操作系统作业讲解

合集下载

操作系统作业的概念

操作系统作业的概念

操作系统作业的概念一、引言操作系统是计算机系统中最重要的软件之一,其主要作用是管理计算机硬件资源和提供用户与计算机之间的接口。

操作系统作业是操作系统中一个非常重要的概念,它是指用户提交给操作系统执行的任务或者程序。

本文将从以下几个方面详细介绍操作系统作业的概念。

二、作业的定义作业是指用户提交给计算机系统执行的任务或程序。

在操作系统中,作业通常由多个进程组成,其中每个进程都有自己独立的地址空间和执行环境。

在提交作业之前,用户需要将其编写成可执行文件,并将其传输到计算机系统中。

三、作业调度作业调度是指将多个待执行的作业按照一定规则安排顺序,并分配给可用资源进行处理的过程。

在进行作业调度时,需要考虑多种因素,如优先级、等待时间、资源需求等。

四、进程管理进程管理是指对进程进行创建、撤销、阻塞、唤醒等操作的过程。

在操作系统中,每个进程都有自己独立的地址空间和执行环境,并且可以与其他进程进行通信和协同工作。

五、内存管理内存管理是指对内存资源进行分配和释放的过程。

在操作系统中,每个进程都需要一定的内存资源来存储程序和数据,因此需要进行内存管理以保证系统稳定运行。

六、文件管理文件管理是指对文件进行创建、读写、删除等操作的过程。

在操作系统中,文件是保存在磁盘上的数据集合,用户可以通过文件进行数据的长期保存和共享。

七、设备管理设备管理是指对计算机硬件设备进行控制和管理的过程。

在操作系统中,每个进程都需要使用一定数量的设备资源来完成任务,因此需要进行设备管理以保证资源分配合理。

八、总结作业是操作系统中一个非常重要的概念,它代表着用户提交给计算机系统执行的任务或程序。

在进行作业调度时,需要考虑多种因素,如优先级、等待时间、资源需求等。

同时,在进程管理、内存管理、文件管理和设备管理等方面也需要进行相应的处理以保证系统稳定运行。

《操作系统》作业4

《操作系统》作业4

《操作系统》作业41.程序和进程区别联系⼀、进程和线程的基本概念进程,是并发执⾏的程序在执⾏过程中分配和管理资源的基本单位,是⼀个动态概念,竞争计算机系统资源的基本单位。

每⼀个进程都有⾃⼰的地址空间(进程空间或虚空间)。

进程有五种基本状态:初始态、执⾏态、等待状态、就绪状态、终⽌状态。

线程,是进程的⼀个实体,是CPU调度和分配的基本单位,⽐进程更⼩的能独⽴运⾏的基本单位,基本不拥有资源,只拥有⼀些在运⾏中必不可少的资源(如程序计数器、⼀组寄存器和栈),但是它可与同属⼀个进程的其它线程共享进程所拥有的全部资源。

⼀个线程可以创建和撤销另⼀个线程,同⼀个进程中的多个线程之间可以并发执⾏。

最适⽤使⽤线程的系统是多处理机系统、⽹络系统或分布式系统。

进程有独⽴的地址空间,⼀个进程崩溃后,在保护模式下不会对其它进程产⽣影响。

线程有⾃⼰的堆栈和局部变量,但线程之间没有单独的地址空间,⼀个线程死掉就等于整个进程死掉,所以多进程要⽐多线程的程序健壮,但在进程切换时耗费资源⼤,效率要差⼀些。

⼆、进程和线程的区别(1)调度:线程作为调度和分配的基本单位,进程作为拥有资源的基本单位;(2)并发性:进程之间可以并发执⾏,同⼀个进程间的线程也可以并发执⾏;(3)拥有资源:进程是拥有资源的⼀个独⽴单位,线程不拥有资源,但可以访问⾪属于进程的资源;(4)系统开销:在创建或者撤销进程时,由于系统都要为之分配和回收资源,导致系统的开销明显⼤于创建或者撤销线程时的开销;(5)运⾏:进程可以独⽴运⾏。

每个独⽴的线程有⼀个程序运⾏的⼊⼝、顺序执⾏序列和程序的出⼝。

但是线程不能够独⽴运⾏,必须依存在应⽤程序中,由应⽤程序提供多个线程执⾏控制;(6)地址空间:进程有⾃⼰独⽴的地址空间,⽽线程们共享进程的地址空间。

三、进程和线程的关系(1)⼀个线程只能属于⼀个进程,⽽⼀个进程可以有多个线程(⾄少⼀个);(2)资源分配给进程,同⼀进程的所有线程共享该进程的资源;(3)处理机分配给线程;(4)线程在执⾏过程中需要协作同步,不同进程的线程间要利⽤消息通信的办法实现同步。

操作系统第九版部分课后作业习题答案分析解析

操作系统第九版部分课后作业习题答案分析解析

CHAPTER 9 Virtual Memory Practice Exercises9.1 Under what circumstances do page faults occur? Describe the actions taken by the operating system when a page fault occurs.Answer:A page fault occurs when an access to a page that has not beenbrought into main memory takes place. The operating system veri?esthe memory access, aborting the program if it is invalid. If it is valid, a free frame is located and I/O is requested to read the needed page into the free frame. Upon completion of I/O, the process table and page table are updated and the instruction is restarted.9.2 Assume that you have a page-reference string for a process with m frames (initially all empty). The page-reference string has length p;n distinct page numbers occur in it. Answer these questions for anypage-replacement algorithms:a. What is a lower bound on the number of page faults?b. What is an upper bound on the number of page faults?Answer:a. nb. p9.3 Consider the page table shown in Figure 9.30 for a system with 12-bit virtual and physical addresses and with 256-byte pages. The list of freepage frames is D, E, F (that is, D is at the head of the list, E is second,and F is last).Convert the following virtual addresses to their equivalent physicaladdresses in hexadecimal. All numbers are given in hexadecimal. (Adash for a page frame indicates that the page is not in memory.)? 9EF? 1112930 Chapter 9 Virtual Memory? 700? 0FFAnswer:? 9E F - 0E F? 111 - 211? 700 - D00? 0F F - EFF9.4 Consider the following page-replacement algorithms. Rank thesealgorithms on a ?ve-point scale from “bad” to “perfect” according to the page-fault rate. Separate those algorithms that suffer from Belady’sanomaly from those that do not.a. LRU replacementb. FIFO replacementc. Optimal replacementd. Second-chance replacementAnswer:Rank Algorithm Suffer from Belady’s anomaly1 Optimal no2 LRU no3 Second-chance yes4 FIFO yes9.5 Discuss the hardware support required to support demand paging. Answer:For every memory-access operation, the page table needs to be consulted to check whether the corresponding page is resident or not and whetherthe program has read or write privileges for accessing the page. These checks have to be performed in hardware. A TLB could serve as a cache and improve the performance of the lookup operation.9.6 An operating system supports a paged virtual memory, using a central processor with a cycle time of 1 microsecond. It costs an additional 1 microsecond to access a page other than the current one. Pages have 1000 words, and the paging device is a drum that rotates at 3000 revolutionsper minute and transfers 1 million words per second. The following statistical measurements were obtained from the system:page other than the? 1 percent of all instructions executed accessed acurrent page.?Of the instructions that accessed another page, 80 percent accesseda page already in memory.Practice Exercises 31?When a new page was required, the replaced page was modi?ed 50 percent of the time.Calculate the effective instruction time on this system, assuming that the system is running one process only and that the processor is idle during drum transfers.Answer:(2 sec)(1sec + 0.008 ×effective access time = 0.99 ×(10,000 sec + 1,000 sec)+ 0.002 ×(10,000 sec + 1,000 sec)+ 0.001 ×9.7 Consider the two-dimensional array A:int A[][] = new int[100][100];where A[0][0] is at location 200 in a paged memory system with pages of size 200. A small process that manipulates the matrix resides in page 0 (locations 0 to 199). Thus, every instruction fetch will be from page 0. For three page frames, how many page faults are generated bythe following array-initialization loops, using LRU replacement andassuming that page frame 1 contains the process and the other two are initially empty?a. for (int j = 0; j < 100; j++)for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)A[i][j] = 0;b. for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)for (int j = 0; j < 100; j++)A[i][j] = 0;Answer:a. 5,000b. 509.8 Consider the following page reference string:1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 1, 5, 6, 2, 1, 2, 3, 7, 6, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 6.How many page faults would occur for the following replacement algorithms, assuming one, two, three, four, ?ve, six, or seven frames? Remember all frames are initially empty, so your ?rst unique pages will all cost one fault each.?LRU replacement? FIFO replacement?Optimal replacement32 Chapter 9 Virtual MemoryAnswer:Number of frames LRU FIFO Optimal1 20 20 202 18 18 153 15 16 114 10 14 85 8 10 76 7 10 77 77 79.9 Suppose that you want to use a paging algorithm that requires a referencebit (such as second-chance replacement or working-set model), butthe hardware does not provide one. Sketch how you could simulate a reference bit even if one were not provided by the hardware, or explain why it is not possible to do so. If it is possible, calculate what the cost would be.Answer:You can use the valid/invalid bit supported in hardware to simulate the reference bit. Initially set the bit to invalid. On ?rst reference a trap to the operating system is generated. The operating system will set a software bit to 1 and reset the valid/invalid bit to valid.9.10 You have devised a new page-replacement algorithm that you thinkmaybe optimal. In some contorte d test cases, Belady’s anomaly occurs. Is thenew algorithm optimal? Explain your answer.Answer:No. An optimal algorithm will not suffer from Belady’s anomaly beca an optimal algorithm replaces the page that will not—by de?nition—be used for the longest time. Belady’s anomaly occurs when a pagereplacement a lgorithm evicts a page that will be needed in theimmediatefuture. An optimal algorithm would not have selected such a page.9.11 Segmentation is similar to paging but usesnevariable-sized“pages.”De?two segment-replacement algorithms based on FIFO and LRU pagereplacement s chemes. Remember that since segments are not thesamesize, the segment that is chosen to be replaced may not be big enoughto leave enough consecutive locations for the needed segment. Considerstrategies for systems where segments cannot be relocated, and thosefor systems where they can.Answer:a. FIFO. Find the ?rst segment large enough to accommodate theincoming segment. If relocation is not possible and no one segmentis large enough, select a combination of segments whose memoriesare contiguous, which are “closest to the ?rst of the list” and which can accommodate the new segment. If relocation is possible,rearrange the memory so that the ?rstNsegments large enough forthe incoming segment are contiguous in memory. Add any leftoverspace to the free-space list in both cases.Practice Exercises 33b. LRU. Select the segment that has not been used for the longestperiod of time and that is large enough, adding any leftover spaceto the free space list. If no one segment is large enough, selecta combination of the “oldest” segments that are contiguous inmemory (if relocation is not available) and that are large enough.If relocation is available, rearrange the oldest N segments to becontiguous in memory and replace those with the new segment.9.12 Consider a demand-paged computer system where the degree of multiprogramming is currently ?xed at four. The system was recentlymeasured to determine utilization of CPU and the paging disk. The resultsare one of the following alternatives. For each case, what is happening?Can the degree of multiprogramming be increased to increase the CPU utilization? Is the paging helping?a. CPU utilization 13 percent; disk utilization 97 percentb. CPU utilization 87 percent; disk utilization 3 percentc. CPU utilization 13 percent; disk utilization 3 percentAnswer:a. Thrashing is occurring.b. CPU utilization is suf?ciently high to leave things alone, andincrease degree of multiprogramming.c. Increase the degree of multiprogramming.9.13 We have an operating system for a machine that uses base and limit registers, but we have modi?ed the ma chine to provide a page table.Can the page tables be set up to simulate base and limit registers? How can they be, or why can they not be?Answer:The page table can be set up to simulate base and limit registers provided that the memory is allocated in ?xed-size segments. In this way, the base of a segment can be entered into the page table and the valid/invalid bit used to indicate that portion of the segment as resident in the memory. There will be some problem with internal fragmentation.9.27.Consider a demand-paging system with the following time-measured utilizations:CPU utilization 20%Paging disk 97.7%Other I/O devices 5%Which (if any) of the following will (probably) improve CPU utilization? Explain your answer.a. Install a faster CPU.b. Install a bigger paging disk.c. Increase the degree of multiprogramming.d. Decrease the degree of multiprogramming.e. Install more main memory.f. Install a faster hard disk or multiple controllers with multiple hard disks.g. Add prepaging to the page fetch algorithms.h. Increase the page size.Answer: The system obviously is spending most of its time paging, indicating over-allocationof memory. If the level of multiprogramming is reduced resident processeswould page fault less frequently and the CPU utilization would improve. Another way toimprove performance would be to get more physical memory or a faster paging drum.a. Get a faster CPU—No.b. Get a bigger paging drum—No.c. Increase the degree of multiprogramming—No.d. Decrease the degree of multiprogramming—Yes.e. Install more main memory—Likely to improve CPU utilization as more pages canremain resident and not require paging to or from the disks.f. Install a faster hard disk, or multiple controllers with multiple hard disks—Also animprovement, for as the disk bottleneck is removed by faster response and morethroughput to the disks, the CPU will get more data more quickly.g. Add prepaging to the page fetch algorithms—Again, the CPU will get more datafaster, so it will be more in use. This is only the case if the paging actionis amenableto prefetching (i.e., some of the access is sequential).h. Increase the page size—Increasing the page size will result in fewer page faults ifdata is being accessed sequentially. If data access is more or less random, morepaging action could ensue because f ewer pages c an be kept in memory and moredata is transferred per page fault. So this change is as likely to decrease utilizationas it is to increase it.10.1、Is disk scheduling, other than FCFS scheduling, useful in a single-userenvironment? Explain your answer.Answer: In a single-user environment, the I/O queue usually is empty. Requests g enerally arrive from a single process for one block or for a sequence of consecutive blocks. In these cases, FCFS is an economical method of disk scheduling. But LOOK is nearly as easy to program and will give much better performance when multiple processes are performing concurrent I/O, such as when aWeb browser retrieves data in the background while the operating system is paging and another application is active in the foreground.10.2.Explain why SSTF scheduling tends to favor middle cylindersover theinnermost and outermost cylinders.The center of the disk is the location having the smallest average distance to all other tracks.Thus the disk head tends to move away from the edges of the disk.Here is another way to think of it.The current location of the head divides the cylinders into two groups.If the head is not in the center of the disk and a new request arrives,the new request is more likely to be in the group that includes the center of the disk;thus,the head is more likely to move in that direction.10.11、Suppose that a disk drive has 5000 cylinders, numbered 0 to 4999. The drive is currently serving a request at cylinder 143, and the previous request was at cylinder 125. The queue of pending requests, in FIFO order, is86, 1470, 913, 1774, 948, 1509, 1022, 1750, 130Starting from the current head position, what is the total distance (in cylinders) that the disk arm moves to satisfy all the pending requests, for each of the following disk-scheduling algorithms?a. FCFSb. SSTFc. SCANd. LOOKe. C-SCANAnswer:a. The FCFS schedule is 143, 86, 1470, 913, 1774, 948, 1509, 1022, 1750, 130. The total seek distance is 7081.b. The SSTF schedule is 143, 130, 86, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774. The total seek distance is 1745.c. The SCAN schedule is 143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 4999, 130, 86. The total seek distance is 9769.d. The LOOK schedule is 143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 130, 86. The total seek distance is 3319.e. The C-SCAN schedule is 143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 4999, 86, 130. The total seek distance is 9813.f. (Bonus.) The C-LOOK schedule is 143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 86, 130. The total seek distance is 3363.12CHAPTERFile-SystemImplementationPractice Exercises12.1 Consider a ?le currently consisting of 100 blocks. Assume that the?lecontrol block (and the index block, in the case of indexed allocation)is already in memory. Calculate how many disk I/O operations are required for contiguous, linked, and indexed (single-level) allocation strategies, if, for one block, the following conditions hold. In the contiguous-allocation case, assume that there is no room to grow atthe beginning but there is room to grow at the end. Also assume thatthe block information to be added is stored in memory.a. The block is added at the beginning.b. The block is added in the middle.c. The block is added at the end.d. The block is removed from the beginning.e. The block is removed from the middle.f. The block is removed from the end.Answer:The results are:Contiguous Linked Indexeda. 201 1 1b. 101 52 1c. 1 3 1d. 198 1 0e. 98 52 0f. 0 100 012.2 What problems could occur if a system allowed a ?le system to be mounted simultaneously at more than one location?Answer:4344 Chapter 12 File-System ImplementationThere would be multiple paths to the same ?le, which could confuse users or encourage mistakes (deleting a ?le with one path deletes the?le in all the other paths).12.3 Why must the bit map for ?le allocation be kept on mass storage, ratherthan in main memory?Answer:In case of system crash (memory failure) the free-space list would not be lost as it would be if the bit map had been stored in main memory.12.4 Consider a system that supports the strategies of contiguous, linked, and indexed allocation. What criteria should be used in deciding which strategy is best utilized for a particular ?le?Answer:?Contiguous—if ?le is usually accessed sequentially, if ?le isrelatively small.?Linked—if ?le is large and usually accessed sequentially.? Indexed—if ?le is large and usually accessed randomly.12.5 One problem with contiguous allocation is that the user must preallocate enough space for each ?le. If the ?le grows to be larger than thespace allocated for it, special actions must be taken. One solution to this problem is to de?ne a ?le structure consisting of an initial contiguousarea (of a speci?ed size). If this area is ?lled, the operating system automatically de?nes an over?ow area that is linked to the initial contiguous area. If the over?ow area is ?lled, another over?ow areais allocated. Compare this implementation of a ?le with the standard contiguous and linked implementations.Answer:This method requires more overhead then the standard contiguousallocation. It requires less overheadthan the standard linked allocation.12.6 How do caches help improve performance? Why do systems not use more or larger caches if they are so useful?Answer:Caches allow components of differing speeds to communicate moreef?ciently by storing data from the slower device, temporarily, ina faster device (the cache). Caches are, almost by de?nition, moreexpensive than the device they are caching for, so increasing the numberor size of caches would increase system cost.12.7 Why is it advantageous for the user for an operating system to dynamically allocate its internal tables? What are the penalties to the operating system for doing so?Answer:tablesDynamic tables allow more ?exibility in system use growth —are never exceeded, avoiding arti?cial use limits. Unfortunately, kernel structures and code are more complicated, so there is more potentialfor bugs. The use of one resource can take away more system resources (by growing to accommodate the requests) than with static tables.Practice Exercises 4512.8 Explain how the VFS layer allows an operating system to support multiple types of ?le systems easily.Answer:VFS introduces a layer of indirection in the ?le system implementation. In many ways, it is similar to object-oriented programming techniques. System calls can be made generically (independent of ?le system type). Each ?le system type provides its function calls and data structuresto the VFS layer. A system call is translated into the proper speci?c functions for the target ?le system at the VFS layer. The calling program has no ?le-system-speci?c code, and the upper levels of the system call structures likewise are ?le system-independent. The translation at the VFS layer turns these generic calls into ?le-system-speci?c operations.。

《操作系统》作业

《操作系统》作业

《操作系统》作业一、作业概述本次作业主要涉及操作系统的概念、原理和应用,旨在加深学生对操作系统理论知识的理解,提高实际操作能力。

作业内容包括:理论题目、实践题目和思考题目。

二、作业要求1.请务必认真阅读教材和参考资料,确保对操作系统的基本概念、原理和应用有充分理解。

2.请在规定时间内完成作业,并按时提交。

3.作业完成后,请认真检查,确保内容完整、准确,无遗漏。

三、作业内容1. 理论题目请回答以下问题:1.简述操作系统的主要功能。

2.进程和线程的区别是什么?3.请简要介绍内存管理的基本原理。

4.为什么说操作系统是计算机系统的核心软件?5.文件系统的目的是什么?2. 实践题目请完成以下任务:1.使用Linux命令行工具,查看当前系统的进程状态。

2.在Windows系统中,设置虚拟内存。

3.使用命令行工具,对一个文件进行权限设置。

3. 思考题目请针对以下问题展开思考:1.操作系统在计算机系统中的作用是什么?2.操作系统如何实现进程管理?3.请谈谈你对操作系统的未来发展前景的看法。

四、提交说明1.作业提交截止时间为XX月XX日XX时XX分。

2.请将作业以Markdown格式编写,并通过邮件提交至:*************。

3.作业命名格式为:学号_姓名_操作系统作业。

五、评分标准1.理论题目:每题10分,共计50分。

2.实践题目:每题15分,共计45分。

3.思考题目:每题20分,共计60分。

总分:155分。

希望同学们在完成作业的过程中,能够巩固所学知识,提高自己的实际操作能力。

祝大家学习进步!六、作业答疑1. 理论题目解答1.1 简述操作系统的主要功能。

操作系统的主要功能包括:•进程管理:创建、调度和管理进程,确保进程公平、有效地使用CPU资源。

•内存管理:分配和管理内存资源,实现虚拟内存技术,提高内存利用率。

•文件系统管理:负责文件的存储、检索、更新和删除,实现对文件的保护和共享。

•设备管理:控制和管理各类外部设备,实现设备与CPU的交互。

操作系统作业-CPU调度

操作系统作业-CPU调度

6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 6.7, 6.11, 6.16, 6.23, 6.25, 6.316.2 Explain the difference between preemptive and nonpreemptive scheduling.答:抢占式调度–发生在有比当前进程剩余时间片更短的进程到达时,也称为最短剩余时间优先调度。

非抢占式调度–一旦进程拥有CPU,它的使用权限只能在该CPU 脉冲结束后让出。

6.3 Suppose that the following processes arrive for execution at the times indicated. Each process will run for the amount of time listed. In answering the questions, use nonpreemptive scheduling, and base all decisions on the information you have at the time the decision must be made.Process Arrival Time Burst TimeP1 0.0 8P2 0.4 4P3 1.0 1a. What is the average turnaround time for these processes with the FCFS scheduling algorithm?b. What is the average turnaround time for these processes with the SJF scheduling algorithm?c. The SJF algorithm is supposed to improve performance, but notice that we chose to run process P1 at time 0 because we did not know that two shorter processes would arrive soon. Compute what the average turnaround time will be if the CPU is left idle for the first 1 unit and then SJF scheduling is used. Remember that processes P1 and P2 are waiting during this idle time, so their waiting time may increase. This algorithm could be called future-knowledge scheduling.答:a、average turnaround time = ( 8 + 4 + 1 + (8-0.4) + (12-1))/3 = 10.53b、average turnaround time = (8 + 4 + 1 + (8-1) + (9-0.4))/3 = 9.53c、等待时间为1average turnaround time = (1 + 4 + 8 + (2-0.4)+(6-0))/3 = 6.866.5 Many CPU-scheduling algorithms are parameterized. For example, the RR algorithm requires a parameter to indicate the time slice. Multilevel feedback queues require parameters to define the number of queues, the scheduling algorithm for each queue, the criteria used to move processes between queues, and so on. These algorithms are thus really sets of algorithms (for example, the set of RR algorithms for all time slices, and so on). One set of algorithms may include another (for example, the FCFS algorithm is the RR algorithm with an infinite time quantum). What (if any) relation holds between the following pairs of algorithm sets?a. Priority and SJFb. Multilevel feedback queues and FCFSc. Priority and FCFSd. RR and SJF答:a. SJF是优先级算法的一种特例,在SJF中,执行时间最短的进程具有最高的优先级。

《操作系统概念》第六版作业解答1-6章

《操作系统概念》第六版作业解答1-6章
通过建立一组只能在monitor mode才能执行的特权指令集,OS能够 确保总是能控制整个系统。
2-cont.
2.3 What are the differences between a trap and an interrupt? What is the use of each function?
An interrupt是硬件产生的系统内的流的改变 A trap是软件产生的“中断”。 interrupt可以被I/O用来产生完成的信号,从而避免CPU对设备的轮
询 A trap可以用来调用OS的例程或者捕获算术错误
2-cont.
2.5 Which of the following instructions should be privileged?
c. Time sharing
使用CPU调度和多道程序提供对系统的经济交互式使用,CPU快 速地在用户之间切换
一般从终端读取控制,输出立即打印到屏幕
d. Real time
在专门系统中使用,从传感器读取信息,必须在规定时间内作出 响应以确保正确的执行
1-cont.
1.6 Define the essential properties of the following types of operating systems:
Symmetric multiprocessing中ic multiprocessing具有一个主CPU和多个从CPU,主 CPU将任务分派到从CPU,I/O通常只能由主CPU处理。
多处理机系统的优点
比多个计算机系统可能更省钱(同样CPU个数) 执行程序更快 可靠性更高
1-cont.
1.5 In a multiprogramming and time-sharing environment, several users share the system simultaneously. This situation can result in various security problems.

操作系统-第3章习题解析

操作系统-第3章习题解析

操作系统-第3章习题解析第三章习题解析1.⾼级调度不低级调度的主要任务是什么?为什么要引⼊中级调度?答:⾼级调度的主要任务是根据某种算法,把外存上处于后备队列中的那些作业调⼊内存。

低级调度是保存处理机的现场信息,按某种算法先取进程,再把处理器分配给进程。

引⼊中级调度的主要⽬的是为了提⾼内存利⽤率和系统吞吐量。

使那些暂时不能运⾏的进程不再占⽤内存资源,将它们调⾄外存等待,把进程状态改为就绪驻外存状态或挂起状态。

2.处理机调度算法的共同⽬标是什么?批处理系统的调度⽬标⼜是什么?答:共同⽬标:资源利⽤率,公平性,平衡性,策略强制执⾏。

批处理系统的调度⽬标:平均周转时间短,系统吞吐量⾼,处理机利⽤率⾼。

3.何谓作业、作业步和作业流?答:作业包含通常的程序和数据,还配有作业说明书。

系统根据该说明书对程序的运⾏进⾏控制。

批处理系统中是以作业为基本单位从外存调⼊内存。

作业步是指每个作业运⾏期间都必须经过若⼲个相对独⽴相互关联的顺序加⼯的步骤。

作业流是指若⼲个作业进⼊系统后依次存放在外存上形成的输⼊作业流;在操作系统的控制下,逐个作业进程处理,于是形成了处理作业流。

4.在什么情况下需要使⽤作业控制块JCB?其中包含了哪些内容?答:每当作业进⼊系统时,系统便为每个作业建⽴⼀个作业控制块JCB,根据作业类型将它插⼊到相应的后备队列中。

JCB包含的内容通常有:1)作业标识 2)⽤户名称 3)⽤户账户 4)作业类型(CPU繁忙型、I/0芳名型、批量型、终端型) 5)作业状态 6)调度信息(优先级、作业已运⾏) 7)资源要求 8)进⼊系统时间 9)、开始处理时间 10)作业完成时间 11)作业退出时间 12)资源使⽤情况等5.在作业调度中应如何确定接纳多少个作业和接纳哪些作业?答:作业调度每次接纳进⼊内存的作业数,取决于多道程序度。

应将哪些作业从外存调⼊内存,取决于采⽤的调度算法。

最简单的是先来服务调度算法,较常⽤的是短作业优先调度算法和基于作业优先级的调度算法。

最新操作系统第九版部分课后作业习题答案分析解析

最新操作系统第九版部分课后作业习题答案分析解析

CHAPTER 9 Virtual Memory Practice Exercises9.1 Under what circumstances do page faults occur? Describe the actions taken by the operating system when a page fault occurs.Answer:A page fault occurs when an access to a page that has not beenbrought into main memory takes place. The operating system verifiesthe memory access, aborting the program if it is invalid. If it is valid, a free frame is located and I/O is requested to read the needed page into the free frame. Upon completion of I/O, the process table and page table are updated and the instruction is restarted.9.2 Assume that you have a page-reference string for a process with m frames (initially all empty). The page-reference string has length p;n distinct page numbers occur in it. Answer these questions for any page-replacement algorithms:a. What is a lower bound on the number of page faults?b. What is an upper bound on the number of page faults?Answer:a. nb. p9.3 Consider the page table shown in Figure 9.30 for a system with 12-bit virtual and physical addresses and with 256-byte pages. The list of freepage frames is D, E, F (that is, D is at the head of the list, E is second, and F is last).Convert the following virtual addresses to their equivalent physical addresses in hexadecimal. All numbers are given in hexadecimal. (A dash for a page frame indicates that the page is not in memory.)• 9EF• 1112930 Chapter 9 Virtual Memory• 700• 0FFAnswer:• 9E F - 0E F• 111 - 211• 700 - D00• 0F F - EFF9.4 Consider the following page-replacement algorithms. Rank these algorithms on a five-point scale from “bad” to “perfect” according to their page-fault rate. Separate those algorithms that suffer from Belady’s anomaly from those that do not.a. LRU replacementb. FIFO replacementc. Optimal replacementd. Second-chance replacementAnswer:Rank Algorithm Suffer from Belady’s anomaly1 Optimal no2 LRU no3 Second-chance yes4 FIFO yes9.5 Discuss the hardware support required to support demand paging. Answer:For every memory-access operation, the page table needs to be consulted to check whether the corresponding page is resident or not and whether the program has read or write privileges for accessing the page. These checks have to be performed in hardware. A TLB could serve as a cache and improve the performance of the lookup operation.9.6 An operating system supports a paged virtual memory, using a central processor with a cycle time of 1 microsecond. It costs an additional 1 microsecond to access a page other than the current one. Pages have 1000 words, and the paging device is a drum that rotates at 3000 revolutions per minute and transfers 1 million words per second. The following statistical measurements were obtained from the system:• 1 percent of all instructions executed accessed a page other than the current page.•Of the instructions that accessed another page, 80 percent accesseda page already in memory.Practice Exercises 31•When a new page was required, the replaced page was modified 50 percent of the time.Calculate the effective instruction time on this system, assuming that the system is running one process only and that the processor is idle during drum transfers.Answer:effective access time = 0.99 × (1 sec + 0.008 × (2 sec)+ 0.002 × (10,000 sec + 1,000 sec)+ 0.001 × (10,000 sec + 1,000 sec)= (0.99 + 0.016 + 22.0 + 11.0) sec= 34.0 sec9.7 Consider the two-dimensional array A:int A[][] = new int[100][100];where A[0][0] is at location 200 in a paged memory system with pages of size 200. A small process that manipulates the matrix resides in page 0 (locations 0 to 199). Thus, every instruction fetch will be from page 0. For three page frames, how many page faults are generated bythe following array-initialization loops, using LRU replacement andassuming that page frame 1 contains the process and the other twoare initially empty?a. for (int j = 0; j < 100; j++)for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)A[i][j] = 0;b. for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)for (int j = 0; j < 100; j++)A[i][j] = 0;Answer:a. 5,000b. 509.8 Consider the following page reference string:1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 1, 5, 6, 2, 1, 2, 3, 7, 6, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 6.How many page faults would occur for the following replacement algorithms, assuming one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven frames? Remember all frames are initially empty, so your first unique pages will all cost one fault each.•LRU replacement• FIFO replacement•Optimal replacement32 Chapter 9 Virtual MemoryAnswer:Number of frames LRU FIFO Optimal1 20 20 202 18 18 153 15 16 114 10 14 85 8 10 76 7 10 77 77 79.9 Suppose that you want to use a paging algorithm that requires a referencebit (such as second-chance replacement or working-set model), butthe hardware does not provide one. Sketch how you could simulate a reference bit even if one were not provided by the hardware, or explain why it is not possible to do so. If it is possible, calculate what the cost would be.Answer:You can use the valid/invalid bit supported in hardware to simulate the reference bit. Initially set the bit to invalid. O n first reference a trap to the operating system is generated. The operating system will set a software bit to 1 and reset the valid/invalid bit to valid.9.10 You have devised a new page-replacement algorithm that you thinkmaybe optimal. In some contorte d test cases, Belady’s anomaly occurs. Is the new algorithm optimal? Explain your answer.Answer:No. An optimal algorithm will not suffer from Belady’s anomaly because —by definition—an optimal algorithm replaces the page that will notbe used for the long est time. Belady’s anomaly occurs when a pagereplacement algorithm evicts a page that will be needed in the immediatefuture. An optimal algorithm would not have selected such a page.9.11 Segmentation is similar to paging but uses variable-sized“pages.”Definetwo segment-replacement algorithms based on FIFO and LRU pagereplacement schemes. Remember that since segments are not the samesize, the segment that is chosen to be replaced may not be big enoughto leave enough consecutive locations for the needed segment. Consider strategies for systems where segments cannot be relocated, and thosefor systems where they can.Answer:a. FIFO. Find the first segment large enough to accommodate the incoming segment. If relocation is not possible and no one segmentis large enough, select a combination of segments whose memoriesare contiguous, which are “closest to the first of the list” andwhich can accommodate the new segment. If relocation is possible, rearrange the memory so that the firstNsegments large enough forthe incoming segment are contiguous in memory. Add any leftover space to the free-space list in both cases.Practice Exercises 33b. LRU. Select the segment that has not been used for the longestperiod of time and that is large enough, adding any leftover spaceto the free space list. If no one segment is large enough, selecta combination of the “oldest” segments that are contiguous inmemory (if relocation is not available) and that are large enough.If relocation is available, rearrange the oldest N segments to be contiguous in memory and replace those with the new segment.9.12 Consider a demand-paged computer system where the degree of multiprogramming is currently fixed at four. The system was recently measured to determine utilization of CPU and the paging disk. The results are one of the following alternatives. For each case, what is happening? Can the degree of multiprogramming be increased to increase the CPU utilization? Is the paging helping?a. CPU utilization 13 percent; disk utilization 97 percentb. CPU utilization 87 percent; disk utilization 3 percentc. CPU utilization 13 percent; disk utilization 3 percentAnswer:a. Thrashing is occurring.b. CPU utilization is sufficiently high to leave things alone, and increase degree of multiprogramming.c. Increase the degree of multiprogramming.9.13 We have an operating system for a machine that uses base and limit registers, but we have modified the machine to provide a page table.Can the page tables be set up to simulate base and limit registers? How can they be, or why can they not be?Answer:The page table can be set up to simulate base and limit registers provided that the memory is allocated in fixed-size segments. In this way, the base of a segment can be entered into the page table and the valid/invalid bit used to indicate that portion of the segment as resident in the memory. There will be some problem with internal fragmentation.9.27.Consider a demand-paging system with the following time-measured utilizations:CPU utilization 20%Paging disk 97.7%Other I/O devices 5%Which (if any) of the following will (probably) improve CPU utilization? Explain your answer.a. Install a faster CPU.b. Install a bigger paging disk.c. Increase the degree of multiprogramming.d. Decrease the degree of multiprogramming.e. Install more main memory.f. Install a faster hard disk or multiple controllers with multiple hard disks.g. Add prepaging to the page fetch algorithms.h. Increase the page size.Answer: The system obviously is spending most of its time paging, indicating over-allocationof memory. If the level of multiprogramming is reduced resident processeswould page fault less frequently and the CPU utilization would improve. Another way toimprove performance would be to get more physical memory or a faster paging drum.a. Get a faster CPU—No.b. Get a bigger paging drum—No.c. Increase the degree of multiprogramming—No.d. Decrease the degree of multiprogramming—Yes.e. Install more main memory—Likely to improve CPU utilization as more pages canremain resident and not require paging to or from the disks.f. Install a faster hard disk, or multiple controllers with multiple hard disks—Also animprovement, for as the disk bottleneck is removed by faster response and morethroughput to the disks, the CPU will get more data more quickly.g. Add prepaging to the page fetch algorithms—Again, the CPU will get more datafaster, so it will be more in use. This is only the case if the paging action is amenableto prefetching (i.e., some of the access is sequential).h. Increase the page size—Increasing the page size will result in fewer page faults ifdata is being accessed sequentially. If data access is more or less random, morepaging action could ensue because fewer pages can be kept in memory and moredata is transferred per page fault. So this change is as likely to decrease utilizationas it is to increase it.10.1、Is disk scheduling, other than FCFS scheduling, useful in asingle-userenvironment? Explain your answer.Answer: In a single-user environment, the I/O queue usually is empty. Requests generally arrive from a single process for one block or for a sequence of consecutive blocks. In these cases, FCFS is an economical method of disk scheduling. But LOOK is nearly as easy to program and will give much better performance when multiple processes are performing concurrent I/O, such as when aWeb browser retrieves data in the background while the operating system is paging and another application is active in the foreground.10.2.Explain why SSTF scheduling tends to favor middle cylindersover theinnermost and outermost cylinders.The center of the disk is the location having the smallest average distance to all other tracks.Thus the disk head tends to move away from the edges of the disk.Here is another way to think of it.The current location of the head divides the cylinders into two groups.If the head is not in the center of the disk and a new request arrives,the new request is more likely to be in the group that includes the center of the disk;thus,the head is more likely to move in that direction.10.11、Suppose that a disk drive has 5000 cylinders, numbered 0 to 4999. The drive is currently serving a request at cylinder 143, and the previous request was at cylinder 125. The queue of pending requests, in FIFO order, is86, 1470, 913, 1774, 948, 1509, 1022, 1750, 130Starting from the current head position, what is the total distance (in cylinders) that the disk arm moves to satisfy all the pending requests, for each of the following disk-scheduling algorithms?a. FCFSb. SSTFc. SCANd. LOOKe. C-SCANAnswer:a. The FCFS schedule is 143, 86, 1470, 913, 1774, 948, 1509, 1022, 1750, 130. The total seek distance is 7081.b. The SSTF schedule is 143, 130, 86, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774. The total seek distance is 1745.c. The SCAN schedule is 143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 4999, 130, 86. The total seek distance is 9769.d. The LOOK schedule is 143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 130, 86. The total seek distance is 3319.e. The C-SCAN schedule is 143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 4999, 86, 130. The total seek distance is 9813.f. (Bonus.) The C-LOOK schedule is 143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 86, 130. The total seek distance is 3363.12CHAPTERFile-SystemImplementationPractice Exercises12.1 Consider a file currently consisting of 100 blocks. Assume that the filecontrol block (and the index block, in the case of indexed allocation)is already in memory. Calculate how many disk I/O operations are required for contiguous, linked, and indexed (single-level) allocation strategies, if, for one block, the following conditions hold. In the contiguous-allocation case, assume that there is no room to grow atthe beginning but there is room to grow at the end. Also assume thatthe block information to be added is stored in memory.a. The block is added at the beginning.b. The block is added in the middle.c. The block is added at the end.d. The block is removed from the beginning.e. The block is removed from the middle.f. The block is removed from the end.Answer:The results are:Contiguous Linked Indexeda. 201 1 1b. 101 52 1c. 1 3 1d. 198 1 0e. 98 52 0f. 0 100 012.2 What problems could occur if a system allowed a file system to be mounted simultaneously at more than one location?Answer:4344 Chapter 12 File-System ImplementationThere would be multiple paths to the same file, which could confuse users or encourage mistakes (deleting a file with one path deletes thefile in all the other paths).12.3 Wh y must the bit map for file allocation be kept on mass storage, ratherthan in main memory?Answer:In case of system crash (memory failure) the free-space list would notbe lost as it would be if the bit map had been stored in main memory.12.4 Consider a system that supports the strategies of contiguous, linked, and indexed allocation. What criteria should be used in deciding which strategy is best utilized for a particular file?Answer:•Contiguous—if file is usually accessed sequentially, if file isrelatively small.•Linked—if file is large and usually accessed sequentially.• Indexed—if file is large and usually accessed randomly.12.5 One problem with contiguous allocation is that the user must preallocate enough space for each file. If the file grows to be larger than thespace allocated for it, special actions must be taken. One solution to this problem is to define a file structure consisting of an initial contiguous area (of a specified size). If this area is filled, the operating system automatically defines an overflow area that is linked to the initial contiguous area. If the overflow area is filled, another overflow areais allocated. Compare this implementation of a file with the standard contiguous and linked implementations.Answer:This method requires more overhead then the standard contiguousallocation. It requires less overheadthan the standard linked allocation. 12.6 How do caches help improve performance? Why do systems not use more or larger caches if they are so useful?Answer:Caches allow components of differing speeds to communicate moreefficiently by storing data from the slower device, temporarily, ina faster device (the cache). Caches are, almost by definition, more expensive than the device they are caching for, so increasing the numberor size of caches would increase system cost.12.7 Why is it advantageous for the user for an operating system todynamically allocate its internal tables? What are the penalties to the operating system for doing so?Answer:Dynamic tables allow more flexibility in system use growth — tablesare never exceeded, avoiding artificial use limits. Unfortunately, kernelstructures and code are more complicated, so there is more potentialfor bugs. The use of one resource can take away more system resources (by growing to accommodate the requests) than with static tables.Practice Exercises 4512.8 Explain how the VFS layer allows an operating system to support multiple types of file systems easily.Answer:VFS introduces a layer of indirection in the file system implementation.In many ways, it is similar to object-oriented programming techniques. System calls can be made generically (independent of file system type). Each file system type provides its function calls and data structuresto the VFS layer. A system call is translated into the proper specific functions for the target file system at the VFS layer. The calling program has no file-system-specific code, and the upper levels of the system callst ructures likewise are file system-independent. The translation at the VFS layer turns these generic calls into file-system-specific operations.。

《操作系统》自编作业手册

《操作系统》自编作业手册

《操作系统》自编作业手册翟高寿北京交通大学计算机学院2009年2月编修说明《操作系统》自编作业手册综合根据自制电子课件旧版、汤子瀛教科书旧版、汤子瀛教科书新版、自编《系统程式》、参编《操作系统原理》等完成。

第一章 操作系统引论习题1.1 什么是操作系统?用自己的话谈谈你对操作系统概念的认识与理解。

1.2 设想由你自己负责组织一个项目团队来构建操作系统,你应当要求项目成员事先学习和掌握哪些硬件基础知识?并给出你对相关知识的理解与总结。

1.3 什么是输入输出重定向?什么是管道联接?分别加以举例说明。

1.4 试阐述程序接口与用户交互接口(即命令接口和图形化接口)之间的关系?并给出你对系统调用实现机制及处理过程的完整理解与总结。

1.5 谈谈你对脱机I/O和联机I/O的认识与理解。

1.6 试从多个角度来阐述单道/多道批处理系统与分时系统及实时系统的区别。

1.7 谈谈你对操作系统应当具备的资源管理功能(包括所引入的核心概念)的认识与理解。

为保证资源的有效管理与控制,操作系统于是体现出哪些特征?1.8 操作系统的基本设计原则有哪些?谈谈你对操作系统发展历程中所采用的几种结构的认识与理解。

自选实验1编程和替换Linux命令解释程序ShellI. 自己选取和设计一组联机命令,可通过调用系统内核过程加以实现或仅仅在屏幕上显示命令自身(算是虚化实现),至少一条命令如文件拷贝的处理牵涉到系统调用;II. 设计和构建命令解释程序并替换原Linux命令解释程序Shell启动系统和运行测试;III. 撰写实验报告,阐述实验目的、实验目标、实验步骤、技术难点及解决方案、关键数据结构和算法流程、测试方案与过程及运行效果、结论与体会等。

自选实验2利用C和汇编混合编程实现最简操作系统I. 实现二次装入引导过程;II. 以嵌入式汇编指令实现的C程序内核可非常简单(注意可执行程序格式);III. 撰写实验报告,阐述实验目的、实验目标、实验步骤、技术难点及解决方案、关键数据结构和算法流程、测试方案与过程及运行效果、结论与体会等。

操作系统第二章作业讲解

操作系统第二章作业讲解

操作系统第二章作业讲解第二章习题讲解1、进程之间存在着哪几种制约关系?各是什么原因引起的?下列活动分别属于哪种制约关系?(1)若干同学去图书馆借书;(2)两队举行篮球比赛;(3)流水线生产的各道工序;(4)商品生产和社会消费。

答:进程之间存在着直接制约与间接制约这两种制约关系,其中直接制约(同步)是由于进程间的相互合作而引起的,而间接制约(互斥)则是由于进程间共享临界资源而引起的。

(1)若干同学去图书馆借书,是间接制约,其中书是临界资源;(2)两队举行篮球比赛,是间接制约,其中蓝球是临界资源;(3)流水线生产的各道工序,是直接制约,各道工序间需要相互合作,每道工序的开始都依赖于前一道工序的完成;(4)商品生产和社会消费,是直接制约,两者也需要相互合作:商品生产出来后才可以被消费;商品被消费后才需要再生产。

2、试写出相应的程序来描述下图所示的前趋图vara,b,c,d,e,f:semaphore:=0,0,0,0,0,0;begin S1; signal(a); signal(b);signal(c); end;begin wait(a); S2; end;begin wait(b); S3; signal(d); end; begin wait(c); S4; end;begin wait(d); S5; signal(e); signal(f); end; begin wait(e); S6; end;begin wait(f); S7; end;3、已知一个求值公式(A2+3B)/(B+5A),若A、B已赋值,试画出该公式求值过程的前趋图,并使用信号量描述这些前趋关系。

答:根据求值公式,假设:S1: X1=A*AS2: X2=3*BS3: X3=5*AS4: X4=X1+X2S5: X5=B+X3S6: X6=X4/X5var a,b,c,d,e:semaphore:=0,0,0,0,0;begin S1; signal(a); end;begin S2; signal(b); end;begin S3; signal(c); end;begin wait(a); wait(b); S4; signal(d); endbegin wait(c); S5; signal(e); endbegin wait(d); wait(e); S6; end4、桌上有一只能容纳一个水果的盘子;爸爸专向盘子中放苹果(apple),妈妈专向盘子中放桔子(orange),一个儿子专等吃盘子中的桔子,一个女儿专等吃盘子里的苹果,1)试用信号量实现他们的同步关系;2)如果有两个家庭的爸爸、妈妈、儿子、女儿和二只盘子呢?会需要专门的实现吗?var empty,apple,orange:semaphore:= 1,0,0;说明:empty与apple表示盘子为空与盘子中放入了苹果,用于表示爸爸与女儿间的同步关系;empty与orange表示盘子为空与盘子中放入了桔子,用于表示妈妈与儿子间的同步关系;答案:1)使用记录型信号量father:beginrepeatproducer an apple;wait(empty);Put an apple to the dish;signal(apple);Until falseend daughter:beginrepeatwait(apple);Get an apple from dish;signal(empty);Eat an apple; Until falseendmother:beginrepeatproducer an orange;wait(empty);Put an orange to the dish;signal(orange); Until falseend son:beginrepeatwait(orange);Get an orange from dish;signal(empty);Eat an orange; Until falseend2)使用记录型信号量varmutex,empty,apple,orange:semaphore:=1,2,0,0;dish: array[0,1] of fruit;in, out:integer:= 0,0;father:beginrepeatproducer an apple;wait(empty);wait(mutex);if dish[in]==apple or dish[in]==orange thenin:=(in+1) mod 2;disk[in]:=apple;in:=(in+1) mod 2;signal(mutex);signal(apple);Until falseend daughter:begin repeatwait(apple);wait(mutex);ifdish[out]==orange thenout:=(out+1) mod 2;get an apple from dish[out];out:=(out+1) mod 2;signal(mutex);signal(empty);Eat an apple; Until falseEndmother:beginrepeatproducer an orange;wait(empty);wait(mutex);if dish[in]==apple or dish[in]==orange thenin:=(in+1) mod 2;disk[in]:=orange;in:=(in+1) mod 2;signal(mutex);signal(orange);Until falseend son:beginrepeatwait(orange);wait(mutex);ifdish[out]==apple thenout:=(out+1) mod 2;get an orange from dish[out];out:=(out+1) mod 2;signal(mutex);signal(empty);Eat an apple; Until falseend5、试用信号量实现课件92页,司机与售票员进程的同步关系var stop, door :semaphore:=0,0;driver:beginrepeatdrive a bus; arrive at bus station; signal(stop);rest;wait(door);Until falseend conductor:begin repeatsell tickets;wait(stop);Open the door;Close the doorsignal(door); Until falseend6、试用信号量解决读者—写者问题,使得写者与读者优先级根据到达顺序确定。

BLACKWOODS项目系统操作员作业指导书讲解

BLACKWOODS项目系统操作员作业指导书讲解

BLACKWOODS项目系统操作员作业指导书1.目的本系统是客户、供应商、DC之间进行信息共享的桥梁,客户对货物状态准确实时地跟踪,DC通过系统准确去操作货物,供应商能通过系统准接收到客户需求信息。

2.范围适用于BLACKWOODS项目系统操作员日常进仓、出仓、库存查询、数据维护工作。

3.作业程序3.1进仓3.1.1订单数据查询如图1,单击Inbound菜单下的Pre-Order Tracking,再空白页面上单击右键Search,通过PO号(如图2)查询到对应要找的货物信息,如图3,通过查询结果来核对供应商名称、代码、数量等信息,并记录下代码,以便后面工作更方便快捷。

图1图2图33.1.2进仓数据预录入(1)如图4,在Inbound菜单下的Inbound Advice中,通过状态查询到该票货物是否有作预报,如果有就要核对数量,供应商,发票号信息;如果没有就要新建一份单,如图5,打开后如图6界面。

图4图5图6(2)在图6中带*的方框内输入对应信息,如图7、8,在此要注意一点就是货物种类不同选择装货港时也不一样,如图9,全部录入后单击Save保存,此时Detail按钮就变成可用状态;图7图8图9(3)单击Detail,在里面增加货物明细,如预报的箱数,每箱数量,长、宽、高,重量等信息;录入后点右键单击Save保存;(4)全部录入完毕后,单击Submit提交;(5)在图10界面,右键单击已经提交的订单信息,在View选项中可以审核预录入的信息是否准确无误,如果有误在Auditing时选择Disagreement,如果正确就选择Agreement,如图11。

图10图113.1.3收货(1)审核完毕后,就可以在Inbound菜单下的Receiving中收货,如图12。

图12(2)找到准备收货的数据,单击右选择Receiving如图13,在其中录入实际长宽高及预打托的箱数、托尺寸、Y单号、收货备注、库位等,全部录入完之后,单击右键选择Save保存。

操作系统第2章作业进程与线程

操作系统第2章作业进程与线程
cycle input,send end •计算(处理)模块C:
cycle receive,process,send end •输出模块P:
cycle receive,output end •然后使这三个程序模块并发执行。下图示: 程序并发执行时的前趋图:
•在该例中,存在以下前趋关系: •Ii→Ci, Ii→Ii+1, Ci→Pi, Ci→Ci+1 ,Pi→Pi+1 •而Ii+1,Ci及Pi-1是重叠的。亦即Ii+1,Ci以及Pi-1可 以并发执行。
④完成状态。 作业完成计算任务,结果由打印机
输出,最后由系统回收分配给它的全 部资源,准备退出系统时的作业状况。
2.2.2 作业描述 1.作业控制块JCB 为了管理和调度作业,系统为每个作 业设置了一个作业控制块JCB,它记录 该作业的有关信息。不同系统的JCB的 组成内容有所区别,下图给出了作业控 制块JCB的主要内容。
(1)作业调度 在多道程序设计系统中,系统可以同时
处理多个作业,系统要在许多作业中按一 定策略选取若干个作业,为它们分配必要 的资源,让它们能够同时执行,这就是作 业调度。被作业调度选中的作业在执行时 可共享系统资源。
2.1 作业管理 三、作业管理的基本功能
(2)作业控制 作业控制负责控制作业的输入、执行、
问题1:一个进程只有这两种状态吗?
一个进程的等待状态可以分为两种, 一种是等待CPU,叫就绪态,另一种 是等待I/O,叫阻塞态。
进程基本状态模型(三态模型)
(1)运行态(Running)
运行状态是指当前进程已分配到
CPU,它的程序正在处理机上执行时
的状态。处于这种状态的进程个数不
能大于CPU的数目。 运行 状态

操作系统作业的概念

操作系统作业的概念

操作系统作业的概念操作系统作业(Job)是指在计算机系统中由用户或程序提出的一个执行单位。

在操作系统中,作业是计算机系统中的最小执行单位,每个作业都具有独立的运行环境和资源要求。

一、作业的定义与特点作业是指用户或程序提交给计算机系统执行的任务。

它由一系列的指令和数据组成,需要操作系统分配资源并协调它们的执行。

作业的主要特点包括:1. 独立性:每个作业都是独立的执行单位,执行过程中不受其他作业的干扰。

2. 结构性:作业由指令和数据组成,按照一定的结构组织,以便计算机系统能够正确地执行它们。

3. 可重复性:作业可以在不同的时间和不同的计算机上执行,具有重复利用的特点。

4. 有限性:每个作业都有一定的完成时间,在执行完毕后,作业将退出计算机系统。

二、作业的状态在操作系统中,作业的执行过程可以分为不同的状态,常见的包括:1. 未提交状态:作业还没有被提交给计算机系统,处于准备阶段。

2. 等待状态:作业已经提交给计算机系统,但还没有开始执行,此时作业在等待系统分配资源。

3. 执行状态:作业正在被计算机系统执行,CPU正在执行作业的指令。

4. 阻塞状态:作业由于某些原因(如等待I/O操作)被挂起,暂时无法继续执行。

5. 完成状态:作业执行完毕,释放资源,从操作系统中退出。

三、作业调度作业调度是指操作系统根据一定的算法和策略选择要执行的作业。

作业调度的目标是提高系统的利用率和性能,合理分配资源,保证每个作业都能得到适当的执行时间。

常用的作业调度算法包括先来先服务(FCFS)调度算法、短作业优先(SJF)调度算法和时间片轮转(RR)调度算法等。

四、作业管理作业管理是操作系统中重要的组成部分,主要包括作业提交、作业分配、作业调度、作业控制和作业同步等功能。

作业管理通过对作业的管理和控制,实现对计算机系统资源的高效利用,提高系统的处理能力和响应速度。

五、作业同步与互斥在多道程序环境下,不同的作业可能需要访问共享资源,为了保证数据的正确性和一致性,操作系统提供了作业同步和互斥机制。

操作系统大作业

操作系统大作业

操作系统大作业随着计算机技术的飞速发展,操作系统已成为计算机系统中的核心部分。

它负责管理系统的资源,确保所有程序能够正常运行。

本文将介绍操作系统的大作业,包括其功能、发展历程、现状以及未来发展趋势。

操作系统的主要功能包括:管理系统的硬件资源,如CPU、内存、硬盘等;管理系统的软件资源,如文件、网络等;提供用户界面,方便用户使用计算机。

操作系统的发展可以分为三个阶段:人工操作阶段、脱机作业阶段和操作系统阶段。

在人工操作阶段,用户需要自己管理计算机的资源,这不仅效率低下,而且容易出现错误。

随着计算机技术的发展,出现了脱机作业系统,用户可以通过脱机作业系统将作业提交给计算机,从而提高了效率。

随着计算机技术的进一步发展,出现了操作系统,它可以自动管理计算机的资源,大大提高了计算机的效率。

目前,市场上的操作系统种类繁多,如Windows、Linux、MacOS等。

这些操作系统都有各自的特点和优势。

例如,Windows以其易用性和稳定性赢得了大量用户,而Linux则以其安全性和可定制性受到了一些专业用户的青睐。

随着计算机技术的不断发展,未来的操作系统将更加智能化和个性化。

例如,技术将被广泛应用于操作系统中,使得操作系统能够更好地理解用户的需求并提供更好的服务。

操作系统也将更加个性化,能够根据用户的使用习惯和偏好来调整自己的行为,提高用户的使用体验。

操作系统作为计算机系统的核心部分,其重要性不言而喻。

通过了解操作系统的功能和发展历程,我们可以更好地理解计算机技术的发展趋势。

我们也应该操作系统的未来发展,以期能够更好地利用计算机技术来服务人类社会。

随着计算机技术的飞速发展,操作系统已经成为计算机系统中不可或缺的一部分。

了解和学习操作系统的原理和设计方法,对于我们更好地理解和使用计算机具有重要的意义。

本次作业的目的是深入理解和掌握操作系统的基本原理和设计方法,通过分析和研究经典操作系统的实例,进一步加深对操作系统原理的理解和应用。

计算机操作系统作业4(含答案)分析

计算机操作系统作业4(含答案)分析

一、单项选择题1.时钟中断是属于______。

A .硬件故障中断B.程序中断C.I/O中断D.外部中断2.在一个计算机系统中,特权指令______下执行。

A .只能在核心态B.只能在用户态C.可在核心态,也可在用户态D.不能在核心态,也不能再用户态3.空白文件目录法用于 ______。

A .主存空间的管理B.文件存储空间的管理C.虚存空间的管理D.外设的分配与回收4. 采用 SPOOLing 技术后,使得系统资源______。

A .利用率提高了B.利用率降低了C.利用率有时提高有时降低D.出错的机会增加了5.文件系统的主要目的是 ______ 。

A .实现对文件的按名存取B .实现虚拟存储C.提高外存的读写速度 D .用于存储系统文件6. 为了解决不同用户文件的“命名冲突”问题,通常在文件系统中采用______ 。

A .约定的方法B .多级目录C.路径D.索引7.操作系统中 ______采用了以空间换时间的技术。

A .SPOOLing技术B.覆盖技术C.通道技术 D .虚拟存储技术8. 对磁盘进行磁头调度的目的是为了缩短______时间。

A .寻道B.旋转C.传送D.启动9.加密保护和访问控制两种机制相比______。

A .加密保护机制的灵活性更好B .访问控制机制的安全性更高C.加密保护机制必须由系统实现 D .访问控制机制必须由系统实现10.在文件系统中引入“当前目录”的主要目的是______。

A .方便用户B.提高系统性能C.增强系统安全性D.支持共享文件11.在磁盘调度算法中叙述正确的是______。

A . SSTF 算法性能最好B.磁盘调度算法的性能与队列中请求服务的数目无关C.对I/O队列中的服务请求进行干预处理有利于提高C-LOOK算法的性能D. C-SCAN算法适用于磁盘负载较小的系统12.位示图用于______。

A .页面置换B.磁盘空间管理C.文件目录查找D.磁盘驱动调度13. 在下列有关旋转延迟的叙述中,不正确的是______。

操作系统_第四章作业讲解

操作系统_第四章作业讲解

1、“整体对换从逻辑上也扩充了内存,因此也实现了虚拟存储器的功能”这种说法是否正确?请说明理由答:上述说明法是错误的。

整体对换将内存中暂时不用的某个程序及其数据换出至外存,腾出足够的内存空间以装入在外存中的、具备运行条件的进程所对应的程序和数据。

虚拟存储器是指仅把作业的一部分装入内存便可运行作业的存储器系统,是指具有请求调入功能和置换功能,能从逻辑上对内存容量进行扩充的一种存储器系统,它的实现必须建立在离散分配的基础上。

虽然整体对换和虚拟存储器均能从逻辑上扩充内存空间,但整体对换不具备离散性。

实际上,在具有整体对换功能的系统中,进程的大小仍受到实际内存容量的限制。

2、某系统采用页式存储管理策略,拥有逻辑空间32页,每页为2KB,拥有物理空间1MB。

1)写出逻辑地址的格式2)若不考虑访问权限等,进程的页表有多少项?每项至少有多少位?3)如果物理空间减少一半,页表结构应相应作怎样的改变?答:1)该系统拥有逻辑空间32页,故逻辑地址中页号必须用5位来描述,而每页为2KB,因此,页内地址必须用11位来描述。

这样,可得到它的逻辑地址格式如下:2)每个进程最多有32个页面,因此,进程的页表项最多为32项;若不考虑访问权限等,则页表项中只需给出页所对应的物理块号。

1MB的物理空间可分成29个内存块,故每个页表项至少有9位。

3)如果物理空间减少一半,则页表中项表项数仍不变,但每项的长度可减少1位。

3、已知某系统页面长4KB,每个页表项为4B,采用多层分页策略映射64位的用户地址空间。

若限定最高层页表只占1页,则它可采用几层分页策略答:方法一:由题意可知,该系统的用户地址空间为264B,而页的大小为4KB,故作业最多可有264/212(即252)个页,其页表的大小则为252*4(即254)B。

因此,又可将页表分成242个页表页,并为它建立两级页表,两级页表的大小为244B。

依次类推,可知道它的3、4、5、6级页表的长度分别是234B、224B、214B、24B,故必须采取6层分页策略。

操作系统课后作业

操作系统课后作业

第一章:操作系统引论1.什么是操作系统?可以从哪些角度阐述操作系统的作用?答:(1)操作系统是计算机系统中的一个系统软件,是能有效地组织和管理计算机系统中的硬件和软件资源、合理地组织计算机工作流程、控制程序的执行并向用户提供各种服务功能,使得用户能够灵活、方便、有效地使用并使整个计算机系统能高效地运行的一组程序模块的集合。

(2)操作系统的作用在于控制管理计算机的全部硬软件资源,合理组织计算机内部各部件协调工作,为用户提供操作和编辑界面的程序集合。

2.简要叙述批处理操作系统、分时操作系统和实时操作系统的概念及特点。

答:采用批处理作业方式的操作系统叫批量操作系统;实时操作系统是指外界事件或数据产生时,能够接收并以足够快的速动予以处理,其处理的结果又能在规定的时间来控制生产过程或对处理系统做出快速响应。

并控制所有实时任务协调一致运行的操作系统;允许多个联机用户同时使用一台计算机系统进行计算的操作的系统统称为分时操作系统。

3.操作系统需要管理哪些资源?它的基本功能是什么?答:操作系统需要管理设备资源和信息资源两大类。

设备资源指的是组成计算机的硬件设备,如中央处理器,主存储器,磁盘存储器,打印机,磁带存储器,显示器,键盘输入设备和鼠标等;信息资源指的是存放于计算机内的各种数据,如文件,程序库,知识库,系统软件和应用软件等。

大体上可以叫软硬件资源,所以操作系统管理包括进程管理、处理器管理、内存管理、设备管理、文件管理4.操作系统对外提供了哪些接口?答:操作系统对外提供了命令接口、程序接口及交互界面。

第二章:进程管理1.PCB有什么作用?PCB中主要包括什么信息?为什么说PCB是进程存在的唯一标志?答:PCB用于描述进程的基本情况以及进程运行和变化的过程,它与进程一一对应。

当系统创建进程时,系统为进程分配一个PCB;在进程运行过程中,系统通过PCB对进程实施管理和控制;进程结束时,系统将收回PCB.PCB中的内容主要包括调度信息和现场信息两大部分。

《操作系统》作业及参考答案

《操作系统》作业及参考答案

《操作系统》作业及参考答案第1章操作系统概述1.3.1选择最合适的答案1.一般用户更喜欢使用的系统是()。

A.手工操作B.单道批处理C.多道批处理D.多用户分时系统2. 与计算机硬件关系最密切的软件是()。

A.编译程序B.数据库管理系统C.游戏程序D.OS3. 现代OS具有并发性和共享性,是()的引入导致的。

A.单道程序B. 磁盘C. 对象D.多道程序4. 早期的OS主要追求的是()。

A.系统的效率B.用户的方便性C.可移植D.可扩充性5.()不是多道程序系统A.单用户单任务B.多道批处理系统C.单用户多任务D.多用户分时系统6.()是多道操作系统不可缺少的硬件支持。

A.打印机B.中断机构C.软盘D.鼠标7. 特权指令可以在()执行。

A.目态B.浏览器中C.任意的时间D.进程调度中8. 没有了()计算机系统就启动不起来。

A.编译器B.DBMSC.OSD.浏览器9. 通道能够完成()之间的数据传输。

A.CPU与外设B.内存与外设C.CPU与主存D.外设与外设10. 操作系统的主要功能有()。

A.进程管理、存储器管理、设备管理、处理机管理B.虚拟存储管理、处理机管理、进程调度、文件系统C.处理机管理、存储器管理、设备管理、文件系统D.进程管理、中断管理、设备管理、文件系统11. 单处理机计算机系统中,()是并行操作的。

A.处理机的操作与通道的操作是并行的B.程序与程序C.主程序与子程序D.用户程序与操作系统程序12. 处理机的所有指令可以在()执行。

A.目态B.浏览器中C.任意的时间D.系统态13.()功能不是操作系统直接完成的功能。

A.管理计算机硬盘B.对程序进行编译C.实现虚拟存储器D.删除文件14. 要求在规定的时间内对外界的请求必须给予及时响应的OS是()。

A.多用户分时系统B.实时系统C.批处理系统时间D.网络操作系统15. 操作系统是对()进行管理的软件。

A.硬件B.软件C.计算机资源D.应用程序16.()对多用户分时系统最重要。

操作系统原理作业

操作系统原理作业

操作系统原理作业第1章1-2批处理系统和分时系统各有什么特点为什么分时系统的响应比较快答:在批处理系统中操作人员将作业成批装入计算机并由计算机管理运行,在程序的运行期间用户不能干预,因此批处理系统的特点是:用户脱机使用计算机,作业成批处理,系统内多道程序并发执行以及交互能力差。

在分时系统中不同用户通过各自的终端以交互方式共同使用一台计算机,计算机以“分时”的方法轮流为每个用户服务。

分时系统的主要特点是:多个用户同时使用计算机的同时性,人机问答方式的交互性,每个用户独立使用计算机的独占性以及系统响应的及时性。

分时系统一般采用时间片轮转的方法使一台计算机同时为多个终端用户服务,因此分时系统的响应比较快。

1-4什么是多道程序设计技术?试述多道程序运行的特征。

答:多道程序设计技术是指同时把多个作业(程序)放入内存并允许它们交替执行和共享系统中的各类资源;当一道程序因某种原因(如I/O请求)而暂停执行时,CPU立即转去执行另一道程序。

多道程序运行具有如下特征:多道计算机内存中同时存放几道相互独立的程序。

宏观上并行:同时进入系统的几道程序都处于运行过程中,它们先后开始了各自的运行但都未运行完毕。

微观上串行:从微观上看内存中的多道程序轮流或分时地占有处理机,交替执行。

1-6操作系统的主要特性是什么为什么会有这样的特性答:并发性,共享性,异步性,虚拟性,这些特性保证了计算机能准确的运行,得出想要的结果。

1-7 (1)工作情况如图。

(2)CPU有空闲等待,它发生在100 ms?150 ms时间段内,此时间段内程序A与程序B都在进行I/O操作。

(3)程序A无等待现象,程序B在0 ms?50 ms时间段与180 ms?200 ms时间段内有等待现象。

第2章2-1什么是操作系统虚拟机?答:在裸机上配置了操作系统程序后就构成了操作系统虚拟机2-3什么是处理机的态为什么要区分处理机的态答:处理机的态,就是处理机当前处于何种状态,正在执行哪类程序。

计算机操作系统第四章习题讲解与讨论

计算机操作系统第四章习题讲解与讨论

内存管理基础
• 碎片现象的存在使得() A、内存空间利用率降低 B、内存空间利用率提高 C、内存空间利用率得以改善 D、内存空间利用率不影响 • 以下解决主存碎片问题较好的存储管理方式是() A、可变式分区 B、分页管理 C、分段管理 D、单一连续管理 • ()存储管理支持多道程序设计,算法简单,但碎片较多 A、段式 B、页式 C、固定分区 D、段页式
第四章 存储器管理
内存管理基础
• 对主存储器的访问,是() A、以块(页)或段为单位 B、以字节或字为单位 C、随存储器的管理方案不同而异 D、以用户的逻辑记录为单位 • 把作业空间中使用的逻辑地址变为物理地址称为() A、加载 B、重定位 C、物理化 D、逻辑化 • 经过(),目标程序可以不经过任何改动而装入物理内存 单元 A、静态重定位 B、动态重定位 C、编译或汇编 D、存储扩充
虚拟内存管理
• 以下存储管理技术中,支持虚拟存储器的技术是() A、动态分区法 B、可重定位分区法 C、请求分页技术 D、对换技术 • 在请求分页系统中,()没有优先考虑最近使用过的页面 A、最佳置换算法 B、最近最久未使用算法 C、先进先出算法 D、时钟置换算法 • 以下置换算法中,()可能会产生Belady现象 A、最佳置换算法 B、最近最久未使用算法 C、先进先出算法 D、时钟置换算法
内存管理基础
• 在存储器中采用交换与覆盖,目的是() A、从物理上扩充内存 B、实现主存共享 C、节省存储空间 D、提高内存的利用率 • 在以下存储管理方式中,()可以采用覆盖技术 A、单一连续分区存储管理 B、可变分区存储管理 C、段式存储管理 D、段页式存储管理 • 分区分配内存管理方式的主要保护措施是() A、界地址保护 B、程序代码保护 C、数据保护 D、栈保护
  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

2块
3块 4块 5块 6块 7块 8块
解: 物理地址=200*2000+1421=401421, 故虚地址5421转换成物理地址是401421。
进程的逻辑地址空间
0
页表
页号 0页 1页 2页 3页 4页 5页 块号 20块 22块 200块 150块 30块 50块 状态位 1 0 1 1 0 0
9块 10块 11块 12块 13块 14块 15块 16块 17块 18块 19块 20块 21块 22块
1
0 3
1
2 3
130
26 20
160
162 163
0
1 1
0
0 1
解:页面1是最后一次被访问的时间最早,即最久未被访问的页面,换出。
17
3、 NRU (最近未用淘汰算法) 该算法法优先换出(访问位,修改位)都为0的页面,所以页面1最先换出
虚拟页号
页帧
装入时间
最近访问 时间
访问位
修改位
2
1 0 3
序号
1
2
3
4
5
6
柱面 号
磁道 号 块号
7
6 2
5
5 6
15
20 6
7
4 4
20
9 5
5
15 2
29
本题问题: 最省时间的相应次序 在进程访问磁盘的时间中,主要是柱面定位时间 解题思路:使用常用的磁盘调度算法,找到磁头移动的柱 面总数最少的算法 1、先来先服务算法 2、最短寻道优先算法 3、扫描调度算法
2
内存空间
0块
已知条件
1、两个虚地址→10451,5421 2、页面大小→2000B 3、页表(页号,块号和状态位)
1块
2块
3块 4块 5块 6块 7块 8块
进程的逻辑地址空间
0
页表
页号 0页 1页 2页 3页 4页 5页 块号 20块 22块 200块 150块 30块 50块 状态位 1 0 1 1 0 0
0
1 2 3
60
130 26 20
161
160 162 163
0
0 1 1
1
0 0 1
18
145页第7大题第1小题 1、一个磁盘含有18036个柱面、16个磁头,每个柱面 (磁道)含63个扇区,磁盘转速为5400rpm (每分钟 多少转), 相邻柱面间的寻找时间为2ms(毫秒)。 假设磁头已经位于0磁道,则读整个磁盘需多少时间?
25
磁盘访问时间=柱面定位时间+旋转延迟时间+数据传输时间
2、旋转延迟时间:扇区旋转到磁头下所需的时间 已知条件:连续读整个磁盘的磁道 所以无需旋转延迟
26
磁盘访问时间=柱面定位时间+旋转延迟时间+数据传输时间 3、数据传输时间:磁头从扇区进行读写,完成信息传送的时间 已知条件: 16个磁头,18036个柱面,每个柱面含63个扇区,磁盘转速为 5400rpm,相邻柱面间的寻找时间为2ms。 数据传输时间的计算公式是: T= b/rN
操作系统作业讲解
1
111页第7大题第2小题 某采用虚分页存储管理的系统为装入主存的一个进程建立了 如下所示的页表。
页帧 (块号) 状态位 20 1 22 0 200 1 150 1 30 0 50 0
பைடு நூலகம்
如果页面大小是2000 B,那么,下面哪个虚地址的访问会 引起缺页中断?不会引起缺页中断的虚地址将转换成什么 物理地址? 1、10451 2、5421
0页
1页 2页 3页 4页 5页
2000B 4000B 6000B 8000B 10000B 12000B
7
第4小题
某计算机系统进行一次内存访问的时间是1微秒(μ s), 它 采用分页存储系统内存,使用块表和页表进行地址转换。 表常驻内存,快表的命中率为85%,则有效存取时间是多少?
8
本题问题:有效存取时间?(完成一次数据存取所用的平均时间)
7
6
5
5
15
20
7
4
20
9
5
15
块号
2
6
6
4
5
2
题中给出的6个请求者的柱面号分别为:7,5,15,7,20,5
解:采用先来先服务调度算法,进行调度的情况为: 下一柱面: 7——5——15——7——20——5 移动柱面数:1 2 10 8 13 15
磁头移动的柱面总数为49
32
2、最短寻道优先算法
该算法要求下一次要访问的柱面与当前所在的柱面距离最近
b为扇区数,即16*63*18036;
r为磁盘每秒转速,即5400/60; N为一条磁道上的扇区数,即63; 解: T= b/rN = 18036*16*63 /【(5400/60)*63】
27
柱面定位时间=(18036-1)*2/1000 无须旋转延迟 数据传输时间= b/rN = 18036*16*63 /【(5400/60)*63】
已知:采用分页存储系统内存,使用块表和页表进行地址转换,表常驻内存
快表的命中率为85%
快表是一个具有并行查询能力的特殊高速缓冲寄存器,一般用来存放当 前访问最频繁的少数活动页面的页号。使用快表时,从快表直接找到对 应的页表项,则可立即形成物理地址去访问相应的数据;
如果在快表中未找到对应的页表项,则还需再访问内存中的页表
13
2 1 0 3
60 130 26 20
161 160 162 163
1、FIFO(先进先出置换算法) 该算法总是淘汰最先进入内存的页面,也就是内存中最老的页面。
虚拟页号
页帧
装入时间
最近访问 时间
访问位
修改位
2
1 0 3
0
1 2 3
60
130 26 20
161
160 162 163
0
0 1 1
1
0 0 1
14
1、FIFO(先进先出置换算法) 该算法总是淘汰最先进入内存的页面,也就是内存中最老的页面。
3
3
0
3
0
2
3 0 2
1
3
0 2 1
虚拟页号
页帧 0 1 2 3
装入时间
最近访问时间
访问位 0 0 1 1
修改位 1 0 0 1
2 1 0 3
60 130 26 20
161 160 162 163
12
已知:一个进程已分配到4个物理块,当进程访问自己地址空间中的 4号页面时产生缺页中断。
3
3
0
3
0
2
3
0 2
1
3
0 2 1
4
问题:请分别用FIFO、LRU、NRU算法,决定缺页中断服务程序选择换出的页面。 虚拟页号
页帧 0 1 2 3
装入时间
最近访问时间
访问位 0 0 1 1
修改位 1 0 0 1
9块 10块 11块 12块 13块 14块 15块 16块 17块 18块 19块 20块 21块 22块
0页
1页 2页 3页 4页 5页
2000B 4000B 6000B 8000B 10000B 12000B
3
内存空间 本题问题1:10451、5421这两个虚地址当中哪个的访问会引起缺页中断? 解题思路:虚地址对应的状态位是否为0?
快表85%
页表(1- 85 %)
11
第7小题 一个进程已分配到4个物理块,如下表所示。
虚拟页号 2 1 0 3 物理块号 0 1 2 3 装入时间 60 130 26 20 最近访问 时间 161 160 162 163 访问位 0 0 1 1 修改位 1 0 0 1
当进程访问自己地址空间中的4号页面时产生缺页中断。请分别用 FIFO、LRU、NRU算法,决定缺页中断服务程序选择换出的页面。
页表
页号
0页 1页 2页 3页 4页 5页
块号
20块 22块 200块 150块 30块 50块
状态位
1 0 1 1 0 0
6
内存空间 本题问题2: 若不中断,根据块号计算出物理地址
0块 1块
解题思路:物理地址=块号*块的大小+页内偏移
已知:5421的页号是2,在块号为第200块内存里,页内偏移1421
19
20
21
22
硬盘由若干个盘片组成,各盘片均安装在一个告诉旋转的转轴上 每个盘面被划分成同心圆,这种圆就称为磁道
磁头定位在同样垂直位置的磁道上,这些相同半径的磁道就形成了一个柱面
每条磁道划分成若干个扇区
23
本题问题:读整个磁盘需多少时间?
磁盘访问时间=柱面定位时间+旋转延迟时间+数据传输时间
2000B 4000B
6000B
8000B 10000B 12000B
二、根据上步求得的页号,从页表中查看对应的状态位是否为0 解:10451对应的页号是5,由页表可知5号页面状态位为0(不在内存), 故对它的访问将导致缺页中断。 5421的页号是2,由页表可知2号页面在块号为第200块内存里,状态位 为1,故对它的访问不会导致缺页中断。
0
0 1 1
1
0 0 1
16
2、LRU (最近最久未使用置换算法) 该算法法总是淘汰最近最少使用的页面,即淘汰最后一次访问时间距当前时 间间隔最长的页面 160(页面1)——161 (页面2)——162 (页面0)——163(页面4)
虚拟页号
页帧 0
装入时间
最近访问时间
访问位 0
修改位 1
2
60
161
解:页面3最早被装入内存的物理块中,所以最先换出。
相关文档
最新文档