微观经济学16寡头垄断
合集下载
相关主题
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Few producers; Products are differentiated
Financial markets;
agricultural markets
Retail trade (pizzas, beer, gas-station); personal computers
Steel; Chemicals; aircraft
Middle East
Saudi Arabia*
1960ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Middle East
United Arab Emirates
1967
Middle East
Venezuela*
1960
South America
*founder Members (http://www.opec.org/library/FAQs/aboutOPEC/q3.htm)
Firm’s degree
of control
over price
Methods of marketing
Perfect competition Monopolistic competition
oligopoly
Many producers; Identical products
Many producers; Many real or perceived differences in products Few producers; little or no difference in product
• Interdependent firms
• Best off cooperating and acting like a monopolist by producing a small quantity of output and charging a price above marginal cost
Chapter 16 Oligopoly
Between Monopoly and Perfect competition
• Imperfect competition refers to those market structures that fall between perfect competition and pure monopoly.
Cars; Wordprocessing software; household appliances
None some
Market exchange or
auction
Advertising and quality
rivalry; administered
prices
Monopoly
Single producer; product without close substitutes
• Imperfect competition includes industries in which firms have competitors but do not face so much competition that they are price taker.
16.1 Between Monopoly and Perfect competition
• Type of Imperfectly Competitive Markets
• Oligopoly
• Only a few sellers, each offering a similar or identical product to the others.
• Monopolistic Competition
Africa
Angola
2007
Africa
Indonesia
1962
Asia
IR Iran*
1960
Middle East
Iraq*
1960
Middle East
Kuwait*
1960
Middle East
SP Libyan AJ
1962
Africa
Nigeria
1971
Africa
Qatar
1961
(Mankiw, Principles of Economics(2004), third edition, p347)
16.2 Markets With Only A Few Sellers
• Characteristics of an Oligopoly Market
• Few sellers offering similar or identical products
Franchise monopolies
(electricity,water); Microsoft windows;
Advertising; Considerable service
promotion
patent drugs
Country
Joined OPEC
Location
Algeria
1969
16.2 Markets With Only A Few Sellers
• Because an oligopolistic market has only a small group of sellers, the key feature of oligopoly is the tension between cooperation and self-interest. The group of oligopolists is best off cooperating and acting like a monopolist ---- producing a small quantity of output and charging a price above marginal cost. Yet because each oligopolist cares about only its own profit, there are powerful incentives at work that hinder a group of firms from maintaining the monopoly outcome.
• Many firms selling products that are similar but not identical.
Structure
Number of producers and degree of product differentiation
Part of economy where prevalent
Financial markets;
agricultural markets
Retail trade (pizzas, beer, gas-station); personal computers
Steel; Chemicals; aircraft
Middle East
Saudi Arabia*
1960ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Middle East
United Arab Emirates
1967
Middle East
Venezuela*
1960
South America
*founder Members (http://www.opec.org/library/FAQs/aboutOPEC/q3.htm)
Firm’s degree
of control
over price
Methods of marketing
Perfect competition Monopolistic competition
oligopoly
Many producers; Identical products
Many producers; Many real or perceived differences in products Few producers; little or no difference in product
• Interdependent firms
• Best off cooperating and acting like a monopolist by producing a small quantity of output and charging a price above marginal cost
Chapter 16 Oligopoly
Between Monopoly and Perfect competition
• Imperfect competition refers to those market structures that fall between perfect competition and pure monopoly.
Cars; Wordprocessing software; household appliances
None some
Market exchange or
auction
Advertising and quality
rivalry; administered
prices
Monopoly
Single producer; product without close substitutes
• Imperfect competition includes industries in which firms have competitors but do not face so much competition that they are price taker.
16.1 Between Monopoly and Perfect competition
• Type of Imperfectly Competitive Markets
• Oligopoly
• Only a few sellers, each offering a similar or identical product to the others.
• Monopolistic Competition
Africa
Angola
2007
Africa
Indonesia
1962
Asia
IR Iran*
1960
Middle East
Iraq*
1960
Middle East
Kuwait*
1960
Middle East
SP Libyan AJ
1962
Africa
Nigeria
1971
Africa
Qatar
1961
(Mankiw, Principles of Economics(2004), third edition, p347)
16.2 Markets With Only A Few Sellers
• Characteristics of an Oligopoly Market
• Few sellers offering similar or identical products
Franchise monopolies
(electricity,water); Microsoft windows;
Advertising; Considerable service
promotion
patent drugs
Country
Joined OPEC
Location
Algeria
1969
16.2 Markets With Only A Few Sellers
• Because an oligopolistic market has only a small group of sellers, the key feature of oligopoly is the tension between cooperation and self-interest. The group of oligopolists is best off cooperating and acting like a monopolist ---- producing a small quantity of output and charging a price above marginal cost. Yet because each oligopolist cares about only its own profit, there are powerful incentives at work that hinder a group of firms from maintaining the monopoly outcome.
• Many firms selling products that are similar but not identical.
Structure
Number of producers and degree of product differentiation
Part of economy where prevalent