programme that is being channelled into millions of homes.Communication is no longer merely concerned with the transmission of information. The modern communication industry influences the way people live in society and broadens their horizons by allowing access to information, education and entertainment. The printing, broadcast! ng and advertising industries are all involved with informing, educating and entertaining.Although a great deal of the material communicated by the mass media is very valuable to the individual and to the society of which he is a part, the vast modem network of communications is open to abuse・However, the mass media are with us for better, for worse, and there is no turning back.1 L It is implied in the passage that .・A.1 ocal news used to be the only source of informationB・ local news still takes a significant place C・ national news isbecoming more popular D・ intemaiional news is the fastesttransmitted news512.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A.To possess information used to be a privilege. B・ Publiclibraries have replaced private libraries. C・ Communicationmeans more than transmission・ D. Information in fluences waysof life and thinking.13.From the last paragraph wc can infer that the writer is _______ •A.indifferent to the harmful influence of the mass mediaB.happy about the drastic changes in the mass media C・pessimistic about the future of the mass mediaD. concerned about the wrong use of the mass media-Passage 4Since the early 1930s, Swiss banks had prided themselves on their system of banking secrecy and numbered accounts. Over the years, they had successfully withstood every challenge to this system by their own government who, in turn, had been frequently urged by foreign governments to reveal information about the financial affairs of certain account holders・ The result of this policy of secrecy was that a kind of mystique had grown up around Swiss banking・ There was a widely-held belief that Switzerland was irresistible to wealthy foreigners, mainly because of its numbered accounts and bankers* reluctance to ask awkward questions of depositors・ Contributing to the mystique was the view, carefully propagated by the banks themselves, that if this secrecy was ever given up. foreigners would fall over themselves in the rush to withdraw money, and the Swiss banking system would virtually collapse overnight.To many, therefore, it came like a bolt out of the blue, when, in 1977, the Swiss banks announced they had signed a pact with the Swiss National Bank (the Central Bank). The aim of the agreement was to prevent the improper use of the country*s bank secrecy laws, and its effect was to curb severely the system of secrecy.The rules which the banks had agreed to observe made the opening of numbered accounts subject to much closer scrutiny than before. The banks would be required, if necessary, to identify the origin of foreign funds going into numbered and other accounts. The idea was to stop such accounts being used for dubious purposes. Also, they agreed not to accept funds resulting fiom tax evasion or from crime.The pact represented essentially a tightening up of banking rules. Although the banks agreed to end relations with clients whose identities6were unclear or who were performing improper acts, they were still not obliged to inform on a client to any one, including the Swiss government. To some extern, therefore, the principle of secrecy had been maintained.14.Swiss banks took pride in _______ .A.the number of their accountsB.withholding client informationC.being mysterious to the outsidersD.attracting wealthy foreign clients15.According to the passage, the widely-held belief that Switzerlandwas irresistible to wealthy foreigners wasby banks themselves・A.deniedB.criticizedC.reviewedD.defended16.】n the last paragraph, the writer thinks that ________ ・plete changes had been introduced into Swiss banksB.Swiss banks could no longer keep client informationC.changes in the bank policies had been somewhat superficialD.more changes need to be considered and madePassage 5I am one of the many city people who are always saying that giventhe choice, we would prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a large city. I have managed to convince myself that if it weren't for my job I would immediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the country. But how realistic is the dream?Cities can be frightening places・ The majority of the population live in massive tower blocks, noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tends to disappear when you live fifteen floors up. All you can see from your window is sky, or other blocks of flats. Children become aggressive and nervous—cooped up at home ail day, with nowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world. Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks don't even say hello to each other.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated7existence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of small villages together. People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too. While it is true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also true that you are cut off from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. There's little possibility of going to a new show or the latest movie・ Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go on an expedition to the nearest large town. The city・dweller who leaves for the country is often oppressed by a sense of unbearable stillness and quiet.What, then, is the answer? The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, but suffers from the disadvantage of being cut off; the city breeds a feeling of isolation, and constant noise batters the senses・ But one of its main advantages is that you are at the centre of things, and that life doesnS come to an end at half-past nine at night. Some people have found (or rather bought) a compromise between the two. they have expressed their preference for the "quiet life0 by moving to villages within commuting distance of large cities・ They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers they leave behind ・• they are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvement which they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages.What then of my dreams of leaning on a cottage gate and murmuring "morning” to the loc als as they pass by. I'm keen on the idea, but you see there's my cat, Toby. I'm not at all sure that he would take to all that fresh air and exercise in the long grass. I mean, can you see him mixing with all those hearty males down the farm? No, he would rather have the electric imitation-coal fire any evening.17.We get the impression from the first paragraph that the authored to live in the countryed to work in the cityC・ works in the cityD・ lives in the country18.In the author's opinion, the following may cause city peopleto be unhappy EXCEPT _______ ・A.a strong sense of fearck of communicationC.housing conditionsD.a sense of isolation819.The passage implies that it is easy to buy the following thingsin the country EXCEPT _______ ・A.daily necessitiesB.fresh fruitsC.designer clothesD.fresh vegetables20.According to the passage, which of the following adjectives bestdescribes those people who work in large cities and live in villages?A.Original・B.Quiet.C・ Arrogant.D. Insensitive.IL Translation (40%)Section A. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese (20%):Intellectual property scarcely existed in the vocabularies of U.S. academic researchers and administrators even 15 years ago. Now it is an ever-present part of discussions on research policies and directions・ This new importance of intellectual property in academia reflects a changing view of the relationships of research universities to the surrounding society. Until recently, research at universities has been relatively isolated from demands of economic utility, and education of graduate students has emphasized a career in academic research as the final goal. The university's contentment with this relative isolation was affected by two major events of the late 1980s and early 1990s: the fall of the Berlin wall, leading to an expected decrease in military funding of research, and the emphasis on balancing the federal budget—both producing a fear of a decline in federal funding of university research. The reaction on the part of the university has been to emphasize the benefits of taxpayer funding of research and seek increased research support from industry. Intellectual property plays an important part in both of these efforts.An unpredictcd effect of the increasing interest in exploitation of university intellectual property has been that on students and the educational process・Contrary to expectations that patenting and technology transfer might somehow shut out students from full participation in the research process, the effect has instead been to motivate students and to increase their awareness of the potentialcommercial utility of their research findings.Section B. Translate the following passages from Chinese into English (20%):1.技术的发展带來了人类文明和文化的不断进步和发展。

(完整版)博士研究生入学考试真题英语-

装备学院2012 年博士研究生入学考试英语（1001）试题（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，本试卷满分 100 分）Part I Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: There are 20 sentences in this section. There are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D under each of the following sentences. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1.He was a medal for his outstanding contribution to science.A.rewardedB. awardedC. promisedD. admitted2.Tall and , with close-cropped hair, Austin looks like anyone else on the track t eam.A.allergicB. confusedC. slenderD. splendidinjury and sickness received a good deal of publicity and3.The problem ofattention this year.A.careerB. professionalC. occupationalD. employment4.Three of workers produce machines that reduce tree branches to wood chips.A.shiftsB. shuttlesC. treatiesD. treads5.It is well known that the first can only work hard planting young trees for a new business,while the following people may obtain the successful fruits.A.practitionersB. amateursC. forerunnersD. managers6.The between direct and non-direct investment is thus meant to focus on the issueof control.A.distinctB. distinguishC. discriminationD. distinction7.The old gentleman to be an old friend of his grandfather's.A.turned inB. turned overC. turned upD. turned out8.With its share of the market falling sharply, Vermeer opened a plant in Beijing, taking aChinese partner and drawing help for the from the Chinese.A.adventureB. ventureC. featureD. fractureC. withheldD. deprived10.His casual clothes were not for such a formal occasion.A.appropriateB. grantedC. conspicuousD. noble11.The focus of the conference was the application of computer-game technologies andenvironments to real -world business problems.A.properB. outsideC. virtualD. inside12.The most explanation is that professors are not particularly interested in students'welfare.A.plausibleB. clarifiedC. respectfulD. indifferent13.The manufacturers rely increasingly on governments, here and abroad, to andexpand.A.profoundB. prosperC. extractD. conquer14.The Obama hasn’t tried to formulate policy that far into the future.A.managementB. governmentC. administrationD. parliament15.While the cause of the accident to one part, the commission also raised broaderconcerns about quality control.A.exploringB. consultingC. completingD. narrowing16.The commission recommended that the space agency a better quality-controlprogram for engine parts.A.put into actionB. put into effectC. take into actionD. take into action17.The significance of the new fossils is that Australopithecus sediba is the directancestor of the human genus.A.principleB. effectiveC. principalD. affective18.The analysis is not complete and Dominion no numbers to the public.A.releasedB. publishedC. confessedD. dominated19.The rules stated that anyone who had held office for three years was not for re-election.A.admirableB. eligibleC. reliableD. capable20.The rocks above the cave have gradually away, bringing the fossils to the surface.A.trackedB. tracedC. emergedD. erodedPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? 21 an event takes place, newspapers are on the streets to the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reports are on the spot to 22 the news.Newspapers have one basic 23 , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to know it. Radio, telegraph, television, and other inventions brought competition for newspapers. 24 did the development of magazines and other means of communication. However, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 25 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Competition also led newspapers to branch out to many other fields. Besides keeping readers 26 of the latest news, today's newspapers 27 and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers' economic choices 28 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 29 . Newspapers are sold at a price that fails to 30 even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main 31 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 32 in selling advertising depends on a newspaper's value to advertisers. This 33 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends 34 on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment offered in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information about the community, city, country, state, nation, and world, and even 35 space.21.A. Mean while B. Just when C. Soon after D. Before then22.A. gather B. spread C. carry D. bring23.A. reason B. cause C. purpose D. problem24.A. How B. So C. More D. What25.A.value B. ratio C. rate D. speedrm B. be informed C. to be informed D. informed27.A.entertain B. encourage C. educate D. edit28.A. on B. through C. with D. of29.A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose30.A. spend B. cover C. earn D. realize31.A. source B. origin C. course D. finance32.A. way B. means C. chance D. success33. A. measures B. is measured C. measured D. was measured34. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something35. A. far B. farther C. out D. outerPart III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Passage 1Hurricanes are violent storms that cause millions of dollars in property damage and take many lives. They can be extremely dangerous, and too often people underestimate their fury. Hurricanes normally originate as a small area of thunderstorms over the Atlantic Ocean west of the Cape Verde Islands during August or September. For several days, the area of the storm increases and the air pressure falls slowly. A center of low pressure forms, and winds begin to whirl around it. It is blown westward, increasing in size and strength.Hurricane hunters then fly out to the storm in order to determine its size and intensity and to track its direction. They drop instruments for recording temperature, air pressure, and humidity (湿度), into the storm. They also look at the size of waves on the ocean, the clouds, and the eye of the storm. The eye is a region of relative calm and clear skies in the center of the hurricane. People often lose their lives by leaving shelter when the eye has arrived, only to be caught in tremendous winds again when the eye has passed.Once the forecasters have determined that it is likely the hurricane will reach shore, they issue a hurricane watch for a large, general area that may be in the path of the storm. Later, when the probable point of landfall is clearer, they will issue a hurricane warning for a somewhat more limited area. People in these areas are wise to stock up on nonperishable foods, flash light and radio batteries, candles, and other items they may need if electricity and water are not available after the storm. They should also try to hurricane-proof their houses by bringing in light-weight furniture and other items from outside and covering windows. People living in low-lying areas are wise to evacuate their houses because of the storm surge, which is a large rush of water that may come ashore with the storm. Hurricanes generally lose power slowly while traveling over land, but many move out to sea, gather up force again, and return to land. As they move toward the north, they generally lose their identity as hurricanes.36.The eye of the hurricane is .A.the powerful center of the stormB.the relatively calm center of the stormC.the part that determines its directionD.the center of low pressure37.Which of the following statements is true?A.A storm surge is a dramatic increase in wind velocity.B.A hurricane watch is more serious than a hurricane warning.C.Falling air pressure is an indicator that the storm is increasing in intensity.D.It is safe to go outside once the eye has arrived.38.Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A.How to Avoid Hurricane damageB. Forecasting HurricanesC. The dangerous HurricaneD. Atlantic Storms39.The low-lying areas refer to those regions that .A.close to the ground levelB. one-storey flatC. flat housesD. near to the lowest level of hurricane40.Which of the following is NOT a method of protecting one's house from a hurricane?A.taking out heavy thingsB. moving in light-weight furnitureC. covering windowsD. equipping the house with stonesPassage 2On the morning of September 11th, I boarded the train from Washington Heights in Upper Manhattan just as usual and went to the Body Positive office in the South Street Seaport of Lower Manhattan. While I was leaving the subway at 8:53 am, a man ran down the street screaming, "Someone just bombed the World Trade Center." Those around me screamed and shouted "No!" in disbelief. However, being an amateur photographer, and thinking that I might be able to help out, I ran directly toward the WTC. I stopped just short of the WTC at a corner and looked up. There before me stood the gaping hole and fire that had taken over the first building. I stood there in shock taking pictures, wanting to run even closer to help out, but I could not move. Soon I saw what looked like little angels floating down from the top of the building. I began to cry when I realized that these "angels" -- in fact, desperate office workers - - were coming down, some one-by-one, some even holding hands with another. Could I actually be seeing this disaster unfold with hundreds of people around me crying, screaming and running for safety?As I watched in horror, another white airliner came from the south and took aim at the South Tower. As the plane entered the building, there was an explosion and fire and soon debris ( 碎片) began to fall around me. It was then that I realized that we were being attacked and that this was just not a terrible accident. Yet, I still could not move, until I was pushed down by the crowd on the street, many now in a panic running toward the water, as far from the WTC as they could possibly get. All around me were the visual reminders of hundreds of people running in panic. There were shoes, hats, briefcases, pocketbooks, newspapers, and other personal items dropped as hundreds of people ran for safety.Much has been written about the disaster already. We have learned so much in such a small amount of time about appreciating life. In some way we must move forward, bury the dead, build a memorial for those lost, and begin the coping and healing process for the survivors. Buthealing takes time. Some have been able to head right back to work, others seek counseling,while others remain walking through the streets with expressionless faces. However, we are all united in our grief.41.According to paragraph 1, the author’s office was .A.at Washington HeightsB.just beside the World Trade CenterC.in the South Street SeaportD.far from the WTC42.The passage tells us that the author .A.was a social workerB.worked in the Body Positive office near the WTCC.was asked to take some pictures of WTCD.ran toward WTC because he wanted to make out what was happening43.What was his first reflection when he stood at the corner?A.People were floating down from the top of the building as if they wanted to break a world record.B.A terrorist attack against America had begun. .C.There was a terrible accident in which an airliner struck the first building.D.He was just at a loss and could not make out what had happened.44.What was the immediate reaction of the man on seeing all this?A.He watched in horror and cried, but couldn’t move.B.He ran nearer to help out.C.He ran nearer to take pictures.D.He ran away to try to find a shelter.45.In the last paragraph, the author’s attitude is that .A.different people have different ideasB.people shouldn’t walk with expressionless facesC.people should go back to work immediatelyD.however difficult the situation is, people should unite and move forwardPassage 3We can begin our discussion of “population as global issue” with what most persons mean when they discuss “the population problem”: too many people on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year. The facts are not in dispute. It was quite right to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to “a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes.”To understand the current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in population, it is necessary to understand the history of population trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that populations have been virtually stable or growing very slightly for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, life was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertility in most places, but this was usually balanced by high mortality. For most of human history, it wasseldom the case that one in ten persons would live past forty, while infancy and childhood w ereespecially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinction of the human race.This pattern is important to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in population in recent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children, but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high mortality.Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth which extended from about 8,000 B.C. till approximately A.D. 1650. In the first period of some 9600 years, the population increased from some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageable. Between 8000BC and 1650, an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the world’s population each year. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.46.Which of the following demographic growth pattern is most suitable for the long thinpowder fuse analogy?A.A virtually stable or slightly decreasing period and then a sudden explosion of population.B.A slow growth for a long time and then a period of rapid, dramatic increase.C.Too many people on earth and some rapid increase in the number added each year.D.A long period when death rates exceeds birthrates and then a short period with higherfertility and lower mortality.47.During the first period of demographic history, societies were often in danger of extinctionbecause .A.only one in ten persons could live past 40.B.there was higher mortality than fertility in most places.C.it was too dangerous to have babies due to the poor conditions.D.our ancestors had little enthusiasm for more children.48.Which statement is true about population increase?A.There might be an increase of 2.2 billion persons from now to the year 2000.B.About 50,000 babies are born every six hours at present.C.Between 8000 BC and the present, the population increase is about 80,000,000 personseach year.D.The population increased faster between 8000BC and 1650 than between 1650 and thepresent.49.The word “demographic” in the first paragraph means .A.statistics of humanB.surroundings studyC.accumulation of humanD.development of human50.The author of the passage intends to .A.warn people against the population explosion in the near futurepare the demographic growth pattern in the past with that after 1650C.find out the cause for rapid increase in population in recent yearsD.present us a clear and complete picture of the demographic growthPassage 4Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. ？The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, andthe English word comes from the Latin auctio, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub basra, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a “reserve” price, that is ,a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best au ctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one ofthemselves as the only bidder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a‘knock-out’ comes off, the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.51.A candle used to burn at auction sales .A.because they took place at nightB.as a signal for the crowd to gatherC.to keep the auctioneer warmD.to limit the time when offers could be made52.An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers .A.the current market values of the goodsB.details of the goods to be soldC.the order in which goods must be soldD.free admission to the auction sale53.The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of order because .A.he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB.he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC.he wants to keep certain people waitingD.he wants to reduce the number of buyers54.An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because .A.then he earns more himselfB.the dealers are pleasedC.the auction-rooms become world famousD.it keeps the customers interested55. A ‘knock-out’ is arranged .A.to increase the auctioneer's profitB.to allow one dealer only to make a profitC.to keep the price in the auction room lowD.to help the auctioneerSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After you have read the passage, answer each question in English with no more than 15 words. Write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.1.Chad Hurley and Steve Chen have some experience with turning a small Web site into Internet gold. In 2006 they sold their scrappy start-up YouTube to Google for $1.65 billion.2.More recently they picked an unlikely candidate to be their next Web sensation: a Yahoo castoff (丢弃物).3.The men are trying to inject new life into Delicious, a social bookmarking service that, in its time, was popular among the technorati, but failed to catch on with a broader audience.4.“What we plan to do,” Mr. Hurley said in an interview here last week, “is try to introduce Delicious to the rest of the world.”5.Created in 2003, Delicious lets people save links from around the Web and organize them using a simple tagging system, assigning keywords like “neuroscience” or “recipes.” It was praised for the way it allowed easy sharing of those topical links. The site’s early popularity spurred Yahoo to snap it up in 2005 — but in the years after that Yahoo did little with it.6.In December, leaked internal reports from Yahoo hinted that the company was planning to sell or shut down the service.7.At the same time, Mr. Chen and Mr. Hurley, who had recently formed a new company called Avos and begun renting space a few blocks from the original YouTube offices in San Mateo, had been brainstorming ideas for their next venture. One problem they kept circling around was the struggle to keep from drowning in the flood of news, cool new sites and videos surging through their Twitter accounts and RSS feeds, a glut that makes it difficult to digest more thana sliver of that material in a given day.8.“Twitter sees something like 200 million tweets a day, but I bet I can’t even read 1,000 aday,” Mr. Chen said. “There’s a waterfall of content that you’re missing out on.”9.He added, “There are a lot of services trying to solve the information discovery problem, and no one has got it right yet.”10.When the men heard about Yahoo’s plans to close Delicious, their ears perked up, and they placed a personal call to Jerry Yang, one of the founders of Yahoo, and made him an offer. (They declined to disclose financial details of the transaction.)11.At heart, they say, the revamped service will still resemble the original Delicious when it opens to the public, which Mr. Chen and Mr. Hurley said would happen later this year. But their blueprint involves an overhaul of the site’s design and the software and the systems used to tag and organize links.12.The current home page of Delicious features a simple cascade of blue links, the most recent pages bookmarked by its users, and it tends to largely be dominated technology news. But the new Delicious aims to be more of a destination, a place where users can go to see the most recent links shared around topical events, like the Texas wildfires or the anniversary of the Sept.11 attacks, as well as the gadget reviews and tech tips.13.The home page would feature browseable “stacks,” or collections of related images, videos and links shared around topical events. The site would also make personalized recommendations for users, based on their sharing habits. “We want to simplify things visually, mainstream the product and make it easier for people to understand what they’re doing,” Mr. Hurley said.14.Mr. Chen gives the example of trying to find information about how to repair a vintage car radio or plan an exotic vacation.15.“You’re Googling around and have eight to 10 browser tabs of results, links to forums and message boards, all related to your search,” he said. The new Delicious, he said, provides “a very easy way to save those links in a collection that someone else can browse.”16.They say they decided to buy Delicious rather than build their own service for a number of reasons.17.“We know how hard it would be to build a brand,” Mr. Hurley said. “Delicious lets us hit the ground running with its existing footprint.”18.A number of sites already have Delicious buttons as an option for sharing content — right alongside Facebook, Twitter and Tumblr, Mr. Hurley said.19.But Mr. Chen said the team also “liked the idea of saving one of the original Web 2.0 companies that started the social sharing movement on the Web.” He added: “There was some sense of history. We were genuinely sad that it would be shut down.”20.Both founders acknowledge that they were never diehard Delicious users. “I signed up in 2005 and I didn’t use it again until 2011,” Mr. Chen said with an embarrassed laugh.56.What is likely to be Chad Hurley and Steve Chen’s next web sensation according to thepassage?57.Why the author says in paragraph 2 that the sensation is an UNLIKELY candidate?58.How do you un derstand the sentence said by Mr. Hurley “Delicious lets us hit the groundrunning with its existing footprint” in paragraph 17?59.What does the word ‘diehard’ possibly mean in the first sentence of the last paragraph?60.List no less than 10 words in the passage that are related with web or i nternet.Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each) Directions: Each of the following underlined part has an error. Find out the errors in the underlined parts and without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on the Answer Sheet.To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use to start late in life to say: “I wi ll take an interest in this or that.”(61) Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledges of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief.(62) It is no use doing what you like; you have got to dislike what you do. Broadly speaking, human being may be divided as three classes (63): those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week’s sweating and effort, (64) the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the profession or business man, (65) who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, people whose work and pleasure are one. (66) Of these the former are the major. (67) They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, and a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. (68) But Fortune’s favored children belong to the second class. Their life is a naturally harmony. (69) For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vacation. Yet of both classes the need of an alternative outlook, (70) of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential.Part V Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions: Translate the five underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. Write down your translation on the Answer Sheet.A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best。

北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解

北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解北京理工大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠReading Comprehension (40 points)Directions：In this part there are four passages for you to read. After each passage there are five questions, below each of whom there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter with a pencil on the MA CHINE-SCORING ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneI was introduced to the concept of literacy animator in Oladumi Arigbede's (1994) article on high illiteracy rates among women and school dropout rates among girls. According to Arigbede, literacy animators view their role as assisting in the self-liberating development of people in the world who are struggling for a more meaningful life. Animators are a family of deeply concerned and committed people whose gut-level rejection of mass human pauperization compels them to intervene on the side of the marginalized. Their motivation is not derived from a love of literacy as merely another technical life skill, and they accept that literacy is never culturally or ideologically neutral.Arigbede writes from her experiences as an animator working with women and men in Nigeria. She believes that literacy animators have to make a clear choice about whose culture and whose ideology will be fostered among those with whom they work. Do literacy educators in the United States consider whether the instruction they pursue conflicts with their students' traditional cultures or community, or fosters illiteraciesin learners' first or home languages or dialects and in their orality?Some approaches to literacy instruction represent an ideology of individualism, control, and competition. Consider, for example, the difference in values conveyed and re presented when students engage in choral reading versus the practice of having one student read out loud to the group. To identify as a literacy animator is to choose the ideology of “sharing, solida rity, love, equity, co-operation with and respect of both nature and other human beings.” Liter acy pedagogy that matches the animator ideology works on maintaining the languages and cultures of millions of minority children who at present are being forced to accept the language and culture of the dominant group. It might lead to assessment that examines the performance outcomes of acommunity of literacy learners and the social significance of their uses of literacy, as opposed to measuring what an individual can do as a reader and writer on a standardized test. Shor (1993) describes literacy animators as problem-posing, community-based, dialogic educators. Do our teacher-education text books on reading and language arts promote the idea that teachers should explore problems from a community-based dialogic perspective?1．A literacy animator is one who ______.A．struggles for a more meaningful lifeB．frees people from poverty and illiteracyC．is committed to marginalize the illiterateD．is concerned with what is behind illiteracy2．The author suggests that literacy educators in the US in a way ______.A．promote students' home languagesB．force students to accept their cultureC．teach nothing but reading and writingD．consider literacy as of non-neutral nature3．Arigbede worked with Nigerians probably to ______.A．teach American customs and ideologyB．make a choice of culture to be fosteredC．reject the values of the dominant classD．help maintain Nigerian language and culture4．According to the author, “choral reading” may represent ______.A．individualism B．collectivismC．competition D．immersion5．Animator ideology emphasizes more on ______.A．the social function of literacyB．students' performance in testsC．the dominant group’s languageD．the attainment of life skillsPassage TwoAccording to one survey of 12,000 people, about 30 percent of those making New Year'sresolutions say they don't even keep them into February. And only about 1 in 5actually stays on track for six months or more, reports ediets．com, a consumer diet and fitness Web site.But don't let those odds make you reach for the nearest bag of potato chips. Experts say you can keep those resolutions long term, even if you're struggling now.“The motivation comes from within, and so when you find that you're declining in your healthy eating program, and then just ask yourself, ‘Is this going to get me the results that I want?',” says Leslie Stewart, a registered dietitian and licensed nutritionist．“And if you're doing something every day to eat heal thy, then that's going to pay off in the long run.”Stewart advises to use what she calls the 90-10 eating rule.“If you're eating healthy 90 percent of the time, then 10 percent of the time, you can cut yourself some slack and eat pleasurably.”She says s he believes that “healthy eating is evolution instead of resolution.”The same principle can be applied to a lagging exercise resolution, too.Staying motivated is key to long-term success, and reviewing original goals can help strengthen a weakening workout program.Adding variety to a fitness regime also can prevent you from hanging up those exercise shoes. After a few weeks of well-intentioned workouts, boredom may be creeping you're your routine.Setting goals too high is another common mistake. “If you're not running a marathon at the end of the month, don't worry,” say Mayo Clinic experts. A too intense workout—and the resulting pain and stiffness—is discouraging and may force most to abandon a pro gram. Starting slowly is key.But if your goals already have fallen by the wayside，Uria says to start up again immediately.“A little setback is OK; get back on the horse and ride...drive toward that goal,” he says.6．According to the author, only about 20% people keeping their resolutions does not necessarily mean that ______.A．the figure is rather depressing and unexpected as wellB．those who have made their resolution should give up their effortC．whoever keep their resolutions should start eating potato chipsD．long-term resolutions are not important for those facing troubles7．What is the idea behind the 90-10 eating rule according to the passage?A．You should keep eating healthy 90% of the time.B．You should feel free to eat 10％of the time.C．You should learn to eat healthy gradually.D．Sudden change will be more efficient and effective.8．Which of the following you should avoid to keep yourself interested in exercise?A．Hanging up your exercise shoes if you feel tired.B．Keeping boredom away from your daily activity.C．Making a schedule with too high goals in it.D．Running a marathon at the beginning of the month.9．How many suggestions at least have been introduced concerning the exercise resolution?A．Four. B．Five. C．Six. D．Seven.10．What is critically important in making long-term resolutions successful?A．You should be struggling with yourself all the time.B．You should constantly evaluate the results you want.C．You should try to keep yourself motivated.D．You should try your best to diversify your fitness practice.Passage ThreeOur present generation of cultural critics, arriving after the assault of postmodernism and the increasingly widespread commercialization of culture, has been cast adrift, with out any firm basis for judgments. Publications and institutions to supportserious criticism, in this view, either no longer exist or are few in number.Critics today, it is also claimed, are too cozy behind the ivied walls of academe, con tent to employ a prose style that is decipherable only to a handful of the cognoscenti. The deadly dive of university critics into the shallow depths of popular culture, moreover, reveals the unwillingness of these critics to uphold standards. Even if the reasons offered are contradictory, these Jeremiahs huddle around their sad conclusion that serious cultural criticism has fallen into a morass of petty bickering and bloated reputations.Such narratives of declension, a staple of American intellectual life since the time of thePuritans, are misplaced, self-serving, and historically inaccurate and difficult to prove. Has the level of criticism declined in the last 50 years? Of course the logic of such an opinion depends on the figures that are being contrasted with one another. Any number of cultural critics thriving today could be invoked to demonstrate that cultural criticism is alive and well.But many new and thriving venues for criticism and debate exist today, and they are not limited solely to the discussion of literary works. Actually, they became so encrusted with their own certitude and political judgments that they became largely irrelevant. Today the complaint is that literary culture lacks civility. We live in an age of commercialism and spectacle. Writers seek the limelight, and one way to bask in it is to publish reviews that scorch the landscape, with Dale Peck as the fatuous, but not a typical, case in point. Heidi Julavits, in an essay in The Believer, lamented the downfall of serious fiction and reviewing. She sur veyed a literary culture that had embraced “snark”, her termfor hostile, self-serving reviews.The snark review, according to Julavits, eschews a serious engagement with literature in favor of a sound-bite approach, an attempt to turn the review into a form of entertainment akin to film reviews or restaurant critiques. A critic found cultural criticism to be in “critical condition.” For him, the postmodern turn to, theory, in its questioning of objectivity, cut the critical, independent ground out from under reviewers. The rise of chain bookstores and blockbuster best sellers demeaned literary culture, making it prey to the commercial values of the market and entertainment.The criticism does not seem discontinuous. Nor should we forget that civility rarely reigned in the circles of New York intellectuals. The art critic Clement Greenberg physically pummeled the theater critic Lionel Abel after Abel rejected the view that Jean Wahl, the French philosopher, was anti-Semitic. Though Robert Peck has the reputation of a literary hatchet man, so far as I know his blows thus far have all been confined to the printed page.Cultural criticism has certainly changed over the years. The old days of the critic who wielded unchallenged authority have happily passed. Ours is a more pluralistic age, one not beholden to a narrow literary culture. The democratization of criticism—as in the Amazon system of readers' evaluating books—is a messy affair, as democracy must be. But the solution to the problems of criticism in the present is best not discovered in the musty basements of nostalgia and sentiment for the cultural criticism of a half-century gone. Rather the solution is to recognize, asJohn Dewey did almost a century ago, that the problems of democracy demand more democracy, less nostalgia for a goldenage that never was, and a spirit of openness to what is new and invigorating in our culture.11．What is the possible connection between cultural critics and publications and institutions?A．Cultural critics attack postmodernism and commercialization cherished by publications and institutions.B．Postmodernism and commercialization are attacked by the serious publications and institutions.C．Cultural criticism is short of judgments and will not exist without the support of publications and institutions.D．Publications and institutions show almost no interest in serious cultural criticism.12．How do the university critics like the serious cultural criticism?A．Cultural criticism is not serious enough when the articles are written in the cozy prose style.B．Popular culture is so prevailing that serious critics are not willing to keep to the shallow standards.C．Serious cultural criticism is full of insignificant quarrels and the public do not real ly trust it.D．Cultural critics have become so serious as to tell the stories imbued with American intellectual Puritanism.13．What is the author's opinion of the current complaint about the literary expansion into the other fields?A．When literary critics discuss issues with political judgments, their views are likely to be meaningless.B．It is reasonable for writers to seek limelight since we are living in the age of com mercialism.C．Critics should be encouraged to write and publish poignant articles which would scorch the landscape.D．It is the critics' responsibility to lament the downfall of serious fiction and reviewing.14．What does “the snark review” refer to according to Heidi Julavits?A．Cultural reviews which are unfriendly and selfish.B．Literary reviews avoiding serious criticism.C．Entertainment reviews in the film industry.D．Postmodern reviews independent of objectivity.15．In order to find a way out the current dilemma for the cultural criticism, the author suggests that ______.A．we should return to the old days when the critics passed their judgments without challengesB．pluralism should be held back, reinforcing the unchallenged authority in the literary criticismC．democratic criticism should not be adopted because it is rather messy as proved in the Amazon systemD．we should encourage more democracy, dismiss nostalgia and cultivate an open attitudePassage FourIn July, almost unnoticed by the national press, a deadly bird virus arrived on a pheasant farm in Surrey. Experts from the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) identified Newcastle disease, a virus usually mortal to turkeys and geese but not humans, in a flock of 9,000 pheasant chicks imported from France ahead of the shooting season.Within hours of the diagnosis, veterinary experts had swung into action, throwing up a 3 km exclusion zone around the farm near Cobham and culling 10,000 birds. The carcasses were burned and premises cleaned to stop the virus escaping. It was four weeks before Defra's Veterinary Exotic Diseases Division feltit was safe for poultry movements in the area to resume．This weekend, with the news that H5N1, a far more deadly bird virus, has reached Turkey, similar emergency plans are being readied by officials from Defra and other agencies. The scenario they are preparing for is that the H5N1 virus, which so far has led to the culling of billions of chickens in south-east Asia and 60 human deaths, will soon arrive on these shores.What happens next depends on where the outbreak occurs, whether it can be contained and—most important of all—whether it mutates to become infectious between people. So far, only poultry workers or those directly exposed to chicken faeces or blood are thought to be at risk, though direct human-to-human transmission cannot be ruled out. “Eve ry time a new person getsinfected with the virus there is a small chance that person will trigger a pandemic,” said Neil Ferguson, a scientist at Imperial College, who has been running simulations on what might happen were H5N1 to reach Britain. “It's a v ery small chance, probably 1 in a 1,000, 1 in 10,000 or less. ”Should diseased birds reach Britain, the first step for veterinary officials would be to contain the outbreak as they did with Newcastle disease. An amber alert would be sounded and samples sent to the Veterinary Laboratory Agency (VLA) in Weybridge, Surrey. If Ian Brown, the head of avian virology there, confirms the cause of death as H5N1, the alert level will be raised to red and a whole series of emergency procedures, from quarantine, restriction of poultry movements to culling, will swing into action. Other agencies, such as the Department of Health, the Health Protection Agency and the Ministry of De fence, would be brought into the loop. In the event that theoutbreak cannot be contained, Defra may have to consider mass culling programmes and the possibility of vaccination.At this point, with the risk of the virus spreading to human populations, the Department of Health would appoint a UK national influenza pandemic committee to coordinate the response of hospital trusts and local authorities. The Civil Contingency Secretariat (CCS) of the Cabinet will also be alerted and Cobra, the emergency committee which coordinates Whitehall's response to terrorism, readied for a possible breakdown in civil order.The Department of Health's pandemic preparedness plan published in March envisages as many as 54,000 Britons dying in the first few months of a flu pandemic. But in June, CCS officials warned that that could be an underestimate. The more likely figure, they said, was 700,000—projection the Department of Health is expected to take on board when it updates its pandemic preparedness plan later this month.In the most serious case, officials estimate there would be as many deaths in the 12weeks of an epidemic as there usually are in a year. At the peak of the pandemic, 19,000people would requite hospital beds, prompting councils to requisition schools to accommodate the sick.To treat the dying, the government would begin drawing down its stockpiles of Tamiflu (药名), an anti-viral drug that treats flu. But with only 14 courses, enough for a quarter of the population, likely to be available, sooner or later rationing would have to be imposed, with health professionals and essential civil servants the first in line. The government would also come under pressure to release stores of its precious flu vaccine. At present there are contingency plans for justtwo to three million doses. But there is no guarantee that vaccines which protect against annual human flu strains will also work against H5N1．The consequences hardly bear thinking about. Earlier this year, in a dress rehearsal in the East Midlands codenamed, Operation Arctic Circle, officials quickly concluded that mass mortuaries would be needed to bury the dead. But no one knows whether, in the event of a pandemic, any of these measures will prove effective. John Avizienius, senior scientific officer at the RSPCA and a member of Defra's avian influenza stakeholder group,said: “All you can do is plan for the worst case scenario.”The fear is that wild geese moving from western China to Siberia may have spread the virus to several species of ducks and gulls that briefly visit British shores on their annual migration north. These ducks, many of which may not show signs of illness, may be passing on the virus to poultry on British farms.In the hope that they are not, Defra and the Wildfowl and Wetland announced last week that they would be conducting tests on 11,000 wild birds—three times the normal level. “The risk of avian influenza spreading from eastern Russia to the UK via migrating birds is still low,” said Defra's chief vet, Debby Reynolds. “Howe ver, we have said all along that we must remain on the look out.”16．What does the “scenario” in Paragrap h 2 mean to Turkey?A．Turkey will be exposed to the nationwide aggression of the deadly virus as the most severely attacked country on these shores.B．Turkey must kill billions of chicken and other kinds of poultry.C．Turkey has to be responsible for the arrival of H5N1 on these shores.D．All the veterinary experts in Turkey will soon swing into action.17．What is, according to Neil Ferguson, the possible risk of bird flu if one gets infected?A．Anyone's infection will trigger pandemic though it is probably one in ten thousand.B．Each time a person gets infected with the virus will cause an enormous pandemic bird flu.C．The person infected with the virus will do great harm to people around him. D．It is impossible that the virus infection of a certain persons will cause a national bird virus spreading.18．The change of alert colors from amber to red implies that__.A．all poultry workers must leave their working places as soon as possibleB．the officials in the Department of Health must call for much more of international assistanceC．the most serious situation of bird flu has appearedD．the change of the color functions greatly as the weather reports do19．What are the steps taken by the Department of Health of UK with the risk of the virus spreading to human population?A．The Department of Health required Civil Contingency Secretariat to publish documents for the pandemic preparedness.B．The Department of Health required the UK national committee to co-work with hospital trusts and local authorities.C．The Department of Health required Civil Contingency Secretariat to make a pandemic plan as soon as possible.D．The Department of Health requires every hospital to store Tamiflu, the precious flu vaccine.20．British government's fear of the wild geese from western China to Siberia is due to ______.A．the domestic ducks and gulls infected by the imported geese to BritainB．the poultry on British farms has been infected by the immigrated wild geeseC．the migration of the wild geese every winterD．British shores infected by the geese virusPart ⅡTranslation (40 points)Section A Directions: Translate the following short paragraphs into Chinese. (20 points) 21．Everyone has something they are ashamed of, afraid of or that they feel guilty about.Each of us, in our own way, has devised a neat little method of handling our dark side. We may know how to hide it. Few of us know how to heal it. When we refuse to admit what we have done in the past, we block our path to the future. No matter how terrible we think we are, how bad we believe we have been, how low we think we have fallen, we can clean our minds and begin again.22．We expend so much energy trying to fix who we are, we rarely get to know our selves. If we。

2023年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

昆明理工大学2023年博士研究生招生考试试题（A）
考试科目代码：1111 考试科目名称：英语
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昆明理工大学2023年博士研究生招生考试试题
昆明理工大学2023年博士研究生招生考试试题
昆明理工大学2023年博士研究生招生考试试题
昆明理工大学2023年博士研究生招生考试试题
昆明理工大学2023年博士研究生招生考试试题
昆明理工大学2023年博士研究生招生考试试题
昆明理工大学2023年博士研究生招生考试试题。

博士研究生入学考试英语试题

2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I. Reading Comprehension (60%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A), B), C), or D) and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I.Passage 1We live in southern California growing grapes, a first generationof vintners, our home adjacent to the vineyards and the winery. It’s a very pretty place, and in order to earn the money to realize our dream of making wine, we worked for many years in a business that demanded several household moves, an incredible amount of risk-taking and long absences from my husband. When it was time, we traded in our old life, cinched up our belts and began the creation of the winery.We make small amounts of premium wine, and our lives are dictated by the rhythm of nature and the demands of the living vines. The vines start sprouting tiny green tendrils in March and April, and the baby grapes begin to form in miniature, so perfect that they can be dipped in gold to form jewelry. The grapes swell and ripen in early fall, and when their sugar content is at the right level, they are harvested carefully by hand and crushed in small lots. The wine is fermented and tendeduntil it is ready to be bottled. The vineyards shed their leaves, thevines are pruned and made ready for the dormant months --- and the next vintage.It sounds nice, doesn’t it? Living in the country, our days spentin the ancient routine of the vineyard, knowing that the course of our lives as vintners was choreographed long age and that if we practiced diligently, our wine would be good and we’d be successful. From thestart we knew there was a price for the privilege of becoming a wine-making family, connected to the land and the caprices of nature.We work hard at something we love, we are slow to panic over the daily emergencies, we are nimble at solving problems as they arise. Some hazards to completing a successful vintage are expected: rain justbefore harvesting can cause mold; electricity unexpectedly interrupted during the cold fermentation of white wine can damage it; a delayed payment from a major client when the money is needed.There are outside influences that disrupt production and take patience, good will and perseverance. [For example] the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms regulates every facet of the wine business.A winery’s records are audited as often as two or three times a yearand every label --- newly written for each year’s vintage --- must be approved. …[But] The greatest threat to the winery, and one that almost madeus lose heart, came out of a lawyer’s imagination. Out little winery was served notice that we were named in a lawsuit accusing us of endangering the public health by using lead foils on our bottles (it was the only material used until recently) “without warning consumers of apossible risk.” There it was, our winery’s name listed with the industry’s giants. …… I must have asked a hundred times: “Who gets the money if the lawsuit is successful?” The answer was, and I never was able to assimilate it, the plaintiffs and their lawyers who filed the suit! Since the lawsuit was brought in behalf of consumers, it seemed to me that consumers must get something if it was proved that a lead foil was dangerous to them. We were told one of the two consumer claimants was an employee of the firm filing the suit!There are attorneys who focus their careers on lawsuits like this. It is an immense danger to the small businessman. Cash reserves can be used up in the blink of an eye when in the company of lawyers. As long as it’s possible for anyone to sue anybody for anything, we are all in danger. As long as the legal profession allows members to practice law dishonorably and lawyers are congratulated for winning big money in this way, we’ll be plagued with a corruptible justice system.1. The phrase “cinched up our belts”, in the first paragraph, suggests that the coupleA. thought creating a winery would be busyB. wore clothing that was too bigC. strapped their belongings together and movedD. prepared for the difficult work ahead2. The grapes are harvested on a date thatA. may vary.B. depends on the approval of the regulatory bureau.C. is traditionally set.D. is determined by availability of pickers.3. According to the author, the life of vintners is most controlled byA. the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms.B. unexpected changes in temperature.C. the sugar content of the grapes.D. the tempo of the seasons.4. The writer complains that when she questioned the lawyers sheA. never got the answer.B. never got a simple answer.C. could make no sense of the answer she got.D. could not understand the answer she got.5. The writer thinks that the legal professionA. strives to protect consumers.B. does a good job of policing its members.C. is part of an incorruptible system.D. includes rapacious attorneys.Passage 2There is a confused notion in the minds of many persons, which the gathering of the property of the poor into the hands of the rich does no ultimate harm, since in whosever hands it may be, it must be spent at last, and thus, they think, return to the poor again. This fallacy has been again and again exposed; but granting the plea true, the same apology may, of course, be made for black mail, or any other form of robbery. It might be (though practically it never is) as advantageousfor the nation that the robber should have the spending of the money he extorts, as that the person robbed should have spent it. But this is no excuse for the theft. If I were to put a turnpike on the road where it passes my own gate, and endeavor to exact a shilling from every passenger, the public would soon do away with my gate, without listening to any pleas on my part that it was as advantageous to them, in the end, that I should spend their shillings, as that they themselves should. But if, instead of outfacing them with a turnpike, I can only persuade them to come in and buy stones, or old iron, or any other useless thing, out of my ground, I may rob them to the same extent and, moreover, be thanked as a public benefactor and promoter of commercial prosperity. And this main question for the poor of England --- for the poor of all countries --- is wholly omitted in every treatise on the subject of wealth. Even by the laborers themselves, the operation of capital is regarded only in its effect on their immediate interests, never in thefar more terrific power of its appointment of the kind and the object of labor. It matters little, ultimately, how much a laborer is paid for making anything; but it matters fearfully what the thing is which he is compelled to make. If his labor is so ordered as to produce food, fresh air, and fresh water, no matter that his wages are low; the food and the fresh air and water will be at last there, and he will at last get them. But if he is paid to destroy food and fresh air, or to produce iron bars instead of them, the food and air will finally not be there, and he will not get them, to his great and final inconvenience. So that, conclusively, in politics as in household economy, the great question is, not so much what money you have in your pocket, as what you will buywith it and do with it.。

博士入学考试-1001英语

statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best
choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
xx 博士研究生入学考试试题
科目代码: 1001
科目名称: 英语
请注意:答案必须写在答题纸上（写在试题上无效）
I. Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
________.
A) intrigued
B) steered
Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension
C) cheated
D) bothered
Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished
classrooms in recent years.
A) subordination B) participation

博士研究生入学英语考试试卷

博士研究生入学英语考试试卷(2002. 5. 13)Part I Vocabulary and Structure(20 minutes)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completesthe sentence. Then write down the answer on the Answer Sheet.1.While typing, Helen has a habit of stopping ___B___ to give her long and flowing hair a Smooth.A. simultaneouslyB. occasionallyC. eventuallyD. promptly2.Most electronic devices of this kind, ___C______ manufactured for this purpose, are tightlyPacked.A. which isB. what areC. as areD. they are3.I found the missing letter _____C_____ on the top shelf.A. lyingB. lainC. layingD. resting4.He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to __D___ the consequences.A. run intoB. abide byC. step intoD. answer for5.It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a ___B___ way when in a furious state.A. credibleB. rationalC. legalD. stable6.“May I take the instrument out of the laboratory?” “No, you ____D______.”A. may notB. can notC. might notD. must not7.All the off-shore sailors were in high spirits as they read ___C____ letters from their families.A. intimateB. affectionateC. sentimentalD. sensitiveA.__D_on the table.B.There are three strong cup of coffeeC.Three strong cups of coffee are thereD.There are three cups of strong coffeeE.There are strong three cups of coffee8.Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be ____A____ in some form.A. given offB. set offC. used upD. put out9.A ____A____ of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor forapproval.A. schemeB. shorthandC. scheduleD. sketch10.The business of each day, ____A____ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.A. it beingB. was itC. be itD. it was11.___A______ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.A. But forB. In spite ofC. As forD. Because of12.Today, housework has been made easier by electrical ____B_______.A. instrumentsB. appliancesC. facilitiesD. equipment13.Don’t ____C____ the news to the public until we give you the go-ahead.A. retainB. discardC. relieveD. release14.Accustomed to climbing trees, _____B_____. HtA.it was not difficult to reach the topB.the top was not difficult to reachC.I had no difficult reaching the topD.To reach the top was not difficult16. ___A___ his knowledge of the mountainous country, John Smith was appointed as guide.A. On account ofB. In spite ofC. Regardless ofD. Instead of17.When I took his temperature, it was two degrees above ____D_____.A. ordinaryB. averageC. regularD. normal18.With sufficient scientific information a manned trip to Mars should be ____C______.A. potentialB. considerableC. feasibleD. obtainable19.Why did you pay so much money for that small apartment? You __A______ better.A. should have knownB. may have knownC. will have knownD. must have known20.I was suspicious of his sincerity and remained ____D____ by his many arguments.A. unconfirmedB. reassuredC. unconvincedD. unconcerned21.“When ________ again?” “When he ___B_____, I’ll let you know.”A. he comes; comesB. will he come; comesC. he comes; will comeD. will he come; will come22.Because of the strong sun Mrs. William’s new dining room curtains _____A___ from darkblue to gray within a year.A. fadedB. faintedC. paledD. diminished23.Our attitude toward our teachers should be ____D_____, but not slavish or superstitious.A. respectedB. respectableC. respectiveD. respectful24.There was _____C____ to prevent the accident.A. something that could doB. anything we could doC. nothing we could doD. nothing could be done25.With all kinds of fabric samples, the designer could not make up her mind _____B_____.A. to select which oneB. which one to selectC. which to be selectedD. about selecting which26.Your help is ___A______ for the success of the project.A. indispensableB. inevitableC. inherentD. indicativewyers often make higher ___C______ for their work than they should.A. costsB. pricesC. chargesD. bills28.Dress warmly, ____D_______ yo u’ll catch cold.A. on the contraryB. or ratherC. in no wayD. or else29.The policeman stopped him when he was driving home and _B___ him of speeding.A. blamedB. accusedC. deprivedD. charged30.We were rather upset by his __C____ to support our proposal.A. rejectingB. refusingC. denyingD. resistingPart II Reading Comprehension(40 minutes)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B),C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and write down your answer onthe Answer Sheet.Passage OneWhat does a scientist do when he or she “explains” someth ing? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and reduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. They explain particular instances of behavior as example of general laws. For instance, most psychologists would explain a pathologically strong fear of dogs as an example of classical conditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal. Perhaps the person was knocked down by an exuberant dog , and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response—fear.Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms of simple phenomena. For example, the movement of a muscle is explained in terms of changes in the membranes of muscle cells, entry of particular chemicals, and interactions between protein molecules within these cells. A molecular biologist would “explain” these events in terms of forces that bind various molecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another.The task of physiological psychology is to “explain” behavior in physiological terms. Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believe that all natural phenomena—including human behavior—are subject to the laws of physics. Thus, the laws of behavior can be reduced to descriptions of physiological processes.How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiologists cannot simply be reductionist. It is not enough to observe behaviors and correlate them with physiological events that occur at the same time, Identical behaviors, under different conditions, may occur for different reasons, and thus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms: This means that we must understand “psychologically” why a pa rticular behavior occurs before we can understand what physiological events made it occur.31.What does the passage mainly discuss?A.The difference between “scientific” and “unscientific” explanations.B.The difference between human and animal behavior.C.What fear would be explained by the psychologist, physiologist, and molecularbiologist.D.How scientists differ in their approaches to explaining natural phenomena.32.In the first paragraph, the word “deal” could best be replaced by which of the following?A. barterB. are playingC. bargainD. are concerned33.Which of the following is most clearly analogous to the example in the passage of theperson who fears dogs?A.A child chokes on a fish-bone and as an adolescent is reluctant to eat fish.B.A person feels lonely and after a while buys a dog for companionship.C.A child studies science in school and later grows up to become a teacher.D.A person hears that a snowstorm is predicted and that evening is afraid to drive home.34.According to the passage, which of the following is important in explaining a musclemovement?A. Classical conditioning.B. The flow of blood to the muscle.C. Protein interactions.D. The entry of unpleasant stimuli through the cell membrane.35.The author implies that which of the following is the type of scientific explanation mostlikely used by a molecular biologist?A. GeneralizationB. ExperimentationC. InteractionD. ReductionPassage TwoYou stare at waterfall for a minute or two, then shift your gaze to its surroundings. What you now see appears to drift upward, You are aboard a train in a busy station when suddenly another train next to your starts moving forward. For a fraction of a second you feel that your train has lurched backward.These optical illusions occur because the brain is constantly matching its model of reality to signals from the body’s sensors and interpreting what must be happening—that your train must have moved, not the other; that downward motions is now normal, so a change from it must be perceived as upward motion.The sensors that make this magic are of two kinds. Each eye contains about 120 million rods, which provide somewhat blurry black and white vision. These are the windows of night vision; once adapted to the dark, they can detect a candle burning ten miles away.Color vision in each eye comes from six to seven million structures called cones. Under ideal conditions, every cone can “see” the entire rain bow spectrum of visible colors, but one type of cone is most sensitive to red, another to green, a third to blue. By monitoring how any wavelength of light affects the different cones, a connected ganglion cell can determine its “color” and relay those dat a backward.Rods and cones send their massages pulsing an average 20 to 25 times per second along the optic nerve. We see an image for a fraction of a second longer than it actually appears. In movies, reels of still photographs are projected onto screens at 24 frames per second, tricking our eyes into seeing a continuous moving picture.Like apparent motion, color vision is also subject to unusual affects. When day gives way to night, twilight brings what the poet T.S. Eliot called “the violet hour.” As light levels fall, the rods become active, and the cones become progressively less responsive. Rods are most sensitive to the shorter wave-lengths of blue and green, and they impart a strange vividness to the garden’s blue flowers.However, look at a white shirt during the reddish light of sunset, and you’ll still see it in its “true” color—white, not red. Our eyes are constantly comparing an object against its surroundings. They therefore observe the effect of a shift in the color of illumination on both, and adjust accordingly.The eyes can distinguish several million graduations of light and shades of color. Each waking second they flash tens of millions of pieces of information to the brain, which weaves them incessantly into a picture of the world around us.Yet all this is done at the back of each eye by a fabric of sensors, called the retina, about as wide and as thick as a postage stamp. As the Renaissance inventor and artist Leonardo da Vinci wrote in wonder, “Who would believe that so small a space could contain the images of all the universe?” And only now, 500 years later, are we beginning to learn how the eyes do it.36.Visual illusions often happen when the image of reality is _____________.A.signaled by about 120 million rods in the eyeB.interpreted in the brain as what must be the caseC.confused in the body’s sensors of both rods and conesD.matched to six to seven million structures called cones37.The visual sensor that is capable of distinguishing shades of color is called ________.A. conesB. color visionC. rodsD. spectrum38.At night rods can be so active as to be able to see clearly ___________.A. redB. blueC. whiteD. violet39.The retina sends pulse to the brain ___________.A. in short wavelengthsB. by a ganglion cellC. as color pictureD. along the optic nerve40.Twenty-four still photographs are made into a continuous moving picture just because____________.A.the image we see usually stays longer than it actually appearsB.the eyes catch million pieces of information continuouslyC.rods and cones send message 20 to 25 times a secondD.we see object in comparison with its surroundings41.The author’s purpose in writing the passage is to ____________.A.regret that we are too slow in the study of eyesB.marvel at the great work done by the retinarm us about the different functions of the eye organsD.show that we sometimes are deceived by our own eyesPassage ThreeAn invisible border divides those arguing of computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not sim ply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however,presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.42.The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is _________.A. self contradictoryB. dubiously orientedC. far reachingD. radically reformatory43.The belief that education is indispensable to all children ____________.A.is indicative of a pessimism in disguiseB.is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocatesC.came into being along with the arrival of computersD.originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries44.It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model ofprofessional training is ___________.A.of little practical valueB.worth trying in various social sectionsC.dependent upon the starting age of candidatesD.attractive to every kind of professional45.According to the author, basic computer skills should be ____________.A.highlighted in acquisition of professional qualificationsB.mastered through a life-long courseC.equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseD.included as an auxiliary course in schoolPassage FourThe would-be sleeper who re-fights his daily battles in bed or rehearses tomorrow’s problems—finds it hard to fall asleep. Then he starts worrying about his inability to sleep, which increases his insomniac, which increases his worries, which in a new development that may help the insomniac to break this vicious cycle, Dr. Werner P. Koella of the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology has discovered a chemical in the brain that may control normal sleep.The substance, known as serotonin, is one of a number of so-called neurohormone in the brain that researchers suspect play an important part in controlling the mind and the emotions. Such chemicals, researchers have learned, assist in transmitting nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another. Serotonin, Koelia notes, is produced in particularly high concentrations in the hypothalamus, the “primitive” lower part of the brain and the stem, which joins the brain tothe top of the spinal cord and is known to contain the centers controlling the level of consciousness. Conceivably, Koella reasoned, serotonin was the transmitter substance in the brain stem and hypothalamus that regulated sleep.In preliminary experiments, Koella found that giving Seroton in to cats’ brains and attached to an EEG (electroencephalogram) machine to record the brain waves; next, the serotonin was injected directly into brain or an artery in the neck. The pupils of the animals’ eyes narrowed and the electroencephalograms showed “slow” waves characteristic of deep sleep within five to ten minutes.More recently, Koella deprived cats of serotonin. The animals, again equipped with implanted electrodes, were given PCPA, a drug that blocks the formation of serotonin. They were then placed in small compartments fitted with one-way mirrors and watched round the clock. Normally cats sleep about fifteen hours a day; but Koella’s cats after receiving PCPA, spent about 30 minutes of each day sleeping. Most of the time, their EEG’S showed th e brainwave patterns of arousal. Occasionally the cats would curl up as if to go to sleep, but would soon get back on their feet to wander about. The animals showed signs of irritability and often meowed complainingly after a few days of sleep deprivation, but had normal reflexes. The effects of the PCPA wore off eight days to two weeks after administration of the drug; the cats returned to their normal sleeping patterns as serotonin levels in their brains rose again. Koella believes that at least some types of chronic insomnia may be caused by a drop in brain-serotonin levels. The Worcester physiologist is now working on chemical ways to raise the brain’s serotonin levels and produce, in his words, “a truly physiological sleeping pill.” Synthetic sleeping pills, such as barbiturates, bring sleep, but at a price: they depress the central nervous system, reduce heart action and respiration—and they can become habit-forming or even addictive.46.The main idea of this passage is _____________.A.Dr. Koella has done many experiments with catsB.Dr Koella has discovered a chemical called serotonin which might be the body’snatural hormone for controlling sleepC.Serotonin might be a better sleeping aid because it is a natural hormoneD.A good night’s sleep is possible47.According to Dr. Koella, some people can not sleep normally because ___________.A.their brain-serotonin levels are lowB.they worry too much about their inability to sleepC.they suffer from chronic diseasesD.they addict to synthetic sleeping pills48.The sentence “They were……watched round the clock.” Means that ________________.A.the cats walked around a clockB.the cats were watched 24 hours a dayC.there was a round clock in the cats, compartmentsD.the cats were watched to walk around the clock49.In paragraph 6, Dr. Koella implies, but does not directly stated, that _______________.A.he has developed a natural sleeping pill which will raise the serotonin level in the bodyB.sleeping pills are habit-formingC.a natural sleeping pill would be superior to synthetic pills because it would have no badeffects on the bodyD.chemical ways to raise the brain’s serotonin levels produce a truly physiologicalsleeping pill50.The language used in this article indicates that Dr. Koella _____________.A.is positive that serotonin controls sleepB.is quite uncertain whether serotonin controls sleepC.thinks that serotonin might control sleepD.is quite certain whether serotonin controls sleepPart III Cloze Test (15 minutes)Directions: For each number blank in the following passage, there are four choices markedA), B, C) and D). Choose the best one and write down your answer on theANSWER SHEET.The law is a great mass of rules, showing when and how far a man is liable to be punished, or to be made to 51 over money or property to his 52 and so forth. These rules are contained 53 books. A lawyer learns them in the main by 54 books.He begins by doing 55 else than reading and after he has prepared himself 56 , Say, three years’ study to practice, 57 , all his life long and almost every day, he will be58 books to read a little more than he already knows about some new questions 59 he has to answer.The power to use books, then, is a 60 which a good lawyer ought to 61 . He ought to have enough flexibility to 62 it easy for him to collect ideas 63 printed words. He ought to have some readiness in finding, 64 a book contains, and something of an instinct for 65 to look for what he wants.But 66 this is the power of which he will first feel the need, it is not the most 67 .A lawyer does not study law to recite it: he studies it to use it and 68 on the rules which he has learned in real life. His 69 is to try cases in court and to 70 men what to keep or get out of trouble.51. A. get B. hand C. look D. take52. A. inhabitants B. settlers C. neighbors D. residents53. A. by B. upon C. for D. in54. A. reading B. writing C. reciting D. compiling55. A. much B. something C. plenty D. little56. A. during B. over C. within D. by57. A. just B. still C. almost D. perhaps58. A. looking into B. leaving behind C. seeing through D. paying back59. A. what B. why C. which D. how60. A. promise B. cause C. talent D. mission61. A. cover B. regard C. possess D. evaluate62. A. enable B. weigh C. suggest D. make63. A. of B. from C. about D. towards64. A. what B. how C. that D. which65. A. why B. where C. when D. which66. A. although B. if C. provided D. unless67. A. natural B. strange C. important D. magnificent68. A. depends B. acts C. counts D. draws69. A. target B. opportunity C. advice D. business70. A. advise B. order C. trust D. forbidPart IV Short Answer Questions(15 minutes)Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements.Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statement inthe fewest possible words.The ordinary family in colonial North America was primarily concerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its own economic prosperity. Thus, children were valued in terms of their productivity, and they assumed the role of producer quite early. Until they fulfilled this role, their position in the structure of the family was one of subordination, and their psychological needs and capacities received little consideration.As the society became more complex, the status of children in the family and in the society became more important. In the complex, technological society that the United States has become, each member must fulfill a number of personal and occupational roles and be in constant contact with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing children as potentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society means that they are regarded more as people in their own right than as utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as equal participants in the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statues protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs devoted exclusively to their well-being.This new view of children and the increasing contact between the members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest in child-rearing techniques. People today spend a considerable portion of their time conferring on the proper way to bring up children. It is now possible to influence the details of the socialization of another person’s child by sp reading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and methods of child rearing.The socialization of the contemporary child in the United States in a two-way transaction between parent and child rather than a one-way, parent-to-child training program. As a consequence, socializing children and living with them over a long period of time is for parents a mixture of pleasure, satisfaction, and problems.Questions:1.What is the subject of this passage?____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ________________________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________. 2.According to the author, children in colonial North America were mainly valued for their ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ________________________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________. 3.What does the author mention as a cause of changes in the role of child in the United States?____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ________________________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________. 4.In the fourth paragraph, what does the author mean by saying “a two-way transaction”?____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ________________________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________. 5.What caused the parents’ increasing interest in the techniques of raising child?____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ________________________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________. Part V Translation (30 minutes)Directions: Read the following passage, then translate it into Chinese.Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotion; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.Youth means a temperamental(气质) predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite, for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals.Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being’s heart the lure of wonder, the unfailing childlike appetite of what’s next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long are you young.When the aerials(天线) are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism(玩世不恭) and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at 20, but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at 80.青春不是年华，而是心境；青春不是桃面，丹唇，柔膝，而是深沉的意志，恢宏的想象，炽热的感情；青春是生命的源泉在不息的涌流。

(完整版)复旦大学年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(含答案),推荐文档

复旦大学2007 年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠVocabulary and Structure （15 points）Directions：There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark thecorresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ with a single line through the center.1.Although the false banknotes fooled many people, they did not to a closeexamination.A．keep up B．put up C．stand up D．look up2．When I bent down to tie my shoelace, the seat of my trousers .A．split B．cracked C．broke D．holed3.His thighs were barely strong enough to support the weight of his body.A．inanimate B．rustic C．malleable D．shrunken4.To get my travellers' cheques I had to a special cheque to the bank for the totalamount.A．make for B．make out C．make up D．make off5．She described the distribution of food and medical supplies a s a nightmare.A．paranoid B．putative C．benign D．logistical6．A sordid, sentimental plot unwinds, with a n inevitable ending.A．mawkish B．fateful C．beloved D．perfunctory7．Despite efforts by the finance minister, inflation rose to 36 points.A．absurd B．grimy C．valiant D．fraudulent8.In I wish I had thought about alternative courses of action.A．retrospect B．disparity C．succession D．dissipation9．Psychoanalysts tend to regard both and masochism as arising from childhood deprivation.A．attachment B．distinction C．ingenuity D．sadism10．Fear showed in the eyes of the young man, while the old man looked t ired and .A．watery B．wandering C．weary D．wearing11.The clash between Real Madrid and Arsenal i s being as the match of the season.A．harbinger B．allured C．congested D．lodged12．What he told me was a of downright lies.A．load B．mob C．pack D．flock13．We regret to inform you that the materials you o rdered are .A．out of work B．out of stock C．out of reach D．out of practice14.I realized the consequences, I would never have contemplated getting involved.A．Even if B．Had C．As long as D．If15.They managed to the sound on TV every time the alleged victim's name was spoken.A．deaden B．deprive C．punctuate D．rebuff16．He had been to appear in court on charges of incitement o f lawbreaking.A．illuminated B．summoned C．prevailed D．trailed17．The computer doesn't human thought; it reaches the same ends by different means.A．flunk B．renew C．succumb D．mimic18．How about a glass of orange juice to your thirst？A．quench B．quell C．quash D．quieten19．The rain looked as if it had for the night.A．set off B．set up C．set out D．set in20.My aunt lost her cat last summer, but it a week later at a home in the next village.A．turned up B．turned in C．turned on D．turned out21．As is known to all, a vague law is always to different interpretations.A．invulnerable B．immune C．resistant D．susceptible22．The manager facts and figures to make it seem that the company was prosperous.A．beguiled B．besmirched C．juxtaposed D．juggled23.To our great delight, yesterday we received a（n）donation from a benefactor.A．handsome B．awesome C．miserly D．prodigal24．Students who get very high marks will be from the final examination.A．expelled B．banished C．absolved D．ousted25．It me that the man was not telling the truth.A．effects B．pokes C．hits D．stirs26．John glanced at Mary to see what she thought, but she remained .A．manifest B．obnoxious C．inscrutable D．obscene27．My neighbor tended to react in a heat and way.A．impetuous B．impertinent C．imperative D．imperceptible 28．This morning when she was walking in the street, a black car beside her.A．drew out B．drew off C．drew down D．drew up29．She decided to keep reticent about the unpleasant past and it to memory.A．attribute B．allude C．commit D．credit30.It did not take long for the central bank to their fears.A．soothe B．snub C．smear D．sanctifyPart ⅡReading Comprehension （40 points）Directions：There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A,B, C and D．Choose the best answer and mark corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰwith a single line through the center.Passage OneJean left Alice Springs on Monday morning with regret, and flew all day in a “Dragonfly”' aircraft; and it was a very instructive day for her. The machine did not go directly to Cloncurry, but flew to and for across the wastes of Central Australia, depositing small bags of mail at cattle stations and picking up cattle-men and travelers to drop them off after a hundred or a hundred and fifty miles. They landed eight or ten times in the course of the day, at places like Ammaroo and Hatches Creek and many other stations; at each place they would get out of the plane and drink a cup of tea and have a talk with the station manager or owner, and get back into the plane and go on their way. By the end of the day Jean Paget knew exactly what a cattle station looked like, and she was beginning to have a very good idea of what went on there.They got to Cloncurry in the evening, a fairly extensive town on a railway that ran eastwardto the sea at Townsville．Here she was in Queensland, and she heard for the first time the slow deliberate speech of the Queensland that reminded her at once of her friend Joe Harman. She was driven into town in a very old open car and deposited at the Post Office Hotel; she got a bedroom but tea was over, and she had to go down the wide，dusty main street to a café for her evening meal. Cloncurry, she found, had none of the clean attractiveness of Alice Springs; it was a town which smelt of cattle, with wide streets through which to drive them down to the stockyard, many hotels, and a few shops. All the houses were of wood with red-painted iron roofs; the hotels had two floors, but very few of the other houses had more than one.She had to spend a day here, because the air service to Normanton and Willstown ran weekly on a Wednesday．She went out after breakfast while the air was still cool and walked in one direction up the huge main street for half a mile till she came to the end of the town, then came back and walked down it a quarter of a mile till she came to the other end. Then she went and had a look at the railway station, and, having seen the airfield,with that she had seen all there was to see in Cloncurry. She looked in at a shop that sold toys and newspapers, but they were sold out of all reading matter except a few books about dress-making; as the day was starting to warm up she went back to the hotel. She managed to borrow a copy of the Australian Women's Weekly from the manageress of the hotel and took it to her room, and took off most of her clothes and lay down on her bed to sweat it out during the heat of the day. Most of the other citizens of Cloncurry seemed to be doing the same thing.She felt like moving again shortly before tea and had a shower, and went out to the café for an ice. Weighed down by the heavy meal of roast beef and plum-pudding that the Queenslanders call “tea” she sat in a folding chair for a little outside in the cool of the evening, and went to bed again at about eight o'cock. She was called before daybreak, and was out at the airfield with the first light.31.When Jean had to leave Alice S prings, she .A.wished she could have stayed lodgerB．regretted she had decided to flyC．wasn't looking forward to flying all dayD．wished it had not been a Monday morning32.How did Jean get some idea of Australian cattle station？A.She learnt about them at first h and.B.She learnt about them from friends.C.She visited them weekly.D.She stayed on one for a week.33.Jean's main complaint about Cloncurry in comparison with Alice Springs, was .A．the width of the main street B．the poor service at the hotelC．the poor-looking buildings D．the smell of cows34．For her evening meal on the second day J ean had .A．only an ice-cream B．a lot of cooked foodC．some cold beer D．a cooling, but non-alcoholic drink35．Jean left Cloncurry .A．early on Wednesday morning B．late on Tuesday eveningC．after breakfast on Tuesday D．before breakfast on TuesdayPassage TwoIt was unfortunate that, after so trouble-free an arrival, he should stumble in the dark as he was rising and severely twist his ankle on a piece of rock. After the first shock the pain became bearable, and he gathered up his parachute before limping into the trees to hide it as best he could. The hardness of the ground and the deep darkness made it almost impossible to do this efficiently. The pine needles lay several inches deep so he simply piled them on top of the parachute, cutting the short twigs that he could feel around his legs, and spreading them on top of the needles. He had great doubts about whether it would stay buried, but there was very little else that he could do about it.After limping for some distance in an indirect course away from his parachute he began to make his way downhill through the trees. He had to find out where he was, and then decide what to do next. But walking downhill on a rapidly swelling ankle soon proved to be almost beyond his powers. He moved more and more slowly，walking in long sideways movements across the slope, which meant taking more steps but less painful ones. By the time he cleared the trees and reached the valley, day was breaking. Mist hung in soft sheets across the field. Small cottages and farm buildings grouped like sleeping cattle around a village church, whose pointed tower, pointed high into the cold winter air to welcome the morning.“I can't go no further，” John Harding thought. “Someon e is bound to find me, but what can't I do？I must get a rest before I go on. Ther'll look for me first up there on the mountain where the plane crashed. I bet they're out looking for it already and they're bound to find the parachute in the end. I can't believe they won't. So they'll know I'm not dead and must be somewhere. They'll think I'm hiding up there in the trees and rocks so they'll look for me, so I'll go down to the village. With luck by the evening my foot will be good enough to get me to the border.”Far above him on the mountainside he could hear the faint echo of voices, startling him after great silence. Looking up he saw lights like little pinpoints moving across the face of the mountain in the grey light. But the road was deserted, and he struggled along, still almost invisible in the first light, easing his aching foot whenever he could, avoiding stones and rough places, and limping quietly and painfully towards the village. He reached the church at last. A great need for peace almost drew him inside, but he knew that would not do. Instead, he limped along its wails towards a very old building standing a short distance from the church doors. It seemed to have been there for ever, as if it had grown out of the hillside. It had the same air of timelessness as the church. John Harding pushed open the heavy wooden door and slipped inside.36.It is known from the passage that John Harding was .A.an escaped prisonerB．a criminal on the run from the policeC．an airman who had landed in an enemy country areaD．a spy who had been hiding in the forest37.John Harding found it hard to hide his parachute because .A．he got his ankle twisted severelyB.the trees did not give very good coverC.the earth was not soft and there was little lightD.the pine needles lay too thick on the ground38.In spite of his bad ankle John Harding was a ble to .A．carry on walking fairly rapidlyB.walk in a direction that was less steepC.bear the pain without changing directionD.find out where he had landed39.When John Harding got out of the forest he saw that .A．it was beginning to get much lighterB.washing was hanging on the lines in the villageC.the fields were full of sleeping cowsD.some trees had been cleared near the village40.John Harding decided to go down to the village .A.to find a doctor to see to his ankle B．to be near the frontierC．to avoid the search party D．to find shelter in a buildingPassage ThreeA trade group for liquor retailers put out a press release with an alarming headline: “Millions of Kids Buy Internet Alcohol, Landmark Survey Reveals.”The announcement, from the Wine and Spirits Wholesalers of America received wide media attention. On NBC's Today Show, Lea Thompson said, “According to a new online survey, one in 10 teenagers have an underage friend who has ordered beer, wine or liquor over the internet. More than a third think they can easily do it and nearly half think they won't get caug ht.” Several newspapers mentioned the study, including USA Today and the Record of New Jersey. The news even made Australia's Gold Coast Bulletin.Are millions of kids really buying booze online？To arrive at that jarring headline, the group used some questionable logic to pump up results from a survey that was already tilted in favor of finding a large number of online buyer.For starters, consider the source. The trade group that commissioned the survey has long fought efforts to expand online sales of alcohol; its members are local distributors who compete with online liquor sellers. Some of the news coverage pointed out that conflict of interest, though reports didn't delve more deeply into how the numbers were computed.The Wine and Spirits Wholesalers of America hired Teenage Research Unlimited, a research company, to design the study. Teenage Research, in turn, hired San Diego polling firm Luth Research to put the questions to 1,001 people between the ages of 14 and 20in an online survey. Luth gets people to participate in its surveys in part by advertising them online and offering small cash awards—typically less than $ 5 for short surveys.People who agree to participate in online surveys are, by definition, internet users, something that not all teens are. （Also, people who actually take the time to complete such surveys may be more likely to be active, or heavy internet users. ）It's safe to say that kids who use the internet regularly are more likely to shop online than those who don't. Teenage Research Unlimited told me it weighted the survey results to adjust for age, sex, ethnicity and geography of respondents, but had no way to adjust for degree of internet usage.Regardless, the survey found that, after weighting, just 2.1 points of the 1,001 respondents bought alcohol online—compared, with 56 points who had consumed alcohol. Making the questionable assumption that their sample was representative of all Americans aged 14 to 20 with access to the internet—and not just those with the time and inclination to participate in online surveys—the researchers concluded that 551,000 were buying alcohol online.But that falls far short of the reported “millions of kids”. To ju stify that headline, the wholesalers' group focused on another part of the survey that asked respondents if they knew a teen who had purchased alcohol online. Some 12 points said they did. Of course, it's ridiculous to extrapolate from a state like that—one buyer could be known by many people, and it's impossible to measure overlap. Consider a high school of 1,000 students, with 20 who have bought booze on line and 100 who know about the purchases. If 100 of the school's students are surveyed at random, you'd expect to find two who have bought and 10 who know someone who has—but that still represents only two buyers, not 10．（Not to mention the fact that thinking you know someone who has ordered beer online is quite different from ordering a six pack yourself. ）Karen Gravois Elliott, a spokeswoman for the wholesalers' group, told me, “The numbers are real,” but referred questions about methodology to Teenage Research. When I asked her about the potential problems of conducting the survey online, she said the medium was a strength of the survey: “We specifically wanted to look at the teenage online population.”Nahme Chokeir, a vice president of client service for San Diego-based Luth Research Inc., told me that some of his online panel comes from word of mouth, which wouldn't necessarily skew toward heavy internet users. He added that some clients design surveys to screen respondents by online usage, though Teenage Research didn't.I asked Michael Wood, a vice president at Teenage Research who worked on the survey，whether one could say, as the liquor trade group did, that millions of teenagers had bought alcoholonline. “You can't,” he replied, adding, “This is their press release.”41.Which of the following is the message that this passage is trying to convey？A．The severe social consequences of kids buying alcohol online.B.The hidden drawback of the American educational system.C.The influence of wide coverage of news media.D.The problems in statistic methodology in social survey.42.According to the author, what is wrong with the report about kids buying alcohol？A．It is unethical to offer cash awards to subjects of survey.B.The numbers in this report were falsified.C.The samples and statistic methods were not used logically.D.The study designers and survey conductors were bribed.43.Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the word “extrapolate” in paragraph 8？A.Conduct. B．Infer. C．Deduct. D．Whittle.44.By saying “To justify that headline, the wholesalers' group focused on another part of the survey that asked respondents if they knew a teen who had purchased alcohol online”, the author implies that .A.it is absurd to conduct a survey among teenagersB.the ways the wholesalers' group conducted surveys are statistically questionableC.this kinds of survey is preliminary, therefore undependableD.teenagers might not be honest since buying alcohol online is an indecent behavior45．Which of the following is more likely to be the source for problems in this survey？A．This survey is tilted in favor of local alcohol distributors, who have a conflict of interest with online sellers.B.The data collection and analysis are not scientific and logical.C.Subjects are not sampled in a right way and can not represent the whole American teenage population.D.The survey results are affected by gifts to subjects, which can be misleading.Passage FourI had visited the capital before although my friend Arthur had not, I first visited London as astudent, reluctantly released from the bosom of a tearful mum, with a traveling trunk stuffed full of home-made fruit cakes and woolly vests. I was ill-prepared for the Spartan standards of the South. Through even the grimmest post-war days, as kids we had ploughed our way through corner cuts of beef and steamed puddings. So you can imagine my dismay when I arrived, that first day, at my London digs to be faced with a plate of tuna-paste sandwiches and a thin slice of cake left curling under a tea-towel. And that was supposed to be Sunday l unch!When I eventually caught up with my extremely irritating landlady, I met with a vision of splendor more in keeping with the Royal Enclosure at the races than the area in which she lived. Festooned with jewels and furs and plastered with exclusive cosmetics, she was a walking advert for Bond Street.Now, we have a none too elegant but very apt phrase for this in the North of England, and it was the one my friend Arthur to describe London after three days there: “All fur coat and nothing underneath.”Take our hotel. The reception area was plush and inviting, the lounge and diningroom poor enough to start Arthur speaking “properly”. But journey upstairs from one landing to the next, at the veneers of civilization fell away before your eyes. By the time we reached our room, all pretension to refinement and comfort had disappeared. The fur coat was off （back in the bands of the hire purchase company）, and what we were really expected to put up with for a small fortune a night was exposed in all its shameful nakedness. It was little more than a garret, a s habby affair with patched and peeling walls. There was a stained sink with pipes that grumbled and muttered all night long and an assortment of furnishings that would have disgraced Her Majesty's Prison Service. But the crowning glory was the view from the window. A peek behind the handsome facade of our fabled city, rank gardens choked with rubbish, all the debris of life piled against the back door. It was a good job the window didn't open, because from it all arose the unmistakable odor of the abyss.Arthur, whose mum still polishes her back step and disinfects her dustbin once a week, slumped on to the bed in a sudden fit of depression. “Neve r mind，” I said, drawing the curtains. “You can watch telly.” This was one of the hotel's luxuries, which in the newspaper ad had persuaded us we were going to spend the week in style. It turned out to be a yellowing plastic thing with a picture which rolled over and over like a floundering fish until you took your fist to it.But Arthur wasn't going to be consoled by any cheap technological gimmicks.He was sure his dad had forgotten to feed his pigeons and that his dogs were pining away for him. He grew horribly homesick. After a terrible night spent tossing and turning to a ceaselesscacophony of pipes and fire doors, traffic, drunks and low-flying aircraft, Arthur surfaced next daylike a claustrophobic mole. London had got squarely on top of him. Seven million people had saton him all night, breathed his air, generally fouled his living space, and come between him andthat daily quota of privacy and peace which prevents us all from degenerating into mad axemen orreservoir poisoners.Arthur had to be got out of London for a while.46．When the writer first came to t he capital .A.he had been very reluctant to leave his motherB.his mother had not wanted him to leave homeC.he had made no preparations for his journey southD.he had sent his possessions on ahead in a trunk47.The writer was surprised at what he received for Sunday lunch because .A.food had always been plentiful at homeB.he had been used to grimmer times at homeC.things had been difficult after the war up NorthD.beef had always been available from the butcher on the corner at home48.The landlady seemed to epitomize a phrase used in the North of England to indicate thatthings were .A.tender underneath the surface B．vulnerable to the outside worldC．more profound than they seemed D．beautiful but only superficially49．The room which the writer and his friend were t o share .A.was more suited to housing prisoners than hotel guestsB.had a magnificent view from one of its windowsC.had a door which provided access to a rubbish tipD.was situated above some foul-smelling gardens50.The writer feels that in order to remain sane, one needs a certain amount of .A．physical exercise B．fresh airC．daily nourishment D．breathing space注意：以下各题的答案必须写在ANSWER SHEETⅡ上。

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博士研究生入学英语考试试卷(2002. 5.13)Part I Vocabulary and Structure (20 minutes)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes thesentence. Then write down the answer on the Answer Sheet.1.While typing, Helen has a habit of stopping B to give her long and flowing hair a Smooth.A.simultaneouslyB. occasionallyC. eventuallyD. promptly2.Most electronic devices of this kind, C manufactured for this purpose, are tightly Packed.A.which isB. what areC. as areD. they are3.1 found the missing letter C on die top shelf.A.lyingB. lainC. layingD. resting4.He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to D the consequences.A.run intoB. abide byC. step intoD. answer for5.It's usually the case that people seldom behave in a B way when in a furious state.A.credibleB. rationalC. legalD. stable6.“May I take the instrument out of the laboratory?” "No, you DA.may notB. can notC. might notD. must not7.All the off-shore sailors were in high spirits as they read C letters from theirfamilies.A.intimateB. affectionateC. sentimentalD. sensitiveA.—D_on the table.B.There are three strong cup of coffeeC.Three strong cups of coffee are thereD.There are three cups of strong coffeeE.There are strong three cups of coffee8.Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be A in some form.A. given offB. set offC. used upD. put out9.A A of the long report by 由e budget committee was submitted to the mayor forapproval.A. schemeB. shorthandC. scheduleD. sketch10.The business of each day,A selling goods or shipping them, went quitesmoothly.A. it beingB. was itC. be itD. it was11. A the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.A. But forB. In spite ofC. As forD. Because of12.Today, housework has been made easier by electrical B.A. instrumentsB. appliancesC. facilitiesD. equipment13.Don't C the news to the public until we give you the go-ahead.A.retainB. discardC. relieveD. release14.Accustomed to climbing trees,B. HtA.it was not difficult to reach the topB.the top was not difficult to reachC.I had no difficult reaching the topD.To reach the top was not difficult16. A his knowledge of the mountainous country, John Smith was appointed as guide.A.On account ofB. In spite ofC. Regardless ofD. Instead of17.When I took his temperature, it was two degrees above D.A. ordinaryB. averageC. regularD. normal18.With sufficient scientific information a manned trip to Mars should be C.A. potentialB. considerableC. feasibleD. obtainable19.Why did you pay so much money for that small apartment? You A better.A. should have knownB. may have knownC. will have knownD. must have known20.1 was suspicious of his sincerity and remained D by his many arguments.A. unconfirmedB. reassuredC. unconvincedD. unconcerned21.“When again?” “When he —B, I'll let you know.”A. he comes; comesB. will he come; comesC. he comes; will comeD. will he come; will come22.Because of the strong sun Mrs. William's new dining room curtains A from dark blue togray within a year.A. fadedB. faintedC. paledD. diminished23.Our attitude toward our teachers should be D, but not slavish or superstitious.A. respectedB. respectableC. respectiveD. respectful24.There was to prevent the accident.A. something that could doB. anything we could doC. nothing we could doD. nothing could be done25.With all kinds of fabric samples, the designer could not make up her mind B.A. to select which oneB. which one to selectC. which to be selectedD. about selecting which26.Your help is A for the success of the project.A. indispensableB. inevitableC. inherentD. indicativewyers often make higher C for their work than they should.A. costsB. pricesC. chargesD. bills28.Dress warmly,D youUl catch cold.A. on the contraryB. or ratherC. in no wayD. or else29.The policeman stopped him when he was driving home and _B him of speeding.A. blamedB. accusedC. deprivedD. charged30.We were rather upset by his _C to support our proposal.A. rejectingB. refusingC. denyingD. resistingPart II Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B),C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and write down your answer onthe Answer Sheet.Passage OneWhat does a scientist do when he or she "explains" something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and reduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. They explain particular instances of behavior as example of general laws. For instance, most psychologists would explain a pathologically strong fear of dogs as an example of classical conditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animaL Perhaps the person was knocked down by an exuberant dog , and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response一fear.Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms of simple phenomena. For example, the movement of a muscle is explained in terms of changes in the membranes of muscle cells, entry of particular chemicals, and interactions between protein molecules within these cells. A molecular biologist would “explain" these events in terms of forces that bind various molecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another.The t ask of physiological psychology is to “explain" behavior in physiological terms. Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believe that all natural phenomena一including human behavior—are subject to the laws of physics. Thus, the laws of behavior can be reduced to descriptions of physiological processes.How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiologists cannot simply be reductionist. It is not enough to observe behaviors and correlate them with physiological events that occur at the same time, Identical behaviors, under different conditions, may occur for different reasons, and thus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms: This means that we must understand “psychologically" why a particular behavior occurs before we can understand what physiological events made it occur.3 L What does the passage mainly discuss?A.The difference between “scientific" and "unscientific" explanations.B.The difference between human and animal behavior.C.What fear would be explained by the psychologist, physiologist, and molecularbiologist.D.How scientists differ in their approaches to explaining natural phenomena.32.In the first paragraph, the word "deal" could best be replaced by which of the following?A.barterB. are playingC. bargainD. are concerned33.Which of the following is most clearly analogous to the example in the passage of theperson who fears dogs?A.A child chokes on a fish-bone and as an adolescent is reluctant to eat fish.B.A person feels lonely and after a while buys a dog for companionship.C.A child studies science in school and later grows up to become a teacher.D.A person hears that a snowstorm is predicted and that evening is afraid to drive home.34.According to the passage, which of the following is important in explaining a musclemovement?A.Classical conditioning.B. The flow of blood to the muscle.C.Protein interactions.D.The entry of unpleasant stimuli through the cell membrane.35.The author implies that which of the following is the type of scientific explanation mostlikely used by a molecular biologist?A.GeneralizationB. ExperimentationC. InteractionD. ReductionPassage TwoYou stare at waterfall for a minute or two, then shift your gaze to its surroundings. What you now see appears to drift upward, You are aboard a train in a busy station when suddenly another train next to your starts moving forward. For a fraction of a second you feel that your train has lurched backward.These optical illusions occur because the brain is constantly matching its model of reality to signals from the body's sensors and interpreting what must be happening—that your train must have moved, not the other; that downward motions is now normal, so a change from it must be perceived as upward motion.The sensors that make this magic are of two kinds. Each eye contains about 120 million rods, which provide somewhat blurry black and white vision. These are the windows of night vision; once adapted to the dark, they can detect a candle burning ten miles away.Color vision in each eye comes from six to seven million structures called cones. Under ideal conditions, every cone can "see" the entire rainbow spectrum of visible colors, but one type of cone is most sensitive to red, another to green, a third to blue. By monitoring how any wavelength of light affects the different cones, a connected ganglion cell can determine its “color" and relay those data backward.Rods and cones send their massages pulsing an average 20 to 25 times per second along the optic nerve. We see an image for a fraction of a second longer than it actually appears. In movies, reels of still photographs are projected onto screens at 24 frames per second, tricking our eyes into seeing a continuous moving picture.Like apparent motion, color vision is also subject to unusual affects. When day gives way to night, twilight brings what the poet T.S. Eliot called "the violet hour." As light levels fall, the rods become active, and the cones become progressively less responsive. Rods are most sensitive to the shorter wave-lengths of blue and green, and they impart a strange vividness to the garden's blue flowers.However, look at a white shirt during the reddish light of sunset, and you'll still see it in its “true" color—white, not red. Our eyes are constantly comparing an object against its surroundings. They therefore observe the effect of a shift in the color of illumination on both, and adjust accordingly.The eyes can distinguish several million graduations of light and shades of color. Each waking second they flash tens of millions of pieces of information to the brain, which weaves them incessantly into a picture of the world around us.Yet all this is done at the back of each eye by a fabric of sensors, called the retina, about as wide and as thick as a postage stamp. As the Renaissance inventor and artist Leonardo da Vinci wrote in wonder, "Who would believe that so small a space could contain the images of all the universe?" And only now, 500 years later, are we beginning to learn how the eyes do it.36.Visual illusions often happen when the image of reality is.A.signaled by about 120 million rods in the eyeB.interpreted in the brain as what must be the caseC.confused in the body's sensors of both rods and conesD.matched to six to seven million structures called cones37.The visual sensor that is capable of distinguishing shades of color is called.A. conesB. color visionC. rodsD. spectrum38.At night rods can be so active as to be able to see clearly.A. redB. blueC. whiteD. violet39.The retina sends pulse to the brain.A. in short wavelengthsB. by a ganglion cellC. as color pictureD. along the optic nerve40.Twenty-four still photographs are made into a continuous moving picture just becauseA.the image we see usually stays longer than it actually appearsB.the eyes catch million pieces of information continuouslyC.rods and cones send message 20 to 25 times a secondD.we see object in comparison with its surroundings41.The author's purpose in writing the passage is to•A.regret that we are too slow in the study of eyesB.marvel at the great work done by the retinarm us about the different functions of the eye organsD.show that we sometimes are deceived by our own eyesPassage ThreeAn invisible border divides those arguing of computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone's job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind ofprofessional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take一at the very longest一 a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. Tt should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.42.The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is.A. self contradictoryB. dubiously orientedC. far reachingD. radically reformatory43.The belief that education is indispensable to all children.A.is indicative of a pessimism in disguiseB.is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocatesC.came into being along with the arrival of computersD.originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries44.It could be inferred from the passage that in the author's country the European model ofprofessional training is.A.of little practical valueB.worth trying in various social sectionsC.dependent upon the starting age of candidatesD.attractive to every kind of professional45.According to the author, basic computer skills should be.A.highlighted in acquisition of professional qualificationsB.mastered through a life-long courseC.equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseD.included as an auxiliary course in schoolPassage FourThe would-be sleeper who re-fights his daily battles in bed or rehearses tomorrow's problems 一finds it hard to fall asleep. Then he starts worrying about his inability to sleep, which increases his insomniac, which increases his worries, which in a new development that may help the insomniac to break this vicious cycle, Dr. Werner P. Koella of the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology has discovered a chemical in the brain that may control normal sleep.The substance, known as serotonin, is one of a number of so-called neurohormone in the brain that researchers suspect play an important part in controlling the mind and the emotions. Such chemicals, researchers have learned, assist in transmitting nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another. Serotonin, Koelia notes, is produced in particularly high concentrations in the hypothalamus, t he ••primitive" lower part of the brain and the stem, which joins the brain to the top of the spinal cord and is known to contain the centers controlling the level of consciousness. Conceivably, Koella reasoned, serotonin was the transmitter substance in thebrain stem and hypothalamus that regulated sleep.In preliminary experiments, Koella found that giving Serotonin to cats' brains and attached to an EEG (electroencephalogram) machine to record the brain waves; next, the serotonin was injected directly into brain or an artery in the neck. The pupils of the animals' eyes narrowed and the electroencephalograms showed "slow” waves characteristic of deep sleep within five to ten minutes.More recently, Koella deprived cats of serotonin. The animals, again equipped with implanted electrodes, were given PCPA, a drug that blocks the formation of serotonin. They were then placed in small compartments fitted with one-way mirrors and watched round the clock. Normally cats sleep about fifteen hours a day; but Koella's cats after receiving PCPA, spent about 30 minutes of each day sleeping. Most of the time, their EEG'S showed the brainwave patterns of arousal. Occasionally the cats would curl up as if to go to sleep, but would soon get back on their feet to wander about. The animals showed signs of irritability and often meowed complainingly after a few days of sleep deprivation, but had normal reflexes. The effects of the PCPA wore off eight days to two weeks after administration of the drug; the cats returned to their normal sleeping patterns as serotonin levels in their brains rose again.Koella believes that at least some types of chronic insomnia may be caused by a drop in brain-serotonin levels. The Worcester physiologist is now working on chemical ways to raise the brain's serotonin levels and produce, in his words, "a truly physiological sleeping pill.” Synthetic sleeping pills, such as barbiturates, bring sleep, but at a price: they depress the central nervous system, reduce heart action and respiration—and they can become habit-forming or even addictive.46.The main idea of this passage is.A.Dr. Koella has done many experiments with catsB.Dr Koella has discovered a chemical called serotonin which might be the body's naturalhormone for controlling sleepC.Serotonin might be a better sleeping aid because it is a natural hormoneD.A good night's sleep is possible47.According to Dr. Koella, some people can not sleep normally because.A.their brain-serotonin levels are lowB.they worry too much about their inability to sleepC.they suffer from chronic diseasesD.they addict to synthetic sleeping pills48.The sentence “They were ...... w atched round the clock.” Means that.A.the cats walked around a clockB.the cats were watched 24 hours a dayC.there was a round clock in the cats, compartmentsD.the cats were watched to walk around the clock49.In paragraph 6, Dr. Koella implies, but does not directly stated, that.A.he has developed a natural sleeping pill which will raise the serotonin level in the bodyB.sleeping pills are habit-formingC.a natural sleeping pill would be superior to synthetic pills because it would have no badeffects on the bodyD.chemical ways to raise the brain's serotonin levels produce a truly physiologicalsleeping pill50.The language used in this article indicates that Dr. Koella.A.is positive that serotonin controls sleepB.is quite uncertain whether serotonin controls sleepC.thinks that serotonin might control sleepD.is quite certain whether serotonin controls sleepPart III Cloze Test (15 minutes)Directions: For each number blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A), B, C) and D). Choose the best one and write down your answer on the ANSWERSHEET.The law is a great mass of rules, showing when and how far a man is liable to be punished, or to be made to 51 over money or property to his 52 and so forth. These rules are contained 53 books. A lawyer learns them in the main by 54 books.He begins by doing 55 else than reading and after he has prepared himself 56Say, three years' study to practice, 57 , all his life long and almost every day, he will be58 books to read a little more than he already knows about some new questions 59 he has to answer.The power to use books, then, is a 60 which a good lawyer ought to 61 He ought to have enough flexibility to 62 it easy for him to collect ideas 63 printed words. He ought to have some readiness in finding, 64 a book contains, and something of an instinct for 65 to look for what he wants.But 66 this is the power of which he will first feel the need, it is not the most 67 .A lawyer does not study law to recite it: he studies it to use it and 68 on the rules which he has learned in real life. His 69 is to try cases in court and to 70 men what to keep or get out of trouble.5L A. get B. hand C. look D. take52. A. inhabitants B. settlers C. neighbors D. residents53. A. by B.upon C. for D. in54. A. reading B. writing C. reciting D. compiling55. A. much B. something C. plenty D. little56. A. during B. over C. within D. by57. A. just B. still C. almost D. perhaps58. A. looking into B. leaving behind C. seeing through D. payingback59. A. what B. why C. which D. how60. A. promise B. cause C. talent D. mission61. A. cover B. regard C. possess D. evaluate62. A. enable B. weigh C. suggest D. make63.A. of B. from C.about D. towards64. A. what B. how C. that D. which65. A. why B. where C. when D. which66. A. although B. if C. provided D. unless67.A. natural68.A. depends69.A. targetA. adviseB. strange B. actsB. opportunity B. orderPart IV Short Answer QuestionsC. importantC. countsC. adviceC. trust (15 minutes)D. magnificentD. drawsD. businessD. forbidDirections: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements.Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statementinthe fewest possible words.The ordinary family in colonial North America was primarily concerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its own economic prosperity. Thus, children were valued in terms of their productivity, and they assumed the role of producer quite early. Until they fulfilled this role, their position in the structure of the family was one of subordination, and their psychological needs and capacities received little consideration.As the society became more complex, the status of children in the family and in the society became more important. In the complex, technological society that the United States has become, each member must fulfill a number of personal and occupational roles and be in constant contact with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing children as potentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society means that they are regarded more as people in their own right than as utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as equal participants in the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statues protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs devoted exclusively to their well-being.This new view of children and the increasing contact between the members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest in child-rearing techniques. People today spend a considerable portion of their time conferring on the proper way to bring up children. It is now possible to influence the details of the socialization of another person's child by spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and methods of child rearing.The socialization of the contemporary child in the United States in a two-way transaction between parent and child rather than a one-way, parent-to-child training program. As a consequence, socializing children and living with them over a long period of time is for parents a mixture of pleasure, satisfaction, and problems.Questions:1.What is the subject of this passage?2.According to the author, children in colonial North America were mainly valued for their3.What does the author mention as a cause of changes in the role of child in the United States?4.In the fourth paragraph, what d oes the author mean by saying “a two-way transaction"?5.What caused the parents' increasing interest in the techniques of raising child?Part V Translation （30 minutes）Directions: Read the following passage, then translate it into Chinese.Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotion; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.Youth means a temperamental气质）predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite, for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals.Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being's heart the lure of wonder, the unfailing childlike appetite of what's next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long are you young.When the aerials（天线）are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism（玩世不恭）and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at 20, but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at 80.青春不是年华，而是心境；青春不是桃面，丹唇，柔膝，而是深沉的意志,恢宏的想象，炽热的感情;青春是生命的源泉在不息的涌流。